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Northern Star (1837-1852), 4th October 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 1

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    • BELGIUM. (FKOJC OUR OW. *i LAM) C0.MHI33I0XER.) Letter III.
    • tfottisn hxtillmmz.
    • ( Efafctg' " ¦ •¦ flftotemrnts.
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      Belgium. (Fkojc Our Ow. *I Lam) C0.Mhi33i0xer.) Letter Iii.

      BELGIUM . ( FKOJC OUR OW . * i LAM ) C 0 . MHI 33 I 0 XER . ) Letter III .

      To The Working Classes Of Great Britain ...

      TO THE WORKING CLASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Ml Demi _FBiEnw , —I skill now _proeaed to lay "b efcreyouthc conclusions at which I have arrived from the knowledge I have gathered on my tour , as far as I have gone : and when I tell you that since I last mote 1 have been an attentive and very _obstrvant traveller in Belgium , Prussia , Germany , the Duchy of Nassau and of Baden , in France , and in Switzerland , ia which last place I have been for the last

      • week , " _putting-np" at a public-house at the foot of the Alps , frequented by smugglers , who cross the mountains into the Italian provinces of Austria ; I . say that from such a tour , undertaken for knowledge , I must have learned something . I wish the English -working men conld see the smugglers coming in here in dozens , arranging their packs to cross the Alps ; . all hired by English and French merchants ; while in Milan there is an assurance company , -who actually insure the owners against risk : which company is _\ sell known to the Government of Austria .

      As a country to live in , I prefer England _immeasurably to all other * that I have seen ; and all that I have seen strengthens me in ihe belief that England , from the folly of her landlords , is yet destined to be in reality what hitherto she has heen . but in name— " The mistress of the world . " When I see the great strength possessed by petty -states despite the subdivision of the land amongst the people ; and when I see the miserable description of much of that land , which as a whole gives great national strength ; and when I compare it with tiie rich maiden-soil of England , and the superior strength of Englishmen over any people that I have

      ever seen , except the Irish—when I find that Englishmen are likely io commence the science of agriculture under advantages which other countries have not had—advantages mainly attributable to the fact , that they will not have old cherished prejudices to get rid of or to contend against—when I reflect that the Land alone in many countries is taxed , and that yet those who till it live well , and require no govern ? ment aid to support them , while their compact union as agriculturists ensures their existence as states , although surrounded by jealous neighbours—I say , when I think of all these things , thc conclusion that I have come to is , that England is a country worth

      living for , and , if necessary , -worth dying for . Those who study the question of the Land as I have placed it before them , will see that by the application of their labour to the soil , they can live free of all taxation , except such as they choose to incur ; while the price of surplus being measured by the standard of _ganeral taxation , they will be placed in a position superior to fhe working elassos of any other country , and also in a position superior to those ofthe English classes , whether of the middle or working order , who are obliged to purchase all they consume . An industrious man can make more by his labour , after living well , in England , in one year , than a labourer of any

      other country ean make in three years . The wealth of England , then , will henceforth , consist in the condition into which her land has been brought by the landlords not allowing tenants to till as much as they would desire , as well as by the impossibility of farmers cultivating a thousand , or two or three thousand acre 3 destructively to the land , although destructive of their own interests . In land and people Great Britain and Ireland are far away the riohest countries in the known world ; and I believe , with the land as the battle prize , the people of those countries would beat the whole world on their own dunghill . Another thing that I assert is , tbat we possess a

      power of reforming in England , which is not possessed hy any other people : that is , the power of meeting in public . Switzerland is a Republic ; and yet I was cautioned not to talk any politics in several of the cantons , and especially in Lucerne , where there are only two partisan newspapers permitted ; and if yon speak one word derogatory to the cause ot the Jesuits , six or eight gendarmes will drag you off to a dungeon at once . And this is what Daniel O'Connell calls " the most paternal Government in the world ' . ' ' These , however , are matters upon which I shall hare various opportunities of addressing yon on my return ; and now I shail return to the narrative I left off in my last .

      On Sunday , the Uth , and Monday , the 15 th , I paid another visit to the country near Hal , of which I spoke in a former letter : but as the introduction of those days * " gatherings" would rather break the thread of my narrative , I will take yon with me all through , jnst as I journeyed on . On Wednesday evening I went to Antwerp , merely to see the splendid cathedral churches , fortifications , and paintings . Well , I saw more than repaid me for the visit , particularly as the day was " a grand day . " The cathedral is most magnificent ; and some of the paintings are priceless ; they could not be purchased . The wealth of St . James's Church , ifa splendour , and the mag

      nificent and costly dress in which the Virgin is clothed , was enough to dazzle any man . In Antwerp there are eleven churches ; and the poorest of these would purchase all the churches in London : and yon can see everyone of them , and every exhibition in this ancient town , without paying one penny , with the exception of £ vepence , to be paid for a sight of each of four or five of Rubens' best paintings . The church ofthe Jesuits was far away the snuggest and most cozy : and was surpassingly rich in gold , and ornaments , and priestly dresses . I attended service in nearly all , and was at the performance of high mass at the Cathedral . On Thursday I returned to

      Brussels at five o ' clock , and at six started for Mons , the great colliery district . From Mons to Genappe , where one of _Napoleon ' s bloody battles was fought , and on to the frontiers of France , in all about sixteen miles , you see nothing but iron and coal works : but then yousee the land cnltivatednp to the verypits' mouth . The pits are -very deep ; bnt an accident in them seldom occurs . A company of masters , aided by Government , have built from SOD to 1000 splendid cottages for the colliers , all uniformly well furnished , and _iAstefolly decorated outside as well . They are two stories high . Inthe centre of the village is a splendid green square , surrounded with , trees , and groups of

      statuary at each corner ; which greens are for the children and workpeople to walk in , and play , or amnse themselves . The colliers earn from 2 s . Id . to 2 s . 6 d . a-day . Government Inspectors are located at proper places , to see to the just management of the _Tnen and pits ; and an accident is considered a most extraordinary event . All the colliers have plots of ground , which their families cultivate ; and as far as one can judge , they appeared to be very comfortable -From Mons I went to Lessines , through several very rich and comfortable looking villages . I went into -several fields where the peasants were working , and in every instance the potatoe crop waa

      utterly destroyed . Yet no one could account for it . In Ireland I have often seen whole -fields turned , black by a single night ' s frost , -and the clover as well : bat it generally occurs so early in the season , about from the middle of May to the end of June , that the crop has time to recover . again , and is only somewhat retarded in its growth : tut this season it happened at so late a period aa to make recovery hopeless ; that is , if this year ' s calamity was what we call " a blast" in Ireland . The east wind in Ireland generally brings " the blast ; " and it is very difficult to rear calves that are calved while the wind blows from the east .

