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recruitedbut slight devotion * THE NORTH...
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Stertcttitntt anil Isrtfcuron*
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS. Jbr tin W*(k co...
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AGItlCULTUitAL CHEMISTRY. (Continued fro...
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CorospQiwnut- *
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TO THE ID1T0B. 01 TBI* KOKTIIEKS STAK. S...
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"UsBfcL Hurts to Nhwsparkr ConnEsroxBExi...
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• Sfrartfet ftttrUigtitft,
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BRIGHTON. The Lasd.—A public lecture was...
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HULL. . Tire Lakd.-A. public meeting was...
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GALILEO AND HIS PERSECUTORS. 0 ' C0*i'.V...
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UEA'i'lI OF THE ATTORNEI-UENERAL. Sir Wi...
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Justices' Justice.—A fashionably dressed...
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^anln-uptsi, &u
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BANKRUPTS. (FromFriday's Gazette , Jmxel...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Recruitedbut Slight Devotion * The North...
* THE NORTHERN STAR JgL * 5 ' lM _- -
Stertcttitntt Anil Isrtfcuron*
_Stertcttitntt anil _Isrtfcuron *
Field-Garden Operations. Jbr Tin W*(K Co...
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . Jbr tin W *( k comoiena ' , ig Monday , July Sift , 1844 . [ Extracted from a Diary cf Actual Operations on five small _faiins on the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on thc estates of thc Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near liudder- > field , in order to guide Other * _> o _* jeskirs ol" lield « ar » : en 5 , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of
five acres eaeh , conducted by U . Cruttenden and John Han iii . Second . Two private farms , of live or six acres : one worked by Jc _» c Piper , the other by John _"Dnnibrc-ii—the former at Eastdean , the latter at _Jeviugton— -til _<* f then within a few miles of _Eastboums . Third . Au industrial school farm at Slait ' uwaite . _Fouriii . Several _private model farms near the amepLioo . _Thecouiaeuliveftperatjosjsl-it _' _ic-serej-cns ¦ will enable tl » e curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with thc north of England . The Durv is aided by _"Xotesaud Observations" from the pen of ilr . _Xowcll , calculated for the rime and season , widen we . subjoin .
Wilh hea . tn of body , inaoeence of mind , and habits of industry , a poor man ' s vh ? A oc _£ lu to have nothing to be afraid vf , nor his father or mother _anjUiin- * : to be afraid of for him . " — -In . Foley . Note . —The school _fotriis are cultivated by logs , W < _s fa nturn fur _liiree hours * teaching in the morning give thru hours of tlnir labour hi the afternoon for the nv . _' _.-tcr ' _s benefit , which renders the schools sku _* - _supihiuiix-u . We btlkvc that at Farnly Tyas slx tevtntiis of tiie produce of the school farm will be assigned io tiie fa ys , ami om-stvaitlt to tiie matter , who will nceivt tin _« . - «« _£ _nchud feet , hei ]} the tow to _rultivate t ! . eit land , and leach them , in addition to reading , writing , « tc , to convert thur produce into bacon , by ailcfjing io pig-keeping , _u-hich at Christ mas nicy be divided , alter pining _retit and levy , atnvnga them in pmjivftioii to their services , and ie _mu-Ic tlm * _iU'liTcafy to reach their _jwenu in a nay tlic i / _ior _f grateful lo & _.: _irJc- ; iLi . _js . ' )
HISSES . Moxdat—WiUingdon Sdiool . Digging , and manuring ¦ with liquid for white turnips after spring tares _Eacvlean _Sclioof . biggin-r un tare stubble , planting , manuring , _ai ;< i watering cabbages . Piper . Taking up onions . _Dmrfbrill . Hoeing " carrots , cutting np rye grass . . Tuesdat— _WHlhgdon Stlool . The same as yesterday . _EasoAan _Scficri . Bays digging un tare stubble , cntiiii _* : up _i . otatoes , weeding _eantts , bringing weeds for ( he pigs . Piper . Taking up onions , re moviug them , and digging up the ground immediately . _Di-M-.-rd ! . Hoeing carrots , dibbling mangel wun : c 3 , _ planting cabbages . _WinxESUAY— ii'iiiir . _fdoxx School . Boys digging , working among the potatoes . Eastdean Scho _>> i . Boys digging , and applying tank liquid , planting more cabbages , losing up potatoes . Piper . Digging : -where tiie onions came off . Dumlnll . Hoeing
carrots , digging up tare ground . _Thuksmay—WiUingdon School . The fame as yesterday . _JSaittfeaat _Sc _& ovl ' . _Weeding lucerne , _-nrateriug itr-60 _winis while turnip- * , _trans-jinnting small ones . _Fijicr . Holing carrots . DumbreU Digging up tare ground . Fbidat—WiUingdon School . Boys dolus" the same as before . _East-kan School . "Boys in school all day , can hud nothing whatever for " them to do . PipJr . _lloeiutr carrot ** , am quite particular in _removim ? all _rubbish-froin them . DumbreU . Wheeiing manure , and sowing turnips on thc tare ground . _SATvmiAv—llitiingdon School . Boys hoeing turnips . Eastdean School . Boys cleaning piggery , portable pails , _sehool-rt-oin , and cutting tarci for Sunday . _Pi-xer . Hoeing _pi-tatoes . DumbreU . Hoeing potatoes , spreading tank liquid on thc new mown clover .
_TonusniRE . _Shitiixuaite Tenants . C . Varley , hay making , digging up tare ground for wheat . * COW-FEEMXG . WiUingdon Scliool . Cows fed in thc stall with the second cut clover . Dumlrclt ' s . Two cows stall-fed with tares till Friday afterwards with clover . C . Yarlcy ' s . . Cows stall-fed on grass .
HINTS ON MANURES . The following general principles necessary to be admitted and _undeisiood , are applicable to all vegetable productions : — 1 st . Tliat plants , like animals , require food to nourish theni , _^ and arc furnished with numerous mouths to receive the necessary sustenance ; but as they cannot , like animals , move about in search of it , it must be placed within their reach . 2 nd . That the mouths of plants are placed atthe extremities of thc root fibres , and consist of suckers , •» "bich imbibe , the food from the soil , and from these it is carried np through the plants to the leaves . 3 rd . Tliat the food of all plants consists of nearly the same elements , namely , common air , water , anil aunt-stance composed of charcoal and hydrogen gas , - Which chemists have denominated humin .
