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Northern Star (1837-1852), 30th October 1852, Edition 2 of 2, Page 11, LETTER TO THE FRENCH PEOPLE. rThe fo llo...

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    • pElilOCEATIO MOVEMENTS.
    • CO-OPEBATIYE.
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      Peliloceatio Movements.

      pElilOCEATIO MOVEMENTS .

      Letter To The French People. Rthe Fo Llo...

      LETTER TO THE FRENCH PEOPLE . rThe fo llowin g Letter-translated specially for the Star of Freedom , has issued by " I * - Cobras Revolxttionaire , " a Society of French Re-^ y ^ jefagees in London . ] P TO OUR FELLOW COUNTRYMEN IN FRANCE AND IN EXILE . brothers . - ^ are not the directors of opin ion , the chiefs of any seh 00 I fpmen system-mongers , order-grvers , or makers of laws . We are not on , Tumffl itof Mount Sinai , or on the balcony of the Hotel de Ville . We do Vnreiend to publish programmes , and to impose the one onlv truth . Be re-« , « d , for we- b « n no twelve tables , no ten commandments , no fourevange-S or fivecodes ! Weare not dictators , revealers , gods , or prophets ; neither tins nor Cffisor , we do not wish to constitute or to ' govern . We have no more le rigM * the WiU t 0 S 0 ' ° nly th ° Pe 0 ple has that * ' &*• The People mne ° \ s sovereign . alone ii

      „ " « . „„„ i , o ,. ~ or .-o « , ;«« . *« j : „__ x . ^ r .. . Ne ither we nor others , have anything to dictate to the fatherland , to France to ^ sovereign People . The People will know better than we , what they should do L would and could do more than we ; they will be more enlightened , more vo ' utionary , and stronger than any of us . The whole world has more wit than Vbjwjrc . The People have always surPassed their pretended chiefs . With them words of C hrist are absolutely true :-the first are the last , the last are jh * tot . The governed always advance before the governors . Thus the people of lhe lOtli of August desired the Republic , while their governors still desired r ovottv . Thus the People of the 24 lh of February desired the Republic , when their governors wished for the Regency . Thus the People of the 15 th of May , protested against the internal and external reactionary policy of the government ' , gainst the Laraartine manifesto and the 45 centimes . Thus the people of tomorrow will again arise , at their own time , against the government of December

      anc [ pass over all the dwarfs who would cry to them " halt'' or " march !" like Gulliver , they are tied , garotted , at present by the Lilliputians , who have surprised » l » em in their night , in the sleep which they have slept since the days of June ; but they wilt burst , like him , all their irons , all their cords with the first affJ , keninz movement . What hand may restrain the giant ? What voice may bid the ocean rise or fall ? We , exites , drops of water from the popular ocean , lave scarcely left a void for the waves to fill . The young enter the lists when the elder are no more . The tree loses not the leaves that are replaced . None but Kings say " I am the state ! " We do not , like the old emigration say , that we re present France , which can be represented only by herself . Heaven guard us against such a sacriltge ! We have not the ridiculous pride and impiety to think « e have carried away our country in the soil attached to the soles of our shoes .

      We will never return under another banner than that of the people , with another charter than that of the people ' s sovereignty . Seperate members of the body , imperceptible parts of the whole , far removed , forgotten perhaps , humble exiles as we are , we represent nothing but ourselves ; we eari but express our B-ishes , at the mo st our advice ; branches stricken , but not withered , we wish only to rejoin the parent stock , to contribute to the general life , to put in common our faith and our hopes , which are also yours , to re unite ourselves to J'OU by tbe only and true religion of the Sovereignty of the People . Separated from France by all the depths of the seas , arid the height of the mountains , far away , as near , we live always in her life , think her thought , speak her word : we are an echo , distant , but faithful , of the voice of bur country , and we use the liberty that is left to communicate with you , and it is not without

      reason , it will not be without profit that we have been cast upon a foreign land , where the press , at least , is free . Since for the moment , the censorship lias its band upon the mouth of sleeping France , since now we must felicitate ourselves upon our exile , and bless proscription , since the voice of the banished is the only one free at this hour , let it speak ! ' Let it say aloud what each is silently thinking 1 Let it protest in the name of public right , let it proclaim the common principles , let it give expression to the collective aspirations , let it serve

      at last to rally us , to mutually fortify us by an exchange which neither customsofficers nor gend ' arms can prevent , we ia speaking your thought , you in flunking what we speak ! Letitthusbe the organ of the wishes and the wants , the interests and the ideas of all I Let it cry again and again beyond the frontiers , let it hasten , if . it may , the awakening of the people , of all the . peoples , let it make all the democratic and Socialist Republicans of France and of Europe hear that great word—that universal rallying cry— " Revolution !"

