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Th obviousThe greater of November 3, 184...
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co comftpowurmw.
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MPnrniv"— The pieces headed 'When will r...
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THE PORTRAIT OF KOSSUTH, Presented with ...
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REVIVAL OF CHARTISM. Mr. O'Connor and ot...
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National Reform Lkague. — We are request...
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THE I0ETIERI STAR.. SATURDAY, NOVE2UBER 3, 1949.
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COMMERCIAL FEUDALISM AND SLAVERY. " The ...
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ADOPTION OF THE O'CONNOR CURE FOR PAUPER...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Th Obviousthe Greater Of November 3, 184...
November 3 , 1840 . 4 THE NORTHERN STAR . "•
Ad00408
THE FAMILIES OF TIIE MARTYRS WILLIAMS ASD SHARP . TO THE PUBLIC .-An appeal is respect _fulli- _. bHtearneitV , made to the . Benevolent Public on ' .- . dials of ihe Willows ar . a Children of the late . JOSEPH "fflLIIA'iS and ALEX \ 5 DER SIlAlil \ who , having been _convicleion a _charges SEDITION , were cut off by the Cholera in the prison wherein they were confined . Their untimely and lamentable deaths were nininlj brought about by the cruel fact , that although thc pestilence was _raeins in all its furj at the time , and thc _publications of tlie _lioar < l of Health _emr-natScaliy recommended a generous diet as ouc of tiie necessary _jnvcauiioiis , those _unf-. _Ttunatc men were placed upon the fare of bread and _watsr as a iitaiishment for their refusal to perform that portian of labour which was allotted to them . To this refusal thev were i : istig * . _> ted by no motive of factious opposition to the discipline ofthe gaol where they were incarcerated ; bat simp ly by the deeply rooted conviction that a broad line of demarcation was to be drawn between political prisoners untainted bj dishonouring crime , and the usual class of felons and misdemeanants .
Ad00409
TO BE DISPOSED OF , AT CHARTERVILLE , A ' _"FOUR-ACEE _ALLOTMENT , _pleasantlv situated . Price _j £ _* 0 , the rent _]« id . Also , a TintEE-ACRE ALLOTMENT , the Company ' s demands paid , with an acre of wheat sown , a quarter of an acre of potatoes , carrots , cabbages , turnips , & c with great improvements in the house and outbuildings . The price jt'O . ¦ LMrect to 5 . _Y . Z ., Chartervflfe post-office , Oxfordshire , with a postage stamp .
Ad00411
PAINS IX THE BACK , GRAVEL , LUMBAGO , STRICTURE , & c . _OT _$ E TRIAL WILL PROVE THE value of Ds . BARKER'S celebrated SPEC 1 FC RENAL PILLS forspeedilvcnrin _: raU kinds of pains in lie ba » k , diseases ofthe bmdder , kidneys , and urinary organs generallv whether resulting from imprudence nr otherwise , Price Is . ljd _., _is . ad ., and 4 s . Cd ., per box . They have never been known to fail , and iriU be sent free on receipt of 2 a Sd ., or 4 s . Cd . in postage stamps , by _Dn . DARKER , 100 , Great Russel-street , Rloomsburj-square , London . Full directions enclo . _'wL / _ActuenticTesiimosuis . —Mr . Henry , Moll , says : "They cared me directly . '—Mr . Ernes , Ledbury , writes : 'Tliey are the greatest ' _blessns I have met with . * Dr . _I'lntipS , says in his work on these diseases that they are the best compound for aU these diseases , he has ever met with , he having many times used them with great success . Address Dr . Alfred Darker , 10 S , Great Russell-street , Bloomsburyeq' _^ are , London , where he may be consulted daily from 10 tiU 1 and 4 till S o clock , ( Sundays excepted . ) Advice with medicines for _tl-. e whole cure sent on receipt of 10 s . Those cases deemed _Lvccuahle arc particularly invited .
Ad00410
BALDNESS , WEAK , OR GREY HAIR , WIIISKEF . S , & c MISS COUPELLE respectfully solicits ose _iiiiL oslt of her celebrated Parisian Pomade , for quickly producing whiskers , Ac , restoring lost hair , strengthening and curling weak hair , and checking greyness , from whatever cause . It has never been known to iaiL and will be forwarded _( freej on receipt of twenty-four postage-stamps . —Miss Young , Truro , writes : — "Itbas qpite restored mine , which I had thought impossible , after everything else _hadSuled , and 1 shall never De without some l > y mt " - « r . Bull , Brfll , says : — "It is the only one _tlwthashid the _dearedenect , "—Dr . Erasmus "WUson : — " It is vastly superior to aU the clumsy greasy compounds now sold under various titles aud pretences . There are , however , seinany impositions afoot , that people reluctantly place confidence where it may justly be bestowed . "—Do kot err TOCR COM 3 . —Also will be sent ( free ) , on receipt ot thirteen stamps , her safe , speedy , and lasting care for soft or hard corns , bunions , & c It is never-failing . — Address . Mis 3 COUFELLE _, Ely-place , Holborn , London .
