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" Chartists of EnglandIt THE NOR^gjEjRN ...
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THE CENTRAL REGISTRATION COMMITTEE TO *H...
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DiscovEnr pr Hdus Remaks.—Birmingham, Tc...
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LONDON. Somers Town. —On Sunday evening ...
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THE NORTHERN STAR SATUKDAY, JUNE 28, 1845.
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A SLIGHT TOUCH OF "ADVERSITY" TO SWEETEN...
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THE " GRAHAM SETTLEMENTS" SETTLED! ABASS...
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Co &ea)m 4 $ & Cflm$pmtiient&
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The Land Cry responded ro ruou Abroad.—W...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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" Chartists Of Englandit The Nor^Gjejrn ...
THE NOR ^ gjEjRN STAR . . fan " 38 , 1845 ^
The Central Registration Committee To *H...
THE CENTRAL REGISTRATION COMMITTEE TO * HE CHARTIST BODY . "" Friesbs -Swing ten ' ^ pointed , in conformify ^ fwSrLnSSof tie late Contention , a oobv roth the * s ™**» Z ^ registering electors and nuttee > ftr «* ** £ 1 o the " & e o ! Commons of pi ^ ° SJdtolSrt the cause of social and-poUHfiKSffSU . we feel caJledupon to-ad-S wu uponlhe -ritally important labours of which ^& perafiveJ » requires the performance on jour Srts mS ours . Er * ihe lapse of mauy months a ^ . eralelection ^ ust take place . The felon facttoffi wifl then , asiriheir wonted custom , Lc « niheiilert , straggling for that ascendancy which wiU give to _ fce Tictor the power of amding the spoil which unjust laws make of the people ' s industry .
"We « hall tiicchave the two great Parliamentary leader ^ Russell and Peel , and the small fty of bostxum monaere under a variety ot aspects , bidding far popular support . We shall doubtless see Russell < aBd hfe supportere-raTenons as wolves for the luxuries oi office , soiBchiBg popular support as men of-altered -views ' and principles , promulgating a new political faith , discarding the philosophy of "finality , " relinquishing their-favourite 8 s . fixed duty on the importation of eom , advocating a ten hour fectory * ill , and willing tofconcede to Ireland political privileges equal to thos & possessed by England . So far , indeed , has the film -feeen removed from the eyes « of Lord John , that he now perceives what the nation , has long seen , felt , and understood , namely , that-the
working mar- does not receive a fair share of the produce of his industry ! O wonderful perspicaeity . ' penetrating perception ' . A noble aad learned lord -, a legislator of more than a quarter of a eenturfs experience ; a gr : at statesman discovers in the year > 1845 that the handloom weaver , earning five shillings a-week , andiihe powerloom weaver , getting -eight or nine , the agricultural labourer receiving seven or eight , are net-equitably remunerated for their toil 3 ! How was it that Russell did not make this discovery during the ten years that he occupied the watch tower of Britain ' s destinies ? How happened it that he did not perceive this , when from his elevated position his view-cfthepolitical horizon should have been far more distinct and extensive than at present ?
Russell did « e it ; but he lacked tiie honesty to acknowledge it . He and his supporters were cogniiant of the working man ' s political and social degra dation ; but ,-kstead of meting out to him political justice , elevating him from social thraldom , and securing to lit ™ by wise and equitable legislation ) a fair reword lor his industry , they spent ten yeans in giving ns Poor Law Bills , Coercion Bills , Rural : iro-Sce Bills ; aad had plenty of prosecution and persecution—ihe _ dnug 2 onandtbe treadmill for those who , impelled liy a Jove of justice , sought the restoral to the people of those immunities of which they have been stripped by the ruthless hand of usurpation . Russell has seen that thecomparativelystatesjnanlike measures of Peel have thrown his dwarfish policy into theshade ' - be sees that his only chance of ever again occupying tiie treasury benches , is to outbid Peel in the Jiberal mart . In onr opinion he will
attempt thisaitheforthcoming general election . Friends , under these circumstances , it behoves us to be on the alert . It is our duty , as ardent supporters ofthe cause of human emancipation , to seke upon every incident to promote its weal . We . cherish hopes , that at the nest election , by an energetic and concentrated system of action , we shall be able to secure the return to Parliament of some ten or . twelve advocates , of the People ' s Charter . The exertions of such a little band of patriots agitating for the Charter in the house , battling with the hacks of faction , proclaiming fearlessly the rights of man , filling thepress with lucid expositions of his wrongs , refuting the pitiful sophismYby which fraud attempts to prop , injustice , would not only give excitement to . hope , energy to action , courage to despondency , but vjould fix the attention ofthe civilised world upon the grandeur and holiness ofthe object to the accomplishment of which their labours were directed .
Friends , without saying another word upon the importance of thie . thing to be done , -we will at once GOine to what we deem the means of its . realisation . The Reform Bill , it appears , has more extensively enfranchised the people than was generally supposed . We find that the provisions of that bill are couched in . language so ambiguous , that it U- **»* r «* « nacrstvut ) iy ita auoiurisea exponents ! A rare commentary upon the wisdom and capability of our legislators ! It has , however , been ruled in the Court of Common Pleas , that the occupants of tenements , paying an annual rental of £ 10 , although the taxes should be compounded for , and paid by the landlord , are entitled to vote for amember of Parliament , pro-Tided such occupants be duly registered . Now , our
object in issuing ^ this address , is to place every man in the country , qualified by the decision ¦ aforesaid , in a position to exercise his franchise at the next election . In order to effect this desirable object , let every city and borough in Great Britain have its Election and Registration Committee . The work must be commenced Immediately , as all claims to be rated must be made previously to the 31 st of July next . . Let the Chartist bodies in the various localities promptly bestir themselves in this business . The course of proceeding which ye recommend in each instance is , first , that a requisition . be got up , as numerously sighed ; as possible , and thai it be presented to the -chief magistrate , solicit ' uigliimto convene a public
meeting for the purpose of forming an Election and Registration Committee ; and furthermore , that he bant-ibr the use of such meeting some suitable public hall , over which he may hare jurisdiction . Should the magistrate refuse ' to convene the meeting , let the requisiopiits call it on their own authority . Secondly , let the conveners be provided with forms of claims to be furnished to such of the meeting as arc qualified by rental tc be rated as electors . Thirdly , let the local committees immediately communicate with the tentral eonuuittse , whose duty it Is to furnish any Information " reguired . Ponrfhly , let tiie local committees exert themselves to collect funds to further the object , and let especial care be taken to appoint a competent person to attend the Barristers' Court to defend such claims as may be objected to .