      ERIXCTPLES OF THE BErOiDTION . —IIBEBTY , EQUALITY , FilATEIlXITr . The principles of the Revolution are known . They are in every heart ;| they have been on every lip , as on all the walls ; liberty , equality , fraternity . They may be taken for an instant , from our codes , our banners , and our monuments ; but they will never be effaced . from the conscience of men , where they have been engraved by the band of God himself , as the highest formula of human laws . Is it necessary to define them at length ? U it necessary to discuss that which is the sentiment of all ? Is the evidence apparent ? The sun is seen but not proven .

      MBBRTT . The liberty of man has its title in the conscience , and its sanction in responsibility . That which distinguishes man from the brute , is what makes him a a free being , it is the knowledge of himself , allied to a knowledge ^ of good and evil . His conscience makes his right . Thus the constitutive liberty of man , permanently inherent in him . recognised from the time of Moses , and consecrated by the Bible in the old fable of Adam made free and W ^^ e liberty which our fathers justly put at the head of the Republican i formula . liberty is the original right , the elder , first , principal , anterior and simermr , without which there is nothing , neither equality , fraternity , citiaen , or people , not even man . Liberty is life itself . „ ,.. ,,,. „ tSZZL Si to his and to satisfIn

      xigh ^ f man develope putties , y , ™* , The man free , that is to say , master of himsel , * %£ »** <** £ !» " «* may , we say , develope all his faculties , eattsfy all «« ^ af , exe » w » * J » rights , in a word , accomplish his destiny ; the man truly free , ^ o dep ^ neither on space , time , want , or e * ror , on nothing or any one , who , « d pendant only on his own will ! the man thus free , the ^ vere ^ man is ne % *&*» eaualof each , and will be the brother of all . Complete liberty of Necessity brings in its train equality and fraternity . «! , „* :. « religious From the prine pie of liberty , proceed all the consequent *! hbert . es , rel , o « s Marty , civil ? poliLl , commercial , & c liberty of consciences , hbei yj f thou ght of plication teaching , discussion , whatever may be the ^ and the method , the press , the tribune , club , chair , or theatre ; hbe rty of meeting , and of association ^ liberty of vote and action , labour , mdu * y trade , to , «| H «« u ui assuciauon , uuenj « t » ww .. « m ~ - ; viahlo en that a all

      „„ ,, solid , integral , absolute , at once the end and the means ; »*^«™ £ preventative it directed ^^^ . ^ i l ^\ ^^^^^^^ holy of duties . Ah ! may it be permitted us to insist ™ »^ T raeof the excellence of liberty , at the present time specially , w ^ «^™ ™ g collective sovereignty , or authority , one man enslaves f ^ i ^ JV people remember it in the hour of victory ! And when ^^^^ 1 ' berty themselves , they will for ever consecrate liberty , > ndrv du | ™ n * W the only foundation , the sole palladium of collective ^ ereignty 01 Mer £ Man lives in society to augment and not to dimmish his ^' ^ " ^ L fe fellow men , not to set limits to himself , but to ! f ™ g ^^ should be an extension and not a restriction of indmdual " »* % ^ ™ more compressive authority , preventative of the right ; no prevention exercise , but repression of the abuse : liberty and responsibility .

      EQUAMTY . Equali * b the right of justice , aud of equity the ^^ f /^ g' ^ d of u 4 , „ e pnndpte of orte aod of g * . « £ * £ ^ rank in the formula . It comes after and by npwty , as society urn ;¦ u -i by the indWdoal . Moo are equal nol o * ta ££ , m * £ » ££ ten so often said , but above all because they are d . ffffe » t . * m £ < M ? g because « , ey areJn . ted , united because «* £ - £ j- » * £££ ** mm ^ wmi that iulaw of andof humanity ; they are one becau ^ ! ^ m d ^ it be

      « e mLe ^^^^ In ^ ever neen m as never will said- ^ of *!« . - * " -l I „»! r of oxen . Animals are alike , men are equal . Amfe'i ^ Mt & s ««* ***&«& ferently , beduse they hare the same wants , *» «™! "J *'"^ fS t instinct The most elevated reach no higher than a Sock . Man alone rnat « ttX ^ . * tt £ Z ^~^ ° , s & said it relative to man and wile , me iwu c ^ * , A \ f . « % . tte canary unito andtl , , » i , ar « p £ ^ 1 Jg-J ? - ^ u « ch «« " / ««« - « . , . architect is mdispensible to tne necessary to the orchestra as the violm * » - ¦ . : ••? • ¦ - ¦ ¦ . ' ¦ ¦¦

      Letter To The French People. Rthe Fo Llo...

