On this page
- Departments (3)
- Adverts (14)
-
Text (10)
-
v „ „ %T c -t a r October 27, 1840 4 THE...
-
On tlie foUoivmg siay'cts. Oct. 31, Live...
-
nutair A Midshipman op the Beixehopho.v and Eleven' Others Drowxed.—On the afternoon of tke 12th
-
., . lveinp, a miashipmau of Ji.M.'s shi...
-
m (KQvmvovfttnw
-
Du. HmuButsr, Gateshead.-Mr. Bell's pamp...
-
THE PORTRAIT OF KOSSUTH, Presented with ...
-
TBE I0BTHEM STAB SA'fUEtDAY, OCTOBEK 27, IS49.
-
PAPtLIAMENTARY REFORM. Twenty-one years ...
-
PAUPER EDUCATION. A blue book has just b...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
V „ „ %T C -T A R October 27, 1840 4 The...
v „ „ c -t a r October 27 , 1840 4 THE unRTTTFRN STAR . = — == ^ = 2 ^ sis ¦^^^ i ^ Mll ^^^^
Ad00407
i - - ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ , ^ ^^*^^^ ii ^^ ^ lB ^¦^ wsllll ^ i ^ ii ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ >^^•^^^ - miTISH EilPIRE FREEHOLD LAND AND BUILDING SOCIETY . Oa va . Advance your Kent is Saved , —you become your own land « nd Householder . Patrons . -T . S . DcxTOHBE , Eso ,, M . P . T WAKLEr Esq . MP . B . B . Cabbedl , Esq ., M . P . L . J . Hanbabd , Ekj ., M .. P Iond « B Qgte ^ Sn . 13 , Tottenham Court ; Sen-Road , St l * aneras . London-PAKna . TMiiUU Item , Secretoj . Aiuukged is Thbee Sections . —Value of Sl ^ Md l ' ayinents for ^ ors . Full Share .. .. £ 12 0 _ imjment of 2 s . 3 d . % 1 Week , or Ws . Cd . per Menth . llalfShare .. .. CO - 1 *| Z 2 I - A lttS « Uo stated ttasTtem L ^ & S ^ to he a !**? % * So tewrarf . Souoro-s . or Ito ^ rnos Ito-Tteyjwent ??* K £ K &*** " * * per Share , and-is . Gd . fovany partof aShare . Pace of Rules , uiclmlmglostage , Is .
Ad00408
fT » HE UXITED PATRIOTS' AXD PATRIARCHS' BENEFIT SOCIETIES . 1 Enroll ^ pursuant to Act of 1 ' mBament Tims securing to its members ^ y ^^^^ J ^ SSSf fends and prW * . I ^ liscd to extend over the United Kingdom , mfli the Pn ^^^ - ^^ Si ^ gjSJ Agents , £ «• : An ^ pportauity is now of & red to healthy persons , up to Forty 1 ears of Age , of joining these flounsning Institutions in town or country . ' Ioxdoh Ofhce—13 , Tottenham Court , Sew Boad , St Pancras ( thirteenth house eastward from Tottenham Court-road ) . " " IIasiel WnziAM ltDFFr , Secretary . Pa / r tHS .-T . S . DcxcombZ Esq ., M . F . T . IVakiet ' Esq ., M . F . B . B . Cabbeix , Es q * M . P . F . O'Cosxob , Esq ., M . P . L S . Kassarb , Es « .
Ad00409
EMIGRATION . TUE BRITISH EMPIRE PERMAXEXT EMIGRATION AXD COLONISATION SOCIETY , To secure to ea ch Member a FARM of not less than Twenty-Five Acres of Land in AMERICA , By Small Weekly or Monthly Contributions . Losdos Office : —13 , Tottenham-Court , New-road , St . Pancras . —D . W . Kcr . Fr , Secretary .
Ad00410
THE CRIPrLEGATE LOCALITY hug to sta ' e that they have a large stotk of songs that were sung at the graves of William ? ami Sharp on hand , which will be sold at 2 s . tid . jiev hundred . The profits to be devoted to the Monument Fund . It is respect fully requested that the various lcalities will forward their orders for the above songs , which will be forwarded post free , liy post-of * v-. c orders being sent to the secretary , T . Brown , 2-S S ^ ilden-hme , Barbican Loudon . All orders will be reported in the Star weekly .
