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Northern Star (1837-1852), 27th June 1846, Edition 2 of 3, Page 3

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      Glorious Summer Is With Us Once More So ...

      Glorious summer is with us once more so we cannot better commence onr "Feast" than by transfaring to our columns the following beautiful lines bj a talented contributor io the pages of our contem po rary , the Brighton Eerald : —

      TO SUMMER . Oh 11 dearl y love the summer With its blue skies and bright flowers , IUhalmj air and pensive tone . In the evening ' s gentle hours : When the glory of the sunlight It * bright and cloudless noon . And the blossoms on the bending trees , Whose fruit shall crown them soon ; The green grass of the meadow—The wild flower blossoming-Tie pie bird and the butterfly . Alike on careless wing—AH speak in tones of gladness Till the inmost heart is stirred . And the spirit easts its cares aside , And carols like a bird ! Oh ! I dearly love the Summer ,

      When the stars are out on high ; To wander on , for many an hour Beneath the glittering sky-While the rippling of clear water And the sighing of the breeze Call up and waken happy thoughts And precious memories ; _ While nature ' s simple music Seethes every care to rest—For we would not mar that holy calm By onepassion of the breast , Oh I then I love the Summer , For the title she doth bear Of queen of all things beautiful , And glorious and fair ! The Autumn hath her glory ,

      Her soft and saddened light , Bat she -whispers of the perishing Of lovely things and bright . Bier steps are on the sere leaves , Which formed the summer s pride ; And the wind sighs low and mournfully O ' tr tbe blossoms which have died . Ancl the winter hattittis pleasures , . But his breath is chill and bleak—Tho'he may give health unto the frame And roses to the cheek .

      Bat his tokens are the snow-wreath , And the dark and leafless trees—And the glorious Summer banishes Even onr thoughts of these I The Spring hath many a promise Which would the heart beguile : The very sunbeams are but hopes Deceiving while they smile . Thro'the lion reign of March , Aud the April ' s driving showers , Still look we forward to the time

      Of Summer ' s beaming hours , Of blossom , fruit , and fragrance , Of all the eye would meet In garden , forest , or in field , Of glad , and gay , mud sweet . Oh ! I welcome in the Summer With a joyous , grateful tone ; Ani I envy not the heart which gives No echo to mine own ! F . M . S . If our readers will look through . last Saturday ' s number of the People ' s Journal , they will find therein an article entitled " The Progress of June , " from the pen of William Howitt , which we are sure cannot fail to delight them . We know of no writer who pictuxes nature in all her varied charms , so faithfully

      and powerfully asWaniM flowirr . Indeed , he more than /> fcf ur « nature , so real arehis descriptions that Ms readers universally must feel as we have felt , that they are sharers with him in the enjoyment of the scenes Ire pourtravs , and actual partakers of his pure delights . How truthful and beautiful is ihe following description of A JUKE SIGHT . But if the days of June are now-warm , and brilliant , and beautiful , —ah ! Low soft and beautiful is a June sight j Oh ! what is there that can equal its pleasant obscurity , which is yet not darkness ! What can equal the calm , clear , lofty beauty of the sky , where the moon DeamBlikeacelesfial creature , as she is , and the evening star bums with a radiance of immortal youth . There is

      a balmy softness in the air . The trees stand in shadowy masses , that seem to listen to the still and musing shy above them . Therais a soft gloom beneath umbrageous hedges , or as you walk through shrubberies and plantations , that is peopled with all the tender feelines of the present ani the tender memories of the past . What would we not give logo hand in hand again with those with whom we have enjoyed such hours , and talked of death , and wondered who should first explore its mysteries—and they were those first ; and we walk on through deepening shadows , and wonder tehot and tekere ftey now are . How every place andsceae on this still and thoughtful night seems to unlock its secret essence . Every spot has its own senti- j meat and its peculiar odour . Here the leafy aroma of

      trees , there the strong forest turf ; here the earthy s-nell of deep , rich soil , and there the fragrant breath of sweetbriar , or delicious effusion from a clover or bean-field . Sear the hamlet , the warm , rich odour of peat , or of the wood-fire , announce that the weary labourer has supped , and perhaps now sleeps , unconscious of the cricket that sings in the garden hedge , or the nocturnal thrnsh in the old elm that over-canopies his dwelling . How delightful is the meanest sound of a summer night ! How the moth , dashing against the cottage pane , or fluttering amongst the garden-leaves , enriches the sfillness ; with what a lordly boom the soaring cockchaffer mounts past your ear into the flowery lime 1 How the smallest runnel murmurs alond ; how palpably the mountain stream sounds along ; how deeply sonorous is the distant waterfall er mill-weir . The frogs In the marshes seem to be turninga thousand wheels ; and the dorhawk , the cuckoo , and the nightingale give to wood , and meadow , and tree their different charms . The quails pipe from the green

      corn , the curlews from the far moorlands ; and if you he near the ocean , what a voice of majesty is that 5 full of the meanings of ages , and of the poetry of the infinite . Ay , walk , happy youth , in the flush of thy happiness , ¦ long the dusky margin of that old , old sea . Mark the soft waves break in flame at thy feet ; hear the stroke of an oar somewhere la the dim obscure ; list the wild and drill cries of tern and plover , that , never sleeping soundly , come wheeling past , and plunge onward unseen : there is not a sound that , heard to night , shall not mingle with th y thoughts and hopes of life , and may , years hence , pierce through thy memory followed by an ocean of tears . Hut hush ! there are voices , shrill and laughing voices ; the musing young man springs onward , forgetting the poetry of the ocean and of night in the more xivid poetry of hope and love . Let him go . Tor young or for old , for every human being that has a soul alive to the impressions of God in nature , the calm ana the gloom , and nvery sound and sensation , of a summer night are holy .