4 th , That the fo . id Imbibed from the soil thvough "flie suckers at the extremities of the roots , and drawn up to the leaves , is spread outon tlieir surface , and , when exposed to air-and light , parts with _twothirds of its water , _conseonentiy becomes thicker , and descends _tlitcirjh the various parts of the plant to supply materials for growth ; just as the blood purified in the lungs of animals is distributed through the body for the same end . 5 th . That when plants suck up more food from the soil than cau -be duly exposed to light and air on the _enrfaec of the leaves , they become dropsical and lurid , " while if they-have too little food , they become yellow and drooping ; in either case being ill fitted to perfect their seed . -
6 th . That as the perfecting if thc seed depends on the anther-dust ( pollen ) falling upon the moist summit of the pistil , when thc anther-dust of one "rariety or species is made io fall , by art , or by the accidental passing of insects on the summit of the pistil of another variety or species , tne seed is said to be crossed , or hybridized , and will produce varieties diSercntfrom either of thc parent plants . This is tiie only known-origin of att varieties , soil and other circumstances having but small influer . - 'e . _Tth- That as " animals do not appropriate to nourishment all the food taken iuto their stomachs , but reject tho refuse in the form of excrement , plants in the same wa * have bean proved to exhale substances , ¦ finch as carbonic acid gas , into ihe air around them , as well as : o throw into thc soil a sort of excrcmeu tiHous slime , very injurious to the growth of . plants
discharging it , no less than'to their eongenew , but not always hurtful , to others of different genera . Hence thc benefit apparent from a judicious rotation of crops . The above " postulates may be summed up as follows : —Plants , absorb , their nutriment by the roots ; this nutriment is then conveyed through tlic stem into , the leaves ; f & erc it is subjected to a process by which a large proportion of water is discharged ; the rest is submitted io thc action of thc atmosphere , and carboaie ' rfcid is first _"cncratcd , ar . d then decomposed by ihe action of light ; carbon is new fixed under the _fonu-of a nutritive material , which is conveyed back Mo thc system ; and this material is further elaborated for thc development of all parts ofthe structure , ar . d for the preparation of secreted matters , which -ire either retained within , or rejected from thc plant .
Agitlcultuital Chemistry. (Continued Fro...
AGItlCULTUitAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last . ) _asixos . 22 . Thc charcoal of wood is a _snlisfance familiar to every one . When burned away it leaves behind a small quantity of ashes ( par . 4 ) . Could wc deprive the dnircoal of these ashes , it would be pure carbon . Carbon , therefore , - is the elementary partof charcoal , -= ifa combining portion , as it exists in the carbonic add of marble , ex . Pure _tarbon , like pure iron , is rarely , if ever , separately obtained . The diamond , exposed to a' strong heat in oxygen _cas , or even common air , burns away , and the result of its combustion is the same as that of the combustion of charcoal . Diamond was _^ long supposed to be nnrc
carbon , but some philosophers have lately obtained ashes even from the diamond , which , in all probability , has no more elaim than the soot of a gas-lamp to be considered as-pure carbon . Be this as it may , the carbon derived from any source is very ready to form compounds , and to leave all impurities behind . When we speak of thc charcoal as a chemical compound , the term carbon is more appropriate . 23 . Ordinary wood , as that of thc oaK Or beech " , consists principally of charcoatand _waterji . C , carbon , water , _aidies ) .- Water enters into the compositionof most organised beings in two separate forms , which constlie dearly d _^ inguished , and which it isreauisite
to bear in mind . Water may constitute an essential element ofa _stthstahec , as of wood in its driest state , or / water may constitute an acrfefoitanngredient , as of green or undricd wood . 2 * foW wood , and most other organised bodies , contain water in both these forms . If we bake the wc _% d for some time in an oven , we expel all the water , which it may contain as an accidental ingrediiait ; and if we expose tho wood so baked to moisture , ii" will again absorb "more _Ojrjess , which-niay be again baked out . But the very driest wood , or the purest ' _wb _% dy fibre , as cotton or fire washed linen , when expo _*^ d " to strong heat , turns first brown and then _blaek , by the loss of that water wn _^ fonnsan aspaial ingredient of the wood
. 24 . The washed and bleached thread of cotton or linen is pure wood , or woodv libre : chemists call it _tignin The driest wood , the purest _liwin , stiU rontams naif its weight of water _chemicaUv comlinrd _wSkSi & _T _^^ _wate rl , y a _nient licat—a i _^ _wlueh noi mere l y _espeis the water , hut decom-S _^' _iLrf _^^ ? of water ( par . lfl _) , in _&^ T _^ g «> 0 f tn « "water uniting with some _Zl _^^ S _^^ with another portion to fonn
charcoal may well be found to be very light . The dry wood—the _lignin—loses not merely the chemically combined water which constituted half its weight , but all the carbon that the elements of water could earry oft in the form of smoke and gas . 25 . A great deal has been written , in books of agriculture aud chemistry upon humus , humic acid , _ulmine , and nlmic acid , the geic acid , the huniates ulmatas , _geates , and other inventions , rather than discoveries of ingenious men , who gave cach other the chamrc in words instead of facts . AH that the
agriculturist require ;* to be told i 3 , that these are merely new names for carbonaceous matter in certain states " of combination and _decomposition , which , for every practical , ay , and every scientific purpose , can be studied to more advantage by confining the attention to the most striking among the chemical properties of carbon and charcoal . In fact , to pursue , successfully , the l _' roteus carbon through all its changes of form , would be to fathom the profoundest depths of animal and vegetable physiology , and to establish -it oiiccihc true theorv—which must reveal
the true practice—of agriculture . 26 . A piece of charcoal , recently prepared , was weighed and set aside for a week ; it was then weighed again , and was found to have absorbed both water and _atmof-pheric air ; and tliese could not bo driven off without a red heat . It has also been _obsei-ved , that when charcoal , recently burnt , was confined in a jar o f atmospheric air , the air was not only much d . ' miuished in quantity , but was also deprived of a larger proportion of its oxygen than of its nitrogen . Atmosphcrie air , as we know ( par . 13 ) , contains 21 per cent , o f oxygen ; but the air remaining after this experiment , contained onlyS per cent . If you take a piece of charcoal out of the
• ire , when it is red hot , and plunge it into water , you may then confine it under a moderate quantity of air and it will soon consume all the oxygen , and leave the nitrogen pure . These are very plain experimcnt < , cstabrishiiig facts that are capable of convoying information ofthe highest value . 27 . An elaborate set of experiments were made upon box-wood charcoal , by one of the Saussure family . Sara-sure heated the _charciialrcd hot , mid quenched it in _niercor v ( quicksilver ); he exposed it , when cool , to about a d : lzcn different gases , for 2-1 hours , and found tliat it absorbed of hydrogen not quite twice its hulk , of nitrogen 7 ' 5 , of oxygen nearly 10 , of carbonicacid gas 35 . and of ammonia 00 times its bulk .
23 . Wc shall find , hercaltcr , that certain kinds of clay , and other inorganic or earthy matters ofthe soil , especially some of those that contain iron , possess thc property of absorbing , retaining , and giving _ofi water , ammonia , and carbonic acid , though not to the same extent as carbonaceous matter or charcoal . We siut !! find that this property ( of absorbing from the air and other sources , of storing up for a time , and of again giving out on demand , that which is _nuivcrsajly admitted to furnish thc principal food of plants ) is possessed only by thc best ingredients , of the best soils * , when subjected by thc care and industry of man to favourable circumstances . We shall find the best practical husbandry to be that system which most sedulously avails itself of this property , and that astudy of { he various circumstances attending it will abundantly repay a patient , perhaps tedious inquiry .
20 . Charcoal , wrapped up in articles ol clothing , Las the property of correcting the musty smell which _wenring-nnpiu'cl is apt to eoulract when laid by for a time . Water , preserved In casks that have been charred ou the inside , ' is less apt to acquire an unpleasant taint . Meat that has begun to change may lie restored by being sprinkled with charcoal powder . The numerous uses of this substance in correcting offensive efiluvia have been long known to persons of various _piofcssions and callings , whose object was to destroy what c . ffcnded their senses or endangered tlieir health . Such matters are highly _valuable to the agriculturist , whose labours , at once useful aud salutary , tend to the production of wholesome flood for mail and the lower animals , out of substances whieh , neglected and wasted , arc productive of annoyance and disease .
