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{ THt N^RTHE-RN tfftA'fc . _.,,..._^^. A...
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nOTHOMiiS COOPSa, THS GHASTIST'S WOKKS.
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¦KM^WNMMI««anUIWIMIM«M-WM>m«MMlMn)nK THE JSUKTHEKN STAR. SATURDAY, APRIL 4, 1846.
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STRIKES IN LANCASHIRE. Another of those ...
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POLISH PROPAGANDA. " Tiik insurrection i...
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PARLIAMENTARY REVIEW. Tub debate and div...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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{ Tht N^Rthe-Rn Tffta'fc . _.,,..._^^. A...
{ _THt N _^ _RTHE-RN _tfftA'fc . __ .,,... __^^ . April 4 , 1846 . 1118
Nothomiis Coopsa, Ths Ghastist's Wokks.
_nOTHOMiiS _COOPSa , THS _GHASTIST'S WOKKS .
Ad00407
To he had of John Cleave , and all booksellers , ( Price One Shilling . ) TWO ORATIONS AGAIXST
Ad00408
OOWSSEUM _^ OT lC _^ WUg _^ _- _*?* _- - SlOiN DURING THE HOLlims * .. Day Bsi : _ibition . " ,,,,,,.. 2 s , 6 d . Evening Do . ...-a- " j „ Children uuder Twelve _^ _^^ _nrXS EXHlBiTib _\ v ' consis ' trof ' a . e _iluscm of T _-ulnurf S _Pictnra of London , Alhambra „ "" _« r _!« ' _Gorgeous Gothie Aviary , Classic Ituins , _? _-T _^ _S « J- *""* - _** , h Mountain T 01 ' rcnt _- IT A ¦ oTvnArm T _« i till _Xw o'Clock . EVENING . — T ,, e new and extraordinary Panorama of _bosnos _nrX _/ GUT , Museum of Sculpture , Conservatories , and Gorgeous Gothie Aviary , « 5 * c , brilliantly illuminated ; Swiss Cott . ig < _N _Jlont _JJlauc , and Slouutain Torrent represented by Moonlight . Open from Seveu till a _Quartcrjuist Ten o'Clock . A eitA . _vn _OiicuESTfli _Obcaji , « n which the most _adniirnd _vei-tubes , ic _, arc played , from Two to Pour ami from Eight till Half-past Ten o'Clock . Th * whole projected and designed "J" Ilr . William - a weU .
Ad00409
A GOOD FIT WARRANTED . UBSPELL AND CO ., Tailors , are now making up a complete Suit of Supariine Black , any size , for £% ; . Superfine West of England Black , £ 3 10 s . ; and the very bes : Superfine Saxony , £ 5 , warranted not to spot w change colour . Juvenile Superfinv Cloth Suits , 24 s .- , Liveries equally cheap—at the Great Western Emporium , Nos . 1 and * . _' , Oxford-street , Loudon ; the noted house for good black cloths , and patent made trousers . Gentlemen can choose the colour and " quality of cloth from the largest stock in London . The ar t of cutting taught .
Ad00410
TO TAILORS . Sow ready , m i : * - LONDON and PAIMS SPRING and SUMMER JL . FASHIONS , for _lSld . By approbation of her Majesty Queen Victoria , and his ltoyal Hi ghness _Princ-Albert , a splendidly coloured print , beautifully executed , published by BENJAMIN READ aud Co ., 12 , Hartstreet , _llioomsbury-square _, London ; and G , B « _-ger , Uolywell-street , Strand , London . Sold by the publishers and all booksellers , wheresoever residing . This superb Piint will be accompanied with full size Riding Dress
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BOND'S PERMANENT MARKING INK . THE ORIGINAL , WITHOUT PREPARATION . For writing Initials , Names or Ciphers , upon Linen , « fcf for the purpose of Identity . THIS Composition unites every requisite , aud is adniitwd to bo tha only article similarly used , the mark of whieh does not run in the wash , and which has given satufaetion to every purchaser , it being universally preferred for irs fixity and neatness of impression . _Prepared by the Inveutor , Johu Bond , chemist , 28 , Long-lane , Wust Siuitltueld , and sold by most _btationsrs , ic . Pries ls . per bottle .
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DAGURREOTITE AND CALOTYPE . _11 I 1 E APPARATUS , LENS , CHEMICALS , PLATES . CASES , and every other articl . used iu making and mounting the above can be had o f" 1 . Egerton , No 1 , Temple-street , _Whitefriars , London . -lescriptive Catalogues _gratis . LEKEBOUKS' celebrated ACHROMATIC TRIPLET _LEXdliSfortbeiliCROSCOPB , sent to any part of the country at the following prices : —Deep Power , GOs . ; Low Power , _2-3 S . Every article warranted .