Ad00412
BLAIR'S GOUT AND RHEUMATIC PILLS . Th 3 acknowledged efficacy of BLAIR'S COTJT AS 3 J _U'lECMATlC PU . LS , by the continued series of testimonials which have been sent to and published by * fce proprietor for nearly twenty years , has rendered tins medicine the most popular of the present age ; and in corroboration of which the following extract of a letter _, written by John Molard Wheeler , Esq ., Collector of Customs , Jamaica , having been handed by his brother , at Swindon , to Mr . Prout for publication " WiU fully confirm _;—"Iknowyou have never had occasion to take Blair ' s Pills , bnt let me emphaticaUy teUyou ia mercy to any iHend wbomay suffer from gout , rheumaticgout , lumbago " , sciatica , rheumatism , or auy branch of that -mdely-aUied family , to recommend their using them . In this country they are of wonderful efficacy ; not only am I personally awireofthdr powers , but I see my friends and acquaintances receiving unf . iiUng benefit from their use . I weuld not be without them on account H taken in the early stage of disease they dissipate it . altogether : if in a later , they alleviate pain and eiiect a much speedier cure than _tyanv other means withuinu knowledge . "
Ad00413
HALSE'S SCORBUTIC DROPS . A SURE CURE FOR SCURVY , BAD LEGS , AND DIPURE BLOOD . Another surprising cure by means of Halse ' s Scorbutic Drops . _BECUBATIOS OF TIIE CCABMAN' 3 OF BKEXT , _DEVOX . We , the undersigned , solemnly declare , that before Thomas Rollins , ( one of our parishioners } commenced taking _"Halst ' s Scorbutic Drops , " he was UteraUy coTei _^ _mth _lar _^ e rmiuiug wounds , some of them so large that a person might have laid his fist in tbem ; that before he had finished the first bottle he noticed an improvement ; and that , bv _continuing tbem for some time , hesoteom-
Ad00414
RALLY FOR THE CHARTER ! THE CHARTISTS OF THE METROPOLIS are hiformed that two public meetings during tlie ensuing week will be held , for the election of delegates to the' Metropolitan Conference , ' to beholden oa Use first Monday iu December next The first of the two meeting will be held at the LITERARY ASP SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE , JOHN-STREET , TOTTENHAM-COURT-ROAD , Os Tuesday Evexisg November , 6 ih . Chair to be taken at eight O ' clock . SECOND MEET 1 SO , AT THE SOUTH LONDON CHARTIST HALL , LLACKFRIARS-ROAD , Ox Wedxesdat Evexixg , November Tin . Chair to be taken a eight o ' clock . The Mowing gentlemen will be present , and wiU take part in the proceedings of both meetings : — P . O Cossob , M . P ., Mr . P . M'G » . vrn , Mr . S . M . K _? M > , G . \ Y . M . Revsoum , Esq ., Mr . W . Dixon , and Mr . T . Clark .
Ad00417
THE REV . W . P . BRYAN , late curate of Minster Lovel , Oxfordshire , wishes to receive into his family a few pupils , at £ iQ a year each . References to persons of distinction . Address , schoolhouse , Char terville , Minster Lore ) , near Witney , Oxen . ,
Ad00416
THE CHEAPEST EDITION EVEB _rDBLISBED . Price Is . 6 tL , A new and elegant edition , with Steel Plate of the Author , of _PAINE'S POLITICAL WORKS . Now Ready , a New Edition of p . 0 'OOHHOR'S WORK OS SMALL FARMS SoUbyJ . Watson , Queen ' s Head Passage , _paternoster row , London ; A . _Heywood , Oldham-strect , Manchester , and Love and Co ., 5 , Nelson-street , Glasgow . And h \ aR BookseUers in Town and Country .
Ad00415
Just _PeJblifhed , Price Sixpence . A VERBATIM REPORT OF THE TRIAL OF THE EADIIfiS FOR THE MURDER OF MR . O'CONNOR . Illustrated witfi Steel Engravings of MANNING AND HIS "WIFE . G . Vickcrs , Holywell-street ; J- Strange , Paternoster-row , and all Booksellers in Town and Country .
Ad00418
NOW READY WITH THE MAGAZINES FOR NOVEMBER , No . VI . OF THE DEMOCRATIC REVIEW Of BRITISH and FOREIGN POLITICS , HISTORY and LITERATURE . Edited by G . JULIAN HARNEY . CONTENTS : 1 . The Editor's Letter to the working Classes , on the institution of a Democratic Propaganda . 2 . Social Workshops ; their Organisation and Economic Effects . —By Louis Blanc .
Ad00419
TO BE SOLD , TO THE HIGHEST BIDDERS , the right of locatian upon tlie following farms . AT O'CONNORVILLE—Ose ForB-AcsE Fabm . AT LOWSANDS . —0 _> E Tihsee-Acbe , aud Ose Two-Acre Farm . All applications to be made to the Direotors , at the office ofthe Company , IU , High Holborn , London . By order of the Directors , Thomas Clakk , Cor . Sec .
Ad00420
TO BE SOLD FOR £ 0 . A PAID-UP FOUR-ACRE SHARE in IX the National Land Company . Application to be made to Samuel Boonham , 144 , High _TToIIinra .
Ad00421
t SPECIAL _NOTICE TO TRADE SOCIETIES . A CONFERENCE OF DELEGATES , - ti . to be appointed by the _Metrophtan Trades Societies , will be held in the Coffee Room of the Lit £ Raky and _Scientific Isstitdtio . v , Johx-Stbeet , _Frrzuor-seuAnE , on WEDNESDAY EVENIKG , November 7 th , to consider upon tfcebestmeanstobe adopted to ameliorate the social and political condition of tbe People . Also for the purpose of _eonsifloring upon the most profitable way of giving productive employment to the unemployed of our population , and to receive a proposition on that subject . Chair to be taken at half-past Seven * O'Cwck precisely .