      From the same article we extract the following beautiful -verses : —

      WHERE ABE THE SPRING FLOWERS t " Bat , oh , ye spring-flowers 1 oh , ye early friends ! Where are ye , one and all ? The sun still shines , the summer rain descends , They call forth flowers , but 'tis not ye they calL On the mountains , By the fountains , In the woodland , dim and grey , Flowers are springing , ever springing , But the spring-flowers , where are they ? Bat , oh , ye spring-flowers ! oh , ye early friends ! Where are ye ? I would know When the san shines , when summer rain descends . Why stDl blow flowers , bnt 'tis not ye that blow ! On the mountains ,

      " By the fountains , In the woodlands , dim and grey , Flowers are springing , ever springing . But the spring-flowers , where are they ! Oh , then ye spring-flowers 1 oh , ye early friends ] Are ye together gone Up with the soul of nature that ascends , Up with the clouds and odours , one by one ! O ' er the mountains , O ' tr the fountains , O ' er the woodland , dim and grey , Flowers are springing , ever springing , On heaven ' s highlands far away ! Hotter and hotter glows the summer sun , But you it cannot wake . Myriads of flowers , like armies marching on ,

      Blaze on the hills and glitter in the brake On the mountains . Bound the fountains , In the woodlands dim and grey , Flowers are springing , ever springing , But the spring-flowers—where are they ! Oh ! no more ! never , never more ! Shall friend or flower return , Till deadly Winter , old and cold and frore Has laid all nature lifeless in his urn . O'er the mountains , And the fountains .

      Through the woodland dim and grey , Death and Winter , dread companions , Have pursued their destined way . Then oh ! ye spring-flowers ! oh ! J' 6 Early MenuS 1 Bead , buried , one and all . When the sun shines and summer rain descends , And caU forth flowers , ' tis ye that they shall call On the mountains , By the fountains , In the woodland dim and grey , Flowers are springing , souls are singing , On heaven ' s hills , and ye are they ! W . H .

      From a considerable number of original pieces ¦ with which our political friends have favoured us , we have selected the best . We commence onr selection with , the following poem which too truly pictures the withering influence of the accursed factory system ; the author is already a . favourite with our readers , his name is sufficient introduction : —

      Glorious Summer Is With Us Once More So ...

      THE CORN FIELD AND THE FACTORT . ( By Ernest Jomw , author of " The Woodspirit , " "My Life , " etc . ) Oh ! What is so blithe as through corn fields to roam When the lark is in heaven and laughter on earth ? Oh ! what is so blithe as the g lad harvest-home When the lads are all frolic—the lasses all mirth ? Oh ! What is so fair as ' mid breezes of June To watch the long corn billows sweep f When the fields in their bloom sway lite tides to tig moon And from slender stalks drooping the soft whispern creep , At though angels walked through them , and prayed o ' er their sleep , .

      Oh ! what is so gay as the harvesthome dance , When the moonbeams troop on the grey church-roof , And tho old men smile as they stand aloof ; The boys and the girls 'round them riot and race , And the moon seems to laugh till 'tis red in the face , At the goblets that clank ; and the yQuakers that prance . And the village girls glance—at theirpartners askance . As though heads and hearts , too , could be proof ? Oh ! What is so sweet as the Sunday morn I When the bells on the breezes flow , And the peasant lad walks with his bride through tbe corn As churchward they go—Oh!—Jmo slow . ' Ifccause ...... the blue cornflowers along the pa th grow , And he and his lass—bless the corn as they pass , For they speak with a glance—Of the harvest-home dance .

      Oh ! What is so calm as the old man ' s joy Wheu he walks by the field in its pride , And talks of his feats in that field when a boy , To the young boy who walks by his side 1 How he mowed it down in one long summer ' s day . When the labour was done how he knelt down to pray ! See ! the flashes of boyhood from aged eyes glance , For he thinks of his bride at the harvest-home dance . Twas merry in England in times of old When the summer fields rolled—Their long billows of gold ,

      And the bright year had climed to its aoou \ The earth was song , laughter , and joyance and love , And the spirit of heaven sat smiling above , From the orb of the red harvest moon . But where has it flown ?—Why less bright than of old Does summer turn emerald fields into gold ! And the har rest-moon struggle through mist faint and dim , Like a pale ghost who peers round the charnel-shroud ' s rim ! On the fair brow of woman a shadow is bent , From the wild eye of man flashes forth discontent ! Say ! -whence comes the change!—Whence the curse has been sent 1

      What is it , next the church-tower climbs the sk y , How more frequented far , and scarce less high t What plague-cloud rolls along the darken'd land , And hurls the sun away with shadowy hand ? What wheels revolve in dungeons hot and black , Of modern tyranny the modern rack ? What horrid birth from that unnatural womb ? 3 he demon go & cf $ AC 30 M ajldLOOU ! Fierce , with a yell he bounds upon the land , Writhes his thin lip , and waves his yellow hand ; And points , where man's volcanoes , through the skiel His thousand temples' burning altars rise , Curses and groans , his ear like anthems , greet , And blighted lives are cast beneath his feet . His sable banners through heaven ' s glory roll

      The shades that blast tbe heart and reach the soul . Care-stricken forms the streets' long darkness fill , Embodied dreams of misery and ill ! A more than Cain-like mark their foreheads bear , For sin ' s their only respite from despair ; And in each sunken eye ' s unhallowed cell The fever flashes , not of life , but hell . Oaths upon infant lips , and , loathesome sight ! The eyes of childhood without childhood ' s light . The laugh of youth a gibbering of art ; loves of humanity without a heart ! The very sun shines pale on a dark earth , Where quivering engines groan their horrid mirth , And black smoke-offerings , crimes and curses , swell From forBace-altars of incarnate hell !

      The demon laughs , and still bis arm he waves , That thins the villages , hut fills the graves . Through bleak , deserted fields he loves to roam , Where shines the furnace on bell ' s harvest-home . 'Its this has stul'd the laughter of the child , And made man ' s mirth less holy , but more wild ! Bade heaven ' s pure light from woman ' s eye depart , Aud trodden love from out her gentle heart . ' lis this that wards the sunshine from the sod , And intercepts the very smile of God !

      Many Of Oar Readers Know Ah.Es Davenport...