Friends , we have now . bnefly stated eur object . TPe have , endeavoured to impress you with the importance of that object . We have , as concisely as possible , pointed out the procedure to be adopted . We feel that it is unnecessary to appeal to you for exertion . We are resolved to do our duty ; we hope that yon will do yours . We now leave your part of the work in your own hands , ardently hoping that your performance of it sill be marked with prompti tude ' and energy . Signed on behalf of the committee , Pbujp M'Grath , Secretary .
Discovenr Pr Hdus Remaks.—Birmingham, Tc...
DiscovEnr pr Hdus Remaks . —Birmingham , Tcescas . —A discovery which has created considerable interest and excitement took place in this town yesterday afternoon . A number of workmen in the employ o £ Air . * P . Smith , the town surveyor , were engaged in sinking what is tamed a . dome well , at the Public-office , in Moor-street , when about 7 feet from the surface ofthe ground they met with the remains of a large dog . This created no surprise , but immediately beneath , the excavators found their work impeded by apparently a large box , but which , upon examination , proved to be an oak coffin . On its top was a porcelain pipe of curious and evidently antique construction , and an engraved heart , with the initials "W . S . " The coffin , considering the number of Tears
it js suprK >* ed to Lave been in the ground , was in a State of excellent preservation . Curiosity , as a matter of coarse , was excited to ascertain * its contents , aud upon being opened and examined , it was found to contain the skeleton of a human being , through which , as in past times in the case of executed malefactors , a stake had been driven . The remains were submitted to the examination of one of the medical gentlemen connected with the Queen ' s College and Hospital , and he pronounced them to be tiie skeleton of a male , about the age of 25 or 20 . The only point presented worthy of observation was an indentation of the forehead , from which it would be inferred that the deceased came to his death by violence . There are , however
, ¦ very plausible reasons for coming to a different conclusion . It is not at all improbable that thefracture of . -theTorehead was the residt of the violence of the work-people employed in the excavation ; and if the man whose remains are found was murdered , it does lot appear likely that his murderers would have honoured his corpse with an oak coffin , decorated with expensive insignia . Moor-street , in which the remains were found , is now situate in the very centre of Birmingham ; but two hundred years ago , at which time , at the latest-, it is supposed the body must have been interred , it formed part of an extensive park , oelonging , as some say , to the Jennings family , and , subsequently , to the ancestors of the present Earl Howe . His Lordship holds extensive proncrtv in
the neighbourhood at the present time . Meridenstreet , Park-street , Jennings-row , < Lc , constituted a part ofthe original domain . The probability is tliat the body found is the remains of some member of the family to whom the estate formerly belonged , and ¦ who , as is frequently the case , even in modern times , ¦ was buried withmiheprecincts of the family grounds , This view is confirmed by the fact , that inOsford strcet , now standing upon a portion of the same domain , a few weeks ' ago the workmen employed by the town-surveyor met with the skeleton of a man who had evidently been buried for a great number of years , and between whose thighs was placed a lar ° e
mack bottle containing a black fluid . Unfortunately , however , the cupidity of an Irish excavator employed upon the work , who expected to find something to drink , led him to break the bottle , and its contents were never correctly ascertained . It is needless to say that the discovery of the remains of a human Mingintke .-immediate neighbourhood of the public pnsbnhas led to many vulgar and unfounded surmises . How these ndtipua are to be corrected it is diffiult to i Say , but it is presumed that the worthy borough coro-S' *! !? ng his tenure of office , has been most * 3 rt &^ i ^*^ in A" 5 «« cbarge of its for Jtwin - j m p < ro"k r clan «> nr a justification sitting m jud gment upo < a . the discovered bones .
London. Somers Town. —On Sunday Evening ...
LONDON . Somers Town . —On Sunday evening last a meeting was held in the Hall of Science , Kine ' s-cross . Mr . W . Farris was called to the chair , « who in a few pertinent remarks alluded to , and called on Mr . Arnott to read ,. Mr . O'Connor ' s letter from the last number ofthe Northern Star , which was listened to with great attention . Mr . J . S . Sherrard then delivered an eloquent and instructive lecture -on " The Wealth of Nations ; " and ably demonstrated ; from the ancient history of Egypt , Rome , Maoedon , Persia , and other nations , ana also from the writings of Dr . Adam SmithM'Cullochand other eminent writers , that
, , the ieue wealth of nations consisted in the land in a proper slate of cultivation ,- that land justly and equitably divided , the working -classes enjoying the fruits thereof , with the franchise for their protection . In a lucid and elaborate stykythe lecturer took a rapid view of the commercial monetary , and speculative ramifications of societyv & nd gave it as his opinion that all nations not founded on the above basis must inevitably come to decay and fall to ruin . Several questions were put , and satisfactorily answered . Mr . Sherrard received a unanimous vote of thanks ; and , after a vote-of thanks to the chairman , the meeting separated .
LANCASHIRE AND YORKSHIRE . Camp Meeting . —On Sunday the fourth annual camp meeting took place on Elackstone-edge ; it was intended to be held on Robin Hood ' s Bed , but the lord of the manor sent his keepers to inform us we should disturb his young birds if we did so , so the brave men and women of York and Lancaster congregated together on a pleasant spot of rising ground at tiie back of the White House . At two o ' clock a upaggon was drawn up , when Messrs . Christopher Doyle . William BelL Ambrose . Hurst , and Mooney
of Coke , took their stations . < Gn the motion of Mr . William Bell , Mr . Edward Mitchell , of Rochdale , was appointed to preside . The chairman commenced by singing a Chartist hymn , and in a brief speech he introduced Mr . Ambrose Hurst , of Oldham , who delivered a soul-stirring speech , exciting much applause . Mr . Wm . Bell next -gave a very powerful speech . Mr . Doyle , of the Executive , next , at great length , entered into the Land question , and gave great satisfaction . A vote of thanks to the chairman concluded a , glorious day for the cause of liberty .
HUDDERSFH 3 LD . The Lisn . —The second meeting of the district committee ofthe Co-operative Land Society was held on Monday evening last , at Turner's Temper ance Hotel , when seven new members entered their names , and paid their first instalments . The committee will , in future , sit on Tuesday evening , at half-past eight o ' clock , instead of Monday , when all persons desirous of taking shares are requested to attend .
