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TO THE WORKING MEN.
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AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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To The Working Men.
TO THE WORKING MEN .
• if r Ke * Fsiesbb , —1 presume reports will be sent j the sp lendid meetings we have liad at Manchester , agefcport , Ashion , and Oldham , on Sunday , Monday , , ^^ , and Wednesday—meetings such as I never -y surpassed-for number and enthusiaism , not even jn 1839 or 1 & 3- ^^ * ^ J ; t * * ^ immense Pjjpenters' Hall was crammed on a Sunday in June , early as five o clock , to hear an address from a . 'denounced traitor" atnalf-past ax , and that tiie j jjjjge was 3 d . and Si , yon most think that we are n 9 t quite dead , nor even " vox . " My presence in
" ihehweof indusfay" was never moseneeded thanat jjje present time : and I will tell you why . The James Bffl who has been abusing me in Hoy is News paper , and who is the proponnder of the "National j ^ d aad Building Plan , " the promoter of the «< Seven ty-five AMttronce Association , " has ever been a sly sgent of the Anti-Corn Law League , pushjug their principles , and promoting their cause , jpider tic mask of Chartism . Not the slightest notice was taken ky any person of his rubbish , until QUR "Lasb Restokaiios Association" was established ; hut the moment the "Aoree-diesnut" made its appearance , then did the League men urge the " Veteran Refuge Plan" of their man , against the «« mvibsai Rsdbmptiox Piax" proposedby the
Contention . Hill ' s plan presented so other value to any one , than that of luring the people from ours . Not a working man in England has , or ever wiB , take a abarein the " Seventy-fiveAssurance Association ;" sot one : hut then thsskopkeepersandLeaguers came on Sunday in great numbers to torn it to its intended purpose . They told the people that they were for the "National Land and Building Plan , " because it vms the sasest / ot THEM . What tenderness ! How ever , when my letter from the Star was read , setting forth the objects of the Hill scheme in his own words , I assure yon the thing was met by one simultaneous burst of derisive laughter . I asked for opposition , but could get none . All the shopkeepers walked offchop-iaUen , - when no one could be found to hack
their "horse-ehesnnt . " I do not know the exact number enrolled ; hut I do know that I received between eleven and twelve pounds for entrance money : which was not a bad beginning . The League have circulated a report very extensively that they wBl give every assistance in their power towards the " National Land and Building Society ;" that is , they are for domiciling onr veterans at their own { . rpmsi , in skgie noons of the society ' s houses , TO DIRECT ATTENTION FROM THE LAND , tfo otcupatkn of which , by the people , they dread .
On Monday I went to Stockport , and had equal success there : such ameetingasweshould have called a "bumper , " even in 1 S 39 . On Tuesday I went to Ashion , and we had one of the largest meetings 1 ever attended in that town . In fact , I had not enoug h of rules . Thanks , then , to the obstructors Wc have , aanuitJie calm , revived Chartism . The writers in Uoyd , and poor O'Brien , have done us much good . I have bitten the working men with the right jnanianow . Instead of 2 , 000 members , we shall
hare a good many more before the 1 st of August—and then stop us who can . Four meetings at Midsummer , on consecutive nights , is icr share of the Chartist Co-operative Land Association ; besides the pleasure of imparting farming knowledge to you , that you may grow provisions for yourselves , and make yourselves independent of all masters , tyrants , and pettifogging newspaper scribes . I shall write more fully nest week ; till then , I am , your most faithful Friend , Feabgus O'CoXXOE .
Tfovtigw Tn Tent$Emr» France. Tvsissy Or...
tfovtigw tn tent $ emr » FRANCE . Tvsissy or Locis Philippe and his Ixfajiocs Oovsesmem . —The carpenters still persisting in their strike for wages , we gather from the Debats that Government have resolved upon permitting soldiers to be employed in their place . We need hardly remind our readers that , according to the conscription , men of all trades are to be found in the French army . ThcJkbau of Wednesday has a most atrocious article defending the resolution of the Government . The Constitutionncl , on the other hand , combats this resolution of the Government ; the following is an extract from its columns : —
We ask by what right the military authority should interfere in a subject of competition and freedom of labour ; according to what principle of jnstic-e , workmen aa whom rests the burden of lodging , clothing , and feeding themselves and their families , should see their wages dispuied . by men whom the budget of the state supports ! Eow could the use of soldiers be justified in private works , completely foreign to their legal destination ? We ask , can anything be imagined SKKt dangerous ttaa to place the army in face of a mass of workmen in an attitude of permanent hostility , resulting , from this pretension to make it interfere in the quarrels of masters and workmen , in order to break in favour of the former the equilibrium between the demands and offers on which the regulation of wages depends . The army is supported by the produce
of the taxes famished in great part by the consumption of the working classes . For the last . fifteen years its wellbeing has been augmented by means of the greatest sacrifices imposed on the tas-paycrs , and the latter never complain . And when the workmen , whose wages remained the same , even when the conditions of living became more difficult for every one , demand an increase corresponding with the movement which takes place around them , a competition is to be set up against them , of whicn they themselves pay the expense ! When the question regulating the forces of the army was to be discussed , the committee on the budget , considering that the division for Paris was no longer necessary , in consequence of the completion of the fortifications , wanted to lop off 3000 men : but it was replied that the guardians of the
fortifications imperatively demanded that the garrison of Paris should be so much augmented . Sow , itis found that this garrison can without inconvenience detach from its service a sufficient number of men to replace 5009 workmen forming the strike . The Chamber complains loudly of the inactivity of onr naval dockyards , and still there is some talk of bringing up carpenters from the seaports to place them at the service of private employers ! Snch are the bitter fruita of middle-class despotism ! How the working men of Paris must wring their hands in agony of spirit when they reflect that it was themselves who , after pouring out their blood like water for liberty , allowed the scheming shopocrats to instal tie Government of the hypocrite Locis Pkiuppf . on the rains of that of Charles X . And
il the working men , driven to despair , should , with cries for justice , madly throw themselves upon the bayonets of their tyrants' myrmidons , there is ready for ihem the Paris fortifications to draw them to a horrible , hopeless massacre . Be it remembered , too , that the Constitutiomd ( ik ^ onjan of Thiers } , which just now , for its own purposec , is advocating the cause of the workmen , was the foremost of the French cress in demanding the fortifications , with the guilty foreknowledge that tho & e fortifications were useless to oppose , and not intended to oppose , a foreign foe , but were solely designed to keep in bondage and misery the enslaved masses . Alas ! how the
people of France have been cheated by their gore and glory-mongers . Cav . they aot see that it is not foreign , but domestic enemies they have to fear ? That it is not" perfidious Albion'' they have to contend with , but the perfidious scoundrels of their own country ; the perfidious middle-class , the perfidious king of that class , perfidious politicians like Gcizor and Teiees , and perfidious journalists , the main sup-Porters of all political perfidy ? These are the enemies that France has cause to fear ; they have caused —and will again cause—her sons and daughters to w tears of blood through their perfidy and oppression .