      I now come to the crowning part of my tour , as far S 31 have gone . In a previous letter I mentioned a hospital that I risked at Lessines ; now I shall proteed to describe it more minutely . Firstly , I must observe , that I have at all times , both in and out of Parliament , asserted that the man who was willing to work , but forced to remain idle , has just as good a ri"ht to support , and every comfort , a 3 the man who worked ; and every nan in England knows that the Irish Coercion Bill and the English Poor Law

      Amendment Bill were the two great questions upon which I differed with the Whigs . I hare ever conadered it as an act of the moat atrocious barbarism to punish a vasa , and more especially a woman or little child , for being poor : and while I never have nsed the 3 few Poor Law as a political " cry , " I have never withheld my co-operation from Oastler and other good men who have sincerely opposed it . The hospital of Lessines furnishes to healthy Protestant England a very proper example of what has been done in . one of the poorest Cath ?» c

      To The Working Classes Of Great Britain ...

      countries . I was so fortunate as to have the guidance and company of one of the principal _directors of this noble institution . We entered through a well enclosed farm-yard , with all suitable farm buildings , and above all , an immense barn piled to the very roof with prime wheat . In the farm-yard was a very old man making mortar . I asked hira if he belonged to the establishment , and if the inmates were obliged to work ? Tho question rather created astonishment ; and the answer was : — " No ,-no ; he is doing that for his own amusement . " One of tlio grand features of this farm-yard was an immenso tank lor _^—^—

      keepm $ - the urine of the animals until required for use . There was also good stabling , cow-houses , storehouses , washing and drying houses , and every requisite . And now for the manner of its support . Thero is grazing land enough for fifteen cows belonging to the institution , and about fourteen acres of arable land—that is , land that can be cultivated . Thero are 150 old and sick persons in the hospital ; and as you enter by a spacious door , and through a spacious passage , the very fragranco of the plate hints as to what you are to expect . As you enter you arc received by one or more " Sisters of Charity , " whose holy , and whose only , work or care , is attendance on

      the poor sick , and old and infirm . The whole is managed by 21 "Sisters of Charity" and four " novices . " Two of those sisters sit up every night to attend to the slightest want , or even whim , of a patient : and the manner in which they administer to the wants of the sick is most angelic . Let me give you an instance as I go on . Outside of the hospital for the old men is a splendid terrace , where they smoke , and from which they may descend into a beautiful lawn to walk . When the sisters brought us out to see the old men smoking and amusing themselves , one poor old blind man got up to go into the hospital , and in crossing the threshold of

      thc door his foot slipped , when the sisters ran to his aid , not as though he was a " burden , " but ns if he was an object of love . One of them helped him by the arm to the chair near Ms bedside . O ! how my heart jumped with joy at this act of religious kindness ; and how "Andover , " and "the bones , " and the "deadstone , " where living paupers are "laid out" in England , flashed across my mind . It appeared to bo the delight of those angelic women to hear the old men prattle . One of them asked a very old man how old he was ; and he commenced with a laugh , " I am 90 : and I have a wife yet : and you see , " putting his hand on _iis head , " I have a

      good wig Of my own too . " The sisters all looked cheerfully and approvingly at the old man , and laughed heartily together . _Thare was a bolster and pillow to each bed , with covers as white as snow , and sheets equally white : everything , in short , delightful . At the foot of each bed was each patient ' s tea-pot , cup , saucer , plate , knife , fork , soup-basin , cream jug , and spoons : indeed every thins that could be required . An arm-chair stood beside each bed . The sisters were washing tho floors , off all of which you could have eaten , they were so clean . Vines were encircling evary window . Tho working room was actually a conservatory . Thc chapel , thc

      unostentatious chapel , the old Catholic chapel , such as it was in England before the bloody Harry robbed it of that which superinduced simplicity ; such a chapel stands at one end of the building ; and through folding doors all that is said is communicated to the sick in the adjoining room . In the chapel is a beautiful , or rather a splendid organ , upon which a " novice " was kind enough to play . The history of this novice was the only thing that made mo melancholy ! She came to the hospital about a year ago with her lather , who is a celebrated musician , of Cologne , in Germany . lie came to tune the organ ; and she was so-infatuated with tho unostentatious religion of the

      " Good Sisters , " that she determined to abandon the world , and give herself up to like acts of charity . She is a lovely creature , about nineteen ; and made more lovely by the simplicity of dress and manner . If a stranger comes to the hospital for relief , he is taken in ; and , if a Belgian , the manager writes to the manager of his own department for tonpence for every night he has been there : but , if a foreigner , the Government pays for him . Now , this glorious institution is supported upon little more than the milk of fifteen cows , and the produco of fourteen acres of land : but then there are no cormorants to lap the cream and leave the skim-milk for thc

      rightful owners ; no ruffians io eat the fat and tho lean , and send the "bones" to be picked by the poor . 1 shall have much more to say on this subject hereafter . Iu my next I shall return to the small farms . Bear in mind , that all the good institutions of which 1 speak , spring from the land . I hope to be with you once more hy Monday , tho Cth of October , as tlic Austrian Government is resolved that I shall not peep into its Italian territories . I have been in a little town at one extremity of Switzerland , since Sunday morning , and it is now Tuesday noon . The Austrian barrier is within 150 yards of thc house

      where I stop , but they tell mo that my passport is not properly signed , and that I cannot pass the frontier ; though I have passed through Belgium , Prussia , Germany , Nassau , Baden-Baden , France , and Switzerland with it . Perhaps , hereafter , I may make my travels otherwise interesting , when I have made them subserve the small-farm system . From all that I have seen , and heard , and learned , lam resolved never to relax my exertions , until I seo every English Irish , and Scotch man , who wishes to live without " a master , " enabled to do so . I am , your faithful friend and servant , _FcAnous O'Co . f . von .

      Tfottisn Hxtillmmz.

      _tfottisn _hxtillmmz .

      Spain. We Take The Following From The Ti...