The Northern Star Satukday, June 28, 1845.
THE NORTHERN STAR SATUKDAY , JUNE 28 , 1845 .
A Slight Touch Of "Adversity" To Sweeten...
A SLIGHT TOUCH OF "ADVERSITY" TO SWEETEN PRESENT " PROSPERITY . " On the 26 th of April last , we sounded the warning note of " approaching PANIC . " We showed the combination of causes that had led to the present flush of " Prosperity ; " showed that those causes were evanescent in their . nature : and that PANIC and depression must as assuredly follow , as that night follows day .
We know that there are . in . this world those whose constitution of mind and uniformity of conduct fully . entitle them to the . designation of croakers : men who can see no good—no stability in anything ; men who . were born grumblingly—and whose special " mission" seems to be to grumble everlastingly ateverything . There are such men ; men who can never afford a good word , not even for the most perfect embodiment of goodness , -or the best devised ayrfom ever propounded . -These men are " true to nature" in little things , as well as great . You never meet them , but youiind them croaking . Their whole
life is spent in murmuring . . We know also , that some very good , easy , cozy souls , set us down as belonging , to this class . Unable themselves to trace effect to . cause ; blind as bats to . the moves on the political . chess-board ; unable to calculate the " game" of governing ; ignorant . of all but that which just . is at the moment , these parties , in all single-mindedness and simplicity ,, set down as a croaker , the man who ventures , in the hey-day of " PBosfKRiir , " to hint at the possibility of " PANIC " and " adversity" breaking up the charm . Poor simple fools ! They do not perceive that
they , the iblind and ignorant , . are in the same category . with the croakers . they . affect to despise ; that both , are but different specie & of the same genus . The croaker grumbles not on system , unless , indeed , it be a-system to be always murmuring . But he murmurs not because he has cause for murmuring —because he inows why he murmurs . He merely obeys a . blind instinct of his imperfect nature . Reason has nothing to do with his faultfindings . If it had , he wA & . discriminate , and would be able to
surprise himself at tunes , by speaking approvingly of some body , or some project . So with the good easy and simple . They just take things as they find them , and are utterly unable to look back on what has been , or to judge of what may be . Reason with them is as blank as with the croakers ; and any opinion they may give , on intricate political . or social subjects , is just as much worth as the grunt of a most inveterate unreasoning grumbler , and not one whit more .
But there are other men in the world—men who havesomething like heads on their shoulders . Society is not entirely composed of the simple and the crooking . There are some who can " put this and that together ; " who " can guess eggs when they see shells ; " who can penetrate some little below the surface of things—use their reasoning powers in divining the causes in operation—and speak somewhat confidently of the effects that are likely to follow . There is indeed another class—those of " profound gesics ; " those whose ipse dixit is gospel ; those whose opinions are infallibly correct—to doubt which is death everlasting ( politically , we mean ); those who modestly set themselves up as the world ' s " schoobnasters , " averring that it has been left for
THEM to teach—what most folk know—that they are possessed of a great deal more arrogance and selfconceit than integrity or honour . To the first of the last two classes named , we are impudent enough to make pretension to belong : with the last we forswear all lot or portion . We candidly confess that we fully believe it is not in our nature to be able to " set the Thames on fire . " Those who wish for the accomplishment of that feat , must seek for that heap of " profundity , " the corruseations of whose GENIUS have been sufficient to destroy everything he engaged in : and if he can only be prevailed on to meddle with tiie Thames —( and he will if you will only pay him for it)—" old Father Tame" will receive a siecafuw . '
Reasoning then on the causes that had brought about our present state of " glorious prosperity "; on the effects of the last two harvests , in giving us abundance of food , without our having to send money or money's-worth abroad to procure it ; on the effects ofthe recovery from the " Panic" and con - sternation produced in America by the glorious efforts of the democrats there to rid themselves of the " INEXORABLE TYRANNY" of the paper money mongers , whose scheming to " absorb the wealth out of the hands of the producers into their own , " had almost upset the Republic , and erected
on its ruins a fell moxey-ougakchy , whose "tender mercies" would have surpassed the worst cruelties that ever the twin-scourges of Kingcraft and Priest , craft inflicted on mankind ; on the effects ofthe late treaty with China ; on the effects ofthe "disturbances" in Spain , which had enabled our honest mer chants to smuggle into that country immense quantities of manufactured goods , almost prohibited by Spanish law ; On the effects of the " accommodation " afforded by the " Old Lady of Threadneedle Street , " and Hie consequent'" ease" of the money-market :
reasoning on these things , and particularly on the reck less spirit op wild SPEcrjLAiiojithey had given rise to , and which had ramified itself over the whole island reasoning on these things , with the history of former times and the operation of former similar causes before our eyes ; we warned the ' public that a reverse was at hand ; that "PANIC " was at the door ; that sad gloomy depression was sure to follow , and that speedily , on the present hectic flush of " prosperity . " We are now going to see how far subsequent events justified us in so speaking . .. .
A Slight Touch Of "Adversity" To Sweeten...
It will perhaps be remembered that on the occasion named , we adduced the opinion of two " noble lords " in confirmation of our own—Lords Brougham and Ashburion . To-the opinionof the last named nobleman we attached much-weight . He has the character of being a clear-headed , far-seeing , but cautious man . indeed , ithe'inanner in-which he executed his arduous mission'to America , respecting the Boundary-and "Slave ^ questions , shows him to be one far from ^ being ' devoid of judgment , or a business-mind . TThe opmioBsof this man , ' therefore , we held to be entitled "to respect ; and when we found him uttering -such a-solemn warning as follows , we could not but think" that there was occasion . The words of Lord AsHBtBTes-were : —
Souring more important could occupy the attention of Parliament -than the present' feverish state of the gambling connected with railways . In this case , however , as in -many- others , it was easier to point out the difficulty than to suggest the -remedy . Still , it was desirable , whilst they were putting down the gambling houses in St . . tfames ' s-street and Jermyn-street , and m the purlieus of "Westminster , that they should , ot l « ost , consider the gambling Which teas , pervading every country ^ town , every country cliib , and every family ; from one end of thecounlryio the other . "They could not prevent the people from dealing in shares ; but , at the same time , it did become important to . consider the extent to which this gambling wa & earried on , ana ; iftheyeould not repress the gamoUng . THEY ought at . least to consider its operation OW THE OBDIJT . ARr-PBOCEEDI . YGS OP THE COBNTBT ,
on oor HONETART-TitANSACTlONS , and on the industry of tfte coimtrg . "With regard to its influence on the ordinary business of -trade , he might give one instance of its effect upon the Iron-manufactures of the country and , the derangement it caused'to the iron trade . There had been 300 per cent , advance in the price of iron during the last eighteen montiis , and the consequence was , that all the ordinary commerce connected with that trade was disturbed . They found .-a competition arising in Belgium and other countries , who' -were unable to carry on their ordinary proc-Mses ,-since they found the raw materials in this country too deaivfer'them . This raised a competition in other countries against us , and opeRed channels of trade from which they could not afterwards be driven out ; so that-when iron in this country came hack to its ordinary price ,-weshould find-that we had lost the markets that had hitherto depended upon us .