Ad00413
Just published , by the Executive Committee of the National Charter Association , Parts I . and II . of rpiIE POLITICAL WORKS OF THOMAS PAIXE ; JL tu be regularly _continued until completed . This edition of the works of Paine bas the meri t of being the _cin-apest and neatest ever offered to the public . It will consist of five parts , stitched in wrapper , at sixpence each ; and will bu embellished with a beauiitul vignette o : the author , engraved exclusively for this work . Loudon : Cleave , 1 , Shoe-lane ; Heywood , Manchester ; and all _hooltf ellu-s and agents of the Northern $ tar . IV . B . Orders executed by T . M . Wheeler , General Secretary ; and by the various Sub-secretaries throughout the country .
¦Km^Wnmmi««Anuiwimim«M-Wm≫M«Mmlmn)Nk The Jsukthekn Star. Saturday, April 4, 1846.
¦ KM _^ _WNMMI «« _anUIWIMIM _« _M-WM _> _m « MMlMn ) _nK THE JSUKTHEKN STAR . SATURDAY , APRIL 4 , 1846 .
Strikes In Lancashire. Another Of Those ...
STRIKES IN LANCASHIRE . Another of those pcrioaical struggles which mark the unnatural aud hostile relations which exist between Capital and Labour under the present system is now going on in Lancashire . The battle originated in Manchester , in consequence ofa demand by the carpculers and joiners of that town , giving notice to their employers _ihat on and alter the 1 st oi March they would require an advance of sixpence a day . Tiie reasons for this demand were , that the trade was iu a flourishing st ; te ; that an advance _owages bad been given in other districts ; and that in other trades . wages had either been increased or the hoars of labour curtailed .
To this notice , which was given on the 1 st ol January , the masters returned no answer until the 27 th of February , when they intimated their willingness to give an advance of two shillings per week upon condition that the hours of work per week , which were last autumn reduced to fifty-seven thyear round , should bo increased to sixty—the old number . To this proposition a negative was unanimously returned by the men , on the ground that the increase of the number of working hours would tend to produce a surplus in the labour-market , and
thereby inevitably bring about a reduction of wages . A strike was the consequence . The masters in the other building trades learning that their workmen were insisting the carpenters , gave them notice to have , and at the end of the week 4 , 000 bricklayers , sinters , plumbers , glaziers , painters , plasterers , and their labourers , were thrown idle . The masters iu these trades united for the purpose of aiding each other in resisting the demauds of their workmen ; and , wilh an inconsistency not unusual with selfish and angry people , called upon them to break up the Tiades' Union at the dictation of a Masters '
Union : The contest was not , however , confined to Manchester . Acting upon the aggres-ivc policy of their brethren iu that town , the employers in Liverpool and "Birkenhead demanded that their workmen should _si'iii the following declaration * . — " We , tlie undersigned , do hereby declare tbat we are not , or will not remain members of any Trades' Union * , or of olhtr societies , uuder whatever designation they may be known , which have for their objects any interference with the rights of labour , or wilh the arrange-. 'avuts that may be entered into between employers and no' _-knim . And we further declare , that we will not
appropriate , and , as far as wc are able , will not permit to be appropriated , for the purpose of supporting a turnout here or elsewhere , amongst the building branches _> . r oilierw _-i & _e , _ani sum or sums of money _belonging- to any sick , burial , ov other _tocit-ty which has been established for _i-L-ii-volciit purposes alone . " And upou ihtir refusal to do so , upwards of 3000 were turned out in Liverpool last Monday . While writing , we learn that this war against Trades ' Union * , on the part of the masters , has extended into the West Riding of Yorkshire , and that 330 joiners Lave been turned out ia Bradford for declining to sign the declaration , being the whole of that bod y ia ihc town with the _exception of lour
foremen . It will be seen , therefore , that , in this instance , the blame of the distress , disorganisation , bad fecliu « , and oilier usual _concomitants of a general and exitus _' _ne strike , cannot be thrown upon tiie men . Tht waiters are the peace-breakers , the _ag-, Tessor . < ; and the wanton , as well as unjustifiable _nature of their attack , is all the more conspicuous , because , in the _manifesto in which the Liverpool employers announce their determination to compel their men to sieu the declaration , they have the Mowing pas-
Strikes In Lancashire. Another Of Those ...
sage , wliich we give exactly as it stands in tht original : — 'ihey hold that justice to the public as well as to the operatives , requires that ladoub as well as CaPITAIi _SR ALL bb tree ; that every man ought to be at perfect liberty to dispose of his labour , which is his capital , when , where , and as he pleases ; that it cannot be for tbe advantage ofthe working classes themselves thata dictatorial inquisition should be established , and that an irresponsible agency should exist , to create a monopoly , and tax tbe industry ofthe many for the bench * t of the few .