Ad00422
PARS IS THE BACK , GRAVEL , LUMBAGO , & c . ONE trial only will prove the Yaluc of DE ROOS' celebrated COMPOUND RENAL PILLS , for speedily curing all kinds of pains in the back , diseases of the bladder , kidneys , and urinary organs generally , whether resulting from imprudence or otherwise . They have never been known to fan , and may he obtained of all respectable Medicine Vendors . Trice Is . UiL , 2 s . 9 i . and 4 s . Cd .. per boi ., will be sent free on receipt of Is . lid ., 2 s 9 d . or 4 s . Cd , in postage stamps , by Dr . De Roos , 1 , Ely-place , Holborn IBU , London . Full directions enclosed .-Authentic Testimo . viais . —Mr . T . Parry , Ruthin , writes : " Send me a 2 s 9 d box for a friend ; the one I hadhas quite cured mc . "—Mr . King , Aylesbury : "They are a perfect blessing , I have not been so easy for years . " The late Dr . Hope : They are the only thing of the kind I can recommend , having tried them in very masi instances with most gratifying results . I hope they will be largely patronised , as they deserve to be . "—Address Dr . Walter De Roos , L , Ely-place , llolborn-hill , London ; where he may be consulted on all these diseases daily , from 10 till 1 , 4 till 8 ; Sundays , not at all .
Ad00423
RUPTURES EFFECTUALLY CURED WITHOUT A TRUSS ! EVERY variety of SINGLE andDOUBLE RUPTURE , however bad aud long standing may be permanently cured by Dr . BARKER'S remedy , which has been established several years , and used with great success by many eminent members ofthe profession , that its efficacy is established Veyond a doubt Itis easy mid pniiiless in use , and applicable to both sexes of aU ages . Hundreds of testimonials and trusses bave been left behind by persons cared , as trophies of tiie immense success of this remedy , which Dr . Barker will willingly give to any requiring them after a trial of it .
Ad00424
RUPTURES EFFECTUALLY CURED WITHOUT A TRUSS . ' -Dr . WALTER DE ROOS , 1 , Ely-place , _Holbsm-hill , London , still continues to supply the afflicted with his celebrated cure for Single or Double Ruptures , the efficacy of which is now too well established to need comment It is easy in application , causes no inconvenience , and will he scut free on receipt of 6 s . Cd ., by Post-office order , stamps or otherwise . Dr . De R . has a great number of old trusses left behiud by persons cured , as trophies of his immense success , which he will readily give to those who like to wear tliein after a trial of this remedy . Hours . —10 till 1 ; and 4 ffll 8 . —[ Sunday excepted . ) Rev . H . _TVulcott , fflgbamFcrrars , writes : — "Theperson for _nhoni jou sent your remedy is quite cured , and you will be sood euouxh to send mc two move , for others . "
Ad00425
NOTICE . mHE MEMBERS OF THE LATE I _jijfSBURY CHARTIST LOCALITY are requested to meet on Sunday evening , November 4 th , at Mr . Blake ' s , Breadand Biscuit Baker , 85 , Leather-lane , Holborn , _. at _iviifnast «* ven o ' clock precisely , for the purpose of taking _ttpns for re-organising the above locality . v b —The City of London branch of the Land members iiv . ' likewise requested to attend at the above place , to hMv a _renort of the auditors , and on other important busi'"¦ , l " iV . _Alln-utt , Secretary .
Co Comftpowurmw.
_co _comftpowurmw .
Mpnrniv"— The Pieces Headed 'When Will R...
_MPnrniv "— The pieces headed 'When will right _Sp imnt be ? ' 'Haynau _' s Soliloquy : ' _and'AnAddress to Justice and Liberty , ' & c _, & c , aro inadmissible . j W Manchester . —You should consult an Attorney . The i _vHGiiLET District . —Julian Harney lias received 80 s . from Mr . Wells , Keighley , towards the amount due to the Printer , for printing for the late Convention , and has handed the same to that gentleman . The aforesaid sum of 30 s . was subscribed as follows : —The Chartists of Kei"hlcy . 10 s ; do ., of _Bingley , 10 s ; do . ; ef Sutton , 5 s ; do ., ° of Willsden , Ss . —Total , £ 110 s . [ I return my thanks to the good and true men of the Keighley district for their prompt performance of a duty , yet to be fulfilled by the great body of our Chartist friends . —G . _Juiux _Hakset . ] _Juies Williams , Salford . —Received . _ufA-raos Estate . —T . G . P . —Mr . O'Connor will be able to
complete the purchase if tho money comes in . No . 3 . — It will be possible to . purchase without visiting the Estate . Ko . 8 . —It is little more than three miles from the town of Great Malvern . A _Chabtist , Northampton . —It is not at all necessary that a person purchasing a portion ofthe Mathon Estate , should be a member of the Land Company . R . Bsows , Middleton , should have been perfectly aware that no bank in England is more secure—or perhaps as secure as the Land aitd Labour Bank , and he should also understand that no depositor has applied tor his money , without having it by return of post . COXGLKTOS . —I luiVO the pleasure of Informing you that Bill Holme , tlie traitor who took Smith O'Brien is now no more . He died very suddenly on Saturday last . _OIatwsal Association of _United Trades . _—Eamrar . — At top of fifth column , fith page , eighth line , commencing with : — . ' Evacuate their places and arrangements ,
toy social aw } political Tegeneration , is a thing to » e utterly deplored and deprecated . ' Should read as follows : — 'Even into their plans and arrangements for social and political regeneration , is a thing to be utterly deplored and _depreeated . ' J . Sweet , Nottingham , acknowledges the receipt of thc following sums : —Debt dce to Pbinteb—Mr . Hunt , 4 d ; Mr . Knott , 3 d ; Mr . Cliipindale , fid . Ciuimsr _Executive—Mr . Beeton , Chilwcll , Ss . Victim Fund . —From Hutchison , Ss . Fob Widows of Sham ? asd Williams . — Mr . Bend , Is ; G . Tomlinson , 2 d . Mb . G . Logan , Leeds . —I am not an officer of the Land Company , hut have forwarded your letter . As a member I understand , hy the rules , that I may dispose ofthe Scrip , bat I cannot withdraw the deposits . If I was
about to emigrate T should advertise thc Scrip for sale . — W . Rideb . I ' —All letters on the business of the Land Company should be addressed to tlie Directors , at the Office , 144 , llighllolborn . —W . R . _Huddebsfielo . —Received by Mr . S . Kydd—The proceeds of a ball , got up for thc benefit of the Chartist cause , to re appropriated as follows : —Debt due to printer , 10 s . ; for Wm . Cuffay , 2 s . fid . ; for Messrs . Williams and Sharp ' s widows , 2 s . 6 d . ; for Dr . M'Douall ' s writ of error , 2 s . Cd . ; for Mr . Macnamarra ' s action , 2 s . Cd , ; to exempt pr isoners from oakum picking , 2 s . Cd . ; for the families of prisoners , 2 s . fid . All communications for the Chartists to be directed to W . Murphy , at Mr . R . Dewhurst ' s , Aspley _, Hnddersfield , Yorkshire .