      Many of oar readers know Ah . es Davenport personally , and all will befamiliar > ith his name . A very little booh , narrating the leading events in the life of this ill-used , long-suffering , but still hope-inspired brother of the bardic band , was a short time since published , and is now before us . We shall not attempt to review Mr . D . ' s auto-biography , as for Sixpence our readers may purchase and read it for themselves ; we content ourselves with the following extracts : —Mr . Davexpbet never had one hour's schooling , he learned the alphabet ^ by catching a letter as he best could from other children , who had learnt them at school of some old village dame . Tne way he acquired his knowledge of reading , while yet a child ,

      shows—THE INFLUENCE OP SOXC . But as I grew older , my greatest ambition was to acquire the art of reading and writing ; and the method which I employed to attain that favourite object is hardl y worth relating , only that it shows what ingenious devices an , active mind ' , endowed with some sparks of Nature ' s fire , will have recourse to , in order to facilitate its progress in the pursuit of knowledge , when instruction of every kind is so denied . Tbe plan pursued in the first instance , was this ; I learnt , as most children do , a number of songs by heart , and having acquired , as best I

      could , a knowledge of all the letters in the alphabet , I saved all my halfpence and bought up all the printed songs that I could sing , and began with those that appeared the most easy my new process of education . I proceeded to match all the words in my printed songs , with those I had stored in my mind , and by thus remembering the words thus lear ot , by comparing notes , I knew them again whenever they met my eye . - By this method the eye became the pupil of the ear , and with both faculties combined , I made such rapid progress , that I often surprised and astonished ray young companions , who could not comprehend how I obtained my knowledge .

      In 1791 , when about 19 years of age , Allen Davespoet enlisted in a regiment of Light Cavalry , known by the name of the ' * Windsor Forresters . " While a soldier , he was one of an escort who had charge oi several

      IRISH INSURGENTS . In 1 * 39 , I was one of a party appointed to escort a number of state prisoners who had been tried for high treason , having been concerned in the Irish rebellion of 179 S There were fifteen in all , and occupied five coaches . Among whom were the celebrated Arthur O'Connor and General Ault ; the former , uncle to Mr . Feargus O'Connor , the Chartist leader , and proprietor of tbe Northern Star , radical newspaper . The * destination of these prisoners was fort George , a strong fortress in the very heart of the Highlands . During our march we had an extensive view

      of the Culloden hiils . And when we arrived at the fortress , I think we could faintly discern the ci ^ of Inverness . The fortress , as we approached it , had eomewhatthe appearance of a green hm , and seemed quite harmless ; but when the drawbridge was drawn up , and we entered the ponderous gates , the interior presented a little town , with mostformidable fortifications . Our prisoners were conducted along the ramparts , till they came opposite their place of confinement , where a temporary bridge was suspended from the rampart to the second floor of tbe building over which they were carried , where we lost sight of them for ever .

      We recommend this little buok to out readers . The verses given below are from Mr . Davenport ' s pen . Our friend , in a note accompanying the verses , says , " My time is now short , bnt I wish to do my duty as a man and brother of the great human family , as long as life remains in my body . I firmly believe that nothing short of making the land national property , will destroy the horrible system of lord and ¦ lave '"

      THE IAHD , THE FEOffcE' 5 farm . When by almighty nature ' s hand , The floods were parted from the land , The race of animals began , And light and heat gave birth to man ; The earth then wore its brightest charm , The land , the land was the people ' s farm . The God of nature at his birth , Gave man his title to the earth ; Then let us shew our title-deed , United , and we shall succeed ; And prove , if need , with our right arm , The land , the land ' s , the people ' s farm . All were supplied with daily bread , 'Till proud usurpers raised their head ; Who trampled on the law Divine , And substituted "Mine" and " Thine , " Which through the world spread dire alarm , They robbed the people of their farm .

      Unite ! Unite ! 2 for God decrees , Though Justice works by slow degrees ; That all the land shall be restored ; And God is faithful to his word ; The day and hour is now at hand , To repossess the stolen land . The savage has his freehold home , And hunting park wherein to roam ; No laws of" trespass" there restrain , The child of nature scorns the chain ; No " Game preserves" spread o ' er the land , AH game is free te every hand .

      Sball Christian governments destroy , Those rights which ravages enjoy ; And reign supreme o ' er field and flood , Aad traffic with the people ' s blood ! Oh , no ! the millions now must make a stand . And add to the Charter , their claim to the land

      Many Of Oar Readers Know Ah.Es Davenport...

      We have another poetical piece of Mr . Davenport ' s which will be given in our next number , We fear that inheriting the name of "Bonnie Prince Charlie , " the author of the following " Ode " has also inherit ed something of the exclusive spirit of national patriotism which distinguished his forefathers , and which was all very well in days gone by but is quite out of place now . We quite disagree with " Charles Stewart ' as to Scotland or Scotchmen languishing beneath the influence of England ; the very reverse is the case . We honour Wallace .

      Bruce , and other Scottish worthies as great and useful men in their day ; but our working-class friends must remember , that the days of Scottish glory were days of slavery for their order , and although the Scottish people are not even yet free they are much sparer freedom than in . the dnv » of Wamace . and much more likely to obtain their freedom now they are united to Englishmen , then they were when the working-men of the two countries were made ^ use of as the cut-throat tools and instruments of rival kings andlaristocrats . -

      ODE TO SCOTIA . Air , " Exile of Erin . " Dear Scotia my country once sacred to freedom , Of many a hero the birthplace and grave ; Ah ! surely they deum'd not a race should succeed them Would vie in the b istmess of despot and slave . Thy bleak craggy hills , thy dark glens , and thy vallies , Once hallowed retreats of a Fingal and Wallace , Of our forefathers' worth still in majesty tell us But echo the anthems of freemen no more I And what though we boast of our forefathers' glory , Of deeds they achieved while invaders pursued ; Like aliens we stand all eclipsed in their story And languish beneath the proud arm they subdued . No birthright have we save the fetters of slavery , No chieftains in power save the minions of knavery . Appall'd is the spirit of candour and bravery ,

      And friendship and love are exiled from thy shore f Butyetas the land of my birth I will love thee , My harp I'll devote to the theme of thy woes ; And if my compeers should disdain to approve me Thy lonesome recesses shall give me repose . And there though unblessed with akinsman or brother , I'll deem myself lock'd in the arms of a mother , Recollection ' s sad throes in my bosom I'll smother , And drown my last lay in the cataract ' s roar ! Then , lovers of freedom , awake from jour slumbers , And load with your voices the breath of the gale ; Your accents combine with my harp ' s soothingnumbers To float on the echoes of mountain and dale . For though in lone exile you ' ve long been deserted , Your cause by ambition ' s wild phantoms averted , Yet dear is your theme to the patriot-hearted , Who sigh like their fathers your reign to restore ! Charles Stewaet , Shettleston , A Correspondent sends us the following : —

      TEMPERANCE SONG . While misery is rending The echoes with its sighs-While sorrow s wail ascending , Both stun the vaulted skies , Ope truth ' s celestial portal To blaze on error s night , And point to man immortal , The way of life and light . For dark destruction sweeping , In desolating wrath , With sin and death is reaping A harvest in its path , While man to vice surrenders . The victim of its wiles , Estranged to all the splendours Of virtue ' s blessed smiles .