Let the reader note- well- the instance the Noble Lord gives of -the influence of' the " GAMBLING MANIA" on the-ordinary 1 business of trade . Let him note wellihat thepriceof iron had been advanced by it ; that is , iron selling eighteen months ago at £ 5 per ton , was then selling for £ 15 . Let him mark well also ihe consequences spoken of , as likely to follow from the unnatural advance caused by the " gamblers . " Let him note these things well ; and then let him comever attentively the following , which we extract from the Tims of Moiiuav . —
Wednesbdbt , Satubday . —The crisis which for several months has been predicted seems fast approaching . The extravagantly high prices to which iron had reached could not , as was stated in the Times two or three months back , be maintained ; bjuLuow , instead of being at 141 . per ton , such has been the depreciation , that no man presumes to say what is Us matietaUc value . It has been mentioned that in Scotch pig iron there was a rise of 20 s . per ton on ' Friday week , at Liverpool ; but on Tuesday last , only four days after ,- ^ corresponding reduction took place .
The unsettled state of the iron trade m South Staffordshire is attended with the . most inconvenient , if not ruinous , consequences . The manufacturers , especially the makers of heavy goods , are-suffering under the depression caused by the recent extraordinary -advance on the raw material , although there is an abundance of orders from ' Canada and the United States in Wolverhampton , Birmingham , and Walsall , the -completion Of Which cannot be longer delayed . The home-market suffers inthe same degree from the same cause . Travellers for factors now on their journeys in all parts of the kingdom are in many instances unable to take , and their ' emp ' oyevs at home unable to execute , orders for manufactured iron goods , on accouut of- the uncertainty in the price of it on . The late rash advance and
THE PBESENT RAPID AND CONTINUOUS BEDUOTION have indeed completely deranged the principal trade of the neighbourhood . But , had as this state of things is , the mischief does not end here . At the time of the advance the ironmasters considerably raised the wages ofthe workmen ; and now . as a matter of course , tome of them are proceeding with the reduced price of the article to attempt a corresponding reduction ofthe price of Br & oKr . It has already , too , been attempted in this neighbourhood to reduce wagesat the rate of 3 d . per day , and the consequence has been a partial turn out around Bilston and this town . Some hundreds of workpeople are to be seen loitering about the roads ,
and , as might be expected , when such a class of men are unemployed , several acts of violence have been committed . On Monday night a serious riot occurred at Bilston , when a large body of workmen attempted to rescue a fellowworkman from the custody of the police . It did not transpire whether the man's offence arose out of th e Strike , tout it is nevertheless true , that the colliers and ironmeu , when not at work , are always ready for mischief , and for the most part entertain a deadly hatred towards the police . An additional body of police , under the command of Colonel Hogg , has arrived in the neighbourhood , and the military quartered at Wolverhampton are in constant readiness to act when called upon .
Should a general strike take place , it is thought that the men are better organised than they were at the last turnout . Chartism is , however , defunct , and the leaders of that party , who so materially aggravated the differences between the masters and men on that occasion , will have little influence , should another turnout take place . Combinations and protective societies appear to have been formed , not only amongst the colliers and the iron men , but to have extended amongst the nailors , the gun-lock makers , and all other descriptions of workmen employed in the make of manufactured g « ods . If tlic price of iron is reduced to what it was in 1813 , all these trades , and the wages of ( hose employed in them , must be affected , AND THE CONSEQUENCES WILL BE SERIOUS INDEED . Let us hope that the late over-speeulatibn may not lead to such a result .
Lord Ashbubtox spoke , as above , in the month of April last . It is now- only the end of June : and so soon has die result in the particular instance he quoted been realised ! It will be well to mark the terms that abound in the above description of the present state of the iron districts . It is almost made up ofthe phrases" depreciation ; " " no man can say what is the market value ; " " unsettled state ; " " ruinous consequences ; " " uncertainty in price ; " " rash advance , " and "rapid and continuous reduction . " These are queer terms to use , when describing a whole and important branch of our native trade and commerce during a state of "GLORIOUS PROSPERITY 1 " But what are used just now in relation to the iron trade , will before very long be needed to describe the condition of every other " interest . "
The " tide of luck" has turned . » The " oAiwims " have been pretty successful so far , while Dame Fortune ( aided by the she-devil of Threadneedle-street ) smiled on them . But her fickleness has passed into a proverb . She only lures to destroy . The " tide of luck" has turned ! Woeful will be the squalling , and rueful the visages , of the jackdaws , when stripped of their borrowed plumes . " Old times" are coming again . " Reductions of wages ; " "turn-outs ; " "hundreds of people loitering about the roads ; " " acts of violence ; " " serious riots ; " " additional bodies of police ; " and " the military quartered , in constant readiness to act when called en !"—why , here are all the symptoms of " bad times ! " We have been fancying ourselves securely wrapped in the aims of Dame Prosperity : and here we are , at once plunged into all the difficulties and turmoils of " Panic" and adversity !
Let one thing be noted , As 50011 as the 300 per cent , price of iron is affected , wages are attacked ! The ironmasters do not wait for the price of iron to recede to the amount it was in 1843 , before the " considerate advance" of wages teok place . We dare lay a trilling bet , —only that would be very like g ambling , which we hate , —that the wages have not been advanced 300 per cent ., commensurate with the advanced price of iron ! I & not , was it FAIR of the ironmasters to begin reductions of wages so soon ?