Mr . _Peteb Hankattie , Manchester , is requested to communicate with Mr . John Smith , 3 , Lauriston-street , Edinburgh , stating when he intends lecturing in that city . Isaac Wilson . —Your letter should have been sent earlier . Its publication is impossible this week . Mr . James Leach is requested to send his address to Mr , John Skevington , Loughborough . < _pf We arc compelled by press of matter to postpone the insertion ef letters from Messrs . Brooks , Tomlinson , Shackleton , the Greenwich Chartists , and other communications _, uutil next week .
The Portrait Of Kossuth, Presented With ...
THE PORTRAIT OF KOSSUTH , Presented with thc "Northern Star , " being iu great demaud , those who desire to possess that splendid and correct likeness ofthe Hungarian chief , may he supplied on application to Mr . J . Pavey , Holywell-street , Strand . An additional supply has just heen printed , to accommodate those who were disappointed on the first issue .
Revival Of Chartism. Mr. O'Connor And Ot...
REVIVAL OF CHARTISM . Mr . O'Connor and other Chartist leaders will attend the Meetings at John-street , on Tuesday night next , and at the South London Hall on thc following "Wednesday , to elect delegates to the Metropolitan Conference , to be convoked for the purpose of reviving Chartism .
National Reform Lkague. — We Are Request...
National Reform Lkague . — We are requested to apprise our readers , that the next meetings of the recently formed National Reform League , will be held on Thursday evening , the Sth , at the "Wheatsheaf , Hand-court , Holborn ; and . on Friday evening , the 16 th , at the Literary Institution , Johnstreet , Fitzroy-square , 6 . W . M . _Revnolds , Esq ., in the chair .
The I0etieri Star.. Saturday, Nove2uber 3, 1949.
THE I 0 ETIERI STAR . . SATURDAY , NOVE 2 _UBER 3 , 1949 .
Commercial Feudalism And Slavery. " The ...
COMMERCIAL FEUDALISM AND SLAVERY . " The age of Chivalry is past . " Tlie age of Commerce has superseded it . Feudalism , based upon land , has given place to feudalism founded ou trade . In the " olden times , " Royalty reserved its smiles and its honours for the tournament and the battle-field . Up to a very recent period , even in our own country , they were bestowed almost exclusively upon men trained to the arts of war , and the characteristic court spectacle of a landed aristocracy was a review in Hyde Park , or a grand field-day at Woolwich .
" _Nous avons change" tout cela , " —as our French neighbours say—We have changed all that . A new public opinion has been created , and the Court—with true state-craft , if not aii enlightened prescience—is adapting itself to the altered position of affairs . In the person of her husband the Queen takes every opportunity of propitiating the trading classes , and of identifying her dynast y with their prosperity . A few days ago a numerous and highly influential meeting of citizens was held at the
Mansion House , for the purpose of co-operating with Prince Albert in his proposed Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations . This week the Prince , accompanied by the heir to the throne , and by his eldest daughter , has returned the . compliment by attending the formal opening of the New Coal Exchange . The illness of tho Queen prevented her from being present , and so the " loyal citizens " had to comfort themselves as they best could , with the debut of the young Prince and Princess in public , as a substitute .
\\ e are by no means disposed to , be cynical on such occasions , though we may not be able to fall into , or to imitate , the ecstacies of our contemporaries . Dull , indeed , must be the man whoso blood would not be quickened—whose imagination could not be stirred— -b y such a spectacle as that which brightened the Thames and its shores on Tuesday last . It was , in all its accessories , pre-eminentl y national , and calculated to arouse the sympathies , the passions ,
and even the prejudices , instilled . from the cradle into the minds of a people who claim the hereditary empire of the Sea . Few have not endeavoured to realise to themselves the stately and gorgeous festivals of Venice , whou her Doge proceeded to wed the Adriatic ! Those who witnessed the river procession on Tuesday , must have felt that the vision was more than realised , and that , too , in the midst of a city compared with which the " sea-born CYBELE , "zn her palmiest days , sinks into comparative insignificance .
Never , indeed , iii thc history of the world before , has there been an equal population crowded into the same space . Never before an equal amount of wealth brought from all quarters of the globe , and concentrated in one spot . Commercial feudalism may , with some considerable show of reason look proudly round upon its handiwork . It may boast ofthe forest of masts which darkens the bosom ofthe river for miles below London Bridge , and point to the iinuiense docks and warehouses which cover thousands of acres ou each of its banks as evidences of its power . In these warehouses are stored piles of wealth exceeding the wildest stretch of imag ination in the " fa butous ages" of tbe world ' s youth . _Abovebelow-ai-ound-are heaped up masses 0 f treasure , _wmch neither thc eye nor the mind can compass ; pue 8 of wealth which it would seem
Commercial Feudalism And Slavery. " The ...