It is strange that it should not have occurred to some of these Solons , in the midst of their blind rage against Trades' Unions , that the above is as applicable to their own conduct as it could have been , had the Trades' Unions been the aggressors , whicli they arc not in this quarrel . How , in the name of common sense , can labour be _frek if tho masters establish " a dictatorial inquisition" whicli is to take _cognisance of the manner in which tlie labourer
spends the money ho has honestly earned , and dictate the course he is to pursue with respect to the most private and most sacred of his rights ? The whole affair is so preposterously absurd , so glaringly tyrannical , that nothing , save the blissful unconsciousness of tlte monstrosity of the proceedings under which these gentlemen arc labouring , could offer any palliation—if that circumstance car . be accepted as such .
The tone of the papers through which they express their feelings is also curiously illustrative of their total want of comprehension ofthe wrong position they have assumed . The Liverpool Times talks of the masters having " determined fairly to take the bull by the horns , and at once to put an end to the turn-out ; " of their '' hope thus to strike at the root of the evil b y cutting off the supplies which the men now are sending to those who havo turned oat . " This is _strange language for a free trade paper—for an advocate of the right of everybody to do what he likes with his own—to buy in the cheapest and sell in the dearest market . Or do these staple doctrines of the political economists only belong to the favoured class of masters ?
It is occurrences such as these which make the working classes suspicious of the flaming patriots who preach up " cheap bread and free trade" as the panacea for all grievances . They know that these very patriots are ever foremost in the warfare against the rights and comforts ol the working men , and they believe that their principal object in urging forward the change , is to have an opportunity of growing more speedily rich through the means of the unbridled and unregulated competition which will thereby be introduced ,
If anything could stimulate the trades of this country to persevere in their old course of maintaining Trades' Unions for protection against aggression , it ivould be such conduct as that of the masters upon this occasion . They have thus forcibly brought home to their senses the unsleeping nature of the foe against whom they have to contend . The fine _geteralisms in which certain pseudo-philosophers indulge as to the identity of interest between Capital and Labour are demonstrated to be practical falsehoods . There is a natural and indestructible antagonism between these two elements , which must continue so long as labour is a commodity to be bought by the former .
Our sympathies are wi _' . h the labourers in this struggle , and they have our heartfelt wishes for success . This is not the time for us to reproach them wi . h inattention to the great _piincipics _, political ami social , which for years this journal has urged u { . on their notice ; but we cannot refrain from reminding them that political privileges are the best safeguards of social rights , aud that until the course of action be adopted of uniting their own skill , capital , and intelligence , in manufactories , workshops , and farms of
their own , they will be unable effectually to cope with machinery and capital , monopolised as these now are by a few men who have the same interest in crushing labour everywhere . The measures organised by the Trades' Conference last autumn , and the Chartist Land Society , offer to the trades the means of doing this ; and if they understand their own permanent in ten sts , tliey will , immediately on the termination of this struggle , make these associations NATIONAL in their scope , and in the numbers , wealth , and energy at their command .
Polish Propaganda. " Tiik Insurrection I...
POLISH PROPAGANDA . " Tiik insurrection is over , " say the German papers ; the " ili-timed struggle is at an end , " say the London journals . Il' it be so , it is some consolation to remember that that stiuggle has been not altogether uunoticcd in this country ; nor has it passed without the voice of the English Democracy having been raised in hehalf of our persecuted and unfortunate , but gallant brethren . We say the English Democracy , because we dure assert , confident that wc assert truly , that the London meeting represented the sympathies , sentiments , and wishes of the great niiyjority of tlie people ol * this country . Why similar meetings have not taken place elsewhere , we shall explain presently .
The convenors ot the meeting postponed it till the eleventh hour , in tiie vain hope that the "aristocratic , " " parliamentary , " and "respectable" patrons of the Polish cause would have taken tiie initiative in this indispensable demonstration . But it was " not tlie time . " Lord Dudley . Stuaut " could not see that au cxprtssion of public sympathy would be advantageous to the Polc 3 at the present moment , "
Dr . _Bowi-iso . " doubted whether a demonstration at this juncture would aid the Polish cause . " In fact , none but the working men felt sufficient _iutci est in Poland to consider it " the right time" to express their sympathy . They came , and such a meeting was holden a 3 , for numbers , uiianimity , enthusiasm , and eloquent appeals in behalf of the principles ol eternal justice , Isas but rarely been seen in the metropolis .