      SPAIN . We take the following from the Times :- " Madrid , Sept . 19 . —Beyond the information possessed by the _Tiscals and the secret police , _littla is known , either to the accused themselves or to the puhlie , ofthe nature or amount ofthe Charge agaiust General Crespo and Senor Sagarti , whose approaching trial , if indeed they are not treated a la Corradi and Calvo , promises to be interesting . I lave lately alluded to the barbarous treatment received by these persons , and their being confined in filthy dungeons during fifty day * , without being permitted to communicate with a human being except thc alcalde ofthe prison , who brought tb _« m their food . The Fiscal , who is charged with drawing up the accusation against them , awl whose business it will bi to

      prosecute them , has heen an officer in Cabrera ' s army . One can judge how little mercy will be shown such men as Crespo and Sagarti at the hands of such a prosecutor . As far as can yet he learned , it appears that the charge against Sagarti is , that he was the president of a club of direction ; and against Crespo , that lie was the party intended to have been placed at the head of the force destined to make a revolution aud overthrow the Government . It was only after fifty-one days of imprisonment that they wero _informvd of tha nature of these charges , " as they appeared from the documents , " to use the expression of tbe _Tiscal . They were refused the right , granted and commanded by the law , of perusing , or even seeing the declarations made by thc witnesses , and the names of the informers were refused to he communicated to them , —also in violation of the same law . Being thus denied the facility of examining the act of

      accusation , they are consequently debarred from _making the usual counter-declaration , or from being able to call witnesses whose testimony could contradict that of the common informers who accuse them . The accused have protested against such conduct , and thus the matter scats at present ; but , if we may judge from the manner in which other political prosecutions have heen conducted , there is but litle hope that their remonstrances will he attended to , or that anything like justice -will be done them . Sagarti and Crespo must be got s * , d of at any cost . _TVith such thing s before us , it _wonJ-J be absurd to suppose that thc Gover nmentintcnds _clanging its sjstcra of brute force , encouragement of i' . _»{ _br-mcrs , swindlers , and perjurers—an administratian -of * justice worse than even in the worst days of t ' _ue inquisition , are thc _blessingslilietobeiu store for * 3 }> aiu as l 0 _Ug as sueh a man as _Xarraes rules the _COUnb- «•

      Bip . cei . oxa , Sett . 2-2 .-, _"V ! , e samc nl _** j t ! irT occupa tion of this city _continues without the slightest modi fication _, to wlncn it is -universally admitted its tran _futility is alcpe to be _uttrjbut-ed , *

      Spain. We Take The Following From The Ti...

      Maorid , Skpt . 2-5 . —Colonel Ortega , deputy for _Saragoss-A , lias jmt been arrested there , and brought under arrest to Madrid . The court-martial has condemned live of the parties taken up on the niglit of thc 5 th to one year ' s imyrisoriment each . Terrorism at Barcelona . _—Wuouwalh _Assassi-N-ATtoss . —Tho following is an extract of a letter from Barcelona : — " Barcelona , " Sept . ' , 1 S-15 . —Some time since I gave an account of an attack made by some banditti on the diligence between Barcelona and Saragossa , and that one of the culprits ' * when on his way to the place of execution , announced to the authorities that he was ready to give information of an important nature , upon which he wns respited .

      Tho consequence was , that on the information of this man , upwards of 40 persons were arrested on the charge of being members of an organised band of robbers . The whole were brought before tho military tribunal , for here tho civil authority is entirely superseded ,, and-thirteen have been condemned to death , and are to be shot to-morrow . morning . We know nothing of the evidence against these persons , and , in fact , very littlcdoes with the present Captain-General ( General Breton ) , _whois determined to make an example somehow or-other . The execution is to take place in the Citadel . The fate of the others is not known . A quantity of arms and ammunition have been seized by the authorities at Saragossa .

      _SWITZERLAND . Arrest of Communists . —A Berne letter ; of Sept . 25 , says : " -The President ' of the Communist Club of Berne , who was a simple workman at one of the printing-offices , has just been arrested . The club was immediately closed . A formidable coalition of workmen has been formed at Soleure . The Artisans at Argau are drawing up a petition against the liberty of manufactures , and against the introduction of foreign manufactured produce . "

      ITALY . The " Patau _TnanoBisM . —We take tho following from the Morning Chrmiicle : — "Our private advices from Leghorn of the 20 th instant mention , that the attempt at revolt which was to have taken place in thc legations towards the middle of the month had completely miscarried . The patriots , it appears , had tampered with tho troops of tho garrison ot Ancona , _Senegaglia , and Rimini , on whose co-operation they relied , but shortly before the period fixed

      for the outbreak the Pontifical Government , to which the plot had been denounced , changed all the garrisons , and thus defeated their plans . Thc principal chiefs had fled . Military commissions were immediately established in thc different localities ; the Pontifical volunteers were re-organised , and orders were forwarded from Rome to arm the inhabitants ofthe suburbs of Faenza , who are well affected to the Pope ' s Government . Fifteen persons had been arrested in this last town . Thc commission sitting at Ravenna had sentenced 50 or 60 individuals . to the _ealleys .

      RUSSIA . The following is an extract of a letter from St . Petersburg , of the llth inst . : — Tho system _otliusslanuing all the dependent provinces of ths empire lias received a sew application . I * m assured that the Emperor , before quitting St . Petersburg , signed a new code for the Gtriuiu provinces , billed upon the laws of ltussia before the sonqntst ot _theseprorinees , wliich were originally dependent on Poland . Those ot Courland and Littmia _enjtyed a franchise and local institutions founded on the German system , and particularly on that ofthe Ihmseatic towns . Peter the Great and his

      successors always accorded them a separate and exceptional system of legislation and public institutions . Knowing , too , as they did , tha corruption of » Russian Senate , these provinces were careful never to appeal to a body so characterised , but , on the contrary , inrestcd tlieir owu magistrates with the entire control of their owu : _iffah-. i . The step of the Emperor in resolving to put them upon the same footing with the other Russian provinces has , therefor * , caused tint greatest Agitation . The nobility of Courland and Livonia are iu a state of high

      discontent , and the more as they have contributed to raise that _emph-a to the power which it now , possesses . Jacken , Witgensteiu , Pahleii , Witzingerode , _dsc , belong to those provinces , and moreover are men who exercise a high influence over tlie destinies of the empire . The tidings of thc disaster in Circassia ara completely confirmed . Public opinion holds the Emperor particularly to _biaine for their occurrence , and accuses him of having sacrificed an army and giren up _considerable resources , in his obstinate determination to follow ax > lan of _compaign disapproved of by his best generals .