BELGIUM . Tse Hunsisnw , Cnrsrs . —Bacsssif , Jc . se 21 . — The Ministerial crisis is not yet at an end , fire Minis-|? is continuing to fill only provisionally their respec tive posts . The Roval acceptance of the resignation w M . Notbomb was officiahV announced in yester day ' s JUmtteur . The busbess * of his office is attended ™< ulmtyim by the Ministers of Justice and Public Works—the latter taking the commercial department . The resignation of the other Ministers was ako officiall v mentioned ; bat they will remain in office until the King ' s pleasure is further signified . Karon D'Huart is still charged with the honourable 5 ? d difficult mission of forming a new administration .
SWITZERLAND . ESCAPE OF BS . STEIGER . . q 9 'nous news has ibis week reached London from £ *« wrland , announcing the escjipe ' . of Dr . Steiger £ n the claws of tiie Jesuits and their tools . The ? » Zurich Gazette of the 20 rlCsays— "Br . Steiger •¦ as escaped from the prison of Lucerne ..- Thismorn *? £ it two o ' clock he arrived at Cironan , and at six £ « ock at Boustellen . He was accompanied by two rP ^ raechasseursandsomc friends who'had favoured "" s escape . At a quarter to nine Dr . Steiger entered •« r town in the midst of general enthusiasm . The <•««; de la Tour Rouge , where he alighted , is so cumbered , that no one can get near it . The crowd « thronging to seehim . " M relation to the above , Galigtmn ' s Iftssexger Sives the following letter from a correspondent at « Jnch , dated the 20 th :- "Dr . Steiger has / with *** ^ connivance of three gendarmes who guarded Mm , wade his escape from prison at Lucerne , and the j i ft * w Parry , accompanied bv many Menus , arrived - * e about eight o ' clock this morning . It appears J
Tfovtigw Tn Tent$Emr» France. Tvsissy Or...
he was provided with a uniform of the gendarmerie , and in this costume passed in company of the others out of the town , entered a carriage in waiting , and passed the frontiers . He remained in Zurich till three o ' clock , whence he took his departure , it is supposed , for Frauenfield , in Turgovia . 1 hear the plan for escape had been arranged four weeks since , but no favourable opportunity offered until last night at twelve o ' clock , when it was effected in the manner above described . " Liter News . —A letter . from Zurich , of June 22 , states that the escape of Dr . Steiger . has caused general satisfaction , and deputations from different parts have waited upon him to offer him , their congratulations . At Leutzbourg a salute of forty-four
guns was fired , and at Aarau the rejoicings were kept up during the whole night . The New Zurich Gazette of the 21 st , states that in the afternoon of the preceding day , after resting for six hours , Dr . Steiger continued his journey to Frauenfield . All the town went to see him , and his departure bore all the features of a triumph . At Winterther , where he passed the night , the crowd around him was as great as at Zurich . His three liberators have sent a letter to the head of the police of Lucerne , which concludes in the following terms : — "We have accomplished the spontaneous determination of delivering Dr . Steiger . We have had no accomplice in Lucerne .
Another canton sent us a dozen of general passports , not one of which was serviceable ; but a fortunate circumstance came to our succour . On Monday last the keeper of the Tower of Stadler was obliged to go to Hirtzkirch , and entrusted his key of Steiger ' s prison to the under-keeper , Corporal Birrer . He compared this key with nine of the twelve others , and found that one of them required only a slight alteration to open the door , which alteration was made , and succeeded . You need not , therefore , seek for any other accomplice . We say this only to save any other person from being uselessly tormented . " Thisletter is signed— " Kaufmann , ancient Serjeant ; Jos . Birrer , corporal ; H . Hoffman . "
TURKEY . CoKSiAxnxopiE , June L—A . few days back the old Emir Bechir , of Syria , was banished from the capital to a small town near Tocat , in the mountains of Asia Minor—a sentence which was executed after the most approved Turkish fashion of silence , politeness , and expedition . Half an hour ' s notice or so was given him that he was required to change his abode , and at the time appointed he was handed into a kaik , landed at Scutari , and thereon at once commenced his pilgrimage to the interior , yfhen the
news reached Pera the French Embassy is said to have loudly expressed its opinion as to the arbitrary nature of the procedure . The Emir , it is well known was one of its select proteges . But it soon appeared there was no remedy . The Porte , on being applied to , produced proofs of a treasonable correspondence having been carried on of late between the Emir and a party among the malcontents in Syria . Situate where we are , it cannot , I think , besaid that Turkish usages , though absolute , are at all times objectionable .
On the 27 th ult . the British Ambassadorreiterated in urgent terms in a note to the Porte the request for a firman to permit of a Protestant church being built at Jerusalem . It is easy to explain the long delay which has hitherto occurred in this matter . Syria , as of old , is the battle-field for religious strife , and where the question of empire may still be decided by the conflict of creeds . Franco and Russia , actuated by political motives , each have vast religious interests to defend in Syria , and are alike adverse to the progress of a new element . It is this opposition which has hitherto impeded the negotiation ; nor does it appear likely that it will soon be overcome .
SYRIA . The Civil Wab . —Accounts from Beyront of the 2 tth , represent the state of Mount Lebanon as worse and worse . Every day a contest took place between the Druses and Maronites with varying success . The Armenian Christians are represented as undergoing persecution ; and , although torture has been abolished throughout the Turkish empire , a young Greek was at Candia lately tortured to such a degree that he died of his sufferings .