The good results of the meeting wero immediately apparent . Of the nine daily papers in London , six reported the proceedings ; and although some of the reports were meagre enough , they aii contained the resolutions adopted . The editor of the Morning Advertiser ably defended the meeting , remarking that , " if sentiments were uttered disagreeable to the upper classes , and especially to those distinguished persons who have been accustomed to speak [ or dance ) in behalf of Poland , they have themselves to thank , lt is easy for them to hold meetings , and niauacc the work iu their own way . " Again— " The
Poli _.-, li question is a peoples Question . The people moved , it will be practicable to move the Legislature and the Government . Let us _tlienldetermiiie , as a people with Spartan resolution , that we will entertain this question , and that we will decide it . Let there be meetings , large , honest , enthusiastic , and unanimous , in favour of our oppressed brethren , and let our government understand that the people oi England are determined that their sentiments slmll liud admission into the Cabinet of St . Petersburg ]! Wc must be the advocates of tke feeble against the
strong , of the oppressed against the oppressor , of the brave and the patriotic against the cowardly and cruel forces of the North—or eke the day will arrive iu which all virtue and right will be borne down by the same ruthless forces which have crushed and ground the unhappy Poles . " These arc generous _s-mtiincnts , and do honour to our contemporary . Another paper , the Sun , in tlie course of an article on the meeting , declared that " ihc assembly was precisely what it should have been , especially as being the representative of the sentiments entertained in this vast metropolis . "
On tlie other hand , the meeting did not escape the malignant assaults of the Times and the Daily News . As regards the latter , we may observe , that being in its _dcatli-throes , tlie genteel twaddler of Fleet-strcet may he excused for its raving insolence , or rather its burlesque attempt at aristocratic exclus ' wcness , in denouncing the " heated , ignorant , and illiterate followers oi Fbahgus 0 _'Cos . nok . " The meeting was ail wrong , " Because , " says the Daily Neivs , " men of education and note were absent . * ' Now , as our readers know , all the men of " note" who had patronised the Polish cause , or at least the " Polish Balls , "
Polish Propaganda. " Tiik Insurrection I...
_wvre invited ; and amongst the men wlio give themselves airs about their education , " _Cuarlks Diciens and _Douous _Jeiii-old , reported to bo two of the conductors of the Daily News , wore invited , but their " education"i ' ailed to teach them the common civility of oven replying to the letters sent to them ; a piece of genteel vulgarity which not one of tho " illiterate followers ' of Fearous O'Connor" would have been guilty of . But we will not waste further words on this abortion-evcrybody in London Ls aware that its days arc numbered .
The Times' abuse was of a different character , The Thunderer denounced tho Chartists as the representatives of tho " holy brotherhood of revolutionary France ; " the raisers of the cry of " death and ruin to kings , and thrones , and ancient institutions ;" champions of " the sovereignty of the people ; " and last , not least , men guilty of the crime of " speaking to the heart , not the judgment—appealing to the sympathies and sufferings of the humane and oppressed . " "From these , " says the Times , "the Chartist expects the responsive echo , and ( alas ! for the folly and weakness of human nature ) too often he
receives it . " Alas ! poor Yorick —alas ! poor Thunderer . It was only a few days previous that the Times was boasting that the "dolusions of the Chartists" had been stifled or dispersed , " and that in this country there was nothing to ap prehend either from Democrats or Communists ; they were politically dead , and their doctrines extinguished ! Hence the ' resurrection" at the Crown and Anchor naturally set the Thunderer in a rage . The Times particularly assailed Messrs . M'Grath , Harney , and Dovle , for their denunciations of the system of privileges , denying that the Polish people were
oppressed and miserable because ruled by the rich and noble , but because they were not placed in a society of " various and _nicely-shaded gradations . " Such as exists in England , wo presume ! These " nicelyshaded gradations" certainly are very well for some folk . Our "interesting" Queen and Field-Marshal Album : doubtless have not ranch to eomplain of . The titled usurpers of the soil , such choice specimens of hereditary wisdom as the Dukes of Richmond , Norfolk , and Buckingham , for instance , whom the Times , in its free trade zeal , has done its best to bring into contempt—a very
unnecessary labour—they should be satisfied with the" nicely shaded gradations . " The cormorants oi the Church , whom the Times describes as affording the reost flagrant instances of criminals stained with the most infamous vices—incest , adultery , cruelty , avarice , chicanery , and slander—this class ( we except tho curates ) no doubt , consider _tlie " _nicely-3 haded gradations" a providential system for them . So with all the privileged classes , including ihe flunkies lick-spittle editors , and other supporters of things as they are . Of course , the " nicely-shaded gradations " afford the writer in the Times a snug birth , and ho is satisfied , Uut what about the masses ? The tillers of the soil subsisting on eight shillings weekly ,
women stone-breaking , children toiling in the abom . nable rattle-boxes , the thousands of unhappy beings in the Union Bastiles , the gnawers of rotten bones , the numbers who die of starvation ; behold the state provided for these classes , the majority of the community , by the " nicely-shaded gradations , " which the Times writer recommends as the panacea for Polish grievances ! If this was all the hope we could offer Poland , we would rather that annihiln tion was the doom of her children . Tne unholy system of English society , instead of being imitated in other lands , must be uprooted from its native soil be fore justice will reign , or England set a fitting example to other nations .