      UNITED STATES . _LwEitrooL , Susday . —The royal-mail steamer Caledonia , Captain E . G . Lott , arrived in the Mersey to-day at noon . Sho left Boston on the 16 th instant , and Halifax on the 18 th , and has therefore made the whole voyage in 11 & days , deducting her stay at Halifax . There is no account of any hostilities having taken place at" the seat of war , " as Texas is termed in the United States papers ; the rumours of large Mexican armies marching towards that country appear to be pure fictions , whilst the emptiness of the Mexican Treasury and tbe impossibility of getting a loan are realities , not to be overcome in an occasion where the feelings of the people ave little in unison with the wishes of their rulers . From all accounts ,

      the sole preventive that exists against a war between the two countries is the want of money on the part ol Mexico . In the meantime tho country is in great disorder , and the province of Tobasco , taking advantage of the opportunity , have revolted and declared their independence . The American forces in Texas have been suffered to concentrate and establish their position , undisturbed by any attack at Corpus Christi _, described as one ofthe healthiest and most beautiful spots in the world . It it said that Gen . Taylor will oecupy this position for about two months , and in case the Mexicans inthe meantime take no measures of decisive attack , that they will then move

      forward to the mouth and borders ofthe Rio Grande , and will establish that as the boundary line between the two countries . The Washington Virion , however , says : — " Letters have been received from the capital of Mexico to the 30 th of July : they express great doubt whether Congress would pass the declaration of war , and whether they would not consider their previous avowals in relation to annexation as tantamount , to a declaration and whether tlicy-would not attempt to strike at us without a declaration . It is confidently said that they are sending all the troops they could despatch to the frontier with that view , General _Fclasola to be commander-inchief . "

      The _Anti-Risi Movement . — About one hundred and fifty of the ' _most active of the Anti-Renters have been captured and lodged iu prison . The court-house at Hudson , state of New York , where the trial of the Anti-Renters was proceeding , was the scene of an unseemly outrage between the Attorney-General of the State , John Van Buren , Esq ., son of the late president , and Mr . A . Jordan , who indulged in a pugilistic contest in open court , which was carried on with greatspirit amid great confusion , the judge calling loudly for order ; after sometime the sheriffs succeeded in separating the combatants , who were then placed at the bar ( one of them , observe , being the Attorney-General of the State ) , and committed to prison for twenty-four hours for contempt of court .

      Miscellaneous News . — An organised band of thieves , or banditti , has been discovered in thc Wabash Valley , Indiana . Five have been captured by the citizens . At Chestertown , Maryland , Mr . Edward Roe was killed by a negro , whom he had threatened to chastise . A man , supposed to have been one of the murderers of Colontl Davenport , of Rock Island , Illinois—he having the colonel ' s watch iii his possession—has been captured and beaten to death by the people . —There has heen a riot at Kingston , Canada , which was quelled by the military , but not until several persons were wounded . lne cause was not political—At _Burtan , Ohio , owing to a sentinel having refused one Nathan Brittan to pass into an enclosure of volunteers , the latter stabbed the sentinel to thc heart . The murderer is in custody .

      —Mr . Nugent and a young Frenchman wero drowned on the 21 st ult ., in consequence of their canoe going over the grand Falls , New Brunswick . —At Montreal Races a large body ofthe ruffians called " _Canallcrs commenced a riot , and nearly raurderad Mr . Scott , member of Parliament , from Two Mountains . The rioters Jwere dispersed by the military . —Circumstances have transpired in New York , which have led to the belief that one or two young females have been sacrificed by practise !* of abortions , deliberate murder , 4 c ., and some of their bodies sold for dissection . Several persons are in custody on suspicion of _k-vwng been connected with these horrid mysteries . —Nearly half ofthe town of Ancaster , Canada West , has been _destroyed hy fire . At Gordon ' s Falls , near Bangor , eight men were drowned hy theswampingof a boat on Mondavweek .

      THE WAR IN ' THE CAUCASUS . The Journal des Debats makes the following comments on the recent news from the Caucasus : — "letters from St . Petersburg , referring to the recent , news from the Caucasus , announce that the army rj ( is altogether returned into its cantonments , and confir _' jn all the details which have been already gW _» n ofthe _tr _^ t expedition of Dargo . The retreat lias been really i ' jsastrous The army , which "left Dargo on the lath of _Ji- ' _- _jy ( Russian calendar ) , after having remained six days v , aiting for tin great convoy which was carried off by Sr "_ namil , had onl ' three days ' inarch to make in « vd « t- ' cn ( he liueo the _Sundja and the T _s _*^ _gHt wb _^ ' _jj _, ' , _* red on HP

      Spain. We Take The Following From The Ti...

      left bank of the A ' -sai , it was discovered that it would be impossible to _continue the inarch , unless by losing _fculfuf tin : army in forcing a p _»» 8 _^ e _^ 8 el _^^ _iMDi _^« iountnincers- were raising every where new bnfriers with trunks of trees , and" it would be necessary-to make tlie same series of attacks , as for the _civptureof Dargo . The army wasencumbered with their wounded , and they drugged along : , he inconvenient burden-of twenty pieces ofcaimon , _it'luen wtre not of thc slightest use during the whole expedition . In this , painful _extremity , the General-in-Chief came to the determination to halt at an uucovered point , outside the forest , near a hamlet cuUed Chaou B _aUlerdy , and the army remained there-four days , blocked up by the enemy . However , it had been contrired to send forward , fora largcreward , two natives ofthe auxiliary companies ,

      to General Freitag , commander ofthe forts and cantonments of . the Argoun and the Sundja . One of the two despatches _tortunatcly arriv ed , avid this general _imma-lifttcly despatching his orders in all directions ,, was able in two days to get together tlie greatest part of itis division , and at once proceeded to the assistance of the army , with eight battalions ; three squadrons , and twelve pieces ot cannon , with stores and ammunition . H ' ad it not been for the opportune arrival of this reinforcement . General _Woronsof * - was _liliely to meet with the same check and on the very same ground as his predecessor , _Genorat Grabbi _* , when he made the first attack on the Aksaiside . It was by thc Kara . _KoTsson that General _VToroiizoff had _commenevn his operations , but it is evident that ho was ol opinion that . ' ie could not return by thc samo road on