. were more than enough to satisfy the cravings ofthe whole world . The new Temple of Trade , which was thrown open to its worshippers with so much pomp and ceremony this week , represents a department of industry , which lies , as it were , at the very bottom of all this magnificent disnlav of commercial power and grandeur _, heal sets in motion our mills—railway locomotives-steamers of all _kinds-maehmery and manufactures of every description . It plays the part of the genii in the tales of our vouth . It is as ubiquitous and as obedient to the will of its master ; while it far surpasses its prototype in the nature of the wonders it
works . . ,. Yet , when undazzled by the glitteimg display of Tuesday , we look beneath the surface , what is the state of the class , on whose toilsome and disagreeable labours in the bowels ofthe earth we depend for a supply of this inestimable and essential commodity ? One would think that such toil , pursued in darkness and discomfort , in order to provide the
nation with an article indispensable to all other industrial processes , and to that rapid transit to and from all parts of the globe , which keeps the blood of commerce in motion , wonld be highly honoured , and highly r emunerated . Let the actual state of the mining districts answer , as to the facts . The colliers are the slaves of an intense competition , which , by its < mnding tyranny goads them ever and anon , into that " civilised" state of insurrection
known by the name of " strikes . " At every feasible opportunity a fresh clutch is made at the labourers' subsistence fund . Fines—abatements—per centages of all kinds—lurk in every corner as traps for the unwary , the powerless , or the ignorant . Besides being condemned to work at the lowest level to which competition can drive down wages , the colliers are compelled , also , to pursue their labours in mines entirely deficient of those precautions against accidents aud loss of life ,
which modern science has placed at tne disposal of the coal kings , but which avarice and purely money considerations prevent them from adopting . The consequencs is , that every few weeks we hear of another " appalling colliery explosion , ¦ "• whereby scores , or hundreds of men , are deprived in an instant of life , and thousands of widows , orphans , and other relations shriek aloud in agony , over the blackened and mutilated bodies of their lost relatives and protectors . Then comes the usual Government
Commission and Report — the usual u _Crowner's quest' * ' — ' * Crowners quest " law—and verdict , " Accidental Death ; " perhaps , a gentle censure , or advice , by way of addenda ; and the wholesale murder is hushed up . Everything relapses again into its usual channel . The coal master goes on coining gold out of the toil of the swart miner ; the collier goes on working until the " Davy " gets but of order , or some ofthe numerous elements of destruction which are allowed to surround him , are again called into deadly activity , with alike fatal result . Such is the way in which commercial feudalism treats its serfs .
But we need not have travelled so far as Northumberland or Yorkshire for illustrations . A writer in the " Morning Chronicle , " supplied the day before the . opening of the Coal Exchange , a frightfully graphic picture ofthe state of the labourers who hang about the princely and imposing docks we have mentioned . The article in question forms one of a series on the condition of the Metropolitan districts , which again is but a single division of a series of Letters on " Labour and the
Poor , " which the proprietors have begun to publish with a view to an exposition of the actual condition of the labouring classes . One " special correspondent , " has been charged with the examination of the manufacturing districts : another with the rural districts and a third , as we have said , with the Metropolitan districts . Tho results of these enquiries , and the views ofthe writers , may usefully be reviewed upon another occasion ; meantime let us see how commerce treats her labourers at thc docks .
The writer does not give any statement as to the total number of labourers dependent on the docks for subsistence ; but , that the number of " extras , " as thoy arc called , must be very large , is evident from the fact , that the difference in the number employed on a " brisk day " and a slack day , ' is not less than eight thousand persons I " At one of the docks alone , I found that 1823 stomachs would be deprived of food by the mere chopping of
the breeze . " It is well added , " That the sustenance of thousands of families should be as fickle as the very breeze itself ; that the weathercock should be the index of daily want or daily ease to such a vast number of men women , and children , was a climax of misery and wretchedness that I could not have imagined to exist [ previous to actual examination ] ; and since then I have witnessed such scenes of squalor , and crime and suffering , as oppress tho mind even to a feeling of awe . "
The labourers themselves state , that taking one week with another , their wages do not average more than five shillings weekly , throughout the year , and their wages , miserable as they are , are rendered even more wretched by the character of thc work on which they depend . Certainty , if income is indispensable to regular habits , and the exercise of prudence , economy , and moderation . Where tbe income of a man occasionally rises to fifteen shillings , and at other times sinks to nothing , it would be absurd to look for such habits , or such virtues .