The _dtinunciation of tlie London meeting by the Times will do good , not evil . It will show tho continental nations that the British people are not faithfully represented by the British press . That if the latter opposes the rights and happiness of the nations of Europe , the British masses are the friends of those nations , and determined to aid them in their struggle for the overthrow of tyranny of every description , and the establishment of the rights and liberties of all .
The appeal made by the Times to the Poles to repudiate tke English Democrats , has been sufficiently answered by the address of the Polish exiles published in our last number . The Polish and the British Democrats both recognise "the banner hoisted on the walls of Cracow , " the banner of equal rights and equal laws . This week we have experienced the additional satisfaction of receiving personally the thanks both of the . deputy of the Polish committee established in Paris , and of one of the most trusted and popular men of the Emigration , who , though of tbe aristocratic rank , is a sterling Democrat , and an enthusiastic defender of the principles proclaimed at the London meeting .
It bas unfortunately happened that simultaneously with the _uteiuYnig out of the Polish _insurrection , large masses of the operatives in the most Democratic districts of England have been cast out of employment , some of them ( the woolcombers of Bradford , for instance ) through the increasing substitution ot machinery for manual labour ; and others ( the building trades of Lancashire ) through the atrocious tyranny of the capitalists , who are striving to reduce to worse than Polish bondage the men who are insulted with the title of " Free-born Britons . " These turn-outs not only affect the men in a state of
forced idleness , but also all other trades who naturally and properly tax themselves to support their struggling brethren . Under these circumstances , largo or general subscriptions for the Pole ' s cannot be obtained . Moreover , the minds of the workmen being occupied with their own struggle for existence , renders it a matter next to impossible , at this moment , to get up demonstrations in the shape of meetings for the Polish cause . Besides which , the withering influence of the daily press must be taken
into account , rcitera ting as it docs , day by day , that the insurrection is at an end , thereby damping the ardour of tho British people . Still , we know so well the generous sentiments of the working men of Britain , that we feel fully justified in asserting that the London meeting i ' _aithlully represented their ideas , and that , did it depend upon them—had they the choosing of the legislature—could they command the government , British intervention would immediately hurl the miscreant of the North from his
bloodcemented throne , and re-establish Poland in her ancient independence , and more than her ancient freedom . Having to contend with these unfavourable circumstances , it may be supposed that the Committee for Poland ' s Regeneration , appointed at the London meeting , cannot effect much at present ; nevertheless , the members of that committee having been elected to do a great and noblo work , must not let present untoward events discourage them from the performance of their duties . They may do much of themselves and very trilling aid will enable them to do
much move , It must be their province to watch every act of the oppressors and the oppressed , and to let n act ( coming to their knowledge ) of cruelty on tho part of the former , or devotion on the part of the latter , occur , without holding such acts up to the execration or adm iration of the British people . Should any now victims of despotism be driven to these shores , the committee must strive to arouse public sympathy in their behalf . By addresses to the people , and memorials to the legislature and government , the committee should constantly keep the sufferings of the Poles before
the British public . Lastly , we suggest that a brief and clear statement of the wrongs of Poland , and the means of redressing those wrongs , similar in spirit to the petition adopted at the London meeting , should bo sent to every member of Parliament , and his answer required as to whether ho would support the views of the committee * , these answers to be published , as one means toward creating a manifestation of public opinion strong enough to ultimately compel the British government to interfere for the restoration ot Poland . But to carry out this suggestion , the committee will require some pecuniary aid to defray the expenses of printing and postage ; even
Polish Propaganda. " Tiik Insurrection I...
the postage of a . single letter to each member of Parliament will be ail item of some account , but still of inconsiderable amount "* hen provided for bj tho sub . scriptions of thousands , We observe that the South _LailflnSiijre Chartist delegates have recommended that the Subject of Poland ' s wrongs should be brought before the next Chartist Convention . We trust this _recommondation will be taken up in every locality , and the delegates , when elected , instructed accordingly . Since the above was written we have received a copy of the Reforme ( Paris paper ) of Tuesday last , containing a most admirable article on the Crown and Anchor meeting . We shall endeavour to give a translation of our cotemporary ' s generous comments in our next number .