Ad00411
HALSE'S SCOUISUTIC DKOl' 8 . A SXTRE CURE EOIX SCURVY , BAD LEGS , AND IMl'UUE IJLOOD . Another sniprisw-f cure by means of Ihdse ' s Scorbutic Drops . DECIABATIOS OF THE GUAB 11 UXS OF EREST , DEVOX . "We , the undersigned , solemnly declare , that before Thomas Kollius , ( one of onr jarisliiunere ) commenced taking "Hake ' s Scorbutic Dryjis , " he was literally covered with lai ^ e running wounds , some of them so large that a person might have laid his fist in them ; that before lie had finished the first bottle he noticed an improvement
Ad00412
THE CHEAPEST EDITIOS EVEE rUBHSHKB . Trice Is . Cd ., A new and elegant edition , with Steel Plate of the Author , of PAINE'S POLITICAL WORKS . Sow Ready , a Ifew Edition ot ( An . O'CONNOR'S WORK ON SMALL FARMS Sold by J . Watson , Queen's Head Passage , Paternoster row , London ; A . Hey wood , Oluhain-street , Manchester , aud Love and Co ., 5 , Xclson-street , Glasgow . And bi all Booksellers iu Town and Country .
Ad00413
PROTECTED BY 1 JOVAL LETTEltS PATENT . DR . LOCOCK'S FEMALE WAFEES , Have no Taste of Me-lieine , Aud are tlie only remedy recommended to be taken by Ladies . They fortify the Constitution at all periods of life , and in all Xcrrous Affections act like a charm . They remuveltesmwftss , Fatisaeow Slight Gsfittion , ? alp \ la * don of tlie Heart , Lowncss of Spirits , Weakness , and allay pain . Tliey create Appetite , and remove Indigestion , Heartbum , Wind , Head Aches , Giddiness , 4 c . In Hysterical Diseases , a proper perseverance in the use of tliis Medicine will be found to effect a cure after all other means had failed . g 5 ? Full Directions are given with every box . Note . —These Wafers do not contain any Mineral , and may be taken either dissolved in water or whole .
Ad00414
HHE DEMOCRATIC REVIEW L Of BRITISH and FOREIGN POLITICS , HISTORY ' * " u and LITERATBRB . Edited by G . JULIAN HARNEY .
Ad00416
SOUTH LONDON CHARTIST HALL , Corner of Webber-street , Blackfriars-road . TWO O R A T I O 1 ST S , Will be delivered iu the above named Hall , IS AID OF THE FUND FOR THE SUI . ' 1 'OtVr OE THE WIVES ASD FAMILIES OF THE OHAItTIST VICTIMS , . On Wednesday Evenings , is October , 18 W , BY THOIIAS COOPER , ' Author of the " Purgatory of Suitikes ' , " AND " ' ¦¦ ' ' 0 s Wednesday . Evening , NovEMBEa Tth 1819 , BY THOMAS CLARK ,
On Tlie Fouoivmg Siay'cts. Oct. 31, Live...
On tlie foUoivmg siay'cts . Oct . 31 , Lives , Patriotism , and Genius of Byron and Burns , Hovemijcr 7 , Sapoicon Buonaparte—did his career serve or injure the cause of Prance and of Europe ? To commence at eight o ' clock . —Admission , Two Pence .
Ad00417
FARMS OX SALE . TO BE DISPOSED OF , BY THE DIRECTORS OF THE NATIONAL LAND COMPANY , AT CHARTERVILLE , MINSTER LOVEL , Ohe Fodb-Acee Fahm , uncropped . Ode Foua-AcBE Faum , with the following crops , upon two acres , carrots , mangel wurtzel , and Swede turnips . A quantity of fruit trees are upon this farm , and important additions have been made to the out-buildings . There are also a numberof tools and agricultural implements , allot ' which will be included in the sale . OtfE Tbbee-Acke Fakm . One Two-Ache Fabm .