CANADA . ' DBEAOFDL JIBE IS qjJEBEC . IrvEapooL , Tuesday Afternoon . —We have two days' later news from America this afternoon , brought by the packet ship Cambridge . We regret to say that we thus obtain intelligence of anawfully destructive fire in Quebec , Canada , particulars of which are thus given in a letter published in the New York Commercial Advertiser : — Queeec , May 29 . —At half-past eleven o ' clock yesterday morning the alarm of fire was given , when the tannery in St . Valliere-street , owned and worked by Mr . Richardson , was discovered to be in flames , originating , as we heard , in some way from the bursting of a boiler . The day was remarkably warm , and
the heat aad dryness of the few days previous had rendered the roofs of the buildings in the neighbourhood , and those more remote , highly susceptible of ignition . The adjoining and opposite dwellings were soon involved , and in an inconceivably short space of time the burning flakes , carried afar by the then rising wind , had ignited some buildings in the neighbourhood of the St . Roch ' s church—a considerable distance from the outbreak of the fire . The wind gradually freshened from the west , with a coming storm , and it was soon evident that all human endeavours to arrest the progress of the fire , in a locale studded for the most part with wooden building ? , alone would be useless—an impression but too fatally verified . Onwardsweptthe flames ^ -street after street fell before them . A speciesof whirlwind seemed to aid its fatal advances—for in advance , in the rear , on every side , the raging element developed
itself with momentarily increasing fury . Spots that to the shrieking and affrighted refugee were now ap . pa tently safe , in a few minutes subsequent were in a vast sheet of flames . From eleven in the morning till midnight did this dread fire hold uninterrupted sway , until its career was arrested in St . Charles-street—nearly one mile from the place of its outbreak ! At the broadesipomt the breadth of the burnt district is about one-third of a mile . Between 1500 and 2000 houses aresupposcd to have been consumed , and it is calculated that 12 , 000 persons ( one third of thepopulation ) are this day houseless . Most of those people have lost their all , the rapid advance , and sndden capricious direction taken bythe flames , not only rendering it impossible to save aiiy portion of the property in the dwellings , but in a vast number of instances barely allowing the inmates sufficient time to escape living .
The church in St . Koch ' s is in ashes . The convent is saved . St . Peter ' s chapel is also burnt . The large brewing estabhshments of Messrs . Lloyd and Lepper and M'Cullum are consumed , and the line of wharfs from Mann ' s to the one at the footof Hope Hill . On these were an immense quantity of deals , which were all consumed . At this point the fire was arrested by throwing down the piles of deals , and , on the town side , by blowing up two houses . This operation was conducted by Lieut . Colonel Waree , of the Royal Engineers , and some of the officers and men under his command . The steamer Charlevob : and the ships on the stocks were all saved .
Various rumours are afloat as to the number of lives lost . We have seenseven crisped andmutilated remains . Of these two were mothers with their infants clasped to their bosoms . It is feared that many victims as yet unknown will be soon discovered . In the Upper Town several houses were on . fire . — The artillery barrack was three times in danger , as also several private dwellings . A meeting was convened yesterday evening , and the bakers ordered to commence the supply necessary for the relief of those distressed . This day relief was extended to about 3000 persons .
Atan adjourned meeting of that of last night we are informed that the extremely handsome sum o f upwards of 28 , 000 dob . was subscribed ; the list being still open . We also learn that the Roman Catholic bishop of the diocese has issued circulars to his clergy , directing them to collect donations of every description in aid of the sufferers . Among the public buildings destroyed are two Methodist churches . . Manv persons have been severely burned—among them the Editor of the Canadian , who has lost every thing he possessed . . ¦ ... , .. . Mr . J . B . Bjgaonette , a magistrate , is injured , it is feared , mortally ; ..... ^ - ^
We learn from ' an extra of the Herald , that its correspondent in Quebec has lost his daughter , a young ladvof twelve vearsof age , " who , being sick , was carried to . the Palace ( the residence of the former intendants ) to which it was hoped at the tune the fare would not extend , but which was entirely consumed , there being , at the time many sick persons . in it , taken there for safety , whom it was found impossible ¦ f A MVA ^ t r The Canadian , of . Thursday , notwithstandm | the sufferings of its Editor , contains full details ot the catastrophe . ' It estimates the . insurance at ± 25 , 000 to £ 30 , 000 in the Quebec , £ 20 , 000 to £ 30 , 000 m the Canada , £ 2 , 500 in the London ; Phcenix . . We have heard of some others , ' but not considerable . Twelve thousand persons are at this moment deprived of the means of existence—arc homeless ,
Tfovtigw Tn Tent$Emr» France. Tvsissy Or...
famishing , and destitute . The first duty is to provide for their immediate phvsical wants . The Catholic Bishop of Montreal , the Seminary , and the Hotel Dieu , each fonvarded , we understand , 4500 by yesterday ' s evening steam-boat . The provincial Government has also acted with a judicious hunianitf , which , we are sure , will meet with general approbation . At a meeting of the Executive Council , yesterday , his Excellency the Governor-General , under their advice , directed an order for £ 20 t ) 0 , . . to be drawn in favour of the Mayor of Quebec , and despatched by the evening ' s mail to meet their immediate
necessity , until the whole matter , and the extent to which it isproper for the Government in the vacation of Parliament to interfere , may receive full consideration . In the . City of Montreal a feeling of profound sympathy , which we are convinced will not be barren , prevails . The Mayor of Montreal was one of the spectators of the destruction , and , returning to the city yesterday morning , took immediate measures for arranging a meeting of the inhabitants , which will be held to-day , at one o ' clock , in the Parliament House . A preliminary meeting of the clergy of the different denominations will be held in the morning .
EXTRACT FROM A PRIVAIE LETTER . Quebec , May 29 th , Eighteen schooners were binmt at the Palais , also a new vessel . Munn ' s shipyard is completely destroyed . The whole of St . Soch ' s is a mere wilderness of chimneys . The loss of property has also been attended with considerable loss of life , it is coniectured that not less than 100 persons have perished . The value of huilding ? and moveables may be £ 400 , 000 , of which but a small portion is insured , say £ 60 , 000 . The Mutual insurance Company was in existence in St . Roch ' s , but all parties are involved in ruin . Dry goods people will be great sufferers . It is estimated that £ 70 , 000 of new goods have been sold to St . Roch ' s storekeepers since the arrival of the vessels . In fact , every person must suffer more or less .