      The cup which nurtures madness , Despair and sorrow deep , That fills the heart with sadness , And bids the bright eye weep , — Humanity is quailing , Beneath its demon power , While bleeding hearts are wailing—While darkest tempests lower . Yet shall its reign of error Be to oblivion cast ; Y « t shall its night of terror , Be buried in the past ; While man to virtue turning , A priceless prize shall win , And soar with triumph spurning ,. The vassalage of sin .

      Then hearts that droop and languish , Again will ne er deplore , Ten thousand cries of anguish WiU then be heard no more ; But love and joy delighting , Shall bid their sorrows cease , With sweetest smiles inviting To pleasures and to peace . Then temperance shall nourish , Supreme delight on earth , Then happiness shall flourish , Around the poor man ' s hearth . Unnumbered gentle pleasures Shall flow without alloy , And life shall glow with treasures . Of purest sinless joy , Glasgow . Aueoea

      A contributor , who has some poetical talent , which we should be glad to see cultivated , has sent us two or three pieces from which we select the " Song " given below . The other pieces contain some spirited lines , but on the whole are too imperfect to allow of their publication . A SONG . We raise no battle axe nor brand , We raise no warlike cry ; With reason ' s weapons in our hand ; All tyrants we'll defy . And one and all to free from thrall , Of hopeless poverty ; We raise the voice , and grasp the pen , For blest Democracy , No warrior shall our homage claim ,

      Though he has battles won ; We worship not the cannons flame , Nor musket , sword , or gun . The blazing town , the ravished maid , Shall not have our applause ; And never will we give our aid , Except in Freedom ' s cause , The rivers may run red with blood , We will not sing their praise ; The dead and dying choke the flood , No triumph shout we'llraise , Tis glory more enduring far , And truer to my mind ; To see man deprecating war , And to each other kind .

      Oh ! may the senseless clamourerslearn , In either atmosphere ; That though for slaughter they may yearn , We shall not aid them here . Oh ! heaven speed the happy day , When war shall ever cease ; And freedom spread her sweets alway And all the earth be peace . AlFEED FENNELL . Here is something in the same spirit as the above , a spirit we desire to encourage , strengthen , and propagate : —

      "WE ARE HOT MEN OF WAR . HI D . WRIGHT , ABERDEEN . We are not men of war aud guilty strife , Who dare to mar the beatucous works of God ; Who lift the arm against a brother ' s life , To blast fond hopes and have the widow'd wife , With orphan babes , and desolate abode . Whose deeds of blood , and war with all its spoil Make angels weep , and none but demons smile ! "We are not men of war who fight for fame , And vain distinction with theprottd and great , Whose highest boast is but a titled name . To g ild the deeds that demons might condemn , And mark them hireling minions of the state . Who court his smile and dread the tyrant ' s frown , Who stain their hands to serve a guilty crown . ' We are not men of war , whoselaurels wave

      Nursed in the life-streams of their fellow-men ; Though those who need their aid may call them bravs Their brightest deeds point downwards to the . grave Their proudest boast is of the gory plain . With pompous titles on the state tncy live For guilty deeds that God will scarce forgive ! Weave not men of war : we love the vale , The hum of nature , not the cannon ' s roar . Where flowers are blooming in the verdant dale , We love their fragrant beauty far too well To stain their pearless purity with gore ! Where rivers flow we will not swell the flood , Nor stain the rippling streams with human blood ! We are not men of war , nor yet so bold

      As do the deeds that boasting heroes do , Whose swords are stained , whose very lives are sold To aid oppressors , for their paltry gold To crush the many and exalt the /« u > . We will not praise the minion tools of war Who fight to keep the people as they are ! We are not men of war , but we will fight-Though not with swords or cannon ' s deadly shower—With " moral weapons" in the cause of right That men may see with intellectual light How feeble is the tyrant ' s hireling might , How mighty is the people ' s moral power . Against the "Bights of man" tyrants may rise , But moral mig ht will yet obtain the prize . A number of other pieces we have not room to even notice this week ; for the present we conclude with

      THE VOICE OF FREEDOM , BY 1 . 1 EPWASVB . Sweet freedom ' s voice I hear , Hesounding through the sky In tones distinct and clear , She says the day is nigh When joy and harmony will reign Through nature ' s boundless wide domain .

      Many Of Oar Readers Know Ah.Es Davenport...

      She says man much too long . Has worn oppression ' s chain . But tyranny arid wrong Will soon begin to waney ' And right will dne day ' recther throne , And slave and tyrant be unknown . And base hypocrisy , Priestcraft , and slavish fear And aristocracy Will fade and disappear ; And discord dire , and war's dread roar , And strife will cease—be known no more , And that the glorious time Assuredly will come , When men of every clime In happiness will roam , When justice , truth and liberty Throughout the world will practised be .

      Aftemetosu

      aftemetosu

      The Westminster Review.-June.-London: G....

      THE WESTMINSTER REVIEW .-JuNE .-London : G . Luxford , Wuitefriars-street , Fleet-street . The majority of the articles contained in this number fully prove the writers to belong to the Utilitarian school of politicians , although there are not wanting articles of a light and agreeable character which vary the contents , so that the number is any thing but dry or heavy : the titles of several of the articles are not very attractive , but the matter they herald will be found as interesting as useful . The "Researches on Magnetism" describe in a clear and impressive manner the progress of the wonderful discoveries in electricity and magnetism , from the earliest ages to the present time . The writer remarks , that'" in the electric telegraph of Wheatstone we have one of the most wonderful inventions

      of modern days , realising to , their fullest extent the wildest dreams of the Arabian romances . In the electrical clock we have another instance of human ingenuity , in binding the ethereal principle , gathered from the earth itself , to note upon a dial the revolutions it performs . In the one case , by its actions time and space are annihilated ; -in another , it slowly and silently guides the seconds-beating pendulum . " This very interesting article is followed by one not so much to our taste , on the " Tendency of Puseyism , " in which the writer labours to show that the tendency of this ism . is not towards Roman Christianism but to German Rationalism . A valuable digest of the " Legislation of 1846 " gives a descriptive list of all the public and private Acts parsed during that session . A review of Harriet

      Maitineau's " Forest and Game-Law Tales contains some admirable reasoning against the continuance of those relics of feudalism—the abominable Game enactments . The reviewer well says— " We are continually crying out against the Americans for retaining in some of their States , amidst all their bluster about liberty and equality , the ' peculiar institution' of slavery ; but we are apt to lose sight of the necessity ol blotting out from among the statutes of our own country certain laws which have caused and are daily causing , more crime and more misery than American slavery . The number of convictions under the Game Laws has lately increased in the ratio of about 50 per cent , on the averages of three years . If this does not point out the necessity of a change , we know not what will be sufficient to do so .