30 . Now , peat-moss is carbonaceous matter in a state that has long been a problem , perhaps an opprobrium , to the agriculturist . Sir Humphrey Itevy says emphaticall y , " a soil covered with peat , is a soil covered not only with fuel , but likewise with manure . " Lord Meadowbankandothers haveshown its value , but somehow or other this copious source of carbon and humus , and acids with many namesthis peat-moss , which is stated in books to be like _FalstalTs wit , not merely fertile , ' but a cause of fertility , is , like that , too often unprofitable to the possessor . Yet , whencverthe fanner shall investigate this matter with the diligence and sagacity of a sugar refiner , hc will arrive at results equally as valuable , 31 . Wood charaoal generally contains one fiftieth of its weight of alkaline and earthy salts or ashes ; the quantity or quality of this ash varies in different plants . Whether charcoal be burnt in atmospheric
air or in oxygen gas ( par . 4 ) , the air undergoes a remarkable change ; its bulk or volume remains the same , but the oxygen has consumed , dissolved the carbon , and is found to have acquired an increase of weight exactly corresponding to that of the carbon for the purpose of experiment , in apparatus the most costly ; they have heated diamonds red-hot in crucibles of gold or on trays of platinum , throwing upon them the light of thc glorious sun concentrated by a glass lens ; they have resorted to many other contrivances , and have made laborious calculations , to ascertaiu exactly the quantity of carbon that unites with a definite quantity of oxygen . They have not yet quite agreed on the point , but the best authority seems to be that of Dr . Prout , that one part of _hydrogen by weight , or eight parts of oxygen , combine with six parts of carbon . The combinbg number or chemical equivalent of carbon , therefore , is 6 .
CAIU 30 X 1 C ACID . 32 . Whenever charcoal is burned in the open air , or in oxygen gas , an acid is produced called carbonic acid ; and if carbon be the most important , indeed , peculiar element of organic beings ( par . 25 ) , carbonic acid is , beyond all other compounds of carbon , most deserving the study ofthe agriculturist . 3-3 . Carbonic acid was first described by Dr . Black , who called it "fixed air . " Lavoisier ascertained that it consisted of oxygen and carbon , and possessed acid properties ; he gave it the name of Carbonic Acid . _'lVis gas is very easily procured for thc purpose of experiment , by pouring an acid on marble , or
on the carbonate of soda or oi potash . Whenmarble is employed , themuriatic ( or hydrochloric ) acid is the best for thc purpose . 34 . Wc can always detect carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere . Although much heavier than common air , it makes its way , notwithstanding , to the loftiest mountain tops . Saussure found it on the summit Of Mount Blanc . The precise quantity contained in the air has been variously estimated . The latest and best authorities give the average quantity much less than was formerly supposed—about one measure in 5000 . The quantity , however , is variable , and it is enough for our purpose to know that it exists constantly in atmospheric air .
ud . Carbonic acid gas is considerably heavier than atmospheric air ; a measure holding 100 grains of common air will hold " 150 ' of _darbonic acid gas . Hence this gas remains near the surface of the ground , in places where it is exhaled abundantly .- 'Ihe Grotto del C . iui , in Italy , is so named because dogs are suffocated by breathing the air , near the ground ; wen escape , their heads being raised above the stratum of noxious gas . * Persons lying down and falling asleep in the neighbourhood of limekilns , sometimesmeet their death by the carbonic acid gas issuing from thc burning limestone . _Notwithstanding the great specific gravity of carbonic acid , some persons believe it to be even move abundant on mountains than in plains below , whieh they attribute to the influence of vegetation in the lower and warmer regions . Some philosophers think that tho carbonic acid discharged by volcanoes willaccountforthepresenee-ofthisgasin
the upper Mgions of the atmosphere . Fracticall y , however , there is no doubt but the stagnant air of lowdamp situations does , contain a large portion of this heavy gas . It is of frequent occurrence in wells and mines , when it is termed " choke damp . " . Si . Water dissolves its volume of carbonic acid under every pressure . Some salts , especially soda and potash , enable water to hold in solution au additional quantity ; audit would seem that the beneficial _effects of carbonic acid in vegetation is materially influenced by the presence in soils of substances which have an affinity for it ( par . 23 ) ... The hardness of spring water is owing in a great measure—and its _brisknej-s entirely—to this acid . _Wherespringsissue from calcareous rocks , carbonic acid enables tbe water to dissolve lime , as will appear hereafter . The earthy concretion in tea-kettles originates , forthe most part , in lime dissolved by means of carbonic aeid .
37- The respiration of animals is a sort of combustion , and a source of animal _keat . _ This is a physiological process ( par . 9 ) , upon which it is hot necessary to enlarge . Whether the combustion of carbonaceous matter by warm-blooded animals takes place in the lungs or in _* the course of circulation , it ia not imprtant to our inquiries . It _does ' take place , beyond ail doubt , and thc resulting carbonic acid is thrown off by the lungs in the act of expiration ; the expired air contains , on an average , 8 per cent , of carbonic acid . 3 S . The fermentation of wine and beer is attended with a large evolution of carbonic acid , which gives thc sharp agreeable taste and sparkling appearance to champagne , _dre . It is generated also ny the fermentation of bread , iu the process ot malting , in the ¦¦
tcrmentation of new hay , and in the process of decom position of all animal and vegetable substances , more or less of heat being always evolvedM the same time . 39 . Thus we find that therejs a constant burning of carbon going on over the face of the globe , and a corresponding consumption of oxygen gas is effected by processes of every kind , differing greatly in their 'nature and the phenomena tbey exhibit , but all essentially agreeing in their _reSidU with those that ensue from -the burning of wood or of ohatcoal in the open fire : Carf » n . _** _U _** appears , tho oxygen ofthe air _disappears , carbonic acid and otiier . gaset deleterious to animal life are generated , and mixed with the atmos-E " here . Wc know of no other process than vegetation y which the wood , the charcoal , the ashes ean be _cGlkcis _* ,- ! ancdn _, _ufsie _frm . tha air , coifiQ -a the
water , some from the earth and vnburned , to use the right word—deaeidified or reduced , in the language of chemistry—the oxygen gas being unchained from carbonic acid to revivify the air , and the carbon converted into organic and organised matter , to replenish the earth with herbs , trees , and fruits , for the use of man , again to be consumed , and again to be returned through the atmosphere to the soil in the form of carbonic acid .
Corospqiwnut- *
_CorospQiwnut- *
To The Id1t0b. 01 Tbi* Koktiieks Stak. S...