( From another private letter . ) Qobbec , Mat 29 , 1845 . —Nothing left , from where you begin to descend Cote les Braz at Tourangeau ' s , running down the large street towards the Marine Hospital ; everything on the right until you reach the water , thence to the two distilleries , M'Callum ' s and Lloyd's , these included , is destroyed ; the fire ending , or rather being arrested , at the point where the roa < k St . Paul-street and Hope-lull diverge . The loss in round numbers cannot be easily ascertained , but half a million will not cover the losses , nor perhaps £ 750 , 000 . The losses by the mercantile lower town people will be heavy . Almost all the bakers are burned out—M'Conkey , Clarihue , Tourangeau , & c , and nothing
saved . What renders matters more disastrous is , not one house in ten in St . Roch ' s was insured , and those insured arc principally at the Mutual Insurance Company , which being composed of persons residents of St . Roch ' s , the company is defunct , for if one man owes his neighbour 10 s ., and his neighbour owes him 10 s ., and neither have wherewith to pay , both are ruined . Very many lives have been lost . Six bodies were , this morning , taken out of the church which fell a prey to the fire . The Convent was saved with great difficulty , although the distance between them is very large , but such was the rapidity of the raging element . Another letter gives further particulars , acquainting us with pecuniary aid promptly rendered to the
sufferers * - *¦ Mosibsal ( 0 . E . ) , May 31 , 1845—The dreadful conflagration at Quebec is the all-absorbing topic of interest here at present , the principal details of which will have reached you by this time . Every exertion is making in this city to alleviate the distress of the unfortunate sufferers . The provincial government sent down by last night ' s mail « £ 2000 for their immediate necessities , the Catholic Bishop , Seminary , and Hotel Dieu each forwarded £ 300 , and it is said that Lord Metcalfe has also sent a donation of 500 dollars . Meetings will be held this day of the citizens , clergy , Odd Fellows , and almost every public body , to devise immediate measures for-proiupt relief . The scene of the conflagration is described by eye witnesses as having been perfectly awful ; men ,
women , aud children , absolutely bewildered by the almost instantaneous combustion of their dwellings , and in their efforts to escape from the flames as often rushing into the midst of danger and destruction as obtaining safety . The loss of human life must have been very great , but as yet only twelve bodies have been recovered . One painful incident was the destruction of the hospital , to which , as being considered entirely out of the reach , of the conflagration , numbers of sick persons of all classes were carried , when , melancholy to relate , the building became ignited by the flakes of fire carried from , the distance by the wind ; the unfortunate Inmates , unable to help themselves , perished miserably . The total loss has been variously estimated at from 1 , 600 , 000 dollars to 3 , 000 , 000 dollars .
BRAZIL AND THE RIVER PLATE . The American journals brought to Liverpool on Tuesday , by the Cambridge , contain advices from Rio Janeiro and Rio Grande to the end of April . It is said that Mr . Gore Ouseley had touched at Rio , on his way to the Plata , and that he had endeavoured to obtain the co-operation of Brazil to force Rosas to open the communication with Paraguay , by way of the Parana , to British commerce . Mr . Ouseley sailed for Buenos Ayres , in the Firebrand steamer , on the 22 nd April , and it was reported that if Rosas did
not comply he would be blockaded . The troops of Riviera and their followers , who had passed the Brazilian frontier after that chiefs defeat at India Muerta , by Urquiza , had been disarmed by the Brazilian commandant on the frontier ; but Riviera himself was still at the head of a force of some strength ; this force he intended to unite with other bodies of his troops not engaged at India Muerta , and he was expected to resume operations in the Banna Oriental . His recent reverse was a mere dispersion—very few were killed .
UNITED STATES . Fire is New York . —The New York papers , brought by the ship Cambridge , contain particulars of a destructive fire in that city , by which upwards of one hundred houses were totally consumed . This fire seenis to nave been in a quarter where property is not so valuable aa in many districts of the city , and the houses were small . It is said to have been the work of an incendiary . The FicrORT System r . v America . —The annual statistics of several Factories show the following facts : — 1344 184 . 5 Capital dols . 10 , 500 , 000 dols . 11 , 000 , 000 No . of Spindles 192 , 376 204 , 000 No . of Females 7 , 430 7 , 000 Wages per week , dols . 200 dols . 175 Yards per week 1 . 435 , 450 1 , 500 , 000 Dividends 4 J- 121
The above statement shows that the capital of 11 , 000 , 000 dollars employed in Lowell gives employment to only 7 , 000 females at 1 , 75 dollars per week . That although the quantity of cloth manufactured per week is largely increased , the number of operatives are diminished . This is effected by the improvements which have been made in machinery . The dividends in 1 S 45 are almost 200 per cent , greater than in 1844 , whilst the wages of the females are 121-2 per cent . less . This is the natural result of the state of things in New England . The more wealth becomes concentrated in a few hands , the poorer the great mass becomes . By the opening of a cheap transportation to the East for the agricultural products of the fertile West , the farmers on their
poor land could not compete with the Western farmers . The products of their poor land scarce payiag for cultivation , the consequence of which was , the wages paid for labour became low . In this state of things the bounty offered to manufactures by the tariff , induced manv of the most wealthy men in New England to invest their capital h . manufactures , which , wh « i the tariff has been high , proved exceedingl y profitable , concentrating immense wealth in the hands of a few ; whilst the labouring part of the fommunitv has increased rapidly until the demand tin- employment exceeds the want of the employers , v , ' : ichha 8 " enabled them to reduce the wages of the curatives , whilst their own profits were very largely increased , and this reduction of . wages must continue to goon with the increase of that class of society who depend on employment subsistence
aor , until they arrive at a point which will barely afford" suck necessaries as will enable the humarn system to undergo its d aiiy toil . It is worthy of remark that the erection of manufactoriesfor- a time increased the price of labour by the increased demand itcaused for labourers , yet from this it cannot be inferred that the profits of the eniplover implies a high or even a fair price for labour , " as the increased profits and decreased wages in the above table proves . The prices of labour as of merchandise are governed by the relative proportion between supply aad demand , and in the case of Lowell the supply must exceed the demand , as we think the poor girl can & ave but little of her 1 , 75 dols . per week left to clothe perself with after paying for her board and washing . —Daily Commercial . It is not many years since I recollect boasts that the wages of the girls in th ^ factory districts were
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from three to six dollars a week , and that , too , when paper money , was less expanded than now in proportion to the population ( and this expansion of paper money , or . charitable agreement of the poor to make the rich richer by paying them interest on what they owe ,. must . always be kept in mind when speaking of the price of wages ) . Now , poor men ' s daughters , being . moi'o plenty in consequence of the natural increase of the landless population , are enticed or necessitated to go to the factories , and toil there twelve
or fourteen hours a day for 1 , 75 dollars a week ; and the daughters of those girls would , inevitably , under the operation of the present system , be compelled to labour for two thirds or half that amount . But this monstrous system must be changed . The " Opera- * tives" will claim the right to go back to the grcon earth ; the-right will be acceded ; and then the capitalist and labourer , each standing on his own soil , can make a much more amicable and far more equitable arrangement than subsists between themat present . All short of this is mere palliative . En . ¦ ¦ Y dung . Amev & a .