Could they not have been content with the enormous profits they have realised , in the difference between the 300 per cent , increased price of iron , and the slightly advanced wages of the workmen , for some time at least , 'till it came to the workman ' s turn to bear a share of the loss consequent on depreciated price ? But , no . The workman is the first to feel depreciation , though the last to benefit from advance . " Reductions of wages Mow as a matter of course . " Thus it has ever been , and thus it ever will be , so long as the master-class and the sJave-class exist .
One " comfort , " however , there is , in the opinionof the corresponding scribe of the rimes : for though the men are better organised than they were at the last turn-out , Chartism is defunct . ' What silly fantasies some men will amuse themselves with ! Why organisation , to secure the wages of industry , is Chartism—the essence of Chartism ! It is a practical . application of the theory of Chartism : that
A Slight Touch Of "Adversity" To Sweeten...
what a man earns , he ought to enjoy . National Chartism would do , nationally , by means of national institutions , what local Chartism seeks to do locally . The scribe of the Times need not " lay the flattering unction to his soul" that Chartism is defunct , while " a better organisation for the protection of industry exists . ' The one is the soul of the other . Let us ask now , was not our ivaming justified ? Was there not reason to say that "breakers were a-head ? " We seemed to be sailing along on . the sea of " pnosPEniTT , " wafted by the breezes of good luck , and aided by the tide of fortune . All seemed to be
" As merry as a marriage hell , " few dreaming of the possibility of reverse . And yet uncertainty and amxous cossequences have reached a most important vessel of the service . She has struck on the hidden rock of "PANIC , " and the shock is tremendous . The whole fleet is environed by dangers most formidable . The storm is gathering , which will , before long , spend its fury , and drive us on the shoals , or sink us in the abyss . Well will it be for those who' * look out" in time , and prepare for the worst , All former storms of adversity that have been -encountered will be light-indeed , compared with the next we must experience , . Be ye Ready !
A Slight Touch Of "Adversity" To Sweeten...
GOOD NEWS FOR THE TEN HOURS' BILL FOLKS . I . v the Morning Herald of Wednesday wc find the following announcement : — We hear , with the greatest satisfaction , that the prospects of the " Ten Sours'Bill" new were so bright as at the present moment . The truth of the cause has carried it forward ; many manufacturers have hecome satisfied of the real expediency- of justice and humanity . The Factory Inspectors observe ( his , and honestly , rejout it ; and an impression is . rapidly growing in the best-infokmed qdabtebs , that before long the whole question for which Michael Thomas Sadler and Lord Ashley sacrificed everything but honour , will be osenly . and vrakklt conceded , as the dictate of truth and righteousness .
The Ilerald is the Ministerial organ . The time for the general-election grows nearer every day . Lord Jons Russell has . joined the ranks of the Ten Hour advocates . He voted for the measure throughout tlic recent stru ggle with the "last two hour" Ministry . He resisted the effort of Peel to cause the rescinding of the vote by which the measure was resolved on . He has since that time , in open public meeting , reiterated his opinions in favour of " short time . " Can
it be possible that Peel is about to cut the Ten Hour ground from under the feet of Russell , by giving way on . tho measure before the general election takes place ? The announcement in the Herald looks very like it . The "best-informed quarters , " and the " befonltmg the whole question will be jprankly asd honestly conceded , " would almost say as much . We trust that it is so ? Let us have the Ten Hours' Bill from any quarter , aridright thankful shall we be . be
In this feeling . T ^ e ; shall joined by thousands , who are now suffering from protracted and almost never-ending labour—one ofthe blessings entailed on them by our " high state of civilisation . " Let these have the Ten Horn's' Bill , and they will duly appreciate the boon . Gratitude is far from being an absent incredient in the composition of Englishmen ; and when the factory workers experience the additional comforts that short-time will confer on them ; when they see the wife attending somewhat more to the concerns of her household ; when they see a chance for the daughter learning some little of domestic
duty ; when they have an opportunity , even though it be but for "two hours , " to send the "lads" to school ; when they enjoy a cleaner and more comfortable home , with father , and mother , and children , on the hearth-stone all together , teaching and learning that which family affection alone can impart and receive ; when sickness is comparatively driven from the door , and everything puts on a comparatively healthy appearance ; when these things manifest themselves generally in the factory districts , as »
consequence of the ten hours' limitation of labour , — and they have followed in those places where short time has been allowed , as witness the case of Mr . Gardner ' s " hands , " at Preston ; when the good effects that have followed in that case become general , through the " concession" of the Ten Hours ' Bill , the . factory hands generally will not be insensible to the boon , but will properly appreciate the act and intention of the Minister who so " concedes" the " dictate of truth and righteousness , " whoever he may happen to be .
It is to be hoped , therefore , that in this case , Old Grandmother " speaksby thecard . " Every one who has paid attention to the question , must join with her in the assertion , that "the truth of the cause has carried it forward . " It is well known that numbers of the " manufacturers have become satisfied of the real expediency of justice and humanity . " The success that has attended the praiseworthy attempts ofthe Messrs , Stabkey of Huddersfield , and Mr . Gardner of Preston , has had its due effect . It
has , by those gentlemen , in both instances , been shown that no loss ( pecuniarily ) to the manufacturers has followed from acting on the " expedient of justice and humanity , "but , on the contrary , a , gain to both the employer and the employed , The conviction that short hours of work will be of advantage , has also made great progress since the last Parliamentary battle , in the minds of the trading and shopkeeping classes . Witness the strenuous efforts made in almost every large town , from the great wen downwards , to close their shops at a reasonable hour | in the evening , to give the young attendants an opportunity for
recreation and for improving the- mind . The laudable desire in their own case has led these parties to look with a favourable eye on the efforts of factory workers for a limitation of toil : and petitions , numerously signed by merchants and traders , praying for the enactment of the Ten Hours' Bilhhavebeen obtained Peel , therefore , if he be now disposed to " concede ' ' the " dictate of truth and righteousness , " will do so with the feeling ofthe middle classes in his favour . He is emphatically , the Minister of the Mibdle Classes ; and the knowledge that these are in favour ofthe course , will have no slight influence in determining him to take it .