      ^ fcomSathtS ° n r * - Ie ^ t 8 execution . There is ^ ultie ^ and ^ MrliS ^ r ^/ h " ' *? f - ^^ * ants « of are adequate- tt ^ Slr ' - Bl ^ —' the faculties ' ™ d the works w » nZ Z ' m ^ is pro portionate to . the faculties , and the forultiVs ia ih <> Smn US , V ^ ^ ^ ibUtlVe J UStice ' * ^* o ^ Se " qu SS Sknt ?^ ?* VeVfe ( * Cq ,, ality amo " ^ ' men , t ere muHe 5 S ^ by i tly * ° - ^ ' ** W > * ^ ^^

      tion-FRATERNITY . ^ t : tizii 7 ^ ? rder ™^ your masteri n , „ if 0 t equaI a - nd free * Be » then ' the brother of , JHSSS wS my ' ^ ° mwtoP »« V « ^ tai pe . The sentiment h hi tS taend * 'P cannot have birth in constraint or inferiority . Fraternity ttecr ? wn ^^ « 0 ftW 0 , PWn , fawj ! t , B ^ *« y ° the "owiental . woll ,-ns the S nf , / W ° rk ; tt iSthe flame 0 f tt « lighUhouse ; it is the flower , , ' ! . !„! ""? ? * tree of " berty-of the immortal tree , whose roots are in the hpivons nnri *! l ' ' »«« uuiui « ttuw , wuwcruow are in me CheS ° n the of

      , „ , . Tn ^ Z f ! 'a" e «* -the tree liberty . Thus Liberty , ^ quaury fraternity are the three supreme principles of the Revolution ! Behold tne simple formula that tho people , the master-maker of abstractions , has expiessea as the purest essence of human genius . Who has discovered that superior 'Tin , ? 0 person ' buti } » the world . It issued entire from the crucible of r i *!! ! 5 SVeat WOrk 0 f , he great illch ?™ st of the people , that is to say , of Vroa . . i hat French formula , in which each people lias concurred , is the universal rule , the gauge common to all ; it is the standard Mailable , immutable , eternal ; it ls the divine measure of all terrestrial law . All that approaches it is title ; all . hat departs from n is false . Measure , then , the best we can the

      consequences to tbe principles ; let us march straight onwards towards the fixed star which indicates the aims of the revolution . ( To be continued . )

      Political Refugee Committee. —On Sunday ...

      Political Refugee Committee . —On Sunday last , at the Literary Institute , John-street , at the conclusion of an admirable lecture by Mr . Kydd , on the life and character of the Duke of Wellington , that gentleman delivered an additional address , brief but effective , in favour of the , political refugees . G . Julian Harney followed . At the conclusion of the meeting the sum of 21 . Us . 6 d ' . was obtained by subscription at ihe door ; in addition to which there were some individual subscriptions stated beiovy . At the weekly meeting of the Committee it was resolved that the thanks of this body be voted to the Committee of the John-street Institution , for their kindness in permitting the appeal made by Messrs . Kydd and Juljan Harney . The Committee will assemble in the coffee-room of the John-street Institute , on Tuesday evening next , November 2 nd , at 8 o ' clock . Monies received by the Conimittee from October 22 nd , to October 28 th inclusive : —

      £ s . d , ' £ b . d , Collected at the John-street Mr . VJ . J . Linton ( Spartacus ) a 10 0 Institute , Oct . 24 th . 2 14 6 Mr . Hamilton , per A . Walker 0 3 0 Mr . Tmelove .... 0 2 0 Mr . C . Segrave , Croyden . 072 Mr . Kydd .... . 0 10 Mr . J . DeCogan . . . . p 06 Mr . Brinsweed . . . , 0 10 A Dalstonian .... . 0 1 9 Mr . Hayman .... 0 1 0 Liverpool , per W . L . Mr . Harland .... 6 1 0 Costine ...... 0 12 6 Mr . H . Ivory . ... 0 26 Bristol , per B . Newport and Barnsley , perF . Mirfield and J . Parr ... ... 040