      _Tchirkwancf , VnezapnaVa , whence he liad set out ; and , besides , it appoars by the last report published , that he had ordered the three forts , established _aloiiR that road , to be evacuated during his marchforward , At St , Petersburg , in the official world , it is pretended that General ¦ ffo ronzoff left a garrison at Dargo . That appears to us inadmissible ; and we can only look on it as a report circulated by thegorernment to satisfy public opinion , which has been thrown into much agitation by the account of the immense loss _» s caused by this disastrous expedition . Wo have before us theofficial report ofthe 4 th ( IGth ) of August , published in the government Gazttte at St . Petersburg , in which General Woronzoff announces his departure fromDnrgo _. liis arrival at _Alcsai , his halt at _Chaougal-Berdi , and finally , the junction of General Freitag with

      the principal army . In this report not a word is said of any garrison being left at Dargo . Obliged to evacuate a strong position in tho centre of tho mountains of _Dnghestan , aud whicli liad cost him to dear , the general would not have failed to declare , by way of compensation , that he had installed a garrison there to hold thc mountaineers in check . Another proof of the improbability of this news , 'is the evacuation of the three fortified posts , which united Dargo to the line of tho Soulak , aud the central fort of Vnczapnaia . From the disastrous termination of tlio expedition , the capture of the convoy , the loss ofthe two generals killed by the Tchetchcns , tho blockade ofthe array in the forests of the Aksai _, to leaTe a garrison at Dargo would havebeen to abandon to the enemy a certain prey , since the troops left thera would have been isolated , without any possibility of affording them succour ; tllC rude experiment made by two able generals proving that it was necessary to get _together 20 , 000 men , and lose at least a quarter of that number , to penetrate there .

      Notwithstanding the painful results of the expedition , the Emperor has distributed numerous recompenses to liis army of the Caucasus . The Emperor , besides , was desirous of masking the disastrous part of the campaign by the eclat of the honours awarded ; but the truth hath pierced through , and he cannot conceal from himself the evil effects vrhich arc likely to ensue . He beholds his power , and the renown of the Russian armies , continuing year after year to fail hefore some wretched mountaineers , who cannot bring together on a single point more than eight or ten thousand combatants , wanting powder , and half of whom are only armed with bows and arrows , This _prolonged resistance , sometimes victorious and always invincible , humiliates him in ft certain measure in the eyes of Europe , and therefore he wants to finish the matter in any way—by fire or sword . We must , in consequence , expect to see , at the commencement of the approaching season , a new campaign commenced , in which will be displayed the greatest possible efforts . "

      The German papers state that a great number of Polish refugees from France , England , and Delgium have passed through Leghorn on their way to Smyrna , where they are to assemble preparatory to proceeding to the Caucasus , to join thc Circassians in the war against the Russians .

      LATElt NEWS . —ANOTHER GLORIOUS VICTOCY GAINED Bi . THE CIRCASSIANS . A letter from Constantinople of the 17 th of September , gives an account of a second battle fought between the Russians ) and Circassians , in which the former sustained a still more disastrous defeat than they did in the retreat from Dargo . It appears that the Russian army , in its retreat from Daghestan , was severely harassed by Schainil ' _a troops , which followed close upon its heels . Ou ' reaching Japi-Ouchy , in Georgia , which is tributary to Russia , Count Woronzotf , thinking tbot he had got rid of his pursuers , halted his exhausted troops , in order to givo them a few hours' rest . He was , however , mistaken . Schamil , the gallant and active leader ofthe Circassians , allowed him no time . He unexpectedly attacked

      the Russians in tlieir camp , and after a short but very bloody struggle , Count Woronzoff was forced again to retreat , in order to reach a more favourable position . This he appears to have effected , but in the retreat he lost an immense number of men . Thc number of men killed is not exactly known , but it may be judged from tlie fact that 130 officers have perished , among whom were one general officer , two pf Count Woronzoff's aides-de-camp , and anaide-dc camp of General Gluek . The Circassians also got possession of four pieces of artillery , and the greater portion of the Russian stores and ammunition . The force under Count Woronzoff , at the commencement of the campaign , amounted to 50 , 000 men . Of that number from 12 , 000 ' to 15 , 000 are said to have fallen on the iield of battle , besides the vast numbers who perished from cold , fatigue , and privations .

      GREECE . An attempt at insurrection has been made in Greece . The partisans of Mavrocordato and Motaxa having united , about ono hundred and thirty troops , under the orders of Caraltitzo , Poulikako , and Petro Pontaki . made themselves masters of the village on the eastern side of Taygeti , aud proposed to take one of the fortified towns situated _inthat district : they were , however , opposed by the National Guard , and forced to retire . Subsequently Carakitzo and Poulikako were made prisoners ,. the rest escaped . Another chief of the same party , named Perako , has also been defeated in his attempt at insurrection .

      INDIA AND CHINA . LoxnoN , Thursday , October 2 , —The extraordinary express , in anticipation of the Indian Mail to the 28 th of August , has arrived . There is no longer any doubt as to the assembling of an army on the banks of * the Sutlej , in order to enable the . present Siekh Government to curb its licentious soldiery . Tho Queen-Mother and her brother , the Wuzeer ol the boy King DuJeep Sing , are stated to be now acting in concert with the British agents , for the purpose of putting down the insolence and rebellious spirit of the Klialsa troops and the fanatic _Akhalccs . Umballa is named as the place of rendezvous for all the " politicals , " as the Hon . Company ' s diplomatic agents are occasionally called in India . The

      Governor-General , the _Commander- in- Chief , the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces , Mr . Thomasoii , and Mr . G . 11 . Clerk , wiio was said to be on his . way from England , are to have a conference at . Agra , after which the important movements will be commenced . The cholera had disappeared at Sukkar and Hyderabad . Tlie preparations for . any movement that might be necessary against the f unjaub were going on silently but surely , espeeially in the boats for bridges and steamers ,, & c . It appeared to be expected that Sir _Chavica Napier would be called on to proeeed to join the- _Sovurnor-General , in case any hostile measures became imperative in the Punjaub _. The news , from China is unimportant .

      IMPORTANT FROM THE RIVER PLATE . Falmouth , Sept . 30—By the Martha Jane , arrived oil' Penzance ,. from Buenos Ayres , we have received still later accounts therefrom , to the 26 th of July . Tho accompanying particulars of an interview between the British _reswleats and Mr . Ouseley will give an idea of the position of aftUirs . at the above period . The deputation of the committee of British mevchants waited on W . G . Ouseley , Esq ., her British

      Majesty's Minister Plenipotentiary , this morninj ; _\ 26 th July ) , when he entered upon the _followi-. ig relation of the _present state of the _negociatious with the Argentine Government : — " That the _Argentine Government has been in tin comniencemer . it of the joint negociations ,, and repeatedly afterwards , requested by the "Ivlinisters o ' . L < nglaT , id and France , to agree to a temporary suspension of hostilities , so as to give opportunity for _negoclarion to be gone into without any _useless loss of lift . i ' . i the meantime .