Whether he does thus determine or not , will not make much difference . " The truth of the cause has carried it forward" beyond the power of any Minister to long withhold the " concession . " The Nation has " become satisfied of the real expediency of justice and humanity : " and no man , and no consideration , will be allowed to long stand in the way . The advocates of the Ten How Bill have but to do as they have done , since the last open fight : to silently progress with the question in the public mind . Let them not relax in their efforts . There need be no agitation—no noise—no stir , The time for all that
has gone by . A deep-rooted conviction has followed the great and strenuous efforts made to rivet public attention to a crying and shameful wrong . and they have but to use that conviction in a quiet and unostentatious manner , to cause it to produce an inevitable result . Whoever is Minister , this measure must be " conceded . " If Peel is wise , he will be the man to take advantage of the new facts and the new feeling that have arisen , since his last refusal : if not , there will be a good " CRY" against him on the hustings ! This we fancy he sees , in all its force ; and hence the demi-Ministcrial announcement in the Herald .
The " Graham Settlements" Settled! Abass...
THE " GRAHAM SETTLEMENTS " SETTLED ! ABASSOSMENT OF THE filli . The opinion we expressed last week , that in-all p roba b ility t h e "Graham Settlement" Bill , for . uprooting the existing landmarks of parishes , and to substitute in their stead great big thundering Usioss , would not be persevered in , at least this session , has received speedy confirmation : for on Monday : — In answer to a question from Mr . S . Crawford ,
Sir J . Gbaham said , that not only in that house , but in the country , there existed so great a contrariety of opinion respecting the law of settlement , that it was not his intention to press his proposed alterations during the present session . B-nt , as he believed there was no great objection to the remaining and larger part of the bill , which related to the law of removal and the mode of trying appeals , he hoped the house would agree to the second reading of the bill , in order that a legislative remedy might be immediately applied to the existing state of the law upon these two points .
Thus the revolution is put off—thanks to the " contrariety of opinion" ! We are not to have all existing social arrangements disturbed , that the rule ofthe Three Kings of Somerset House may be rendered perpetual—thanks to the efforts of the administrators of the existing law , and the representations of the independent members of the House of Commons These parties have told Sir James Ghaham . that his proposal " would produce interminable confusion and every evil attendant on the disruption of social ties , without conferring one particle of good on any party other than the Somerset House conclave ; and Sir James has been forced to halt—to cry "back . "
It is well it is so . There is now a chance of public attention being directed to the real evils of the present law : and the devising of such an alteration in the mode of obtaining a settlement , without entailing the tremendously evil consequences the withdrawn-Bill would have inflicted , now becomes the duty of the statesman . This can only be done by adopting tlic first principle set out with by the Eoue Secueiaby—that of making industrial residence confer a settlement . Wh » % r that residence shall be one , two , three , fom £ or frvflfyears , is matter for deep consideration : birf ate 1 MNCIPLE is the one that must be
applied , if we would at all reach the evil complained of . For our own part , we incline to the period of five years . We are not friendly to continual change . We think that a shifting population is far from being desirable . There is much truth in the old adage— " a rolling stone gathers no moss . " This is true , when applied to the people of a country , both as it respects wealth , and those other characteristics and qualities which are far better than a mine of mere wealth . Patriotism has been well defined to be a IiOvb of home . The " wanderer " h as n o home ; no peculiar spot , to him more dear than all the earth beside ; no place to which he is attached , by ties of
love and deep heart-rooted regard . All places are alike to him ; and he never can experience the ennobling feeling—never can be animated by the exalted sent i ment , which would prompt him to " do and dare " everything , rather than permit Ids home to become the prey of the spoiler ! Country even , to such a man , has but few charms—and fewer claims . Not so with the man to whom the word home speaks to the heartraises emotions which dignify his nature—fills the soul with kind endearment and undying love . With him , country is everything—life itself . His stalwart arm is ever ready in defence of fatherland ; and every danger is braved , rather than the sanctity of home shall be violated . This is true patoiotism : and the
statesman , if he knew his mission , would guard as the apple of his eye all those arrangements and circumstances which tend to inspire the love of home . This characteristic has hitherto been more predicable of Englishmen than of any people of which past history treats , or present knowledge knows : and it was because Sir James Graham ruthlessly attempted to break up the admirable parochial system , which has mainly contributed to implant and foster this holy feeling , that his attempt lias been deservedly met by such an overwhelming torrent of indignation as to cause the withdrawal of his rash and imbecile
measure . It is the dread of interfering with this mainspring of patriotism , that inclines us to the period of five years' industrial residence , as the best to fix on for conferring a settlement . A shorter period would tend , we fear , to induce and encourage a mere migratory habit . This would be an evil to the whole of society , of far greater effect than the evil i n the present law of settlement , which it is desirable to remedy . It is no doubt a case of great hardship and gross injustice to " remove" a labourer , when
Ms working days are over , or when he otherwise becomes " chargeable , " from the spot which his labour has enriched to a distant place where he is a " stranger" to all he meets , and with whose habits and modes of work he is unacquainted : but here tile hardship and . injustice are comparatively confined . It is only the " removed " , man himself and his dependencies , together with tho parish he is " removed" to , that suffer the direct evil effects of the present system : but introduce such a change in the law of settlement as shall lead to universal
migratory habits ; give to the people a love of change instead of a love of home ; tear from the heart the endearing ties of kindred ; supplant the deep-seated affection for the parent and the " family ; " uproot that strong and restraining attachment , which leads THE MAN even to love the spot where his childhood was passed—whicli stamps every trivial object with an interest unsurpassable , and endears the locality " while memory holds its seat ; " do this , and you produce a state of society which must constantly deteriorate in character ; beeome loose—disorganiseddebased—degraded—predatory . The " cure , " in
such case would be " far worse than the disease . " It behoves us to be careful what new causes we bring into operation , when dealing with social maladies . We can much sooner pull down than build up . That of good whicli it has taken centuries ' to devclope and establish , may be uprooted in a generation ; and it , therefore , is a duty of paramount importance on all to beware how far they permit the Social Tinker to operate in the way of " mending . " The evil of " removal" is bad enough , God knows , in far too many cases : but the ' destruction of the most eminent characteristic of Englishmen , the love of home > would be a far greater . We must have a care ,
therefore , what are the sort of pranks we permit " the Borderer" to play with our social constitution . For the present we are free from imminent danger-Indignant remonstrance at Graham ' s proposed ruthless attempt has crushed the crude shallow conception , and made the rash blunderer gladly avail himself of the " great contrariety of opinion , " to back out of his present measure . But the meddler has the recess before him . Like a dog , he may return to his " vomit . " Your Social Quack is the hardest of all to beat off . Defeat his efforts —( aU for your good ) -at one point , and he will speedily present himself at an - other . His pertinacity is only to be equalled by his lack of comprehension ; for he never can Jwtrothat
his services are not required . Thus , we fear , it will be with the descendant of " John witr-tbe-Bkksht-Sword . " Having taken it into his head that he can cure the social evil of " removal" in particular cases , he may , notwithstanding the present rejection of Ids potion , . employ the vacation to compound another . Should he do so , we trust the parties who have declined his present " services" will be alive to the next attempt to foist Ms specific into tiie social system ; and we trust , too , that the people at large will be ready to resist the dimgmxiting efforts of a mere Quack .