" Ihe insurrection is put dewn " -so say the journalists in the pay of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie ; of that wc are not sure , but even if " put down" i can but be for a moment . Read the following , men of Britain , and ask yourselves-can Poland be con quercd : —
EXECUTION OF TUE PRISONERS , Wc extract the following ' from a letter from War . saw : — " The executions which took place on the Kith form a bloody wreath rouud the crown of ltussia . Not only were the executions announced by proclamation , published in the uewsp < ipers , stuck up all over tbe city , distributed in the streets , and sent into the dill ' . ; _, rent houses , but the public was invitfld to attend the _execution , as if it were some scene of festivity in which they were enjoined to share . This festival of the Russian government took place at a hit * hour in the day ;
generally tho condemned were executed at eight in the _merniujr , at times even at four . Two Polish nobles , two citizens , Stanislas Crociszewski aud Zarski , were executed nt ten in the morning of the 16 th . They died on the gallows . The _sentence for civil criminals iu Poland is decapitation ; military criminals are shot . The ignominious death on tho gallows strikes horror iuto the public mind . It was to cast this ignominy on the martyrs of the _lCtli that they were ordered to be hung . They were mistaken . The gallows has been honoured , by the death of Zarski and _Kosciszewslti . All the towns in Poland are to witness similar
executions . The people of H arsaw showed themselves worthy of the trial on the loth : 20 , 000 men were under arms . Before nine o ' clock scarcely a soul was in the streets . Suddenly the streets of the noble city < were crowded by dense masses , proceeding solemnly towards the place of the execution . Tiie space which separates the Citadel of Warsaw from Marimont and Bidauy is an immense barren field . This place was filled b y an immense multitude , who cams to bid a last farewell to the martyrs of their country , and whisper hope to them
in their dying hour . At the execution of Koiiarski , at Wilna , the llussian soldiers wept . This was a scandal in tbe eyes of the government , To prevent the damnable crime ofsheddiug tears , instead of having them shot like Konarski , the conspirators were ordered to be hung . The regiments on duty in the streets , and ou the place of execution , were terror-struck at the aspect of the papulation of Warsaw . The traces of recent tears were on the faces of thousands , but at the solemn moment not a tear was shed—they denied such a gratification to their
enemies . " As the hour of ton struck , an extraordinary movement was visible in the assembled multitude , and when the fatal noose was passed round the nocks of the noble victims , the men uncovered their heads , and the whole populace knelt as one man . The sky had been overcast all the morning , but at the fatal moment the sun burst forth in its glory , and then vanished behind the darkening clouds . After the execution of Zarski and _Kosciszewaki , the sentence of Litynski followed immediately . The noble Iiitynski , a _mau of property at Warsaw , after suffering degradation under the gallows with his fellowprisoners , likewise condemned to Siberia , received his
stripes by passing through two files of soldiers . His fellow sufferers are noblemen , and in Kussia noblemen may not receive stripes . The generous-minded and pa . triotic Litynski is of humble extraction ; lie . was therefore flagellated . When a soldier is sentenced to receive any number of stripes , a non-commissioned officer precedes him holding a bayonet against his breast , so that he may not advance too quickl y , and thus avoid a few stripes . The llussian government , fearing lest Litynski should rush upon the bayonet , and thus put an end to his suffering , had ordered two non-commissioned officers to _precodc him with the butt-ends of their muskets turned against bis noble breast .
A nation suffering such wrongs—a nation constantly producing sueh heroes , may be worsted in one , two , ' oi three struggles , but must ultimately be victorious . Britons , read the' above again—read it to your wives , and tell them , what is , alas ! too true , that numbers ol Polish women have been driven mad through the loss of their husbands ; read it to your children , and teach them to lisp hatred towards Poland ' s executioners , and sympathy for her suffering sons and daughters . Imprint every word of the aboye blood-freezing talo
upon the tablets of your memories . Let the names of Ckociszewski , _ZAiiSKr , _Lm-. vsKr , and their brother martyrs , become household words" Names of fear That tyranny shall quake to hear . " Names of love , that patriots shall burn to imitate . Oh , men of Poland , heroic brothers , despair not—What , though your cause be baffled—freemen cast In dungeons—dragged to death—or forced to flee , I / ope is not _wither'd in affliction ' s blast _.
The Patriot ' s blood ' s the seed of freedom ' s tree . The Cbusade shall be organised—it is organising , not in secret , but openly all over Europe . They call you , our unfortunate brethren , " conspirators !" Well , then , we too are " conspirators "—your every thought and hope is also ours ; and with you we have sworn eternal hatred of your tyrants . The - ¦ Polish Propaganda" has commenced in earnest ; and it shall never cease until Poland , from the Oder and the Carpathian mountains , to the Borysthenes and the Dwina—from the Baltic to the Black Sea , shall take her place amongst the free and independent nations of Europe , owning no foreign tyrant , and no sovereignty but that of the entire Polish people ,
Parliamentary Review. Tub Debate And Div...