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And National Trades' Journal.
AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL .
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" ~ " " ~~ " ' " —n ^¦—^— —— . ¦»—^—»———^^^*——**— ' ¦ - ' ¦ ' ! t " i ¦¦ w————^ ¦ —¦—— i im < wiB VOL . VIII . NO . 398 . LONDON SATURDAY TFJNF < <> 8 1845 pbiob mvepjekob « M " V . ____^ UilXUlVLMI , JiULWU . AO , 1040 . mve gulling * and Sixpence pel «> nmle »
Crtta? Jftobements
Crtta ? jftobements
Piratic Mesm'o Op The Miners Of 'A Tckwn...
Piratic MEsm'O op the Miners of 'A tckwnd District . —A public meeting of the Miners of the above district , which was called by printed-. placards , was held on Cockton-hill , near Bishop Auckland , on Saturday , Jvme 21 at ; and considering thedisadvantage under which the men were placed by their oppressive employers , was well attended .. The " coal kings' * exerted themselves to the utmost to . prevent their slaves from attending the meeting .. One , who calls himself tho " most eminent viewer in the two counties" ( save the mark !) , issued out an imperious mandate , that " if any man attended , a Union meeting he should be immediately discharged . " Others employed themselves in the honourable occupation of oullinsr down the bills calling the meeting , and
burning them if they could lay hands on , one in any house . As a climax , they set all the colliers to work on the Saturday , though it was pay-day , and though it is contrary to the established rule to work on that day . Indeed , one colliery refused to pay the men at all , though three weeks' wages were due . The owner of this colliery is Mr . M'Lean , one of the members either for the city or county of Oxford . The coalowners can lay their pits idle when they please , and they often do so , three or four days each fortnight . Still the men dare not complain ; but if any man absents himself from the pit when they think proper to set the colliery on , he is fined 2 s . ( id . It will , therefore , be plainly seen what their object was in setting
the collenes to work on the day of the meeting , cut even all this did not avail them ; for , to their extreme mortification , hundreds attended . Mr . M . Scott , one of the lecturers of the Miners' Association , was appointed to take the chair . He opened the meeting by reading the placard calling thesame . He then delivered a sensible address on the " Utility of Trades Unions , and on the present and future prospects of the Miners' Association . " He then introduced Mr . Daniells , Editor of the Miners' Advocate , who delivered a lengthened and energetic address " On the advantage of , and benefits to be derived from , a Consolidated Union of the Trades of Great Britain . " He also reviewed the report of Messrs . Faraday and Lyall on the ventilation of coal mines ,
the coalowners' reply , and the rejoinder of tho Government commissioners . His remarks on the advantage of a National Trades Union evidently made a great impression on the meeting , and were well received . The chairman again shortly addressed the meeting , and after giving three cheers for Union , and votes of thanks to the speakers , it quietly broke up . Pristebs' Almshouses . — On Monday evening a meeting was held in the theatre of the Mechanics ' Institute of the friends and subscribers ^ towards the building of almshouses for decayed printers . The meeting was presided over by Luke Hansard , Esq ., who not only ably advocated the cause of the association , but was announced as a subscriber of the liberal sum of £ 50 . The report , which was read by the hon . secretary , was of a highly gratifying nature , proving in the most satisfactory manner that the object which the committee have so assiduously prosecuted for the
last four years will , ere long , be fully realised , and another of those benevolent institutions be erected which reflect so much honour upon the working men of the present day . The report contained one statement which cannot but prove interesting to every benevolent mind , It is that an individual , whose circumstances enabled him to retire from business , has returned to it with the intention of devoting the whole of the money which he may earn to charitable purposes , the largest portion to the Printers' Almshouses . The first subscription announced from this benevolent individual was £ 10 . The amount of subscriptions and donations , aud the result of entertainments , received since the last report , was announced to be £ 355 2 s . This , added to the money previously in hand , makes £ 1475 15 s . 3 d . The -meeting was addressed by several gentlemen and members of the trade .
Yorkshire Miners . —The next general delegate meeting of the Miners of Yorkshire will be held at the house of Mr . John Brown , the Old Punch Bowl Inn , Beeston , near Leeds , on Saturday , the 5 th of July , 18 i 5 , at eleven o ' clock in the forenoon ; when it is requested that every society will send a delegate , as business of importance will be brought before the meeting . The Merchant Seamens' Fuxd Biix . —A meeting was held on Saturday , at the Guildhall Coffee House , Liverpool , of representatives from the ports of Liverpool , Hull , Bristol , Plymouth , Yarmouth , Boston , Alloa , Bvidgewater , Colchester , Dover , Rye , Whitehaven , Weymouth , Wexford , and other outports interested in opposing this measure , the objects
of which are to introduce a system of centralised management of the Merchant Seamen ' s Fund in the place ^ pf local management , which exists at presentto consolidate in one common fund the separate funds of the different ports , —and entirely to change the principle on which the payments out of" the fund have hitherto been regulated , by depriving the widows of seamen of most of the advantages which they at present enjoy . Mr . W . Potter , of Liverpool , was called to the chair—an honour to which he was well entitled for the steady and intelligent opposition which he has given to this unjust measure , and as one of the guardians and trustees of the large sum ( not less than £ 50 , 000 ) belonging to the seamen of this port , which is now threatened with confiscation . The delegates , of whom about thirty were present , were without exception all opposed to the measure . Resolutions protesting against it were agreed to unanimously , aud a committee was appointed to sit
daily for the purpose of opposing the measure . Limerick . Shoemakers Meeting , —On Wednesday a meeting of this body was held in the Trades ' Hall Charlotte-quay , to hear an exnlanation of the rules of the English Association ; Mr . M'Cauly was called to the chair , who briefly opened the business , and introduced Mr . Smyth , of Bradford , who read the rules , explaining the mode adopted in England for carrying the principles into effect . At the conclusion , along discussion was entered into on the difference of trade between the two countries . The meeting adjourned to the next day , when the questions were again entered into , and answered to the satisfaction of the meeting . A resolution was unanimously adopted to join the English Association . The thanks of the meeting were tendered to Mr . Smyth , with a cheer for his being a native of the city , and for his having succeeded in opening the town , which had been closed for 150 years against Shoemakers' tramps .