TO THE ID 1 T 0 B . 01 TBI * KOKTIIEKS STAK . Sin , —On reading the article in your paper of tbe 14 th inst ., taken from the Preston Chronicle , headed " The Truck system , " a Lancashire workman will be apt to exclaim , " Is it possible that practices so notorious as the case here detailed , can be unknown to anyone ? " And yet , when we reflect a little thereon , the wonder ceases for what workman will have the hardihood to make them known . "Either in onc way or other punishment is suvc to follow , anil that of a most exemplary kind , perhaps involving oil his family and connections . Our liberal divines tell us , that the power belongs alone to God oi visiting the sins of the fathers upon thc children ; but our enlightened dispensers of law , who are here principally millocrats , would not merely do this , but make their
punishments still more terrible , by punishing tie fathers for their _childrens' sins ; and , what is even mure to be dreaded , make thata sin whieh should , in any degree , militate against their interests—good or evil , being hased on their own selfish avarice . The following very recent ease will bear out this assertion : —A pauper in one of our union workhouses , dissatisfied with tlic conduct of the governor , rentured to express his dissatisfaction through the medium of a letter to the Somerset Commissioners . The three pauper kings thought fit , however , to refer the case for decision to the Preston Guardians , who acquitted the governor of all blame . For this offence of complaining and placing the governor under the necessity of clearing liimself from certain charges , the complainant was driven from the wcrkbousc . The poor fellow , in this dilemma ,
once more applied to the _guardiaus for au order iuto some other workhouse in the union , but this was refused , unless the father of the applicant , a working _ni an , earning by his labour * only eleven shillings a-week , would consent to give three shillings weekly for his son ' s support ! This sum the father considered too much : he was willing to give one shilling , but says ho cannot afford three . To induce the guardians to reduce the charge , hc applied to several members of the board for the purpose of gaming their influence in his behalf , among whom is amillowner ' s sou—a most ranting "Liberal" —especially during the elections . Here the old man was to : d that his son was a restless , discontented person , whose agitating propensities he ( the father ) ought to allay , and that the most effectual way to do this would be to give his son a good horsewhipping— - " aye , and" ( chimed in the bluff , coarse old miUowner himself , who was then present , " send him ,
after flogging hun well , for six months to the House of Correction . " Yes , whip and imprison his son—a man thirty years of age—one who had been brought up to the trade of spinner , but who , owing to a paralytic stroke , wliich deprived him of the use of one arm , was incapacitated from following his employment , and had no resource but to betake himself to a bastiie . This same miUowner pursues the very same system of letting houses to his hands complained of in the account you extracted from the Preston Chronicle . "Many of his "hands" have had to take houses under hhn , which thoy have had to rent _offin the best way thoy could . When I came to this toivu three years ago , I got work for my family in Ms mill , and had to take a house from hhn , rented at 2 s . lid . per week . If I had rented it off , instead of going to it myself , 1 should not have got , iu the state in which the house was , more than Is . Cd . for it .
Ah , sir ! thc poor are here finely used . They are worked to death in the mills , and forced , while life remains , with strength to follow tlieir employment , to give both soul and body to the miUowner . Should death not kindly snatch them away at once , as soon as that strength is gone , the more horrid , bastiie yawns to receive them . Hero life is , indeed , a burden . Dogs are more kindly treated . Read what I here extract from the Proton Guardian , SiB , —Knowing your kindness in sparing a small place _sometimes in your widely-circulated paper , I beg leave to say a few words , as I consider that I have been a sufferer from those who ought to have protected and succoured mc in my forlorn state and old age . I have beeii in Woodplumptou Workhouse upwards of thirteen months , and
during that time I have never had perfect health . I have " been under the doctor of that establishment . About three weeks or a month ago , the doctor ordered me to wall- out now and then for a little fresh air , but the air was too keen for me on the canal side , so I thought I would keep in the road . On the 80 th of May I went out in the morning and stayed out until three o ' clock in thc afternoon ; then I returned home , when the governor accosted me ; ho said he wonld not take me in without an order . I then said—Whatmust I do , for I know no person ; and he made answer anil said I might do as I could . I was not able to go to Preston in my present state , heing poorly off myself and my legs being twice as thick as they ought ; and if it had not been for tho kindness of Mr . John Haywood , who took me up in his cart , I might have lain in the lanes all
night . After I got to rreston , what with being unwell aud stiff with riding , I fell and bruised myself very much . At Preston I found a friend who was kind enough to give me a bed , or I do not know what I might have done . On Tuesday last I attended the Board , and they gave me an order to _Ribehester , but which way I am to get there I do not know , being 73 years of age , and poorly as well . 1 think there is very little thought about poor or aged persons . I have every reason to believe that my sickness has been worse since I went to Wooilplumpton , because I was very ill starved all the last winter . And now , Sir , I think that the rate-payers generally do not know what poor peeple suffer in those places , or tbey would be very ill dissatisfied . Hoping you will give this a place in your widely extended journal , I subscribe myself , yours truly , Preston , June 11 . Robert " _Uetcalf .
The governor says , in reply , that the old man went away without asking leave ; tliat be went to a public house tws miles distant , where he got so drunk as to fall , and hurt both his face , arm , and ancle , and that he did not return till after being absent seven hours . Now , it would not take much to make a poor old man , borne down by years , poverty , and the bastiie , to stumble , and hurt himself by his fall ; and as' to asking leave to walk beyond the precincts ofthe place , however necessary such submission may be , when imposed upon the young , surely a relaxation of the rule might be afforded in favour of the old . How galling must it be to an aged person , conscious of _havingnover committedany criminal offence ,
to have to ask another , young onough to be his son , or perhaps even his grandson , liberty to walk beyond a certain narrow hound . In the whole vast empire of China , with a population probably more than double that of all Europe , a siugle instance of cruelty like this to the aged could not be found . They call us " barbarians , " and we think ourselves grossly insulted thereby , though we call them heathens—a name , at wliich , if applied to us , we should feel vastly offended . In civilisation we faucy ourselves greatly superior ; but what real virtues do wo possess , in which these heathens do net immeasurably surpass ns ! Poor Christianity ! If judged of by the moral worth of its votaries , its profession would degrade the intellect of a baboon .
At Bamberbridge , three miles from Preston , the houses were rented , when I lived there , at two shillings per week A miUowner now rents many of them , and relets them at three shillings , compelling his hands to take them , I am told that he himself gives little more than £ 4 a year for each . How true this report may be I know not , but it is certain that he will clear at least a shilling a week by reletting , having , besides , the advantage of receiving from the earnings of his workman three sliillings a week for three , or perhaps six months , before he occupies the house . Another miltowner , near Loyland , five miles fromPrestpn , has upwards of 200 cottages adjoiniBg his mill , ofhis own . ' Had he no mill to employ his tenants in , he would have to think woll of half-a-crown a week for them , but he now lets them at from three to four shillings , and is
thus besides deubly sore of his rent , whilst the cottagers are not permitted to keep even a chicken . If they keep a pig he claims the dung ,, as well as all the manure which can be scraped up liear their cottages , to enrich his own land . Here is fortune-making for you ! What fools the aristocracy are ' not to repeal " the Corn Laws , and commence building factories through all the agricultural districts _. They , are losing thousands a year by their pride , just to preserve their " titles" from disgrace , though every one but themselves can see that in their present degraded condition , their estates mortgaged—beholden for every comfort to the mercy of _plundsring Jews , and dependent upon the charity of Sir Robert Peel for places for their sons- _" -tb . e title of " pauper" ia far more honourable than theirs . Yours , respectfully , ¦ Bichabd _Mabsden .
"Usbfcl Hurts To Nhwsparkr Connesroxbexi...