PARLIAMENTARY REVIEW . Tub debate and division of Monday night upon the new Coercion Bill for Ireland afforded a curious illustration of the radical disorganisation of parties within the house , and of the precarious tenure by which the Ministry hold possession of power . Sir Robert long since proclaimed Ireland to be "his chief difficulty . " It is so , and will continue to bo the touchstone by which the ability to govern of many an administration besides liis will be tested . As it was , on Monday it produced a kind of _Ministerial crisis . The small majority by which the Home
Secretary was permitted to make his Statement—the large number of Liberal members who were absent , uot caring , we presume , to precipitate the fall of the Ministry until the Corn BUI is carried—the support of the Protectionists , upon the evident ground of their . thereby obtaining the object of their wishes , namely , tbe postponement of that bill tilt after Easter—and the fact of " no house" having been made on the following evening , are all facts which throw light upou the singular position in which Sir Robert ' s recent policy has placed the different parties of the country .
The Protectionists and the Liberals may , perhaps , entertain the belief that if they can oust _Pukl from office they will be able to govern on the old traditional ideas of their respective parties , according as the next general election may help cither of them into powor . Wo hold no such opinion , The old party standards will never again rally a sufficiently strong party to wield the destinies of this empire , Pbeii has laid the foundation of a new policy—a policy in accordance with the genius aud tendencies of _iheage—at once Conservative and progressive ; and whoever hopes to rule in future must neither hold obstinately by the exploded prejudices of the past , nor the narrow exclusivism of an antiquated and one-sided Liberal creed .
Neither Stanley and a Protectionist cabinet , nor _RussiiiL and a Whig one , would bo long ablo to maintain themselves in power . The progressive and Conservative party , of whicli Peei _, may be taken as the head and type , will , in the long run , triumph over both . Meanwhile , both are eager for hia downfall and only restrained from a combination of their forces tor that purpose by tha skilful manner in which he plays off each against the other . But for the sake of obtaining the Corn Bill , the Liberals
would have aided tho Irish members in putting the Ministry in a minority on Mouday night . But they know that they would , if in power , havo no chance of carrying such a measure ; and , though fully im pressed with the belief that at no distant date thewill be in power , they believe , also , that their stain office will be all the longer if that great questio ! is settled for them . At the same _timo , the Wb > dare not alienate the Irish member * , and _thereto hey made a sullicient _shqw of co-operation wit
Parliamentary Review. Tub Debate And Div...
tiicm to establish a claim upon their future support , without _immediately damaging the Minister " . T h 0 Protectionists , 6 n the other hand , though quite US eager for revenge on their leader , who has , as they think , betrayed them , have no notion of obtaining that revenge by voting in opposition to the policy consist ently pursued by their party towards Ireland , Hence " tliey sppportcd a Minister they dislike , and whose policy they abhor .
Apart from its bearing upon tho state of parties , the interest of the debate was heightened by the personal attack of Mr . Shaw upon Sir J , Graham , which imparted to it a peculiarly " spicy" flavour . Sir James , last week , insinuated that the bitterness of Mr . Shaw ' s opposition arose from the fact of his having been disappointed—first , in scouring a retiring pension , as Recorder of Dublin , and second , in an
application for tho Chief Secretaryship of Ireland . These allegations Mr . Shaw effectually disposed of . The second , especially , he declared to be without a single atom of truth ; and having passed an elaborate culogium on Feel , as a man incapable of an untruth , he expressed his regret that he had fallen in to such hands as Graham ' s , who was the evil genius of his cabinet , and with whom no ministry eould long exist in this country . He felt neither fear nor
resentment for him , but a much less dignified feeling , which the forms of the house would not permit him to name . The excitement created by Mr , Shaw ' s spirited attack was immense . Tho Home Secretary , in his reply , reminded us very much of the inimitable Pecksniff of Dickens . His air and tone were elaborately meek , the very impersonation of injured innocence , but , with a truly angelic superiority to mere human frailties , he had no anger whatever towards his assailant . The attempt , however to make it appear that his charge as to the Irish Secretary _, ship was prospective , and not retrospective , was so transparent that a universal groan of disbelief followed its utterance .
, 1 he slow progress of the New Houses has been the I theme of complaint for several sessions past , and has been the occasion of some talk in the Lords this week . It seems that Mr . Barm * , the architect , and Dr . Beid , who has charge of the heating and _ventilating , are at loggerheads , and , between the two , the " . New Palace at Westminster" stands stock-still . It is proposed to put the matter under the direct control of the Woods and Forests , as thore is no probability of any termination of the dispute between tho belligerent parties .