Bahssi / BI . —Turn-out of CoLUEES . —The men of the Oaks Pit , belonging to Micklewhate and Co ., are now " out , " in consequence of their corves having been considerably enlarged ; so much so , that the men had to get nearly two ton move coals in the day for the same amount of wage , 'flic men were told that these corves were to prevent accidents , to them in descending and ascending the pit ; and that they would only have to put the usual quantity of coals in them ; but the poor fellows soon found out that the mode in which their taskmasters meant to save their lives was to increase their burdens . There was an explosion of fire-damp in the pit on the 14 th inst ., when three men were killed , and three severely burned . The men , having a few days' idleness from the above melancholy accident , communed together , and . came to a resolution to work no more until the extra weight was either taken off or paid for . Thev
accordingly sent one of their body to acquaint the employers with their determination . The masters were astonished to think that the men could entertain suck a subject at a time when three of their comrades were l ying dead ! And exclaimed , " It appears you can think of number . one amidst all this trouble . " Of course they never thought of number one when they increased the size of their covves , and made the men get two tun of coal a day for nothing ! 'Ihe men earnestly appeal to their fellow workmen in the neighbourhood for support : but , above all , that none will be base enough to take their places . A Delegate Meeting of the United Tailors ' Protection Society , comprising the Manchester district , was held on last Sunday , at the Wilton Arms , Mayes-street , Manchester ; delegates from the following towns attended : —Mr . Jones , Manchester ; Mr . M'Namara , Bolton ; Mr . Leach , Hyde ; Mr . Leonard , Stalybridge ; Mr . M'Grath , Ashton-under-Line ; Mr , Steple , Middleton , Shortly after two
Piratic Mesm'o Op The Miners Of 'A Tckwn...
o ' clock , Mr . Barker , general secretary , arrived from Liverpool , and took his seat with the delegates .. Mr . Leach , being elected chairman , the transaction of business commenced . Mr . Barker gave , an account of hisjnission to Liverpool , which was-mostichecring , when he mentioned that 1 , 100 men of ; the , trade in that town are about to join the Protection Society . The levies , according to ninth article of general laws , were paid to the general secretary . The . following propositions were then discussed : —First , — "In the event of a strike taking place , according to the eighteenth and nineteenth articles , in any part of the union , is the Manchester district prepared-to obey ' the Executive in any levy they may think proper to ; make from the Protection Fund in support , of such
strike ? ' Mr . Bark j pr arose again , to explain the object of the Executive in sending the proposition to Manchester for the consideration- . of the different sections . The men of Birmingham having made application for the toleration of ,. a . , strike against Ilyam , the Jew , the delegates , evinced a . most sanguine desire to assist the men of , Bii'iuinghaaa in any just strike . He wished to suggest that they think a strike atpresent injudicious , inasmuch as the trade is not sufficiently organised , to * defeat unprincipled capitalists—but , if a strike takes pl . ace ,. <* Manchester distnet will do its duty . Sacond . "Do the sections in the district set apart , aacouding to the third and twenty-first articles , the sum . there specified to form the Protection Ftmd ? " The . answer of tie
delegates was in the affirmative ,, with the exception of the Manchester delegate ,, w ' hp , promised that they would comply with the hwa in future . Third , — " Is each section prepared to-supportthe MM' Advocate , and what are the nrobable numbers thev can take weekly ? " The answer-was " yes , "' but the number of copies required by each section was postponed until the next meeting , as the Aioocate will not be published until October . " Fourth . " Is each section prepared to give a correct return of numbers and money according to the . ninth article , to enable the Executive to come tea-right conclusion of the amount of support they can give when demanded ? " The answer was " yes . " The fifth proposition was , — "If any other society in the trade refused to release the protection cards ? " The answer was "no . " The
delegate from Aslyton arose and gave an account of the " great bear " q f that town , Mr . Bernard , who , in defiance of the society , has commenced the cursed system of '' sweating" again . The delegates asked if they could devise any moans to put a stop to Bernard ' s out-door workers ? Mr . Leacn said he could see no means except to call a public meeting and make an appeal to the trades and factory operatives of the town not to . support a man that reduced wages , or did not | comply with the just demand of the men . It was then agreed to that Mr . Parker and Mr . Leach attend a meeting in Ashton . Mr . Leach was elected district secretary . It was then moved by Mr . M'Grath , and seconded by Mr . M'Namara , that the next meeting be held at Bolton , in September next . Thanks having been voted to the chairman , the avceting dissolved .
Kkaresbro Iursouis . —The Handloom Weavers of this place are still out , and all arc seemingly determined to stand firm until they get their just demands . The masters still continue obstinate . Messrs . John Dooker and S . Buck waited upon the Flax-dressers and others of Clifford on Tuesday night , and were kindly received , and a liberal subscription was entered into immediately ; they further promised to support us as long as our struggle continues . We have received aid from York , Leeds , and Barnsley , for which we return our grateful thanks . We must solicit the further aid of our friends , for a week or two , at the expiration of which we feel confident we shall be successful . Address , Samuel Buck , Secretary , Committee Room , Old Elephant and Castle Inn , Market-place ,
Kuaresborough , Yorkshire . ( We again urge upon our friends the Handloom Weavers in different parts of the country , who may have not yet responded to the appeal of their Knaresborough brethren , to do so without delay . We know , that no body of men in England have more boldly contended for the rights of industry than the Knarsborough weavers _ ; they deserve , therefore , now that they are engaged in hot conflict with their enemies , to be supported with all the resources the trade can command , The struggle of the men of Knarsborough is a struggle not only for -themselves , but also for their trade and their class . Let that trade and class , then , support them . Ed . N . S . ]
Lancashire Miners . —The next general delegate meeting of Lancashire Miners will he held on Monday next , June 30 th , at the sign of the Wheat Sheaf , Pendlebury , near Manchester . Chair to be taken at eleven o ' clock in the forenoon . There will also be a public meeting on the same day , which will be addressed by W . P . Roberts , Esq ., and other gentlemen . The levy for the fortnight , including genera ! contribution , is la . 8 ( 1 . per member , To THE Trades and Public Generally . —The
Coal Miners late in the employ of Messrs , Swire and Lees , respectfully give notice that they intend to take a Hut at the races about to be held in Liverpool ; and also at those about to be hold at Newton in the Willows ; aud they appeal with confidence to the operative classes generally for their kind support , as the proceeds will be faithfully appropriated towards the support of upwards of 240 men , who , for resisting the tyrannical mandates of their late employers , have been compelled to walk the streets during the last eighteen weeks .