Ad00418
PAINS IN TUB BACK , GRAVEL , LUMBAGO , & e . ONE trial onl y will prove the value of DE ROOS' celebrated COMPOUND RENAL PILLS , for speedily curing all kinds of pains in the back , diseases of the bladder , kidneys , and urinary organs generally , whether resulting from imprudence or otherwise . Price Is . lid ., 2 s . 9 d ,. and is . Cd ., per box . They have never been known to fail , and will be scut free on receipt of "is 9 d . or 4 s . 6 i in postage stamps , by Dr . Delloos , 1 , Ely-place , Holborn Hill , London . Full directions enclosed . Authentic Testimonials . —Mr . X . Barry , Ruthin , writes : " Send me a 2 s 3 d box for a friend ; the one 1 had has quite cured me . "—Mr . King , Aylesbury : "They are a perfect blessing . " The late Dr . Hope : ' They are the only ., thing of the kind I can recommend , having tried them in-very many instances with most gratifying results . 1 hope they will be largely patronised , as they deserve to be . " —Address Dr . Walter De Roos , I , Ely-place , Holborn-hill , London ; where he may be consulted on all these diseases daily , from 10 till 1 , 4 till 8 ; Sundays , II ) till 1 only . . Advice , with medicines , sent to all parts of the world for JE 1 . Patients corresponded with till cured . Those cases deemed incurable are particularly invited .
Ad00419
PUBLIC CAUTION !! RUPTURES PERMANENTLY CURED WITHOUT A TRUSS ! ! -Dr . IIEN 11 Y GUTHHEY , 6 , Ampton-strcet , Gray ' s-inn-road , London , still continues to supply the afflicted with this celebrated cure for single or double Ruptures , the efficacy of which is now too well established to need comment . It is easy in application , causes no inconvenience , and will be sent free on receipt of 6 s . l > y l ' ost-oflice order or otherwise . Dr . G . has a vast number of old Trusses left behind hy persons cured as trophies of his immense success , which he will readily give to those who need thein after a trial of his remedy . Notice .- Inquiry will prove the fact that this is the only remedy known , all others being spurious , useless , and dangerous imitations , against which sufferers are speciallycautioned . "Having witnessed tlie good effect of your cure for rupiure , I herewith send you an order for myself . "—Robert Brown , Manchester . " I am obliged for your great care ; my Rupture lias not ppcared since . —Mrs . Maine , Uaspenden , Herts .
Ad00420
BALDNESS , WEAK , OR GREY HAIR , WHISKERS , & c . MIS S COUPELLE respectfully s « s one trial onlt of her celebrated Parisian Pomade , for quickly producing whiskers , & c , restoring lost hair , strengthening- and curling weak hair , and checking greyness , from whatever cause . It has never been known to fail , and will be forwarded ( free ) on receipt of twenty-four postage-stamps . — Miss Young , Truro , writes : — " It has quite restored mine , which 1 had thought impossible , after everything else had failed , and I shall never be without some by me . " —Mr . Bull , Brill , says : — "It is the only one that has had the desired effect , " —Dr . Erasmus Wilson : — " It is vastly superior to all the clumsy gvensj compounds now sold under various titles and pretences . There are , however , so many impositions afoot , that people reluctantly place confidence where it may justly be bestowed . " —l ) b not cot torni corns . —Also will be sent ( free ) , on receipt ot thirteen stamps , her safe , speedy , and lasting cure for soft or hard corns , bunions , & c . It is never-failing . — Address , Miss COUPELLE , Ely-place , Holborn , London .
Ad00421
RUPTURES EFFECTUALLY CURED WITHOUT A ' 11111 * 8 ! -Dk . WALTER I ) E KOOS , 1 , Ely-place , Holburn-hill , Loudon , still continues to supply the afflicted with his celebrated cure for Single or Double Ruptures , the efficacy of which is now too well established to need comment . It is easy in application , causes no inconvenience , and will be sent'free on receipt of 6 s . Cd ., by Post-office order , or otherwise . ¦ Dr . De H . has a great number of old trusses left behind by persons cured , as trophies of his immense success , which he will readily give to those who like to wear theih after trial of this remedy . Hours . —10 till 1 ; and 4 til 18 . Rev . H . Walcott , HighainFerrars , writes : — "Theperson for « hom you sent your remedy is quite cured , and you will be good enough to send me two'more , for Others . " m Caution . —Inquiry will prove the fact that this is'tllC only remedy known . Sufferers are therefore cautioned against a host of quacks , who being newly started , for obvious reasons place Dr . before their names , forge testimonials , pay for puffing paragraphs , copy tins advertisement , and have recourse to the basest practices to victimise the public . K . B—Post Office orders payable at the Holborn office . Advice free , to tlie poor .