      W . Norton . . . , 0 16 0 | Mr . J * Graham Dundee . . 0 10 Finsbury Manhood Suffrage Association . —The members of this Association met at the Finsbury Institute , Clerkenwell , on Sunday , Oct . ' 23 . Mr . Philip Johnson in the chair , several letters from friends in London and the country were read promising support to the Association . The secretary announced the following donations in aid of the funds , Robert Leblond , 11 . ; W . Beaumont , 11 . ; A Nottingham Democrat , 10 s . ; collected in a , workshop , Clerkenwell , 5 s . Th » Requisition of the Committee to open a place of meeting in the Borough of Finsbury , was received , and Messrs Johnson and Lombard , Sveire appointed to obtain suitable premises . On the motion of Mr . G . Lombard it was agreed that this association hold no more members ' meetings in public-houses , such meetings being injurious to . the Association . Several members complained of the calumnious and scurrilous attacks made upon this association , when Mr . Hockley , after commenting on the base conduct of the calumnitors moved that further consideration of the question be adjourned till the next meeting—Agreed to . On the motion of Mr . Morrison it was resolved

      that the thanks of this meeting be given to those gentlemen who favoured the Association with their attendance on the 7 th inst . The meeting then adjourned till Wednesday , Oct . 26 th , then to meet at the Albermarle coffee-house , Albermarlestreet , ato o ' clock , when several important questions will be discussed . Queenshead near Kalifax . —The Hall of Freedom Committee met at Mr . Balmforth ' s , Temperance Hotel , on Sunday last , for the purpose of fixing upon a site for the erection at the Hall , and to make arrangements for obtaining plans and specifications , in order that the shareholders may be called together oh an early day , to give their sanction to the acts of the committee , or adopt some settled plans . Messrs . C . Shackleton and H . Noble were appointed to draw up the plans and obtain the specifications after which * the meeting ; ' W 8 S adjourned to Sunday the ' 7 th of November ;

      European Despotism . — A very large meeting of French residents of New York , was held on Monday evening , pctoberlithy at the Shakespeare ' Hotel , corner of Duane and William-street , for the purpose ' of taking measures to make a public demonstration in favour of- Universal Republicanism . With this view it was proposed and agreed upon to hold Vgrand public mass meeting , have addresses delivered expressive of their sentiments towards the despots of Europe , and afterwards move in procession through the principal thoroughfares ' of the City , with their tlag , upon which is inscribed "Liberie , Egalite , Praternite , and Solidarite . " H . Baseheau was appointed President , Marcel'Deschamp , Yice-Predent , and H . Fayal , Secretary . , It was then moved and adopted to appoint a Committee , consisting of three French residents , and two belong ing to each ' of such nations as were represented , tocohfer and make arrangements for carrying into effect the views of the meeting and the following named gentlemen were unanimously selected as members of

      * that committee . French Eesidents . —H , Rayeneau , Marcel Deschamps , and Mr . Lescomte . Italian Eesidents—Gen . Avezzaha atid F . Fores ' ti . German Residents . —Eugene Lievre and J . Metternich . Polish Residents . —Alexander Maluski , and Paul Cendrowicz . Swiss Eesidents . —E . Matile , and 1 ) 1 . Goublemann . Irish Residents ^—Michael Doheny and Thomas Francis Meagher . The meetin" then adjourned to await the call of the Committee . —Neiv York Tribune .

      Co-Opebatiye.

      CO-OPEBATIYE .

      First Report Of The Society For Promotin...

      FIRST REPORT OF THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING

      - WORKING MEN'S ASSOCIATIONS . ( Extracts continued from last Saturday ' s Star , of Freedom . ) We now come to the Second part of our Report ; viz ., the internal life of the q ' etv . And first , we must remark that all the facts we shall have to notice are iv those which stand out from the routine business of the Society . The reader must not expect to find any mention of the weekly meetings of the Council of Promoters and Central Board , which go on regularly from January t t December 31 st , or of the usual subjects discussed and business done at i meetings or pi * the . many committees" cf all sorts which have been appointed at and " and have done ' or failed to do some work of the hour , or Of the tations of the working-nien to the Society } or of the attendances of deputattans froin the Society at meetings of working-men . " ' ' " .