      " fins proposition was not accepted by the Argentine Government ; on the _contrary , it required the rigorous blockade of Monte , Video to be acknowledged , and meanwhile _tfjc siege of that town was * pushed more vigorously than _before by General Oribe . "Onthe refusal c ? the temporary suspension of hostilities , a note Was presented by the Ministers requiring the Gov ernment to withdraw the Argentine _U-ftopsftom thc Estado Oriental , and the squadron , _-ffOW before _tyonte Video , the Ministers binding

      Spain. We Take The Following From The Ti...

      themselves on their part to- the disarming ot thc _foreigners who have taken p _.-wt-in thc dissensions of the lisfndo Oiientnl , thus leayin ; , ' tho native inhabitants to choose t . eir own Government . '' Tliis ultimatum was made fixing tho 31 st instant ( July } for orders to be given for tbe withdrawal of the Argentine forces , warning tho Government that i such orders were not given on or Iwfore the 31 st _,,-tlif _EnirSsIi and French Ministers _wouH-loavc this city . '

      ' """ "¦' . ~» '- .'¦' .•. -. --. - '' '

      ' " "" "¦ ' . ~» ' - . '¦' . . - . --. - '' '

      ,. . , And National Trades' Joubnal. .

      _,. . , AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOUBNAL . .

      VOL . VIII . N 0 . ~ 41 _^ L _^ Or _^ SATU _^^ 1 7 ' 1 _^ _^ , _^» Fire _Shllliugu and Sixpence pe * Quarter 1 ¦ -- —¦ - - ,:. , . i _~ _. ..... i , ¦' ,. - — .. i - " ' _. "

      ( Efafctg' " ¦ •¦ Flftotemrnts.

      ( _Efafctg' " ¦ •¦ _flftotemrnts .

      Address, By The Central Committee Of Tii...

      ADDRESS , BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF TIIE UNITED TRADES ASSOCIATION FOR , THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRY . The Central Committee , appointed--by tha July Trades Conference-, for thc purpose of carrying a general organisation into _ell ' ect , beg to call the attention of the working classes to the result of the labours of that couferenctt , viz .: —thc formation of two institutions , each to wovk in connection with the other ; and in their respective functions , each calculated to meet the peculiar evils wliich deteriorate the condition of those who depend upon labour for tlieir subsistence . The two associations are separate in their government , because they require a separate and different application of their respective funds '

      and because there are trades , whose circumstances would prevent thera uniting with both , who could with advantage avail themselves ' of one of them ; both , however , are intended to work aide by side , and each will receive countenance and strength by tiie prosperity of the other . In order to appreciate these institutions , it will be advisable to give a very brief analysis of the circumstances which injuriously affect the condition of workin * , ' men . . The position ot employer nnd employed is precisely that of bargainers for the sale and purchase of labour . In all bargains , the buyer is disposed to give as little , and the 8 _« ller to get as much as possible , for what he has to exchange ; it is easy , therefore , to be seen , that he of the two who is most subject to thc

      immediate pressure or necessity will be obliged to . yield to the price of the other , in the exact proportion as his necessities arc most immediate . It need not be said that the necessities of the workman arc much more immediate than those of his employer , and that consequently , singly , he has no chance in the bargain . It is indispensable , therefore , that the employed should take measures to correct this inequality of position in the bargain with their employers ; for there is no situation so helpless on the one part , and consequently so certain to induce every species of oppression , as when the buyer or seller has his opponent completely at liis mercy .

      As individually , therefore , the workman cannot successfully contend with his employer , it becomes his imperative duty to units with his fellow workmen iu order that his position in the bargain may be rectified to something like equality . Tho necessity of union being thus founded upon tho natural sense of _justice whicli prompts every one to resist oppression , it is essential that such union should be formed wisely to carry out its specific objects , and to adapt itself to such exigencies as may arise iii the _struggle of labour with capital for a fair remuneration . -To obtain this fair remuneration is the intention ofthe "United Trades Association for the protection of Industry .

      _13 esidcs the necessity of thus uniting to correct the inequality of-position of labour and capital , it often happens that without any intention of taking advantage of their superior ability to stand out against a fair price for labour , the employers have , multitudes of unemployed workmen , competing each with the other , for employment ; and bidding-each under the other , to obtain it . This evil , whicli formerly was confined in a groat measure to unskilled labour , the unceasing application of machinery now venders very possible to every trade . The only remedy here is to withdraw , if

      possible , the surplus labour from the market—to take such measures as shall prevent the workmen from being in these circumstances compelled by sheer hunger to submit to any terms , however opprcsivo . VV ith this view the Association for the employment of surplus labour in agriculture and manufactures , is submitted for attention . For it will be seen that to effect any real and permanent amelioration of thc conditions of thc working classes , they must not onlyunite for mutual protection , but must adopt measures to abstract from themarkettliatsurplus labour which would otherwise of itself cause the most abject statu of social misery .

      These measures , although directed to the sameend , are yet sufficiently distinct to induce the Conference to decide upon the formation of two associations , tc carry tlicm out in separate yet harmonious operation . It cannot lie doubted , that a general organisation of trades will give a power to resist oppression which cannot be possessed by any trade singly , and moreover , by uniting many trades in one interest , an aggregate mass of opinion will be formed , which in the end , will do much for the benefitof the working classes , and prevent the necessity of their having ; recourse to the more physical expedient of strikes . Under the conviction , therefore , that the spirit of union , tempered with moderation and equity , should in future characterise the proceedings of the working classes ,

      the United Trades Association for the protection . of Industry has been instituted , and if entered into and supported with that earnestness which its importance merits , results will be achieved by the influence of its united powers which , if sought by isolated efforts , could only terminate in defeat and disappointment . The objects of the , auxiliary institution , the Association for the Employment of Surplus Labour'in Agriculture and Manufactures , is sufficiently apparent from its title ; itaims at maintaining the price of labour by preserving a healthy relation between the demand and tlie supply . This it proposes to do by giving employment to the surplus labour in whatever manner or locality maybe thought most eligible .