_"UsBfcL Hurts to Nhwsparkr _ConnEsroxBExis . — The editor of the . iftw For * IVi & wnc discourseth to his correspondents in ih * following language : — To Correspondents;—Do oblige us b y omitting aU sueh flourishes as " your interesting and valuable paper , " your able and patriotic course , " & c . Our subscribers know all abeutthat sort of thing , and wc have also a tolerable opinion of our own merits . If you think by this to-, improve your chances of insertion , you nii 3 take ruinously .. When you-have written what you have to say , run it over and _sce-if . thejre are riot some sentences that could be spared without serious injury . If there are , out with them ! We are often compelled , to decline good articles , because we cannot , make room for them . A half column has ten _chancesj-where two columns have one , ahd three columns none !
Try to discourage as little as possible , and , wliere youmust condemn , let your facta be stronger than your words . - _, " ' , . When you assail any cause or person , always give ub your real'name , _Iwliich , wp shall give up to . whoever has a right to demand it . He is a sneak and a coward who could ask us to . bear the responsibility oi his attacks on others . - - If you send us word that you " have no tinio to correct , and ha _* re written in great haste / ' we shall put your manuscript into the fire . Why should you throw upon us the task , of , correcting your scrawl , wlieri we are obliged to _slightour own work _fov-want of time ? - ¦ --. _«' ¦ - —
Give us facts , incidents , Ofcurrences , at the earliest moment , and we shall be grateful tho' you wrote with a pudding stick ; but-if you attempt logic or senti-Kent , do it up right instead of Isaajng on us .
• Sfrartfet Ftttruigtitft,
• _Sfrartfet _ftttrUigtitft ,
Brighton. The Lasd.—A Public Lecture Was...
BRIGHTON . The Lasd . —A public lecture was _delivered by Mr . M'Gratii , iu the large room ofthe Town-hall , on Thursday evening week , on tho above subject , Mr . John Good iu the chair . The worthy lecturer handled the subject in a masterly manner , and evidently gave satisfaction to ail present . Discussion was courted , but no one even asked a single question . Mr . Page propos' -d the following resolution , whicli being seconded bv Mr . Lashford ; was carried unanimouslv - . —" ' That the thanks of this meeting arc eminentlv duo , and are hereby given , to Mr . MjGrath , for liis able ancl eloquent lecture delivered this evenino- ; and this meeting expresses its opinion that the subject of the Land demands thc serious attention o the industrious classes of this kingdom . " Avotcot thanks was given to the chairman , and tho meeting then separated .
. ,. A ri _' BLic Meeting was again held at tlic Artichoke Inn , William-stroct , on the following evening ( _IVu ay ) , to form a branch of the Land Society , Mr , Ilenrv Mitchell in the chair . Mr . M'Grath , in a lucid speech , explained the rules and objects of the socictv , wliich gave great satisfaction . On the motion of Mr . Giles and Mr . Tullett , Mr . Flower was appointed sub-treasurer , and Mr . Page subsecretary , pro tern . A vote of thanks was again given to the lecturer , when several persons took out share- ' , and others promised to do so at our next meeting . A vote of thanks was then given to tin ; chairman , and the meeting broke up .
IIOWICK . Lecture . —On Thursday evening week Mr . Andrew Wardrop delivered an address in the Marketp lace here . He commenced by showing , from thi * wav that the members of the House of _Oornmoi _.- * were generally elected , and their conduct in the house , that they had no claim to be called the people's representatives ; that the people—the too conliding people—had been basely deceived by _the'middie classes during the Reform Bill agitation , when their constant crv was , "Help us to get our vote , and we will soon set vou yours ; help , help , help ! " Lord John ' s famous declaration that the Reform Billwas a final measure was the first thing that opened the eyes of the people , and from that moment tlio Whig Ministry were doomed . Mr . AV . adduced many convinciiig _' argunients to prove that the people had been _greatlv benefitted by the expulsion of the Whigs from
_Uownins-street . He then adverted to the _proceeuines ofthe "League , " and to their manufacturing of mushroom voters , & c , & c , and showed very clearly that a total repeal of the Corn Laws , without a corresDonding reduction of the customs and excise duties , would bo an act of injustice ; and that even allowing that trade would increase , and wages _riac to the full extent predicted by Cobden and Co ., it would only last till tlic hammer and hie had produced so much machinery as would enable the capitalist to do without manual labour . Mr . "W . then brought forward the People ' s Charter ' as thc means to remedy the evils under which thc country labours , and went over the six points in a clear and concise manner , showing the justice and reasonableness of each of them in rotation . "Mr . W . spoke upwards of an hour and a half , and was listened to attentively by the largest meeting that has been held in IIowick for a very long time .
SOUTH LANCASHIRE . Progress of tub Laxd Plan . —Mr . Doyle writes as follows : — " Our Land Plan is going a-head gloriously throughout the whole of this district . For instance , no less than thirty persons toolc out sliares yesterday in Ashton , and the sub-treasurer received £ 21 . Eleven took out shares last night in the Hall , and two of the eleven paid the full amount , viz ., - £ 5 4 s . Orders come upon me thick and fast for cards and rules , and I assure you I am kept very busy . Of course the labour pleases me right well , and I fervently hope that it may be so great , so heavy , that I shall not be able to bear it upon my shoulders . "
Sourn Laxcashirk Pei , eoate _Mketixc . — The South Lancashire delegates held their usual monthly meeting on Sunday last , June 29 th , 1 S 15 , in the Chartist Assoeiatipii-room , Hartley-street , Heywood . Delegates from Manchester , Oldham , Rochdale , Heywood , & c , wero present . Mr . John Neill was called on to preside . The minutes of the last meeting having been read and confirmed , the following sums were paid to the secretary for thc Executive : — Oldham , fa . 7 d . ; Rochdale , 5 s . T * d . ; Heywood , ls . lOd . The following resolutions wero passed unanimously : — " That a committee be appointed to get out the local lecturers '' plan . " " That Messrs . Donovan and Radford be the plan committee . " " That the hymn book committee report at the next
delegate meeting , and the report of the committee be either the money or books . " " That Mr . Doyle ' s route for the ensuing week be , Sunday , July Cth , Rochdale ; Tuesday , 8 th , Heywood ; Thursday , 10 th , Bolton ; nnd Friday , 12 th , Ratcliffe . " "That the secretary insert a notice in the " Star" to the various localities in South Lancashire , calling upon them to state when they will be prepared to have the services of Mr . Doyle after tho 12 th inst . Tho delegates have to request that those places that can make it convenient to have lectures on the week nights will make tlieir nmngjmcnts , and communicate the same to the secretary . Address , Richard Radford , No . 8 Violet-street , Welcome-street , Hulme , Manchester . " " That thc secretary bo empowered to make such inquiry as will enable him to