Here is a sketch ( with slight omissions ) of a scene in the immediate neighbourhood of the regal splendour exhibited on Wednesday : — . Entrusting myself to an experienced guide , I was led to one ofthe most frequented and cheapest lodging-houses iii thc neighbourhood . It wis a large outhouse , about the size of a small barn , and about as rudely put together . The nails were unphstered , and the tiles above barely served to coyer it in . In the wet weather we were told that it leaked like a sieve . Around the room ran a long dirty table , at which sat some score of ragged , greasv wretches . The others were huddled round the fire . Some were toasting herrings , others _drying ends of clears for tobacco , and
others boiling potatoes in coffee-pots . I soon communicated to thorn the object of my visit ; and having inquired how many of them then present worked at the docks , I found them ready to answer any questions in a more courteous manner than I had expected . There were twentynine people in the shed , nnd about a fourth were occasional dock labourers . ' I worked at the docks half a day this afternoon , ' said one , _« and all yesterdav , and half a day on Monday-three days last week , and never above two or three days in the week these last nine weeks . ' This one appeared to have been about the most successful of the number ; and when I asked the rest what they did when
thoy were wholly unemployed , the answer was , they were forced to walk the streets all night , and starve . 'There are plenty of us' said another , ' who have to walk the streets of a night , though ihe bunks ( beds ) are only twopence here , and there ' s no other crib so cheap anywhere near . ' I asked those who spoke of having walked the streets all night till daylight what they had done for food \ I ' ve been two days , ' cried one , ' without taste or sup •' and one in the corner , with his head down , aud his chin resting on his chest , cried 'I ' beecn three days without food—haven't had a bit in the world . ' 'AU ! itit ' splacuv hard times in the winter time with us , that it is ' said a youth who could not havo been more than seventeen , ' it all the round
Average year , ' cried a tall fellow in i canvass smock , ' I ' ve worked eleven years in tlie dock as an extra , and it don't give more than 5 s . in the week Why , we ' re very very often three or four- weeks and earn _S " ' ISnid < _yT time _* _„ But _Jonm-ostuat _sometime , ismd 'les , we goes about ohbhi " , _doiir * thine * dov _. i at _llilhngsgate . We gets a twopenny ana a ref halfpenny job very often . If wedoii't Ehat 7 wehSo ' ? rlKv _? _oTfe _? _W fr _^ _vaRnTstrrve _' _L-onifi _^ fti , nrnnn , lt _t . " . !? ht sh ' - crie ' 1 tlie man at the P _^ _sssssssjr _^ tsSi can . ' iregatnei an , r 0 Uiulfov him rf we morc
_uit _*?^^ 80 _?^ _" _!! _fcftntto about their _S a _fSingWoS !'? ° JJ ? m _H i he told me that ' There ' s a 2 , « i _i ° f coffce m ' d that was his supper _, eve _vthin _^ ' _3 _« _" d makes _things' worths of worth _^& _M _ _£ _tw _£ * _? utter ' aud ' _hacca A halfpenny _* ° _™ ot _^ _M _^ farthn ' s worth of _faum'tw _gwctV Wc should think not . *
Commercial Feudalism And Slavery. " The ...
'Look at me , ' cried onei standing up . Thrma _^ literally a _massof rags and filth . _^ f _^ _idnougiJt with shirt were black and shiney as « sailo > f _chw dnougi grease and dirt . 'Look at me ; _^ _. _^" _had "¦ 4 work inthestate I am ? Why , the bestjobJ _^ _£ tl got 3 d , by , aud I don't make above 2 s . od . a weeK no * at theoutside . We couldn't live on _*« gg „\ . we can live on a precious little here . Get a me . _u i farthings . Afartl . _ing's worth of coffte _, afar _hme _£ uoitn of sugar , and half a pound of bread , three fill -things . can _llave aslap-up dinner for twopence ; acomnon onem a _nenny' ' Oh , yes ! a regular roarer for twopence cuea thrbeg _- _garboj-. ' 'Three halfpennyworth of pudding , an * al _^ nn . ywU . _ofg _.-avy . ; 'Or elsewe can have , sad another , ' 2 ilb . of taturs-thafs a _Pen"y ~ "f laf _\ _% _™ { _, I penny bacon-that ' s another penny . That ' s wlM t _» a ew » a _fust-rate dinner . Very often we ' re forced to put u (• uitn a penn ' orth of taturs and a halfpenny liernng-thaU a _three-halfpenny dinner . There ' s a chap here was forced to do to-day with a ha ' p'orth of taturs . He's been _outac since , and perhaps won't come in at all to-night , ueu walk the streets and starve . '
One glance more : it is at the sleepmgplaces of the luckiest of these wretched slaves ofthe competitive commercial system : — Before my departure I went to inspect the'bunks , ' as the bed are aLdffor which they are charged 2 d . per mgh . The dormitory was at first appearance exactly similar to a _« nallSisTeuting chapel , the Visions between _thes beds _standingup like the partitions between the pews . On . u"Sonhowever I _fornid they were iiinch closer the
parsn , , _titionsi being only _twenty-two inches apart . So close , m-S were to bunks together , that 120 oi them were " towed into a place about double the size of a four-sail stable Ai " the bottom of each of these was spread a _Sher a id as I _ivalked round the place I saw many Bhrtfes ' s men stretched there like corpses , m a bed as narrow as a coffin , with another leather to cover The stench of the room was overpowering , and I hurried from the place , indeed a wiser and a sadder man .
" Horrible — horrible — most horrible ! ' ' " mostfouland unnatural ! " mustbethesystem which , in the very midst of almost boundless wealth , thus generates a mass of squalor and vice—of poverty and crime—which cannot be paralleled by the most barbarous tribes who roam the desert . Aud yet the day after this appalling description of . the fearful condition of these wretched outcasts appeared in the "Morning Chronicle . " a scribe , who writes " leaders" for it , overflowed with fulsome , loyal , and patriotic eulogies on the greatness , and wealth , and happiness of this favoured
nation ! All the other organs of the moneyocracy , of course shouted in chorus in praise of the god Mammon . But the system which thus murders the masses of the population , soul aud body , must be stripped of its gaudy robes , and exhibited in its naked deformity . Mankind must not be content to exchange the serfdom of the landlord for that of the money-lord and tho merchant . The Sovereign and her Consort should be reminded , also , that they have higher duties to perform than even to foster and encourage a commercial greatness , the benefits of which are monopolised by the few .
'' Train up thy children , England , In the ways of righteousness—and feed them With the bread of wholesome doctrine . Where hast thou thv mines—but in tlieir industry ? Thy bulwarks where—but in tlieir breasts ? Thy might But in their arms ; Shall not their Numbers , therefore , be thy "Wealth ? Thy Strength ,-thy Power , —thy Safety , —and thy Pride ? . „ _, , O Grief ! then—grief and shame , If in this flourishing land there should be dwellings Where the new-born babe doth bring unto its parents' souls , I * o joy ! where squalid Poverty receives it at its birth , And on her withered knees Gives it tho scanty bread of discontent . "
Adoption Of The O'Connor Cure For Pauper...