Di'mxy Shoemakers . —A meeting of the Ladies ' Shoemakers of Dublin was held in Mr . Lube ' s room , Golden-lane , on Monday evening , to hear an address from Mr . Smyth , on the formation of an Association in Dublin , in union with the English Mutual Assistance Association . Mr . Charles Power occupied the chair , who called on Mr . Smyth to explain his mission . The rules having been read and explained by Mr . Smyth , a discussion followed , which ended in arrangements being made to call district meetings , on Monday the 30 th , and an aggregate meeting of the trade on Monday , the 7 th of July . The thanks of the meeting were tendered to the delegate and chairman , and the meeting separated .
ROCHDALE . Important to Trade Societies . —At the Rochdale Petit Sessions , on Monday , a most important case came on , arising out of a strike with the men in the employ of Messrs . Ladyman and Holt , extensive builders , Oldham-road . In the beginning of May a strike took place for wages with the above masters ; and one James Nevill , an aged man , stood out with the rest of the men , though not a member ' of the n « i 6 We undew t ?« i that this man was at that time one of the principal officers of the Joiners ' Society , and when the first strike took place , he made himself very prominent , although he would not pay to the funds of the society . The masters agreed to give the required advance , and the men returned to
work . Shortly afterwards , Nevill demanded of the men his share of the funds , and taunted them with defrauding him of his proportionate share of those funds which he refused to pay to . The men consulted together , and agreed to pay the demand providing he would join the trade society . He , in an indignant manner ,. refused , setting the men at defiance . The consequence was , the men struck work on the 9 th inst ., on the ground that he refused to join the society . Messrs . Ladyman aud Holt applied to the bench for summonses for thirteen men , for leaving work without notice , and the case was brought before the court on Wednesday last . Mr , Roberts , "the Coal-miners ' Attorney-General , " was specially engaged for the defence ; and from that gentleman ' s unavoidable
absence , application was made to the magistrates for the case to stand over to some future day , which was refused . The men thereupon refused to attend to the summons , and warrants were granted against them , and Monday fixed for the hearing . The court was crowded to excess . Even the avenues and adjoining street , were densely crowded by people anxious to hear the result of the investigation . The magistrates on the bench were , Clement Royds , Esq . ( chairman ) , W . Chadwick , and H . Kelsall , Esqrs . Mr . Hunt , solicitor , appeared for the comp lainant ; and Mr . Roberts for the defendants , The case first
called on was that of James Dawson . Mr . Ladyman was sworn . —He said the defendant had worked for the firm six or seven years . They had given him 20 s . a week as a carpenter and joiner . He was engaged by the week . They had raised his wages twice , from 20 s . to 24 s ., which last rise took place on the 5 th of May . He absented himself from work on Monday the 9 th inst ., at dinner hour , without notice By the Bench . —We pay wages on the Saturday night , for the number of days he worked . The defendant came on Saturday night , the 14 th , and demanded lialf a day ' s wage . There are thirteen men on strike .
By Mr . Roberts . —How long has the defendant worked for you ? . Six or seven years . —Has he been out of work during that time ? Yes ; sometimes he j has worked shortyime . —When he worked short time , ' did he consult you ? No ; he has worked four or five days , according to our wants and circumstances . — When did you tell . him that you had not full work , and that he must be a day or two idle ? Sometimes on Monday , for the week which was going on , when wchad not sufficient work . —Am I to understand your answer to my questkm , that the men ntiaht work four or five days ?—The witness appeared confused , and Mr . Hunt said that the question did not require an answer .
Piratic Mesm'o Op The Miners Of 'A Tckwn...
r . Roberts .- must thiwr myself on the com ~> I have a duty to perform . ; and the witness mua , answer the question himself .. By the Bench .-The men turned out on the 5 tlu of May , and on the 7 th they resumed work , we .-paid them fer the number of days they worked . Mr . Roberts . —If they only worked two or . three : days , you only paid them for it ? Certainly . r By Mr . Kelsall . —Did the men ever lose ., two days , £ Yesby their own neglect .
, Mr . Roberts . —When work was slack , did you e . v * e discharge the men ? I never discharged the men , only at the end of the week . —Then on a Saturday you told them vou had , no further need of them ? Certainly—And that was all the . notice you gavethem ? Yes . —When Dawson entered your employ , nothing was said about notice ? No . —Nor'during , tho time he was with you ? We do not require-any weekly notice , nor do- we give any : if ire do . not want the men we discharge them on Saturday nig ht .
By Mr . Royds . —If ; he had worked till Saturday you would not have complained ? No . Mr . Chad wick . —You always pay the men on Saturday ? Yes ; nor did I pay Dawson till ' Saturday night . By Mr . Roberts . —What day do you charge the de » fendant with absenting himself ? " On tiiQ , 9 th of Jvvne . —Supposing you had no work on a Friday or Saturday , would you give him any ? No ; if we had none we could not , and he would be only entitled to the wages for the days he worked . —Supposing you discharged the , man on a Tuesday , and you had no work for him ? . I should not discharge him . —Would vou pivft him vznrk ? 1 should not if I had none . —> !