report at tlio next meeting relative to the victim Fund . " " That we , thc delegates , recommend the Laud plan laid down by the late Convention ; hoping the people will take it up with determination , in order to make it what it ought to be , a successful movement . " " That Mr . Donovan and Mr . Murray do audit the South Lancashire books , that the same may be laid before thc next meeting . " " That thc next delegate" meeting beheld at Middleton on the last Sunday ih July . ; we , the delegates , therefore , request each locality to have their representative present , in order that they may discuss the propriety of holding a camp meeting in this division of the country ; the time and place to be determined at the next delegate meeting . " The thanks of tho delegates wcre given to the chairman , and tho meeting adjourned until the last Sunday in July , at ten o ' clock in the
morning
LEICESTER . Mr . Cooper ' s Relief . —Aj-jreeably to the notification in the Star of last week , Mr . Smart , from Markfield , attended at this place on Sunday last and delivered two lectures on behalf of the funds which it is the object of the committee to raise for the purpose of enabling Mr . Cooper to satisfy the demands of his creditors , it being a well-known fact , that the cause of such debts is through relieving his fellpwmch and their families , while in a state of misery and starvation . ' To thc honour of the operative ' s of Leicester be it recorded , thiit , notwithstanding the wretched state of trade in that place , and the miserable pittance which they are able to obtain even with their long continued hours of labour , both thc
lectures were well attor . dcd , and not only the best sympathies of the people were roused by the detail of tho _sufferincs and-the poverty of tlieir old tried friend and leader , but a subscription was obtained , which _, - c ' onsidering their very limited means , exceeded the expectations of the committee . That body , however , are well aware that the sums thus obtained will be utterly insufficient to fulfil the design wliich they have in view without further and more powerful assistance , and to accomplish this , they feel it to be their duty to appeal to tho Chartist body at large . The name of Cooper is well known through the length . and breadth of the empire , his services . to thc cause of Chartism are appreciated by thousands-and his persecutions and sutterings are yet frC 3 li in the minds of all our brethren *; and ' the committee hone
and believe that Chartists will not suffer a man , of whose sterling integrity and honesty of purpose there can bo no reasonable doubts , whose abilities are of a superior cast , and whose untiring energies are known to all who have ever seen or known him / to perish for the lack of . that which they unitedly can supply . Assist us then , brethren and fellow labourers , to acT complish . _this good , this laudable ,, this charitable design , and let us lescuc , our friend and advocate from the pit into which the malice ofhis enemies has plunged him . All monies for this purpose must bo addressed for the treasurer , Mr . Crow ,, grocer , Bedford-street , Bclgravc Gate , Leicester ; or Mr . White , at the Committee-room , " 65 , Bedford-street , Leicester . Signed , on behalf of Mr . Cooper ' s Relief Committee , V . _Woollbv , secretary ; W . _Uaow ,
treasurer . OLDHAM . _Farbiyell Supper . —Oii Saturday evening , Juno 2 Sth , upwards of fifty members of the Phoenix and Gauntlet Association , together with their friends , gave a farewell supper to Mr . Wm . Jackson , at the house of Mr . Peter M'Donald , Bricklayers' Arms , Board-man Ground , Oldham , he being a member of the above association , previous to leaving England for the United States of America . Thc supper consisted of thc delicacies of the season and the substantial fare of our ancestors , to which the company did ample justice , proving to the werthy host that his exertions wcre duly . appreciated . . Mr . John Mills , spinner , was , after supper , called to the chair . The cloth having been removed , the room was
thrown open to the fair sex , a number of whom attended . After whicli Mr . O'Connor ' s work on Small Farms was presented by Mr . T . Hague to Mr . Wm . Jackson , iu behalf of thc above society , with a suitable address . Mr . Wm , Jackson briefly returned thanks for the compliment paid to him . The evening was spent in a convivial manner , songs , toasts , and recitations beguiling the fleeting hours away . ' Amongst the songs , recitations , « tc , were thc following : — Souk , " Henry Hunt , " by R . _BardaW . Recitation , "Brandi _* eth _' s Soliloquy in Prison" B Wolstencroft . Toast , ! ' The Trades—the source of all wealth : may they succeed by their _organisation in causing a fair distribution of the s ame ! " ' £ . Ha « ue . Song , " British Reformers , " John Mills . Toast " . Health and prosperity , long life and tranquillity ' to Mr . Wm . Jackson . " Toast , " Prosperitv to the riu-ju _is and Ganatlct Association , " Tf . _Mitfou .
Hull. . Tire Lakd.-A. Public Meeting Was...
HULL . . Tire Lakd .-A . public meeting was held at the White Hart , Salthouse-lane , on the 2 lit ult ., to hear a lecture on the Land , by Mr . S . KiM , of Glasgow After the lecture the following resolution was agreed to- — "That a committee be formed forthwith , to carry out the objects of the Co-operative Land Society . " The following persons were appointed , with power to add to their numbers . —Messrs . hariiett , Eastwood , Leach , Withington , Janeson , and Stephen-
Galileo And His Persecutors. 0 ' C0*I'.V...
GALILEO AND HIS _PERSECUTORS . 0 ' C 0 * i ' . VEIiL ' s JESUITISM . It mav well be supposed that no conclave , whether spiritual or secular , will have it in its power to condemn scientific discoveries , like those ot UUileo . But reallv , when we hear that condemnation extenuated , * it is time to keep some look out . Mr . O'Connell said , in his recent notable relerence to this cause jugee : — I have half a mind to detain the housefor a few minutes on tho subject of Galileo . ( Laughter . ) The riglit honourable baronet himself introduced it . The general idea is that Galileo was imprisoned for supporting the Copemican system , and that he was for a length of time in the inquisition . In point of fact lie was in the
Inquisition three days only . Three days constituted the entire length of time whicli Galileo spent in the inquisition ; and so far from his being sent to gaol for promulgating thc Copemican system , the Pope , who was the cotemporary of the philosopher , was the very man who enabled Copernicus to publish his discoveries . ( Hear , heav . ) Galileo was imprisoned for quite a different tiling . He asserted the centralisation of the sun and the movements of thc planets could be proved out of Scripture . Hc was forbhtden to publish that doctrine ; he broke the prohibition , and was scxt to gaol for three days for a breach of the injunction ; and that was the history ofthe matter . A morning contemporary prints , in correction of this statement , the dogmatical declaration actually made bv . tho tribunal which sentenced Galileo : —
" That the sun is the centre of the world , and . unmoveable in respect to local motion , is an absurd proposition , _{ • ilsein philosophy , and formally heretical ; . seeing it is expressly contrary to Holy Scripture . " That the earth is not the centre of the world , nor immoveable , but moves even with a diurnal motion , is also an absurd proposition , false in philosophy , aud , considered theologically , is at least an error in faith . " Having referred to this old story ( chiefly to put on record the treatment of known facts possible , even in this age , and in the presence of educated listeners ) , wc mav add a few particulars , in farther correction of that treatment , from Sir D . Brewster ' s little vo liinie , entitled "Martyrs of Science , " which acquires additional interest at this moment , when it seems its author is about to bo made a Martyr of Science himself , and to have his professorial utility sacrificed to theological orthodoxy—not indeed as understood at Homer but at Edinburgh .