Nutair A Midshipman Op The Beixehopho.V And Eleven' Others Drowxed.—On The Afternoon Of Tke 12th
nutair A Midshipman op the Beixehopho . v and Eleven ' Others Drowxed . —On the afternoon of tke 12 th
., . Lveinp, A Miashipmau Of Ji.M.'S Shi...
., . lveinp , a miashipmau of Ji . M . ' s ship Bellerophou , seventy-eight , Captain Baynes , C . B ., lying off leghorn , was sent ashore in charge of the cutter , to bring some men who were on leave . He reached the shore , embarked his men , and left to return to his ship . In the meantime , however , the breeze , which was little or nothing when he let the Bellerophon , had freshened considerably , and it appears the cutter had proceeded one-third of the distance from the shore to the ship , when , in consequence of shipping a great deal of water , Mr . Kenip bore up for the purpose of returning to the land , the boat at the . SMUtt tiwie carrying a press of sail . More water was sloped in ilTo act of bearing up , "which was kept under by baleing , but , thsail
anfbrttinafeJy , e having been lowered , and the hoat having mtii ' w . g to force her through the water , she became almost water-logged , and shipping water on both sides , she filled , and shortly afterwards turned bottom up . This fatal catastrophe having been seen , both from tho Reilerowlion and her Majesty ' s steam vessel Porcupine , boats were instantly lowered from those vessels anil despatched to the assistance of the cutter ; but before they could reach the spot the following poor fellows had disappeared , and were drowned : —Mi * Kemp midshipman ; Matthew Odgcrs , coxswain of the cutter ; Jeremiah M'Carthy , able * seaman ; Jones Gray , ditto ; William Deaken , landsman : John Wimnstcr , ditto ; William . Short , first-class bov James Wheat , nnrato marine ; j j ft-vner , ditto ; George Watt , ditto ; William Harvey , ' ditto ; Mm Milhanis ditto . Mr . Kemp is the aoaot ' tho bis Lieut . Kemp , B-. N . r
M (Kqvmvovfttnw
m ( KQvmvovfttnw
Du. Hmubutsr, Gateshead.-Mr. Bell's Pamp...
Du . HmuButsr , Gateshead .-Mr . Bell ' s pamphlet "shall lin . ve our early attention . . ,, v SnmmiNGTO . v ; Glasgow .- ^ as the Post-order received ? f SwScImowIedg Ss the receipt of the following sums , ^? -Fo SmSund-Mr . W « m , 3 d . ; Mr . C Lees , fil nFriend , fid . M'Namavra ' sAction-Mr . Mellors , Sd llltebt due to Printer-Mr . Gee , Gd —lor the Chartist Executive—A fewFramework knitters , Blooms-TiSmeib , No rth Shields and 0 . tosoxLondon , your notices will be charged to us at the Stamp Office as advertisements . , , . f . „„ . „„ i A . Watso . v , Catlicart .-Write to Colonel Maberly , General Post Office , London . . . . Mr Brook will see that his first letter is inserted , hut it was impossible to find room for his second tins week .
The Portrait Of Kossuth, Presented With ...
THE PORTRAIT OF KOSSUTH , Presented with the "Northern Star , " being in great demand , those who desire to possess that splendid and correct likeness of the Hungarian chief , may be supplied on app lication to Mr . J . Pavev , Holywell-street , Strand . An additional suppl y has just been printed , to accommodate those who were disappointed on the first issue .
Tbe I0bthem Stab Sa'fuetday, Octobek 27, Is49.
TBE I 0 BTHEM STAB SA'fUEtDAY , OCTOBEK 27 , IS 49 .
Paptliamentary Reform. Twenty-One Years ...