ADOPTION OF THE O'CONNOR CURE FOR PAUPERISM BY THE GOVERNMENT . _Noae of ouv readers can have forgotten the unqualified condemnation of the National Land Plan by Mr . Raven , the Poor Law Commissioner . He repeatedly assured the Siilfififc Committee of the House of Commons ,
that small farms and spade husbandry must inevitably and irresistibly pauperise every family that relied upon them as a means of subsistence . The Laud , so far from fructifying and improving under such cultivation , would rapidly and seriously deteriorate , and even il the occupants did not pay a farthing of rent , in the course ' of two , or , at most , three years , the whole of them would have to seek shelter and relief in tho workhouse , In short , small forms and spade labour , to this " learned , " " experienced , " ' and most positive gentleman , were synonymous with " pauper warrens , '' and ought to be discouraged by all means , as tending to thc degradation and impoverishment ofthe people .
Truly and properly docs Mr . 0 Connor so frequently reiterate , " The foolishness of to-day is the wisdom of to-morrow . " * YVe have now ly ing before us " The Minutes of the Committee of Council on Education , with Appendices , presented to the Houses of Parliament by Command of her Majesty , " in this present year . The said " appendices"' consist of the reports of five inspectors to " My Lords " of the committee , as to the present education ofthe pauper children within their respective districts , and the means they suggest for its improvement . These Inspectors , be it observed , may be looked upon as essentially a portion of the machinery for working the Poor Law , because , though transferred to the nominal control of the Committee on
Education , they arc , m effect , carrying out the Educational Department of the Poor Law Commission ; and , looking at the instructions given to them , there can be no doubt but that their reports are meant to give support and authority to the pre-determined plans , both of the Committee and the Poor Law Board , or , in other words , the Government . From tho beginning to the end of this state document , we are continually reminded that the great object is to diminish pauperism effectually , by introducing into full operation
" those moral agencies which the authors of the Poor Law Amendment Act have been accustomed to plead ' as the true means of elevating the poor . " The most powerful and lasting of these " moral agencies , " in the estimation of the Government , is to bo found in the improved education and industrial training of pauper children . " To overlook this impvovement , " says Mr . Kay _ShuttlewpitTii , " will encumber the workhouses with vicious youths , reared in ignorance and idleness , to be a burden to the country , either in its workhouses or its gaols . "
What are the specific means recommended for this object ? District Schools and Spade Labour—the thing which Mr . Raven said would breed paupers . The Inspectors , while citing authorities , and arguing earnestly in favour of tho latter , never allude to Mr . O'Connor , or his writings on tho subject . He can afford to laugh at the omission , when he sees them adopting his principles , support * ing his data , and carrying out his objects . Let us , as briefly as possible , give va few examples from this governmental authority of the physical , moral , educational , and economical advantages of spade husbandly .
Mr . Tumeli , Inspector of the Metropolitan Districts , after noticing the stunted growth , less healthy look , and inferior physical developement of boys in workhouse schools , as compared with the girls , attributes the difference entirely to " the want of appropriate industrial work for the boys . " "In-by far tlie majority of workhouses the boys aro exclusively employed in shoemaking and tailoring , ov other sedentary occupations ; opportunities
for athletic sports aro rare , and thus at an ago when the frame is forming , and exercise necessary to its full developement , they are kept in a way that readily accounts % their inferior physical appearance . In some country establishments , where the boys are more cmployed in field labour , this inferiority of appearance is not perceptible , and this fact confirms my opinion as to thc true cause of this marked difference of . the sexes in some
workhouses . " " Hence , _with a view of securing tiie health of the boys , garden or field labour is , I am satisfied , superior to most other , and if we view the subject with reference to their probable destination in after life , the utility of this species of employment becomes still more
Adoption Of The O'Connor Cure For Pauper...
obvious . The greater proportion of workhouse children will have to gain their livelihood as agricultural Mowers , and where thev arc engaged in other occupations , tlicgeneral practice of annexing _allotments to cottages , renders a knowledge of gardening of no little importance to the t enants . / met with a slioemahr in Kent who trom a quarter of an acre had RECEIVED TES _POUNDS f » _ftim ftff the _W _0-ducejmn Jan ( Q J P » 1
7 \ v \ HI ? the defects ofthe eresent Workhouse Schools , and their nece Sv deteriorating _iuflucuce on the children Mr _Tufnell proceeds to _sav-J ' An" « ' •' and difficulties above enun _^ 1 ( _£ J * easy and appropriate rcmedv lw « , _« _£ I _IfinTnfV ' _^^& ITZ 10 thand 11 h _Victor S 8 . Tha At enables neighbourmg Unlous to _fojfc ommonSchool ; and I cannot but think that its provisions ld
wou , _cro this , havo been called into action , had guardians sufficiently considered the advantages of such a consolidation Where a large body of children is collected an expenditure for their accommodation may ' he justified , which would be ruinous , and almost impracticable , on a small scale . A sufficiency of land would , of course , be attached to such an establishment , and thus their health and industry would both be cared for in the be _^ t
iray . As the best rotation ot crops , _savinomanure , & c , would be a special object of attention , the produce might be expected to be very large . The greater part of the food re . quired would , in fact , be raised by the labour of the children ; and , hence , a material reduction in the cost of keeping tnem would accrue . The application of spade husbandry , under intelligent guidance , would cause a far greater saving in provisioning such an establishment than many persons would imagine . I found that one boy at Tunbridge Wells bad made from
the twentieth part of an acre , two pounds twelve shillings profit in a year , deducting all expenses . In a Union in East Kent—which during the year , had never more than forty-five inmates in it , and , consequentl y , not more than ten or a dozen boys , able to work—430 sacks of potatoes had been raised iu the course of thc year : after supplying all the inmates with vegetables , the remainder had been sold for 151 . "