      A change indeed must come , and that a radical one . No modification of the game laws will be of the least avail ; the increase of poaching , and of crimes incident thereto , since the modification which legalized the sale of game , is a proof of this . The game laws must be totally andfor ever repealed" " The Oregon Question "is discussed at great length , and in that temperate spirit which we feel much pleasure in com mending . The next article on " Fairy Mythology , " is an attractive preview of * ' Mr . Wright ' s Essays on subjects connected with Literature , Popular 5 u « - perstitions . and Historvof England in the Middle Ages . " The onl y fault we have to find with the reviewer is . that his article is too brief to do justice to

      so interesting a subject . Perhaps the article on " Railways and Metropolitan Improvement" will be considered as by far the most important , at least by London readers . This article , which is accompanied by maps and drawings illustrating the improvements suggested by the writer , is exceedingly interesting . The writer has some magnificent ideas which . if realized , and we cannot see why they should not be , would go far to make London the most magnificent , as it already is the largest and wealthiest city in the world . The reviewer is strongly opposed to the mighty monopoly now in course of establishment I y itailuay proprietors and speculators ; he thus fVrcibly pictures the new order of things to which WiJ appear lo be fast hastening : —

      A NBW . nESPOTISM . It is a comfortable-doctrine that all apparent evils are blessings in disguise , and therefore that in some way or other all errors in legislation will work their own cure ; but before we quite resign ourselves in this persuasion , to the stream of events , it may be as well that we should inquire to what paradise , or what precipice , we are , hastening with the current . One thing is certain , that , without anvnttre change of system , there is an end , on the part of tbe public , of all opposition to old railway companies connected with the great trunk tines . Be it their pleasure that we travel round about , in zigzag directions , or

      by the nearest course , the question is already decided , and must bo remain while left to depend upon length of purse . We COnfeSS OUr UOUbtS of tbo wisdom ot rostorlng th « Saxon Heptarchy ; but that we are practically doing this —creating new dynasties to the number of about seven , and dividing the broad realms of England among them —is a sober , aud an incontrovertible fact , Already the power of one railway monarch is preater than that of Sebert , King of the East Angles , and Sunderland will not be the only illustration of what railway influence may do at elections , when the time comes for the birth of that new child of the Titans , a Railway League .

      TUe world has seen many changes ; but , in all ages , those who have contrived to concentrate its recourees to the greatest extent have been the rulers of mankind . The power of the Shepherd Kings grew out of the possession of large flocks and herds , and exclusive rights of pasture : the power of the feudal aristocracy out of tiie laws of primogeniture . Free Trade legislation has destroyed the power conferred by monopolies of food ; but a monopoly of the means of locomotion may prove a more formidable influence than any power which has yet been tolerated in the hands of the few . We doubt not tbat the Chancellor of the Exchequer will be left in possession of Downing street ¦ but what if in Capebcourt a railway cabinet should one day meet to discuss the affairs of the

      nation ! Imagine a Trades' Union , represented by tbe chairman of half-a-dozen great amalgamated companies , directing a gross revenue larger ( as the railway revenue will be in a lew years ) than tbat which now pays the interest of the National Debt and defrays the whole public expenditure of the United Kingdom ;—a Trades' Union , omnipotent as a monied corporation , in the Bank par lour ; controlling the funds , and dictating the terms ofgovernment loans by operations in the buying and selling of Exchequer bills , or 3 per cent stock , on a more extensive scale than the Itothschilds ; a Board dispensing a larger patronage than that of a French minister ; with an army of paid agents to collect or diffuse information at every accessible point between the Laud's End and the Orkneys , and the electric telegraph to transmititJ .

      The whole article deserves the serious attention of all men , bat particularly those who belong to or can influence the Legislature and Government . We quote the following from the writer ' s remarks on , and advocacy of

      SANATORY REFORM . Several of the objects which it was presumed would bo forwarded by the appointment of the Metropolitan Improvement Commission have since been embraced in tbe inquiries of the Health of Towns Commission , assisted by the indefatigable industry of Mr . Chadwick ; and a mass of valuable information has now been collected upon subjects of a most serious import to the community , which has led to the following conclusions : —1 . That the annual mortality from fever is to a great extent caused , and is always fearfully aggravated , by defective drainage . 2 . That other prevalent causes are the burial of the dead among the habitations of the living , the overcrowding of the population in narrow streets , tbe bad ventilation of dwelling houses , and deficient supply of water iu the poorer districts . 3 . That the present cost of an

      efficient sewerage may be greatly diminished . 4 . That the expenses of funerals to the working classes are equul to a heavy load of taxation which might be greatly re . Ueved by public cemetvries , 5 , That water might be rendered cheap and abundant , with a constant supply direct from the mains at high pressure . 6 . That the leading public thoroughfares might be daily swept by water hose , and be kept permanently as clean as after heavy rains , without the intervention of cartage , and at a more economical rate . 7 . That the health and cheerfulness of dwelling-houses ( especially in regard to basements and closets ) would be promoted by a modification of the window duties , 8 , That the serious nuisance arising from the nnconsumed smoke of furnaces might he greatly abated . 3 . That existing municipal laws relating to the foregoing class of objects require revision and improvement .