PAPtLIAMENTARY REFORM . Twenty-one years ago tho Whig party were agitating , as the national ¦ Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association-now isj . fora Reform in our representative system . Long exclusion from power , and "the sweets of office , " had rendered them ravenous . So keen had the appetite for place become that they were willing to secure it , even at the expense of * considerable alteration in " our glorious institutions . '' Those who took an active part in the public agitation which preceded the
enactment of the Reform Bill as tho law of the land , will remember that the co-operation of tho aristocratic Whigs was never of a very hearty character , and that if it had depended upon then ! alone , the franchise would not have been brought down so low even as 101 . At the last moment they endeavoured to have it fixed at 201 ., which they represented as a compromise that Avould be accepted by the Tories ; and it was only by the determined and general hostility of the more honest section of the movement to the proposal , that they were induced to drop the proposition , and stand b y "the Bill , the whole Bill , and nothing but the Bill . "
One of the ablest and most eloquent of the party has left on record , in the " Edinburgh Review , ' ' an exposition of the views by which it was animated—or , at all eveuts , of the arguments which it was deemed advisable to address to the then opponents of Parliamentary Reform , which it may bo useful to reproduce at the present moment . Mr . Macaulay then saw that however the Catholic Claims or the Mercantile Code might for the moment divert public attention , such was the growing and deep-rooted feeling of the nation on the subject , that—tousehisown words
—" at no very distant period all other questions will merge into that which is , in a certain degree , connected with them all . ' * The policy of the Whigs in such a crisis is thus set forth ' " A great statesman might , by timely and "judicious reformations , by reconciling the " two great branches of the natural aristocracy , " the capitalists and tho land owners , by so " widening the base of the Government as to "interest in its defence the . whole of the " middling class—that brave , honest , and " sound-hearted class , which is as anxious for " the maintenance of order and the security
" of property , as it is hostile to corruption "and oppression—succeed in averting a " struggle to which no rational friend of "liberty or of law can look , forward without " great apprehensions . There are those who " will be contented with nothing but dcmoli" tion , and there are those who shrink from all " repair . There are innovators who long for " a President and a National Convention ; " and there are bigots who , while cities
" larger and richer than tho capitals of many " great kingdoms are calling out for represen"tatives to watch over their interests , select "some haclcnied jobber in Boroughs—some " Peer of the narrowest aiid smallest mind" ' as the fittest depositary of a forfeited , iran" chise . Between these extremes there lies a " more excellent way . Time is bringing round " another crisis analogous to that which occurred in the Seventeenth Century . We " stand in a situation similar to that in which
" our ancestors stood under the reign oiJames "I . It will soon again be necessary to reform , "that we may preserve ; to save the fuuda" mental principles of the Constitution , by al"terationsin the subordinate parts . It will "then be possible—as it was possible 200 " yearsago—to protect vested rights—to se" cure every useful institution—every institu" tion endeared by antiquity and noble associ" ations—aud , at the same time , to introduce "into the system improvements harmonising " with the original plan . It remains to be
" seen whether 200 years have made us wiser . " We know of no great revolution which " might not have been prevented by compro" mise , early and graciously made . Firmness "is a great virtue in public affairs , but it " has its proper sphere . Conspiracies and in" suvrections in which small minorities are en" gaged—the outbrealcingof popular violence , " unconnected with any extensive project , or
" any durable principle , are best repressed by " vigour and decision to shrink from them is li make them formidable , But no wise " ruler will confound the pervading taint with " the slight local irritation . No wise ruler " will treat the deeply-seated discontents of a "great party as ho treats the conduct of a " mob which destroys mills and power-looms . " The neglect of this distinction has been fatal , " even to Governments strong iu the power of "the sword . The present time is , indeed , a
"time of peace and order , but it is at' such a " time that fools are most thoughtless and wise " men most thoughtful . That the discontents " which have agitated the country during tho "late and the present reigu , and which , though " not always noisy , arc never wholly dormant , " will again break forth with aggravated symp" toms , is almost as certain as that the tides " and seasons will follow their appointed course . " But in all movements of the human mind " which tend to great revolutions , there is a " crisis at which moderate concession may " amend , conciliate , and preserve . Happy " for England , if at that crisis her interests bo
" confided to men for whom history has not " recorded the long series of human crimes " and follies iu vain . " We commend the whole of this passage to the attentive perusal of Mr . MACAULAY ' Aato colleagues who are now in po-ver . Lord John Russisll . b y his Eeform Bill , carried out the policy recommended , as far as the junction of the capitalists , and a section of tho landowners , with the middle classes , was concerned . It is clear that it was not the intention of the Whi gs , at any time , to admit the veritable working classes to an actual parti
cipation in tho franchise . The producers of wealth , in their political system , aic—and ought to continue—helots . The political privileges and influence conferred by the Constitution , are—and ought to be—confined to the possessors of ivealth alone . " Tho maintenance of order aud the . security of property " not the doing of justice between man and man and between all classes of the community is witir- them the great object of national existence , Practicall y , they divide society into two seetions-tho plunderers mid . tho plundered . 1 hey givo to the former all the power rolluenco , and privileges they possibly can in order that the propert y they amass maybe
Paptliamentary Reform. Twenty-One Years ...