Contrast this mode of bringing up the youth thrown on the charit y ofthe country—whether , with reference to its moral or pecuniary re ' _, suits—with the following , by the same inspector : — " A pauper boy , not taught to be ho nest and industrious , will , in all probability , be a burden on the parochial funds , in after-life and may cost his parish 300 ? . or 400 * . before he dies . _^ If , as is too . often the result in such cases , his bad training leads him into criminal courses , he will plunder society out of
about 25 s . Aveekly , or 65 / . a year , according to the estimate in the constabulary report . If ha gets stopped in his career by being committed to Parkhurst Prison , he will cost the country , about 211 , per annum , besides the expenses ' of his conviction ; and , if placed in any other prison , or transported , his yearly cost to the country may be double or triple that sum . " " No money seems to return so good an interest as that ivhich is laid out in securing the morals of the labouring classes . "
Mr . Bowyer , the Inspector of the Eastern and Midland Districts , supports these views at great length , and with much ability , besides graphically " showing up" the defective—if uot absolutely mischievous—results of thc present modes of supplying an industrial training . One objection to teaching boys shoemakiiig , tailoring and similar trades in workhouse schools , is that it leads to overstocking the market with shoemakers and tailors ; and , consequently , does not secure the object iu view , namely , to render the pupil self-supporting . This does not apply to agricultural
industry , which , in the first place nerves the body and mind ofthe labourer for healthy and hardy exertion , and in the next , enables ' him , on a small plot of ground , to earn his own subsistence . Mi ' . Bowyer gives detailed estimates ofthe cost of a District Union School , and a Farm attached to it ; tho general result of which is , that while they would provide for the instruction and industrial training of the youthful poor , in an infinitely superior manner , the produce from the farm cultivated by spade labour — and the saving of money by the consolidation of the educational and
industrial departments—would cause both an immediate and prospective saving ; and , ultimately , such establishments mi ght be self-supporting . " I am , says Mr . Bowyer , " confident that agriculture would form by far thc most advantageous employment of the children ' s labour ; and , on account of its superiority as a means of industrial training , that the farm should form the principalfeature of th school . Spade husbandry is obviously the kind of agriculture most adapted to an industrial school . "
In support of this . opinion , the Inspector proceeds to prove by well ascertained facts , and the opinions of tho best authorities , that it will also yield tho greatest profit . After quoting from Dr . Yelloway , Mr . Mitchell of Suffolk , and Professor Cutiibert Johnson , passages in favour of spade husbandry , ho cites the following remarkable instance of its value afforded by the monastery established among some barren hills in Leicestershire , under the title of St . Bernard ' s Abbey . "By means of the spado , those monks have raised an estate of 198 acres , consisting partly of stone , and partly of bog , and of which the cost price was only £ 9 per acre , to the present value of between 50 L and GO ? , an acre . "
Another striking illustration is to be found in the experiment made by Mr . Alloway _' ' formerly governor ofthe Tendring workhouse ; the condition iu which he found the land belonging to the workhouse is thus described— " Before the house was built , it was a heath called the Hundred Heath , belonging to theLord ofthe Manor , and for many years the neighbouring farmers , when requiring earth for their manure heaps , had carted large quantities of the top soil for that purpose . On the Guardians obtaining
possession , one part of their contract was to find earth for making bricks for the house . The heath supplied the whole , and when the house was finished , a large sum was paid to level the ground ; the situation being damp _, some hundred loads of earth had been previously carted to raise the site of the house , leaving many parts ofthe heath entirely bare of soil ; indeed the nature of the soil was so proverbially bad , that the Guardians , not thinking it worth cul tivation , had the greater part plauted with oak trees , and in this state I fouud it on taking office in 1840 .
" This land , consisting of five and half . acres , was cultivatcu by the boys with the _following result : — In the year 1339 , the sum expended for potatoes _; [ for the house ] , was £ 57 . For the last six years _i ihis sum kas been saved , besides gaining £ 3 or £ i for ? potatoes sold . Thc paupers bave also had the bene- - fit of a change of vegetables ; cabbages , carrot ? , , parsnips , turnips , onions , and leeks ; clover , oats , , lucerne and tares , nearly sufficient for one horso a for the year , have been grown for tho last four r years . Last year £ 7 12 s . % vas received for ivhcat sold . f . Several pigs kept on the premises have also been n partly fed by the produce ofthe ground . " Mr . Huust , r , chairman of tho visiting committee of tha ia Bedford union , states that the net produce of three ; _a
acres , cultivated by the able-bodied men , averages _js nearly £ 17 an acre ; as much also is made by tho io Guiltcross union . Mr . BowYKK adds , " I nave ad * J * duced this ovidence toshoiv the productive power of of spade husbandry on land which would yield no profit k to the plough ; not as examples for imitation in the ; ie quality of the soil . I am , on the contrary , con- nvinced that the better the soil the greater would be tha the profit derived from it ; " and , in support of thisopin « in « ion , ho adduces the following instances , —An aged _? ed and infirm cottager named _j ohnBumbroll , residing ling at Javington , near Eastbourne , produced his ac- accounts before the Select Committee , on Allotments _^ nts They proved that in the year 1840 , he obtained o _» doi three acres of land , viz . two and a half arable and ant _luatf _auawepsstoc , anetpo _^ t o ! £ 23 Us . U _,, on ., c I nearly £ 8 cm acre . In the year 1841 , he again , om , o
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 3, 1849, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_03111849/page/4/
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