      ^ \ it was thought necessary oh the one hand , ' for the diffusion of our pnnci-1 to hold meetings for the benefit of strangers , so , for the binding together of ^ ' wn members , and the better understanding of one another and of our work , 0 .. rao , itf , s of from February to July inclusive , 1851 , Conferences of the * piet y were held from time to time , to which only members were admitted . Th e Conferences , we are bound to admit , were with one or two exceptions , f "lures . Whether it was that the tea inducement was wanting , or that the Assof tes ' ^ ere too tired after their work to come conferring , or "( hat the fact of the p ' fgrences being limited to Members of the Society was against them , we know ot " certain it is that the attendance ' both of Associates and Promoters was small arid that the debates were heavy in hand , except when the subject touched upon some peculiar practice in force in an existing Association .

      First Report Of The Society For Promotin...

      The Conferences , as well as the Lectures and Teas , ended in July , and instead e ]? ™ g tnem in the ° W form , the general Conferences which some Members of the Council used to hold some three years ago with working-men , have again been started . These Conferences are open to the public , and the discussions are not confined to Co-operative subjects . They take place at 84 , Castle-street , on alternate Wednesday Evenings at Eight o ' clock . The want of an Association Bank which should guarantee the credit , unite the funds , and facilitate the business of all Associations connected with the Society has , from time to time , occupied a good deal of attention . The Central Co-operative Agency , of which a further notice will be found below , has now undertaken to Bank for the Associations , and it seems likely that it may be able by degrees to do all that is wanted in this difficult matter .

      Another difficult question has occupied the attention of the Societv during the past year , viz ., the conditions upon which apprentices shall be admitted into Associations in connection with the Society . After several discussions upon this subject , a Committee was appointed to consider the question and report to the Society . Their report , as adopted by the Society , was as follows : Resolutions of the Committee appointed by the Central Board to consider tho conditions upon which Apprentices shall be admitted into Associations . Resolved , "That as , in the opinion of your committee , the rising generation have a right to he taught a knowledge of such businesses as are necessary to the wellbeing of society at large , it follows that the payment of premiums with apprentices is unjust in principle , and inconsistent with that community of interest sought to be embodied in association .

      " 1 hat the period of apprenticeshi p being the most important of the whole life in an educational point of view , the Committee are of opinion that the practice of out-door apprenticeship ought to be discountenanced , as not affording the requisite opportunities for moral superintendence . The Committee recommend that , wherever practicable , the home of the manager should be made tho home of the apprentice ; and in other cases , ' the apprentice be consigned to tho care of an associate who may , in the opinion of the Association , be qualified to take such a charge . "That as a general rule , no apprentice be taken under the age of fourteen years . , " That as the time necessary to acquire proficiency in the various trades differs according to their complexity , and the skill possessed , the Committee recommend that the period for each trade be fixed for itself in conference with the rest ; buttliey recommend that the period be not less than four , or more than seven

      years . "That the admission of apprentices into the Association be settled as it now stands in tbe Model Laws . " The Committee deem it inexpedient to give to apprentices a right to profits j but it is recommended that rewards be given for general good conduct , and attentive application to business . " That in cases of serious misunderstanding or great fault , which ordinarily would involve ah appeal to a magistrate , the manager , or tho apprentice , shall bring the matter before the Central Board or the Council . " Apprentices of the age of eighteen shall have the privilege of attending in rotation at the Central Board , with the powers of a visitor . "That in all trades , where practicable , the hours of labour for apprentices under the age of eighteen years , shall be two less per day than those of adult workmen . ' -

      "That these resolutions be submitted to the Council , and that they be respectfully requested to supply the legal conditions for effecting the objects iri view . " We would ask pur readers to consider these resolutions very carefully . We by no means say that the question is set at rest by them , but we think that they are framed in the right spirit , and that the true idea of apprenticeship is brought out by them , at a time when in danger of being lost in . the great trading world . The Society during the last year found it necessary , in consequence of applications from several Provincial Associations , for admission to the union , to frame conditions for the admission of Provincial Associations into the Society , to the effect that compulsory attendance of the manager and delegate of any

      Provincial Association at the Central Board should be dispensed with , and that in lieu thereof , a weekly letter be sent to the Central Board , whenever it should be inconvenient for such officer * or officers to attend ; that no Provincial Associaiion should be taxed to apy assessment , without its consent , except in the event of the publication of any matter or thing conducive to the general interest of the movement , and containing the names and addresses of all existing Associations in union with the Society ; and that Provincial Associations should not vote on any matter exclusively affecting the London Associations , but only on constitutional questions , and questions of general finance ; the vote to be given either by the proper representatives of any such 'Association , or by proxy , being a member of any London Association , or by letter .