It is not accurate ( indeed there is not an accurate word in the statement ) that Galileo attempted to prove the centralisation of the sun , and the movements ofthe planets , out of Scripture . His language on tliat point was exactly the ' language of rational men ever since . "Galileo addressed a letter , in 1013 , to his friend and pupil , the Abbe Castelii , the object of whieh was to prove that the Scriptures wero not intended to teach ns science and philosophy . Hence lie inferred , that the language employed in the sacred volume in reference to such subiects should he interpreted only in its common acceptation ; and that it was in reality as difficult to reconcile the Ptlolcmaic as the Copemican system to the expressions wliich occur in the Bible . "
'Ihat Galileo was only three or four days in the immediate custody ofthe Holy Office is literally true —but suggestivel y false , if meant to convey that this was all the Inquisition inflicted on him . To say nothing of beino * compelled to fall on his knees before the -assembled Cardinals , " abjuring _^ detesting , and vowing never again to teach , the doctrine of the earth ' s motion and the sun ' s stability "—to say nothing of the imposed penance , " that , in the course of the next three years , he should recite once a week the sevcu penitential psalms ( a labour eagerly assumed , in his -stead , by the filial devotion of his daughter , who , however , died only a month after joining her persecuted parent)—to say nothing of
tliese humiliations and penances— Ualileo remained ior live years the close prisoner of the Inquisition , not indeed in their house , but in his own , at Arcetri . lie was _neiher allowed to see his friends , nor to go to Florence for medical assistance , in the maladies which oppressed him . At the end of that period , the Pope transmitted , through the Inquisitor Fariano , his permission that he might remove to Florence for the recovery ofhis health , but he was still prohibited from leaving his house or admitting his friends ; and so sternly was this . systcm nuraued , that he required a special order for attending mass during Passion Week . He was again remanded to what lie justly called his "prison at Arcetri ; " but , after he had lost the use of liis eyes , the Inquisition relaxed its
seventy . It is only justice to spiritual inquisitors , to admit that they seldom show severity to those who will but shut their eyes , or do but lose them . —The Globe .
Uea'i'Li Of The Attornei-Ueneral. Sir Wi...
_UEA'i'lI OF THE ATTORNEI-UENERAL . Sir William Follett , the Attorney-General , died on Saturday last . , He had passed a very restless night ; in the morning he was delirious ; and in that stato ho continued till three o ' clock in tho afternoon , when he expired . Thero were present at " tlm last scene of all , " Lady Follett , Sir William ' s three brothers , Dr . Bright , Mrs . Bright ( Lady Follett ' s sister ) , several members ofthe family of Mr . Pennell ( at whose house in Cumberland-terrace , Regent ' s Park , the deceased had been staying for the benefit of pure air ) . Thc bar thus loses one of its brightest ornaments , and her Majesty is deprived of the assistance ofa Crown officer whose talents and attainments were , perhaps , never surpassed , and whose . personal character was without a blemish . Bv
common consent thc highest offices withm the reach of the legal profession have for _yeara past been considered as open to him , aud there cannot be a doubt that , had he lived , he would have attained the woolsack and a peerage . Sir . William had not quite attained his 47 th year _, lie was the eldest surviving sou of Benjamin Follett , Esq ., of _Topsham , near Exeter , by his wife , the 'daughter of John "Webb , Esq ., of Kinsalo , in Ireland . In early life Mr . Follett was a captain in the 13 th Foot On leaving the army he embarked in commercial pursuits at Topsham , near Exeter , where Sir William was born on 2 d of December , 1703 . Having received the rudiments of a liberal and sound education , he was sent to Trinity College , C » mbnd « e where he took the degrees of B . A . in 1 S 18 , and M A
ni xb 21 , and having been called to thc bar , and given unequivocal indication of those brilliant talents and acquirements which distinguished him in tho earliest stages of his career , was chosen ono of the standin _** counsel for _thef-university . In 1830 , he _marrieS Jane Mary , thc eldest daughter of the late Sir Ambrose Harding Gifiard , Chief Justice of Ccvlon , whom hc now leaves a widow , " with two daughters , and four sons , the youngest only thirteen months old . Sir William ' s jpolitics wore always decidedl y Conservative , but his entrance upon political life did not take place until 1832 , when he stood canditate for the representation of the city of Exeter , in conjunction with Mr . Buller and Mr . Divett , and though he did not succeed in his immediate object , he laid the
lounuation ol success m 183- * , when ho was returned at thc head of the poll , thc respective numbers of thc _K . ree c , , ? , di datc 3 "trading thus : —Follett , 1302 : Divett ( Whig-Radical ) , 1102 ; Lord Lovaine ( Conservative ) , 1119 . _x In November , 1 S 34 , on Sir Robert Peel ' s first accession to _plaeoaa Prime Minister , Sir William _xollett was appointed Solicitor-General ; and resigned that post m "April , 1835 , when Sir Robert Peel retired from office . In the " same year he received _* r ? 1 . lono « ro iknighthood , from the hands of Kin *» William the Fourth On Sir Robert Peel ' s resumption of tho office ot Prime Minister , Sir William was again appointed Solicitor-Gener al . On Sir F . Pollock a elevation as Chief Baron , in April , _lfc-u the hon . and learned gentleman succeeded him as At
_rrTr _' _-rM tlii » promotion vacated his seal for Exeter , Sir _. WillwmV _ration was opposed by _Major-Gencral Bri ggs , who , however , was _Sfrt-n _?^ ' he - _^ W Polled only fig votes to Sir Wilham ' _s 1293 . The representation of Exeter is , » f course , again vacant . wir S ? uW , i cefor a formsl estimate of Sir William Webb Follett ' s character aa a lawyer or politician ; we shall have other opportunities for that , fc _^ _^ _-i ' nst , _' 8 aid , -tiro . « iat he will go dawn to posterity as one of England ' s greatest and best ; as a man _^ hose wonderful capacity as a lawyer was only equalled b y his amiability of disposition the possession of which , whilst it oxalted him in the opinion of the public on the ono band , on the other justly endeared him * to the domestic circle , and to all who had the good fortune of an intimate acquaint
- ance with him ,. And" let it not be forgotten that this eminenca wag achieved amidst almost continued iu Health . His constitution was unequal to the heavy calls made upon it by his extensive practice . So early M _laa his health gave way . He then left-London awhile for relaxation , and recovered _strength so as to be enabled faj return to professional duties n the latter part of 1825 . In subsequent years he had repeated attacks of illness , and took the advico of his _medical _' attendantB to _abetain from his « . _haushng mental and bodily labours ; but honourable ambition pointed to the _roadtn r „ ri . n « a - nn " xu . " ±
. _- _naturaUliat one so youn , so highly endowed , so enunen ly successful , should be desirous of _pursuing it . At-length , however , consumptive symptoms made their appearance , and ho then proceeded _accompanied by . _udy Follott t 0 the _Contineut . Tj _^ hc remained for somo months , and was apparently somewhat restored . He . then determined , contrary toJhe advice of his friends , to . return to England fondly . hopin _§ -aaVhis insidious disease would be but temporary ; indeed such was his anxiety about business that he exclaimed , " Attached tcf my home and professional _punuita , a foreign air breathesZ pleasure for mc . " To his native _coaatey hc ft _K ?
Uea'i'Li Of The Attornei-Ueneral. Sir Wi...
returned , certainly recruited , but a slight devotion to business once au re brought forth his old complaint , and he sank by degrees till Tuesday last , when a most decided change for the worse took place . Drs Bright and Chambers , his medical advisers , immediately said that all future exertions on their part would bo futile . They , however , continued their visits ud to the last . —Morning Herald .
Justices' Justice.—A Fashionably Dressed...