      Upon this wide basis for useful legislation we might reasonably have expsctcd some practical measure to have been founded . But no;— "the state of public business " is always such that no attention can be paid to this branch of the public service . We fear , however , that the true reason is a want of earnestness on the subject . Th--Premier may fairly plead the repeal of the corn laws as enough for his share of active labour and responsibility ; but not so his colleagues . What is called " public business , " apart from one or two great party qmjfitions , means the passing every session of at least two hundred enactments , all of less importance than the life and health

      of town populations , or the redress of municipal gru ; . vances . Every one roust have been struck with the reason assigned by the Chancellor of the Exchequer for refusing to modify the window duties , so that , without diminishing the burden as a house tax , the temptation to block out light and air to evade the tax would be temoved . He said that out of 3 , 600 , 000 houses in Gv ' u ' Britain 3 , 000 , 000 were exempt from tho window duties ! Exempt because tho owners of 3 , 000 , 000 houses contrive to make seven openingsfor lightand air suffice instead often or fifteen ( leaving cellars , passages , and closets dark)—an eighth window rendering- the whole chargeable . V ? e

      The Westminster Review.-June.-London: G....

      know not a more startling fact , as indicating the straitened accomodation of 6-7 ths of the population of England and Scotland ; and yet this very fact was held to be sufficient evidence that no change of system was required . At the very time this argument was used , plans and experiments the completion of which it is said will cost £ 100 , 000 , were set on foot for the ventilation of the new Houses of Parliament ! We make these observations more in sorrow than in anger , and with no feeling of party hostility . We could

      count on our fingers the number of ieadiug . iiberals who have shewn any serious interest in the questions of local administration we have from time to time discussed , and have therefore no bitterness to indulge against our conservative opponents for their indifierence . The time has not yet arrived for the vast social benefits which might be realised by a sound municipal organisation , and an efficient local administration to be deemed worthy objects for the ambition of statesmen , —but it will come . Our mission is that of bumble pioneers , and we shall continue to work on , with faith in the future .

      We had marked for extract several portions of the very interesting review of Dr . Kitto ' s work on " The Lost Senses , " but we are compelled by wantof room to omit them . Altogether this is a very excellent number , and fully sustains the well-won character of this useful and liberal Review .

      Cnrai Enmlt'smce.

      Cnrai EnMlt ' smce .

      Alteration Of Sentence On Henry Norman.—...

      Alteration of Sentence on Henry Norman . — Ihis prisoner—who , it will be recollected , on Thursday last pleaded guilty of robbing his employer , Mr . Hoop , of £ 51 , and was sentenced to seven year ' s transportation , was again brought up and olaced in the dock of the Central Criminal Court on Saturday , befor e the Common Sergeant who triad him . who told him , that as there were several other prisoners this session who had committed similar oifences to his , and had only received sentence of one year ' s imprisonment , he thought it would not be just to pass a heavier sentence onhim , and should , therefore , alter the sentence of transportation to one year ' s imprisonment .

      Fearful Occurrence in a Menagerie at Redruth . —A dreadful accident occurred at Redruth on Monday , under very strange and peculiar circumstances . Ilylton's travelling menagerie had arrived in that town that morning , and the evening ' s exhibition drew a great concourse of spectators , it ia supposed numbering several thousands , of all ages and ranks of life ; there were also numbers outside . About ten o ' clock , whilst the crowd was greatest , some lads foolishly began teasing a blind hyena , a very savage brute ; the animal , much irritated , by their treatment , commenced a fight with another hyena , confined in the same cage . This aroused the lion , who soon lashed himself into a terrible , mood , and roared most awfully , The spectators naturally became much terrified , when all at once a cry was raised that the lion had broken loose . The panic became awful , and the confusion terrible . The most piercing screams were heard , and a simultaneous rush was made to the entrance , The pressure was

      tremendous ; the old and feeble were thrown down and trampled on , and at length the side of the menagerie was burst open , and the spectators rushed in She wildest terror into the street . The panic was at once communicated to the crowd outside , and the cry raised on all sides , "the lion has broke loose . " The people ran madly away , and rushed into private Iiousps , up-stairs , and into all imaginable places , expecting the wild beasts were at their heels . The shrieks and cries of murder were most piercing , and at one time it is supposed that nearly 200 were lying on the ground ., Many persons were trampled on , and picked up in nearly a lifeless state . The surgeons of the town were at once called into requisition , and afforded most valuable assistance . A great many persons were very severely bruised , and were taken up almost insensible , their eyes suffused with blood , and several cases of fractured ribs and collarhones were also reported . Happily no lives have been lost , although it can scarcely be said that all the sufferers are out of danger— Western Times .

      POPI / IATION AND ReHGION OF THE WORLD . —It is calculated that there are 1 , 660 . 000 , 000 souls in the world ; of whom 153 . 000 , 000 arein Europe , 156 , 000 , 000 in Africa . , 000 , 000 in Asia , 150 , 000 , 000 in America , and 7 , 000 , 000 in the islands of the Pacific . Five parts of the population are Christians , six are Mahometans , eighteen are idolaters , and the Jews form one part . Summary Justice . — The penalty of rolling the walks in the gardens of Hampton Court Palace , for any delinquency in plucking the flowers , has been twice enforced within the last ten days . This regulation , optional to those who wish to avoid legal punishment , has had a very salutary effect in

      diminishing the offence of purloining the flowers . Curious Plea . — A person , recently sued by a tailor tor a suit of clothes , defended the action on the plea that they had covered buttons instead of metal ones , as required by the Birmingham Act , still unrepealed . Chinese Umbrellas . —A vessel called the T , arpent , which has arrived at the port of Liverpool from Shanghae , China , in addition to an extensive cargo of tea , silica , and other productions , has brought 100 umbrellas of Chinese manufacture . So singular an importation is remarkable , not so much for the extent or the value of the articles , as for the novelty o f their supply from that distant country .

      Death from Slippi . no Down SlAiRS . —On Saturday , an inquest was held before Mr . Payne , at the Crown . Bow-lane , on the body of Ann Rachel Winter , aged forty-five . The deceased was employed on Friday last , at No . 9 , Basing-lane , and , while carrying a basket of clothes down the kitchen stairs , she slipped and fell to the bottom . Surgical assistance was immediately obtained , but she died in two hours . Verdict , " Accidental death . " Fire at a Pianoforte Maker ' s . — On Saturday evening , at eight o ' clock , a fire broke out on the premises of Mr . Bridgeway , of Noel-street , Soho . It originated in the workshop on the first floor , and speedily communicated with the rest of the building . The firemen were quickly in attendance , who went to work so effectually that at half-past nine the fire was extinguished . The damage done is not yet known . The same premises were destroyed by fire about eighteen months ago , when they were used as a coach factory .