rendered secure ; but they leave the producer wholly defenceless . For him no Constitution exists , save in the oppressive form of taxation , and obedience to laws in the making of which he has no share . That theory of Government and of F & xk & r mentary Reform , however , has been tried , and found wanting . Its day is now over . During the twenty years that have elapsed since it was carried into practice , the injustice and the anomalies of our representative system have gradually forced themselves more prominently upon public attention . Behind Corn Laws , Navigation Laws , New Tariffs , and all the other questions which have since occupied the attention of successive Parliaments , this great
question of Parliamentary Reform has loomed , its dimensions ever attaining greater magnitude and distinctness ; and the time has now come when the Whigs must show that , for them , " history has not recorded the long series of human crimes and follies in vain , " by coming forward and making concessions that " may amend , conciliate , and preserve . " The " crisis , " described by their late colleague in office , has . arrived . They have no longer " a
mob which destroys mills and power-looms to deal with , but "the deep-seated discontents of a great party . " To neglect making a timely aud frank settlement of the claims of that party in the midst of a " time of peace and order , " will be fatal to them , or to any other Government , however " strong" they maybe "in the power oi tho sword . " As Lord Palmebsxon says , — " Opinions are more powerful than armies .
As long as the middle classes were content with the alliance formed between thorn and the landowners and capitalists , the ruling faction in power could , -with considerable chance of safety , afford to disregard the claims of the working classes . But they arc no longer so contented , They have been examining tho national balance sheet , and they find that it
is all against them , aud in favour of their aristocratic allies . They find , year by year , taxation increasing in its burdensomeness , while competition increases in intensity , and profits diminish . They find that aristocratic idlers overspread England and the colonics like a swarm of locusts , and eat up every green thing . They find that they have no interest whatever in the maintenance of such
a state of things , because it leads to the impoverishment of the masses , and , therefore , to the diminution of their customers . In every direction signs of the wide-spread and growing influence of these convictions arc manifesting themselves . In every quarter the reconciliation of the working and middle classes proceeds hopefully and cheerfully . The combined efforts of the aristocratic
factions , who have so long misruled us by a kind of prescriptive right , will be wholly unavailing to . resist the mighty movement which is now on foot for the improvement and purification of our representative system . At Aberdeen , and Norwich , the same sentiments are uttered , —the same determination expressed . London and Manchester avo of accord in the matter ; and when Mr . Kebshaw , at Stockport , denounces to his constituents the infamous
Financial system which presses the nation to the earth , his constituents respond in the same spirit . "The awful load , " says Mr . Kershaw , " under which this country is now groaning , is the result of bad government—of needless and wasteful war—and of overgrown peace establishments . ' ' To grapple with these evils the Government must be placed in tho hands of the people , instead of being vested in a small , exclusive , and aristocratic
section . The people must be fully represented in their own House , and through their representatives exercise their undoubted privilege of holding the purse strings tight . Tho expenditure must be made to square with the actual necessities and means of the nation , and not with the interests of a dominant class ; and tho laws must bo of a character which will secure equal justice ,, and a fair chance of subsistence , to every citizen who contributes to the support of , the State .
We conclude by again commending these "Signs of the Times" to the earnest and thoughtful consideration of Lord John Russell and his Cabinet . If they are not prepared to act in accordance with them , somebody else must—they must either march with the nation , or bo marched over and trampled upon .
Pauper Education. A Blue Book Has Just B...
PAUPER EDUCATION . A blue book has just been issued , containing tlie " Minutes of the Committee of Council on Education , with Appendices" for the years Vdif-SrQ . It comprises an immense mags of most useful information , as to the present state of pauper education , and the plans hy which it is proposed to improve , and render it more effective in future ; and , we believe , that a brief glance at its contents will he interesting , as well as instructive , to our readers .
The case of the pauper child is presumed to be . altogether difterent to that of the oilspring of the independent labourer . "Whether truly or not , tho law assumes that the parent , in the last cas , is capable of fulfilling all the duties assigned to him by the State , of which the due education of his children constitutes a not unimportant portion . But tho State stands in the position of parent to the pauper clrild , and is , therefore , bound to do all that the parent would otherwise perform ior it . Notwithstanding the admission of this fact ,
however , very little seems to have been hitherto done for the systematic and efficient education of those thrown on tho care of the coinmunit y . In the 43 rd of ELiKAUimi , there is no special provision made for education . Industrial discipline was the spirit of the original . poor law . It instituted no other test of destitution than that of " work . '' It was reserved for onr enlightened age to ' substitute for that test—a , starvation diet and compulsorv idleness , in places now known by tlie o-cneric designation of Bastiles .