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The Land Cry Responded Ro Ruou Abroad.—W...
The Land Cry responded ro ruou Abroad . —We crave attention to the following letter , for it is well deserving of it . It shews the working people of England that their efforts for their own Emancipation are appreciated , even ahroad , by their own order , in spite of the interested misrepresentations of hireling scribes and poor bankrupt speculators , who hope to live out of them through the exhibition of an immense " " stock" of " assurance . " It was but the other day tliat we inserted a letter from a workman in Antwerp , who had dierc witnessed the beneficial effects of small holdings of land in the hands of the workman ; and who inclosed a goodly sum from a number of English residents there , to show the
interest they took in the measure proposed for England ' s benefit ; and to-day we present one of a similar nature , and to a similar end , from llouen , in Prance . And Jet it be borne in mind , that these are bona fide letters ; hot letters manufactured for the purpose , like those of your " "William 1-wish-I-may-get-it" fellows . It bespeaks a bad cause when / aoritfaf ion has to be resorted to , to sustain or aid it : and if the bankrupt projector of the " Great Assurance Company" cannot obtain the support ofthe public without using such means to decry , not a rival plan , —for it has never been placed iu competition with his own , but by himself , —but an effort made in
good faith by working men for their own benefit , he is undeserving of success . Let him content himself with going fairly before the public . The public will judge both him and his plan too : and when he can get letters such as the following , from all parts of the continent in support of his scheme , he will not need to " vampup" any of his "William I-Wish-1-may-get-it" ' s . Till then , let him act as modestly as Ms " stock" of " assurance" will allow : "Rouen , France , June 19 , 1645 . My dear Sir , —I am happy to perceive by the Northern Star , that the all-important question of the Land is at length beginning to arouse the too long dormant spirits of my brother
The Land Cry Responded Ro Ruou Abroad.—W...
Chartists of England . It was always my opinion , pre . vious to leaving England , ' that if the working classes would unite for the purpose of obtaining the land , the hydra-headed monsters of oppression and misrule would soonhebroughttoacknowledgethe justice oftheir claims and concede anything rather than they should make themselves possessors of a share of that lar . d which an all-wise Creator had given for the maintenance and support of his people , 1 have said that 1 nas favour , able to the Land scheme before I left England : but if r had not , the three years lhave lived in France , most of which time I have spent in the country among the independent and happy peasants of- Sorniandv hao been sufficient to convince even the most SCenticii \ h the land is the only thing wanted to make Encla ' what she ht to be friends
oug . My in England will scarcely believe , perhaps , when I inform them tint almost every resident in the country has lu 3 i 0 t ' land . There is scarcely one famil y but what lias suf flcient clothing to change every week for six month / without washing . They have a practice luro wlle ' young woman gets married , to present to the husband dresses and linen of every descri ption to last them for years . This is something worth having the land for Where is the father who can present his daughter with " linen for her use for years in England ? " ifore the son is presented with a portion of land , according to the means of the parents : and the daughter with clothing for her use . Blush , tiicn , you hard toiling sons of the land of the brave , and arouse yourselves from your present state of mental and moral de » rada > tion . Avail yourselves of the opportunity now '
afforded to get possession of the means of destroying the system which has sent thousands to etc-mitv before their time . Myself and a few friends intend ' taking shares ; and as soon as convenient to be located on ( he land . Send me , as soon as you can ,. tlie njie 3 0 f « .. society . I should send you the whole of my share now and also my father ' s , hut a friend is coming to England in a few days , and lhope by that timoto be enabled to send you more . I trust , Sir . that before long , the society may be enabled to make its tim pur _ chase . If every member that could , would at once * pay up the whole of his share , it would soou be done What lies in mi / power to do here , shall be done with pleasure . Let every member do the same , and the work of redemption will soon be accomplished . That that day may soon arrive , when every man can sit under his own vine and his own fig tree , is the ardent del sire of yours , in the cause of democracy , John Su > JWiT "
Fancy Sketch of "WlUUM CAKrENTEU bv his " Friend" and " Co-PARTNEK , " J . B . O'RuiEN .-The following precious morsel , from the last number of the Actional Reformer , will afford no small share of amusement to the readers of the Northern Star . They will find that the most " strange" character of all in this " very strange" world of ours Mr . "Unitm < xlly . spired-against"O'Brien , has , with most " strange" taste and manner , appeared as the DEFENDER of Teargus O'Connor ! Now , not to let the readers of the Su , r know of this fact would be a grievous sin . To acquit ourselves therefore of all blame in this particular , wc give the entire article , so far as it relates to the subject we have named . Itis true that other waiters are contained in the said article—amongst the rest i
"fancy sketch"of Mr , Wiiliam Carpenter , late ;< friend " and associate with Mr . O'Brien , in the " property" of the Southern Star . That sketch will also amuse—coming as it docs from one who formed a " co-partnership" ' with the "CORRUPT" and " seditious" Editor , after he had "actually recommended insmmfio ) i . " Before giving the article itself , we must premise that the occasion of its appearing is Mr . O'Brien ' s ie « tailing , at second-hand , the peurile nonsense of a writer in Lbyd ' s Newspaper against the Chartist Cooperative Land Scheme . In the course of his article Mr . O'Brien quotes the following extract from Lloyd ' s Newspaper , and then comments on it , as immediately follows : — " The name of Feargus O'Connor , Esy ., stands at the head of the society , and it is held by his . followers that Mr . O'Connor says , ' enrolment or registry is not necessary to constitute legality ; ' and that Mr . O'Connor , being a member of the law , ' OUKllt to