      The Tailors ' s Association of Southampton , and the Hatters of Manchester have been admitted into the Society under these conditions . A Library was founded in October last , in connection with the Society . The Report then proceeds ! o give in detail the balance-sheets of the society for 1851 , and 1852 . We have not space to give these documents . The Report continues as follows : — The Society has for sonie time past determined to discourage advances of money to bodies of working-men about to start in Assoetotion , unless they have first shown some sign of preparedness for the change from their old life , and have subscribed some funds of their own . This has been done , because it has been found very necessary to have some proof that men have foresight and

      sclfdeniat be / ore they should be encouraged to associate . Working-men in general are not fit for Association . They come into it with the idea that it is to fill . their pockets and lighten their work at once , and that every man in » n Asso- ¦ ciation is to be his own master . They find their mistake in the first month or > two , and then set to quarrelling with everybody connected witii the Association ,, but more especially with their manager , and after much bad blood has been i roused , the Association breaks up insolvent , or has to be reformed under very r stringent rules , and after the expulsion of the refractory members . One illustration of these positions we shall mention , and one only , as it is useless to ripp up wounds which have in many cases healed entirely . In the first nine months s of our life as a Society we set up three sets of Shoemakers in Association ,

      sup-i-plying in two instance ? the whole of the funds , and in the other all but aboufcit ; 51 . None of the men were picked , we accepted them just as they came to us ; i- „ we gave them absolute self-government , merely reserving to ourselves eertitinn . rights of interference in cases of dispute or mismanagement while any cupitaiil remained due to lis . Each one of these three Associations had quarrelled witlitln and turned out its original manager within six months ; one , the West-EuduN Boot Makers , went to pieces altogether before nine months had gone . The othersrtwo struggled on till the beginning of this year , never paying their way , andidl continually quarrelling , By Jhe joint assent of the Council and the Central-all Board , they were then amalgamated , and some of the worst members werercc turned out ; but still matters went wrong ; until in May last we were obliged byby

      another great outbreak and threatening insolvency , to take away all self-govern-nment from the Associates , leaving them only in cases of tyranny an appeal tt iv the Society against their manager . Their accounts are now submitted to two o oi the Promoters weekly , with a regular balance sheet showing the amount of worbr ]] got up and sold , the cost price of , and profit on each article , by which they ararr able to see that the trade is , properly managed , and to take cave that as higiig ; wages are given to the men as are consistent with carrying on the business . 0 ° 0 » the other hand , in those eases where the men have worked together previousijslji so that they know and trust one another , all goes smoothly from the beginninjiwj the Council has never had one single complaint laid before it by any mombfnbri of the Piano Forte Makers' Association , since that Association was formed , ur nrc

      has it heard a rumour that any such existed . These men had all worked td tec gether under a master ; in the same way the East London Iron Works ( tl ( til members of which had almost all worked together in Easton and Araos ' s slio ] ho ] i ] and who moreover subscribed from 2 / . to 201 . a man before they started ) , Jmvlmvv governed themselves lrom the first with astonishing success , and performed tin thai most delicate operation of changing their manager without a hard word passinsinjij or an hour ' s time being lost . It might be supposed that the high position a n workmen of the Engineers and Piano Porte Makers as compared with the Shoihoot makers , Will account for this , and to some extent it may be so;—but this is ns nm all ; for some amongst the worst paid trades have given us little or no anxieHetv while other Associations of skilled and highly-paid workmen have been as liailiai . i to set right almost as the Shoemakers .

      Where the Associations are successful , the great danger which they and ad aa who are interested in them have to guard against , is cxclusiveness . The A . ssA . ss < 5 < sociates find their own position greatly improved , and tear to endanger it tit tl taking in new members ; they are therefore apt to make too stringent rules as as : admission , and to require payments from new members proportionate to to 11 capital which the Society has gained ; such as few of the most skilful of wor » vorr ing-men can pay out of their present wages . The effect of this willbe'thathatt

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 30, 1852, page 11, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_30101852/page/11/