As industrial training only was contemplated by the old law ; and as no comprehensive system for that object was either contemplated , or , perhaps , practicable , under-the circumstances , the duty was delegated to individual tradesmen by tho parish officers , and thus arose the system o £ pauper apprenticeships . Pauperism , however , was-rather increased than diminished , by this plan . The
pauper apprentices were neglected and illtreated , iu the great majority of eases ; and instead of receiving that mental and bodily culture which mi ght have made them sdf % helpful and useful members of the community , they were brutalised hy ill usage , and degraded into a condition of mental slavery and helpless subjection , which rendered them hfe-loug burdens to themselves aud tho community .
In the course of time , tho evils arisiunfrom this neglect of duty wore seen to be of a serious character , and to demand a- rcmedv The lirst mention in any statute of oducatioi . is to be found iu tlie litli and 7 th Gkorgk III c 39 , which , however , applies only to ¦ till pamm-ch . Idi-cu within the Metro politan ] M \ U ofMorfcthty . 1 hat statute declared thatitwouhl
greatly tend to the preservation of the lives of IV ! lt , ; insh J '" - mul bo of imiob pnhii ,-utility , it the jnu-isu ^ ors were compelled b ) law to send such infant poor for their uiaint-. jwuco . ind education" away from their workhouses to a . - hospital , " at a distance of ot 10 SS than three miles from the town In ^ P « msum there was the germ of a sound and national system of treatment , which is only now beginning to bo practicall y
devc-A considerable impetus was given to the question by the succeL of Mr . A ? ui ? s % h * A t * Tv ' and a , . P ^ fcatum of the ife . W T o " : aiai ,, S' Polled bv . tho I ooi Law Commission in ie ± l . It was the' «
Pauper Education. A Blue Book Has Just B...
insisted , as a fundamental proposition fP " Education was to be regarded as oao of t ?* most important mcansof eradicatin g the Z of pauperism from the rising generation w of securing m tho minds and in tho moi-4 « ti » people , the best protection for the in I tions of society . " Mr . Kay SnuSSJ ^ has had , however , great difficult y h , obS S ^ iffj ?*^ ° **> « oclZ bthe Government It
y , was not uuIwv and 1847 that Sir R . Peel Zv 5 a grant of 30 , 000 / . for the salaries 0 ? S masters in workhouses , and at the same til the legislature sanctioned the est-iUkL , of district schools for the teaching" Cnfc In August , im , Wdiat ^ l- e ^ fJ Peel had retired from oflice , Mr s „ r . B ' worth submitted apian for the idm is i " " tion of the grant , and tho imp n ^ " cKr " department . From his staternen ft , 1 " that there are 0 * 00 unions in vli 1 ? 0 ars The annual grant of 30 , 000 / . woul the 5 ' ^ ed among these schools , Zt ^
inthe propo ^^ M . to the mistress Mr o „ " asto * and ' considered this inXni , ** t , ilm - ™ Tir the grant toV ^^^^^^^ nS S ^?^^ K j ^ it was suggested the cheapest and most Wm tive plan would be to do away with them et tircl y and establish district schools , in which the schoolmasters should be supreme , intend of being ' subordinate , as at present , to " the masters * of the workhouses , and in which the business of education - might be carried forward consistently and continuousl y — undisturbed and undebased b y any communicatio n
or contamination from the adult paupers . One great advantage of this plan would be , that it would enable higher salaries to bo given , and thus secure superior instructors . Instead of the grant being frittered away among a lar < o number of small schools , it could then bo apportioned to a smaller number of di strict schools , in which tho whole of the children requiring to be trained aud educated iu each district , would be collected . Another advantage would be , that there cou d be attached to each of these institutions a sufficient quantity of land forthoemploymentofthebovs in spado culture , and thus the expense of their
maintenance be materially lessened—ifnot altogether covered . While they would thus be reducing their cost to the community , they would at the same time be acquiring those industrious habits , and that attachment to a life of self , helpful labour and exertion , which must ever form a strong barrier against sinking into pauperism . ' In this case—as in every other—it was first necessary to " catch your hare . " Where were the schoolmasters to be found capable of carrying out such a plan ? A close investigation , . and a judiciously-managed practical examination of the existing race of pauper teachers , showed them to be deplorably deficient of the requisite qualifications , ft
was not , however , desired to produce au immediate , great , and extensive change , but rather to induce the Boards of Guardians to assent to a series of measures , by which progressive improvements mi » hfc be effected . The whole of tho teachers were , _ therefore , passed through a series of examinations , and according to the manner in which they stood the test they were thus subjected to , they received certificates of Permission , of Probation , of Competency , and of Efficiency . A graduated scale of salaries was
appropriated to each class , beginning with those on Permission , and running to those who had received certificates of Efficiency ; at tho same time the inferior classes were supplied with a stimulus to exertion and improvement , by having it in their power at any time to try for a certificate of Efficiency , and , ' of course , a higher salary . This plan received the sanction of the Home Secretahv , and five Inspectors were appointed to carry it out as part of the
, working machinery , to each of whom a district was-assigned . The reports of these Inspectors are replete with interestius : and valuable information to all who take an interest in the social and moral welfare of the population , though , of course a desire to sustain the conclusions of the Central Executive , as to the best mode of distributing the grant , and educating the pauper children , is visible throughout .