      A Government Seizure . — -On Saturday morning , a notice was posted at the Excise Office , Broadstreet , that a sale would take place at twelve o ' clock of " about five dozen eggs" which had been seized and condemned as connected with some illicit works . Eggs are now sold at twenty a shilling . What they fetched at the sale is not exactly known , as it was over before many could get in to bid for the " lot . " Fairlop Fair . —On Saturday , at a meeting of the magistrates for the hundred of Beacontree , held at tiie Ansel Inn , Ilford , instructions were issued to the police to prevent ihe holding of Fairlop Fair , on Sunday in July , and lestricting ittwo days . VIZ ., the first Friday and the Saturday following . Scarcity of Haymakers . —The Police in a New

      Character . —During the past week hay-making in that part of the county of Essex nearest the metropolis has been commenced , but so scarce are labourers to get it in , that at Wanstead , Walthamstowe , Woodford , Itford , & c , the police constables of the N and K divisions have been turned into "haymakers , " during the intervals they are not on duty , malting " over time , " and earning 9 s . or 10 s . per week , in addition to their salary . The " mowers in this part of the country are receiving from Os . to 7 s . per day , and " pitchers" and " rakers" from 4 s . to its . with an allowance of beer .

      Fatal Fall from a Hat Rick . — On Saturday afternoon , Mr . W . Payne held an inquest at St . Bartholomew ' s Hospital , on the body of Richard Street , aged fifty , who died in the institution . On Tuesday afternoon , the deceased was at work on a hay rick in the farm of Mr . Peterson , Durnford Lodge , Wimbledon , when he slipped off , and fell a depth of about twenty feet . He was taken up , and was unable to walk , having lost the entire use of his limbs . He was removed the following day to the above institution in a state of complete paralysis of

      all his limbs , and died there on Thursday night . On a . post mortem examination the vertebrae of his neck were found dislocated , which caused death . The Cholera in India . —We regret very much to learn that the ravages of the cholera have begun to extend themselves over to this island . Yesterday tWO uf the wounded men who escaped from the battles of Moodkee and Fcrozesliah , and who lately arrived at Bombay , and were to sail for England in the ship Herefordshire on Tuesday next , foil victims after a few hours' illness .

      Morbkr by Two Boys AT Manchester . — Two boys , named James Scddon and Joseph Dean . were yesterday committed at Manchester on suspicion of having deliberately murdered a hoy named George Wray , thirteen years of age . The prisoner Scddon is seventeen years old , and Dean fourteen . Both seem to have led a sort of vagabond . life . Cholera in . the Caucasus . —It is stated in a letter from Constantinople that the cholera had broken out in the Russian army in the Caucasus . Insanity in France . —Some statistical

      information on the great increase ol Insanity in France has just been given by the Minister of Commerce , from which it appears that the number of insane , taking the annual mean of seven years , from 1835 to 1841 , amounted to 18 , 350 ; this number includes all those confined in public and private establishments . The admissions amounted to & , G 41 in 1835 , and in 1841 reached 5 , 841 ; in the same period o f time the number of insane , which in 1 S 35 was 14 , 480 , has increased to 19 , 1 SSt It would thus appear that insanity isgre . tlj oi the increase .

      Tub Plagi * and Quarantine . —The French go vcrnment have just published the report of the Roya Academy of Medicine on this most important subject the conclusions come to by the commission ordered t investigate and report on the question as to its beioj contagious or non-contagious is , that the plague i not contagious . A Frightful Number of Deaths from Drownini have occured in various parts of" the country durin the last ten days . Every provincial paper has noi ts small tragedy—in some cases the father of

      Alteration Of Sentence On Henry Norman.—...

      family being suddenly cut off—in others an only aott , and in others , again ;( one brother seeing another sink before his eyes—and all whilst bathing in the unsafe places now used , for want of accommodation for the purpose .. ' ' : V ^ :: •; ¦?¦ ; - ;; « Storm at Gravesend . —On Saturday , bright as the sun shone m the metropolis , there was a heavy fall of ram , accompanied with thunder and Jightning , in theneighbourhood of Northfleet and Gravesend . Towards the middle of the day the rain fell in torrents . iixposuRK to the Sun . — There are few points which seem less generally understood , or mure ulearlv

      proved , than the fact that exposure to the sun , without exercise sufficient to create free perspiration , will produce illness ; and that the ( same ) exposure to the sun , with sufficient exercise , will not produce illness . Let any man sleep in the sun , he will wake perspiring and very ill—perhaps he will die . Let the same man dig in the sun for the same length of time , and he will pe"spire ten times as much and be quite : well . The fact Is , that not only the direct rays of tho sun , but the heat of the atmosphere , produce abundance of bile , and powerful exercise alone will carry off that bile . —Popular Errors Explained .

      Shocking Suicide , —The Lash . —A most melancholy case of suicide occurred between twelve an j one o ' clock on Thursday night , or early on Friday raorningatthe Royal Barrack , Dublin . The unfortunate victim was ayoung man named John Perkins , a private in the 34 th Regiment , and who , it appears was driven to this desperate act through fear of punishment , he having disposed of some of his clothes . The unfortunate young man placed the muzzle of a musket in his mouth , and pressing the trigger with , his toe , blew out his brains . The Cholera at Hull . — -We ( Hull Packet ) have it in our power to give the most unqualified contradiction to a report inserted in the Manchester Ouardian of Saturday , to the effect that the Asiatic cholera had broken out in Hull . The statement fell with surprise on all parties here , the public as well as the profession . The town , like most other places just now , is much

      hotter than usual , but , meazles and hooping coughs excepted , to which juvenile "flesh is heir , " is capable of affording the most satisfactory bills of health . The Convict Barber . —From voluminous letters and papers recently received from Barber , now iu Norfolk Island under sentence fov the will forgeries , it appears that he still ardently clings to the hope of ultimately establishing his innocence and obtaining emancipation . He . 'ippears to hare used the most unremitting exertions for such objects , and has succeeded in exciting much sympathy , and of enlisting in his favour clergymen , magistrates , military officers , and other persons of rank and influence , through whom investisationa have been conducted , and certificates given declaratory of their conviction of his innocence , the particulars of which have been transmitted to Sir James Graham , with a view of obtaining an official investigation ,

      The Oddfellows are , perhaps , the most numerous and important body enrolled together for mutual assurance in Great Britain . On the 1 st of January , 1840 , they had 3 , 884 lodges in 386 districts , and their members numbered 259 . 374 . Charge of Murdtcr . —A painful case has occurred at Sheffield . Some lightermen quarrelled at the White Horse Inn , at Bigaleswade , and a fight between two of them afterwards was the result . After the fight , a young man of the name of Gray , one of the combatants , was leaving , when his adversary gave him a kick in the abdomen , and caused instant death . After killing him the fellow was about to throw the body into the locks , but was prevented .