If , in the middle of the week , you had no . work , would the man be allowed to go and seek work elsewhere ? Yes . —You are a good deal acquainted with this neighbourhood : do any of the master joiners give notice ? I da , not know . —You was a .- working man . yourself ? I was . —Were you in the habit of giving notice before you left your master ' s employ ? I gave no notice—What sort of work should the defendant work at 1 . He should have been laying floors . —Have you a notice in the office , or did you ; say anything to Dawson before he left ? Nothing toimn . —Was there ever any . agreement ? Mr . Uunt , —I object to that question .
Mr .. Roberts . —Do you object ? If you do , I will sit down ; and hear your argument . Up . Hunt . —No ; you may go on . Mr . Roberts . —The Joiners did not contract for a definite term from Saturday ^ Saturday ; and I ask again , did you ever ask them tojnakc any agreement ? Ho answer . By the Bench . —Is it a general custom at your shop and at others in this town , to make agreements ?
Not at ours . By Mr . Roberts . —I do know a man of the name of Crabtrco . and I believs : that he has worked full time . —Mr . Hunt : That : is fishing my witness . — Mr . Roberts : I am fishing , and I will find the lie , no matter how deep it may . " be hid . —Witness in answer to Mr . Roberts : When . a man comes to our shop and starts for the week , we , book his time . He-may not agree to our wages . Y | c tell him what we give ; that is all the agreement entered into , and we- calculate his work according to , the number of days lo works .
By Mr . Royds . —There is a combination amongst the men ; and on ihe Monday , betwixt ihe hours of ten and eleven o ' clock , two men cams * to our yard aud called upon me ; I knew them , we'd , as they had worked for me . One of them asked if I would discharge Knevill at noon ? I replied . to them that I would not . They told me they would . strike theshop , and the men would turn-out at dinner hour . I told them tiiat I could , not help it . Knevill was a good workman , and- would not contribute to the union funds . Mr . Roberts . —If it had not been for the turn-out you would not have brought the men here ? I should not .
By Mr . Royds . —I have not asked the men to come again ; * £ have seen Dawson picketing the street , but nt > yw heard him speak to any person . Mr . Roberts . —TTiu ju « oi . uu «»> . vtjo ** »* " *« . » union—is it not to protect their tools ? I am not aware . —You have had a fire at your shop ; did you ever say anything to one of the men that it was a pitv he was not in the union ? I did not . Uv . Charles Holt , the partner of the previous witness , proved that the defendant left his work on Monday : no notice or request had beer , seat to him to return to his work . This closed the case for the pro *
secution . Mr . Roberts fcaen addressed the bench on the part of the defendant . The difficulty he felt arose from the circumstance , that he waa totally unable to satisfy himself as to what the charge really was which he was called upon to reply to . He had watched the evidence most narrowly , but ifc afforded no clue whatever , and it was plain that the magistrates were it : the same difficulty as himself : one had spoken of it as a case of intimidation—another had spoken of it as a charge of "leaving work unfinished . " The charge which he was there to answer was that stated in the information—that the defendant had absented himself unlawfully from his service , and therein
neglected to perform his contract . Was there one particle of evidence of any contract at all ? He had taken down all the evidence on this most important point—and what did it all amount to ? that the defendant had worked for the prosecutors for the last six or seven years ; that at the commencement of his work , and during the whole period of its continuance , not one word had been said by either party as to any notice being given , or as to any specific period for working : throughout the whole period the men worked as many days and as few as they pleased ; they pleased themselves as to the number of days they would work—and on each Saturday night they were paid for the number of days on which
they had actually worked : such a contract , if it could be called a contract at all , was not a contract of serviiude—of such servitude as involved the heavy penalties of the Masters and Servants Act , Before these heavy penalties could be incurred the relation of master and servant must exist , plainly , fully , and completely ; the master must have the right to all the labour of the servant , and the servant must have the right to wages for his support . The evidence of Ladyman proved the reverse of this . He had asked Ladyman why ttie . defendant , absent ing himself this week , was to be treated differently from his previous absences , and the answer was , that nothing would have been done or thought respecting
it if others had not absented themselves at the same time : here , then , was the real charge—the real object of the prosecution—to put down the right of the men to combine together for the purpose of mutual protection . A magistrate had thought it not inconsistent with his duty to intimate from the bench that combinations were very horrible things ; and he ( Mr . Roberts ) at once admitted that they were most offensive to tyranny—awkward customers for despotism to cope with ; but still they were perfectly legal . Working men had a right to combine and determine not to work in the same shop with an individual who was obnoxious to them ; and he who sought to interfere with this right either by openly denying its
existence , or interfering with its progress , or even by advising against its exercise , was guilty both of fraud aad of falsehood . Mr . Roberts then , after a long explanation of the power conferred upon the working classes by the Combination Act , recapitulated the whole of the evidence , showing that ' by the testimony of Mr . Ladvmail himself , all parties , both masters and men , had throughout recognised tiie right of each « f tea to give or withhold employment or iahoit f ; ; liid hV contended that such an engagement was altogether different from what was contemnlated by the law with regard to the relation , of nmter and servant . As soon as Mr . Roberts had concluded .
Mr . Royds the chairman of the bench , and who had been very much excited from the commencement , gave his decision . He considered the case fully proved—it was a very strong case—the men had no right to combine—they shouldn't combine—he should go to the full extent of the law—three months—it waa time to stop such proceedings . Mr . Roberts reminded the magistrates that his client was not charged with intimidation ; but Mri Rovds "didn't care—not he—they had gone on too ' long—these things must be put a stop to . " Here his brothers on the bench endeavoured to calm their leader , and even the prosecutors hinted that they did not desire to press the case " quite so far—all they wanted waa for the men to return . " It was , however , very difficult to restrain Mr . Royds—his companions could not hold him back . At last lie shrieked " out—'' Well ,
prisoner , will you go back to your work ? " Dawson , with a firm voice : No , I will not . Again the justice was frantic . " You wont , wont you ? Give him a , month at the mill—see how he tikes that . " But we despair of giving our readers any idea of the scene ; even the prosecutors were so startled by it that they declined proceeding with the other . cases , and at last they consented to withdraw the proceedings against Dawson . This , however , was no easv matter . Mr . Royds for along time refused : the matter was at last arranged by Dawson and the others consenting to return to their work . We have some reason to ooheye that immediate steps will be taken to relieve Mr . Royds from the performance of his magisterial duties . A criminal information would do him service , and would operate even more beneficiallv as a useful lesson to other Rochdale justices .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 28, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_28061845/page/1/
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