With a , view to the creation of a continuous supply of competent teachers , it was resolved to establish a normal school for tho training of masters tor workhouse and prison schools . An estate at Kneller Hall was purchased for that purpose , comprising about forty-five acres , for the sum of 10 , 500 / ., or , including interest and charges of conveyance , 10 , 5 ) 23 / . 18 s . lid . This certainl y appears an enormously high price for so small a piece ot land , tor we do not see any mention of buildings ; and even if there had been buildings , it would have been foll to urchase
y p them , inasmuch as the normal school required to be expressly constructed for the object , in view The contract for the building at ivncllcr Hall is set down at 19 , 124 / . (» s !" 7 d . ; so that we may fairly assume the cost of tliis establishment to bo from 31 , 000 / . to 35 , 000 ? . It provides accommodation for the Principal , Vice-Principal , two Masters , and for one hundred Candidate-Teachers . It is also proposed to attach to it a pauper school , and a school for criminal children , but separate from each other , at an estimated expense of 5 , 000 / . each , with an area of ten acres attached to
tnem respectively . In these schools the pupils at the normal school will receive their practical training as teachers . Such , then , is an outline of tho measures now in progress for the education of the pauper children . It will be seen that they involve an entire revolution of the system hitherto in use ; and , with respect to this class of the community , at least provide a consecutive and harmomously : coiistnictcd piece of educative . machinery , which it , nitty be hoped will , in i tunc ,. pioneer -the way to the enjoyment of I similar
advantages by the children of the "in- - dependent labourer . " One of the great objoc- - tious to the establishment of such a systematic c method of ' pauper training is , that it will give o pauper chiluren an advantage over those of if . the labourer who maintains his famil y by tho io sweat of his brow ; and that the children who io a o thus cduca ed and trained will become so = o toons . JJo . it so The onl y effect of that would kl be that m scf-dctence the " independent ut labourers " would demand , at least , equal ad- dfor
vantages their children ; and thus thehei educational arrangements of the whole country ry would be improved . J J Nothing can be more monstrous than toto > maintain a growing army of paupers , in thoho ) mulst of ignorance and evil eommumcatWns ,, at an immense annual cost , with the cxpressesas Qh jeuuhivakmg thorn inferior to a class wh < yhcc arc admitted to bo very much neglected andindd uneducated themselves . Such a suicidal p .-liovlioNN cannot but react most injuriously , » > t -mis- oi ; on the moral , but tho material condition oi ' tin dim unlyn . .-. n improvement as tin . basis o oj
society implies , of necessity , a corrcspondiudiuni elevation ot the whole superstrnctureurec lhose w . io arc now content with conscious is inc tenonty , or mediocrity , because there ar arr others worse tluui themselves , would be the thee suppucd with a constant incitement to oxcdxcb tion and improvement , from which societeieM must necessaril y , largely and generafcaB ] jcuelit . Ignorance and poverty are the twi twin iouufcanis from which flow the great evils i ! s society . Let us stop them up at the fountaintami Head by a superior education . A tiuly-cd ' -cdd cated people could never remain subjccttjccttti either to political slavery , or to social evils vils s
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 27, 1849, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_27101849/page/4/
-