      As the immediate business of the Central Committee , however , relates more especially to the first of these institutions ,, it will at present confine its remarks to tlic Association for the Protection of Industry . The impossibility of contending successfully against the influence of capital has long since been experienced by the disunited working classes , and the formation of Trades Unions was forced upon them as a means of defence . The great evil of these expedients has hitherto been the contradicted basis upon which tlicy were established , thc power brought into action being at thc utmost only , sufficient to protract resistance , but not to ensure success . The more united trades have sometimes obtained partial and temporary advantages , while others have been rendered more helpless by their unsuccessful struggles .

      lhe blame ol failure , However ,. docs not rest with the system , but the contracted scale on which it has boen conducted ; and the obvious remedy lies , therefore , in its extension ; not merely to embrace the entire of _sne trade , but to-unite all trades in one general confederation , which by presenting a strong barrier against unjust aggression , will prevent attack , as peace is often ensured by there being no weak point which could be successfully assailed . # In carrying , out the great , objects of the Association , it is not : intended to supersede local unions , the ordinary affairs of . which can be much better administered by its . _own members ,. whoaremore immediately interested in and . practically acquainted with their particular-trade and locality ; but when thc

      Association _shallhavebeen matured , itis intended , as laid down by the Conference , to form a common centre , towards * which their associated means may con erge for mutual assistance au 4 support in cases of need ; and from . which these , means may be _se-distributeiVin such , masses , and upon such points , as may most effectually secure thc great objects of all working men ; namely , to . enable theiu to withstand all aggressious , obtain a just participation in tho wealth they assist to produce , and promote such , improvements in their condition , physically ,, mentally , and morally , as _^ becomes rational beings , the advanced state of science , and the superabundance of the means for "; supporting nnd educating the population , now at the command of sooicty .

      Tho Association of United Trades will enable each particular trade that may join it , in ' the case of disputes or strikes , to fight its individual battle with the whole strength of thc Association ; and will multiply its means twenty , fifty , or a hundred-fold , according to its own powers and numbers compared with that of the entire Association . The Association will also bring to bear on all disputed points between employers and employed , ' a more powerful moral influence than anyisilatcd Union can exercise . This , it may be anticipated , will prevent many of these disputes from terminating in turn-outs or strikes , and where these are discovered to he _indisr pcnsable , will give them the sanction and aid of a strong public opinion , created and directed by peaceful and constitutional means , Orisioji in the end is more powerful than wealth . The Association will wield _botli for the service of _Lmjovr .

      In past struggles the t , aw has been too often perverted to the service of Capital . One of the objects ofthe Association will be to secure its impartial administration , aad to bring * to the aid of labour , that legal . Knowledge and ability , wliich has heretofore _l _^ cn almost entirely monopol ised by capital . Ail Instrument of tyranny , which is Capable Of the most tremendous abuse , will _tl'iis bo . wrested from the hands of those who . have wo many incitements i fi

      Address, By The Central Committee Of Tii...

      misuse it , and the working men in future , struggle * will be aided , not opposed by the hw . __ % ' f Such are the lending objects of the Association of United Trades for the _i _' rotection cf Industry , in order to assign fo labour its true position in the eonowy ot social'Jife , to remove the accumulated evils . under which it has long suffered , and to introduce a new era in the history of this country , when the abundance of its productions shall contribute to the _liappintfM ot the sons of toil , instead of being reserved for the

      exclusive indulgence of the few . It will be ' seen that the intention of thc whole is to rectify the two great evils with whieh labour has always to contend , vr / . _> the inequality of its position individually in competing with capital , _•«< * flic inundation of surplus labour _i » thc market . How far the institutions now formed will answer * these purposes will depend upon the support they receive from the . working classes . In conclusion , the ? Committee beg to impivs ' _supon all that the Association for the protection o ' f _industry is soJeiy under tho management and control _ofHvorkincmen unconnected i

      with any political or oClieVparty . Whatever colour there may have been ' for a * contrary opinion'in the earlier stages of tlieir prOCOfllillgs there is none now . A periaal' of the rules vili show that no movement ; can tnke ' placc , _oragreemeeS be entered " into , without the sanction _aiifl authority of the io _««/(^ 'representatives of file working classes . Hi Bahratt ; See :, 30 , Hyde Street , llJooinsbury . Centiui . Committee . —T . S . Dui ' . cumbc , Esq ., M . P ., Prcjii ? cnt ; J . Bush , _Carpenter Vice-President ; T . J . Diiniiinu _^ _Bookbiiidci-, Loudon ; W . _AIlonjTin Plate Worker , London _; " I ) . James , _lJoot Muter , London ; "W . J : Young , Carpenter , London ; - F . Green , Morocco Leather Finisher ; London /; * R » Mullen , Woolconvbcr . Bradford ; JI Kogers , _^ Carpenter , Bristol ; Vf . Felkin , Frame _"W-orlt _Knrfter , Mansfield ; " VY _" . Palmer , Plastcrery- Manchester ; Or . Lviibs , Silk Weaver , Norwich ; J- Berry , Miner , Wiean .

      Notice.—To The United Tribes'mi> "Workin...

      NOTICE . —TO THE UNITED TRIBES ' MI > "WORKING CLASSES _GENERALLY . If there be oacjthing more than _another that tendsto impede thc improvement of ' the social condition _off the working classes , it is the Want of a competentknowledge of their own capabilities . AJciTstom « _L from early life to their particular calling or profession , they prosecute the same with ' a degree of intense interest , thinking that their happiness depends irpun-that alone ; neither are they altogether culpable for the absence of that knowledge which certain

      other portions of society possess . The condition oF working men and the price of labour liarc Jong been sueh , that in proportion to the amount of knowledge thoy acquire , they must sacrilicc their domestic comforts , and that , _somtimes ; t < r the injury of their families . Other portions « f society , who have found the means of acquiring knowledge , have not tliomeans of disseminating that knowledge amongst their fellow working men . Thus thc working classes have been led , and governed , by the cupidity of others _,, whose interest it has been to keep them iii a state ot ' mental imbecility .