know . ' Being a member of the law , he certainly 'onghi to know ; ' hut , unfortunately , his knowledge of the law was not sufficient to protect his disciples from falling under the lashes of the law in 1839 ami 1340 , nor even to protect himself from imprisonment in York Castle , at the same period . "—Lloyd ' s Newspaper . — " These remarks are as unfair and unjust as they wer ? unnecessary to the writer ' s purpose , which was amply effected without them . Had O'Connor and his disciples possessed all the legal knowledge in England , it would not have saved them from imprisonment in WJ-49 , and that simply because the Government had made up its mind to prosecute , and middle-class juries were as determined to convict . In fact , there was not a shadow of legal protection for Chartists at that period , nor protection of any kind save in the insignificance or CORRUPTIBILITY ofthe parties themselves . Lloyd ' s editor will understand this . No man knows better than he
that legality or illegality had nothing to do with the Chartist convictions of 1839-40 . Indeed he has himself recorded the fact , at least scores of times , in sundry newspapers . He know ; that ia 1839-10 , the question with the Government and the middle-class juries was not whether the accused parties had violated any law , but whether their talents , or their virtues , or their influence , had made them Eoruiidable to " the powers that be . " He knows that some of the best men in the kingdom were imprisoned at that epoch , without having violated any law ; while others , who had committed serious legal offences , were let quietly ofl without being prosecuted at all . If Lloyd ' s editor will have proof of this , we need not go beyond the case ol himself md Peargus O'Connor , O'Connor , absurd and
mischievous as his conduct was at that period , did hoi BREAK THE lAW IK WORD NOK DEED , KOH RECOMMEND OTivERSTOiraEARiT . Kotso , Lloj / d'scditor . IlE / meonjunction with Doctor Taylor and Bussey , drew up the most thoroughly illegal and don ^ rerous document thM itsntd from any portion of the CHrlisllody during the whole period ofthe excitement—A DOCUMENT WHICH ACTUALLY RECOMMENDED INSURRECTION— and u-hich , if O'Connor or O'Brien had draion up , woidd have cost them three years' imprisonment , if not transportation . We speak of the Address agreed to at the Arundel , ia September , 1839 . To that address O'Brien ottered his most strenuous opposition , whilst Dr . Taylor and Lloyd ' s editor were the two men selected to revise and prepare it for publication ! With facts like these before bis
eyes ( ot quorum pars magna fnit ) Lloyd ' s editor ought to have been ashamed to taunt O'Goftviov with \\\ % imprisonment in 1839—the more especially as that personage had so many other real sins of a graver character to account for . We could point out , in the Southern Star , or in the Political Alphabet , or in sundry other publications , a / umdred times more seditions and imlicwWe language from the pen of Lloyd ! s editor , than ever fell from the lips or pen ofFeargus O'Connor . The fact is , O'Connor ' s delinquency lay not in his violating the law , nor in exhorting others to violate it ( for he did neither the one iior tfte otftcrj , but in his publicly caressing and patronising the men that did both , and in his basely aiding them to destroy the influenceof the men of mind and principle , who would have saved the movement by
putting down the conspirators . It was not by the violent language of O'Connor , O'Brien , or any one else , that the movement of 1839-40 was ruined , but by the overt acts and illegal proceedings of such men as Taylor , and Bussey , and Harney , and Ncesom , and Lloyd ' s editor , who gave the Government an opportunity of stepping in and laying hold of the principal men . And O'Connor ' s guilt lay not in doing as these men did ( for that he did not do ) , hut in basely conniving at their folly and villauy , and even publicly eulogising them , in order to make them his tools and adherents , and in his suffering them to destroy the good men of the movement , and even the movement itself , in order to get rid of O'Brien , Prost , and others , whose popularity gave him umbrage , but of whom lie always took care in
public to appear the bosom friend . Lloyd's editor is well aware of all these facts ( no man more so ) , and . therefore , Lloyd ' s editor ought to be the very last man iu England to refer snecringly to the victims ' of ISUlMU . ' — National Peformer . —Now , some may wonder at this " strange" proceeding on the part of '' THE / te / or « er . " If they know anything of the man , and know tliat in Lloyd ' s Newspaper some writer or other has been allowed to call in question " TIIE Ueformcr ' s" infallibility , the wonder will cease . We hinted above that " THE Heformer" formed a connection with the man he now " tails so foul on , " a / 4 « rhehaddone all that he now charges him with . The result of tliat connection was , mortal offence on one side at least , which will never be either forgotten or forgiven . We stated on a former occasion
that it was the refusal ofthe conductors of the Xorthen Star to allow its columns to be prostituted to the base purposes of Mr , O'Bvien ' s deadly hatred against "Mr . W . Carpenter , that first embroiled us with the former " gentleman : " and even at this day , so long after the ' * quarrel of the till" between them , the rancour of Mr . " J . B , O'B . " manifests itself on very slight occasion . However , between the worthies he it . We shall see how Mr , Carpenter meets his former " friend" and '' partner . " Perhaps out of the contest will come a full and complete vindication of Mr . O'Connor from the falsities of both , as there has fin the above ) come a refutation of many of the insinuations , inuendoes , and direct charges of " THE Reformer" on former occasions . Pom-hajt or John "Watkixs , by t „ e same o ^ so . "—
The Carpenter of Lloyd ' s is not the only one whose features our bilious artist endeavours to pourtray . Another good "friend" of ours has , by him , been take "'" hand ; and the following is the result of the first sitting — " Wc sec by Lloyd ' s Paper of last week , that the Editor , not content with demolishing O'Connor ' s 'castle in the air . ' has emploied the erudite and fesci" - 'i ' »' £ pen of our friend Watkins-to write dotwi our doctrines on Land , Currency , and Exchanges , and that Mr . Watkins has accepted the EMPLOYMENT . Verily , "e live in strange times . Lloyd ' s Editor has , on scores of occasions , both publicly and privately , professed the
identical doctrines we have preached on Land , Currency , anil Exchanges ; and never , till the week before last , did the profound genius of Mr . John Watkins discover them to be all humbug , demagoguism , and quackery . Verily , we live in strange times 1 ! " Pretty well so far ; but as the " painter in gall" never does things by halves , he adds the following , as a "finishing touch : " - ^ " Friend Watkins has taken us all by surprise- " really cannot account for the sudden change tha' hftS ' come o ' er the spirit of his dream . ' 'Tis a pity . Ft "V though his knowledge is very limited , and his rc ^ sonvh powers eery defective , he possesses abilities enough to M useful , if he would only write on what lie understand
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 28, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_28061845/page/4/
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