      Air Guns . —It is a curious fact , that although the air-pump is a modern invention , yet the air-gun , which is so nearly allied to it in the construction of its valve and condescending syringe , should have exisled long antecedent to it ; for it is recorded that an air-gun was made fov Henry the Fourth , by Martin , of Liseau , in Normandy , as early as 1408 , and another was preserved in the armoury at Scbmeiau , bearing the date of 14 * 74 The air-sun of tise present day is . however , very different from that which was formerly made , and which discharged but one bullet after a long and tedious process of condensation , while it now discharges five or six without any

      visible variation of force , and will act upon a dozen , though with less effect . —Mechanics' Magazine . ¦ A Burns Festival in New South Walks . —The Port Philli p Herald of 27 th January last , contains-a long account ota festival in memory of the Ayrshire bard , held on the previous evening in the Q . uren ' 8 Theatre , Port Philip , which was specially fitted up for the occasion . About 300 sat down to dinner , while the dress circle of * the theatre was filied with ladies . Music and speeches filled up the evening , and the festivities were prolonged to a late hour . It is interesting to _ find the name of the Scottish pr . efc thus honoured in the most distant quarters of the globe .

      Supposed Duath from a Sux-stroke . —On Mon . day , Mr . G . J . Mills , deputy-coroner for Middlesexheld an inquest at the Old Ship , Hammersmith , o the body of John Lassie , aued 41 years , who wa found dead in a wherry , on the River Thames , on the afternoon of Saturday last . The deceased , while in a boat by himself , was struck , according to the medical testimony , byasfrokeofapoplejcy , and a verdict accordingly was returned . Fatal Effects' of the Hot Weather . —A ajan of the name of John Lewis , who was mowing in a field on tbe farm of Pantyrathro , near Llanstepan , on Thursday died from the effects of the intense heat . He had been mowing in company with some others , during the greater part of the day , and his scythe being avory bad ane . - . he was . obliged to exert himself to keep up with his companions , till at length the heat overcame him , and he fainted : a little water was given him and he seemed to revive , but ; shortly after he fainted again , and died almost immediately .

      The Mile . —There is a great difference in the number of yards in a mile , in different counters The following table will be useful .- —England , or . America , l /< 60 yards ; Russia , 1 , 109 ; Italy , 1 , 476 ' Scotland and Ireland , 2 , 200 ; Poland , 4 , 400 ; Spain , 5 . 026 ; Germany , 4 . S 66 ; Sweden and Denmark , T , 223 i Hungary 8 , 800 . Tho . vder Storm at Birmingham , Mondat Evexixg . —Between six and seven o'clock this evening , the town was visited . with a heavy thunder storm . The rain descended in such torrents that many collars in the lower part of the town-were flooded : the lightning , too . was of that peculiarly forked and dangerous kind from which so many casualties proceed , but at present we have heard of no accidents resulting therefrom . The storm after" raging for- about an hour , passed over into Staffordshire and the mineral districts .

      Storm of Thunder and Lightning in thk Metropolis . —Between eleven and twelve o ' clock on Monday night the metropolis was visited by a pretty smart thunder-storm , which lasted for aboutan hour . In the early part of the evening the atmosphere was heated to the most suffocating degree , and full warning oftlie comingstorm was given towards thccloseof the evening , by tho _ brilliant comiscations of slieefc lightning which continued to illuminate the horizon for two hours . Shortly after eleven o ' clock it became more vivid and intense , and rapidly assumed the character of a decided thunder-storm . For half an hour the lightning was exceedingly vivid , accompanied by loud peals of thunder . The storm was attended with a very heavy fall of rain , which though but of short duration , produced the most grateful coolness . A few more hours' rain would tend much to the comfort of the hapless mortals doomed to the Metropolis , for our climate for the last week or two has been worse than tropical .

      Dreadful Thunder Storm . —Tln ' stown was visited last Thursday night with a roost terrific thunderstorm , which continued for several hours . The lightning- was awfully grand ; rain fell in torrents for the space of an hour , which has done much goad to the crops ; but the fruit trees , which had been partially injured by previous lightning , have been completely blighted , We have not heard of any injury to life or property . —Sdtlysliamtoa Herald . The Notorious Joseph Ady . — At the Central Criminal Court on Monday , Joseph Ady , the quaker , whose name has been so often before the public , was placed in the dock on a charge of obtaining money from Mr . William Tlormsby , under false pretences , Mr . Ballantine , for the prisoner , submitted chat there was no case against his client , as at the bottom of each receipt there were words to the effect that if no

      benefit was derived from the information which he gave to tho parties My ivaa in C 0 ii ) miw »' wt >'<> n with , he would return the money which he had received . The prosecutor in this instance had not applied for the money back again , and that being the case , the charge could not be sustained against his client . The Common Serjeant told the jury to return a verdict of "Not Guilty , " at the same time observing that no case of this kind could be made out against the prisoner , until the parties who had paid the money , not deriving any benefit from the communication applied for its return and were refused by the prisoner . The prisoner , after being discharged , came back and applied for an order for the money which the officer found in his possession . The Common Serjeant said , in such cases it waa tho custom to give the money , to the amount lost , to the prosecutor .

      Sale of the St . Jasiks ' s Club House . —On Tuesday the St . James's Club House , better known as Crockford ' s , was sold by auction by Messrs . Christie and Manson , by order of the executors of Mr . Crockford , for the sum of £ 2 , 900 . It was held on a lease , of which 32 years were unexpired , subject to a yearly rent of £ 1 , 400 . It was said at the saje that the decorations alone ol' the building cost the late proprietor £ 94 , 000 . Lord Francis Egerton is , we understand , to b # elevated to the peerage by the title of Lord £ liesmere . Sir James Graham , we hear from good authority , will be immediately elevated to th « peerage by the title of Lord Preston . The New Orleans Papers nearly all . 'ipologize for a [ lack of matter , saying that their printers hav * taken their " shooting sticks" and gone to Mexico . " Helena Augusta Victoria" are to be the names of tho infant Princess . Amongst the sponsors is the Duchess of Orleans , the only protestant member of the French royal family .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 27, 1846, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_27061846/page/3/