A case of great importance to the press and to the public was disposed of on Wednesday . An investigation into the state of the Lichfield Free School having been ordered by government , the results were published under its authority in the usual shape of a report . The editor of the Wolverhampton Chronicle inserted this report in his paper with comments , and a prosecution was thereupon instituted against him , which resulted in a verdict of £ 50 , which , with costs , made his loss altogether £ 300 , Mr . Parker , the original publisher of the report , was also proceeded against , but was defended by the government—a
verdict for 40 s . was taken by consent , and the government paid all the costs . It was now asked that Mr . Wood , the second-hand retailer of the government information , should not be treated worse than the original publisher . The justice of the claim was disputed , and the motion was Ultimately _withd-. awn . This appears to us to be a very hard case . It involves not only the utility of the " blue books" and other documents issued by government at a vast cost to the country , and wliich , unless presented to the public by means ofthe newspapers , might as well never bo printed I at all , but also the right of newspaper proprietors to
make use of information which , having been colleeted by the authority of government , and published under its sanction , ought to be available to the whole community . We can scarcely conceive of a greater piece of injustice to the individual than the payment of the costs of the action against the original publisher , and leaving the mere copyist to bear the brunt of a second , * nor , on the other hand , of a greater attack upon the freedom and usefulness of the press , the conductors of wliich will be deterred from the exposure of abuses , even when such exposure comes with the sanction of a government inquiry , if they have reason to dread that great pecuniary loss , if not ruin , will follow such exposure .
f he question of a _Toor Law for Ireland was debated ou Wednesday . Mr . _Posum Scrope , who introduced it , has devoted many years to this special question , aud somewhat eleborately explained the grounds upon which he urged the adoption of his views . One of these we must extract : — The third object of a Poor Law in any country was , he believed , to give that protection to the life of the poor
man which ought to be the foundation of all law , and which was necessary to take from him the plea of abso . lute necessity as an excuse for crime . The law of the land , he believed , sanctioned ihe commission of crime in tho extremest necessity ; he believed that the judges of the land had said that stealing a loaf from a shop b y a man who was starving from hunger was not punishable by law . The Attorney-General denied that it was so ,
Mr . P . Scrope continued . —But at all events they could not punish a man who was starving , and who helped himself for the purpose of maintaining life to the nearest food at hand : and therefoi e , unless they could give relief , they could not justify the law which protected any property whatever , especially properly in land , whieh was the common gift of the Creator to mankind upon which to maintain themselves ; and he asserted indisputably that when they _eStaWbtei a monopoly of theland of a country in the hands ofa large ora small number of proprietors , the mass of the inhabitants of that country had a right to call upon Parliament to give them some other resources to secure them from absolute want , and from _periihiug upon the face ofthe land which God had given them to support themselves _.
Of course , these extreme doctrines roused the virtuous indignation of the Home Secretary , who told Mr . Scrope that-Considering the present state of Ireland , and the excitement wliich prevails , the topics which he has ad-Verted to , and the manner which he has dwelt on them , in my humble judgment greatly tend to aggravate , without his intending it , the circumstances of the present crisis , and to add fearfully to the difficulties of administering the affairs of that country . It was possible to be a consistent and honest enthusiast , and at the same time a very indiscreet person ; and it was also possible that enthusiasts might rash in , where experienced statesmen connected with the localit y would fear to tread .
Meaning , we presume , to iuclude himself among these " experienced statesmen . " " The great majority of landlords of Ireland , " continued the right hon . hart , with a naive simplicity which one hardly knows whether to be amused or angry at , "had come to a conclusion exactly opposite to that" of Mr . Scuoi'E . Of course , they have . Human nature everywhere , and Irish landlord nature especially , is prone to get rid of all the pecuniary burdens it can . The establishment of a legal right to relief or employment on the part of the peasantry of Ireland would leave less money to be spent by their masters
m Rome , Pans , Naples , or London ; and no wonder , that with an acute affection for their own breechespockets , they have come * to the conclusion that such _, a right to the peasant would be a great wrong to them . But are we for ever to legislate for a whol * peoplo on tho narrow grouud of class interests or personal advantages ? "Why should the Irish landlord alone be exempt from the duties naturally appertaining to his position' * Why should he receive all , and give nothing back in the shape of employment , or relief to those whose labours are tha source of all his wealth ? "When Sir J . Gbaiuu
says that debates on this question , and the declaration of the right of the people to a subsistence in the land of their birth " may be written in letters of blood in Ireland , " he mer « ly exhibits his own innate consciousness of the oppression _, and injustice to which the people re subjected , aud his incapacity to comprehend the very alphabet of a truly _atateam-insnip-like policy for that country . But a righteous retribution fails on this country for its injustice , or neglect or ignorance in the case of , Ireland . The guns , whicli this week startled Lon « ' don with their rejoicings for two more victories , and i another additiou to our already enormous Indian _, empire , cannot drown the wail of misery which comes across the Irish Channel , From the contemplation _.
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 4, 1846, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_04041846/page/4/
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