      Judging from theory rather _Hinn-practice , workingmen have generally considered ' thafimlcss they weroclassical scholars or of reputed talent they could boot * little service in elevating tlieir condition in society . Thus they have either not made tlic attempt , or lost confidence in themselves before they had accomp lished their object . But surely there- is- a sort or knowledge , which , though not taught in our public schools , may be acquired by every man , and which , when once acquired , will be of ' more practical utility than all-the scholastic lore in- the universe—namely * _, how hest to use his powers for his own advantage and that of his fellow man . This is the summum bonum

      of . nil knowledge , an axiom that is engraven upon our intellectual faculties . When a man has acquired that knowledge lie is independent of more ; without it , he is little elevated above the brute recreation . Ill order to effect any important change In the condition of the working classes two things are necessary ; lirst , that they should understand what is-tobe done ; and , secondly , that tlicy sliould have confidence in themselves , and-in the fidelity of those * who co-operate with them to accomplish tho _snnio purpose . With these-two points working men now seem to have determined to grapple , and if they havedone this , they have Juid the foundation of success . The Board of Directors » f the United Trades' Association , established for thc employment of labour in agriculture and manufactures , finding that a spirit of

      inquiry _exiBts-throuuhout the-country as to the objects of this Association , and tlic manner in which it is proposed to accomplish those objects ; and feeling assured that it is only necessary to carry out the two points above alluded to ,- have determined to send , forthwith , through the various town- ; in tho kingdom , talented working men , who will bc able to elucidate the principles ol the Association ; and who , by their probity and experience , together with their known integrity , will fully answer tho above purpose , and do justice to the cause they arc sent to advocate . It is considered that working men , who are connected with , and who understand the nature and practical hearing of trades unionsin general , as well as the _poweivfaiul position of the working classes , will serve the purpose more effectually than any other * could do .

      Announcements will-be made through the Aorthem Star ami other periodicals as to . when the agents of the Association will bo visiting the various localities ; and it is confidently hoped that Trade Societies will render them every assistance by previously making focal arrangements i ' or tho reception of such : parties . Arrangements arc in progress with Mr . Ji Skelton of London to commence the work proposed , and tho town he will first visit will be announced in our _nrtvl

      Jiund I'L'Ocessio.Y Of Lui.Vens At Llioa...

      jIUND _I'l'OCESSIO . Y OF lUI . VEnS AT llIOAK ,. IN Honour oi * W . V . _ItonEn-rs , Esq . —The Miners of the Wigan district having purposed for some time > past to do honoiuvto tlieir " AUorney-Goneral ,. " for * the many legal victories . he had achieved for them , determined upon giving him a public entry into , the town on Monday last ; and in order to- make it worthy of the man and hia labours ,, every _Mincriii the district voluntarily laid _asids his pick and- spal © to be present on the occasion . The morning wa $ most unfavourable , the vain falling without intermission until seven o'clock , when the sun broke * through ' tlie clouds , causing the deep anxiety which

      was depictod in the countenances of tlie hardy sons of the mine to disappear under his _ihvigoiraiinff rays . With cheerful sniilcs they _imv bogau to wend their way to the general rendezvous ,, from whence , at nine o ' clock , with music playing awl banners , flying , the procession moved down the Schoies . At tho bridge tlicy were joined by tlieir . champion in an open carriage , in whieh wo observed also Mr . Grocott , the county secretary ; Mi * . John Berry j and our old and respected townsman , Mr . Wm . _liixon . The procession took tlic foUowiug route .: — Up Mill-gate and Standishgatc , as far as the monument , when the procession returned _* to the _Market-placo , and then proceeded alomg Wallgate , Queen-street , _Chapel-kme , ov _« r the S . choles Eridge , up _Warrington-lane , Hardybuts , _M-zmchester-road ,

      to Ham bcrs wood Common , where u hustings had been . _provided'ftr the speakers . I . n the procession were two very _aplenilid new _silkbaianevs , provided for tlie occasion ; on onC of which _v / as the full-length figure of a working Miner , with a , scroll in . his hand , containing an appropriate motto . On _the-ueverse was the motto— " United _wcstnnd ,. uivided wcfall . " On the other banner was a _bcaut ' iiul representation of the Miners !' emblem , _andoo . tkevevevse" "Unitedvie stand , divided we fall .. "' This was the largest gathering of Misers ever h & _iiiin this countiy , there being from S 00 O . to 10 , 000 persons present . On the motion of Messrs . Dixon and FiaJgate , Mr . John Berry was unanimously called . U ' _. _ion to preside . Mr . Berry * opened the meeting by reading ths placard , after

      which he said that when three years ago they held their first meeting , tbe coal masters said tluvt they would break uo their , union _s in three montli 3 , ; _-but , thank God , their union was not broken , _neither was it sick , nor had it even wanted a doctor . IJp hoped tkey would coaclude the day as they had begun it—in peace and sobriety . The meeting was then addressed by Messrs . Dixon , " Halgate , Price , Lennet , and Mr _* Roberts , and the following resolutions were agreed _, to : — " That we , the Miners of Lancashire , ' feel convinced from past , experience nnd the _every-day _practices ot the coal masters , that justice will never ba done to . the working man until he is paid for his work by . weight instead of as now , by measure . We therefore pledge _ourselves that we will not relax in our exertions until tMs object is _accom plished . "— "That we , tlio Miners of _Lan-| _caabu'e , in a public mcoiiug -assembled , do *

      hereby declare our _unquali & il confidence in the _principles . of restriction , believing tho same tobe eminently calculated to -work out the salvation of the miners of this county , and we recommend _, our brethren in every part ofthe country to adopt it without delay . '' The procession was again formed and proceeded back to the to _* . _vn in the same order as they left , and each party then departed to their _respectivei club-houses , where substantial dinners were provided for them . Wehave to add , that the proprietor of the New Patricroft Colliery gave hi * _monil , and that Mr . Whalley presented tho men m his employment with £ 3 and a small barrel of i i e x - |} keWlse gave _^ 3 to the musicians that played at the procession . What makes those gifts ot mare value is , that tbey were given without any solicitation on the part of the men .

      _Lancashire and _Chesiiihk Misers . —The next general dolegate meeting of Lancashire Miners will take place on Monday next , the 6 th October , at the house of Mr . James Lomas , Bull ' s Head , High-lane , near Hazel-grove , Cheshire ; chair to be taken at eleven o'clock in the forenoon . There will also be a , public meeting , which will bo addressed by W . P , Roberts , Esq .. and several other gentlemen . The levy for the fortnight , including general contributions , is is . Cd . each member . Persons calling themselves members oi the Miners ' . Association , coming into Lancashire , will not be recognised as suck unless _thtvi produce printed credentials signed by the secretary of the lodge , or district , to which they bo ' lo _' _-S' a ? . , stamped with the lodge or district seal ; " '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 4, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_04101845/page/1/