Justices' Justice . —A fashionably dressed gentleman is charged with stealing two knockers . The offence is proved , and the magistrate , Mr . llardwick , does not commit the prisoner for trial , but fines him 5 s . What takes knocker-stealing out of the category of felonv ? It" a man may get off with a tine for
stcalin"' a knocker , why not line another os . ior stealin * - * a Ic" of mutton ? The difference between the cases that m akes the difference in thc punishment is that the man who steals the leg of mutton has probably not 5 s . to pay for his knavery . But thc knockerstealing is in sport ; and is it quite of good example to make a sport of stealing ? Persons addicted to such pleasantries should have the fun completed b y a turn at the treadmill . Felony in sport should l ) fe punishment in earnest . Our well-dressed gentleman , fined 5 s . for stealing a knocker , treated the mock punishment as follows : — " Thc defendant pulled out a £ 10 note and handed it to the policeconstable . When he was asked for his address to place on tho note , the defendant replied , "Don't you wish vou ma y get it ? " At the same office three
gentlemen , whose addresses showed that they Oolong to the class which magistrates delight to favour , were _charged with assaulting a police otiicer in the execution _oHus duty , the man liaving been thrown down , and when down beaten by all three . They wero not sent to the llouse of Correction , but fined £ 5 each , which they paid forthwith and walked off . At the Thames Police-oiflce a low ruffian for thc same offence was sent by Mr . Broderip to the llouse of Correction for a month . Mr . Broderip did his duty ; what tho Marlborough-street justicedid , we need not say . The Commissioners of Police should interfere to protect the force from the effects of the bad example presented at Marlboroug h-street . The law directs a special punishment for assaults on thc police-, and . what right has tho magistrate to set it aside to indulge aristocratic ruffianism ?— -Examiner .
Uxited _Patbiois Benefit axd Provident Soci-ET . —The _Coggeshall branch of tliis flourishing institution held their second anniversary at tlio Chapel Inn , on Tuesday week . The general secretary , Mr . lluffev , was present , and laid before thc members a full aiid satisfactory statement of the condition of the society . It appears there are nineteen branches , consisting of above 700 members ; and that _othcu branches are immediately to be added , which ( being an enrolled society ) bids fair to rival all institutions ofthe kind in the kingdom . This society has been established but two years , and has a good rim of voung and healthful members , which , if continued for a few years , will give them a capital , thc interest of which will go far towards maintaining its sick members , and thus place this institution in a condi .
tion which can neither dissolve nor decay it . Ihe sub-secretary laid before the members the affairs of the branch , " by wliich it appeared that a considerable number had been relieved in sickness—that £ 22 had been paid for funerals , and £ 14 10 s . for births . Tlio members expressed themselves perfectly satisfied with their position , and one and all seemed resolved to make an effort to sustain the society in its present position . The numters here arc 102 , ] besides thoise who have left the town but not the society ; and there is every prospect of _numbering 150 by -Michaelmas . The dinner , at whicli Mr . Thomas Rowland presided , consisted oftho good old English fare , plum pudding
and roast beef—supplied by Messrs . Browning and Hilly ; and too much praise cannot be bestowed on Mr . " and Mrs . Clark , the host and hostess , forthe superior style in which everything came to the table . The first toast was " The People , " which was responded to by John Burrows , sub-secretary . The next toast was " Prosperity to our society , " _* tb which Mr . Rufi ' ey did justice , by laying before thc members their true position , and stirring them up to future exertions . The other toasts consisted of healths of different members , who addressed the meeting . We must not pass over the singing , which was of the best style . The proceedings closed in the same orderly mannor in which they commenced . —Macclesfield
paper . " The Ewxlicnon _OnsMivEn , " a newspaper established nearly a quarter of a century ago , published , for many years , twice a-week , but latterly only once a-weck , closed its existence on Tuesday , June 24 tL
^Anln-Uptsi, &U
_^ _anln-uptsi _, _& u
Bankrupts. (Fromfriday's Gazette , Jmxel...
BANKRUPTS . ( FromFriday ' s Gazette , Jmxell . ) Samuel May and Pryce Mottram , Shrewsbury , drapers —llickard Carr , _^ ore-street , Cripplegate , cheesemonger—William _'Greenweil , Hedcro 93-sti _* eet , Southwark , wheel _, _wriglit—James Forrester , Hampstead , baker—Charlotte Paine , Lewes , plumber and glazier—Robert TV ' estmore , West Derby , near Liverpool , joiner—William May , Liver pool , draper—l'enwiek Loraine , Newcastle-upon-Tyne bookseller—Edward Thomas , Bristol , grocer .
BANKRUPTS . ( From Tuesday ' s Gazette , July 1 st , 1845 . ) Thornton Bentall , _Coptliall-cbambers , stockbroker-Thomas Clarkson , jun ., Charles-street , Middlesex Hospital , upholsterers' warehouseman—William George Flynn , Lower Thames-street , merchant—Christopher Wakefield , Hampton . wick , Middlesex , victualler—James _Couseus Wolton , Halsted , Essex , ironmonger—Thomas Brown , Hilliter-street , City , manufacturer of grjlls whelp—Joseph Haycock , jun ,, Wells , Norfolk , corn-factor—William Coleman , Crediton , Devonshire , victualler-John Bindley , Atlicrstoue , Wan _* . icl _*» iiire , hosier—Henry James _Witchcll , Carnarvon , bookseller .
• DJ * . CI , A 31 AT 10 HS OF MVIDEND 3 , G . A . Cator , Leeds , wool-merchant , third and final dividend of Id and 11-lGths of a penny ih thc pound , any Tuesday , at the oftice of Mr . Hope , Leeds . J . C . Johnson , _LawrenceTouutiiey-hill , Cannonstreet , merchant , second dividend of 4 d in the pound , auy Wednesday before _Aufjust 1 , or after "Nov . SO , at tha office of Mr . Pennell , Basinghall-street . J . _llextall , _Itegont-streot , draper , first dividend of Sd in the pound , any Wednesday before August 1 , or after Nov SO , at the office of Mr . Pennell , Basinghall-street . W . Bishton , l _' arkficld , Sedgloy , ironmaster , first dividend ot 6 d and _D-Ktlis of a penny in the _iiouud , auv _fhursday , at the office of Mr . Christie , Birmingham . lodman
J . G . , _Gray's-mii-lanc , licensed victualler , first dividend of 14 s 6 d iu the pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Edwards , Frederick ' s-place , Old Jewry . S . and T . F . Jackson , _Bormondscy-strcct , woolstaplors . 5 . _^?" - _"' _* _5 _o _' _** . _** , " " _pouncJ , any Saturday , at the Oflicu Of Mr . Grcuu , _Aldermanbui-y . _•/•• ¦ * Q . Whining , _Dover-street , upholsterer , final dividend of Id in tlw pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Aldermanbury . G . E . Lcefc and J . Yates , _Fore-strcct , wholesale haberdashers , final dividend of Is 6 d in the pouud , anv Saturd ay , at the office of Mr . Grceii , _Aldermaubuvy . J . _Yates , _Fore-street , wholesale haberdasher , dividend of 20 b in the pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Aldermanbury . ¦ ¦
3 . Peters , Godstone , _innkflepw , first dividend of 3 s in tho pound , any " Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Aldermanbury . ' ,. £ « _T' Ram 8 S ? ;! dra P ? . dividend of lsin tlio pound , ¦ _^ Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Alderman J _^ _r" _* " _f / v 5 lU * ' °° a . Btrcot , Cheapside ; warehousemen , first dividend of 20 s in the nound Wed : neada-f , July 2 , and two _followm- * w _^ a _^ _dw -tt » _to office of Mr . Turquand , Old _Jewr _^ Citv * J ' A . and D . Wiuton , and'J . Webber , _Wood-streot Clioan side , warehousemen , final dividend of 6 W in th" nound ! Wednesday July 2 , and the two _^ _oS * 5 _vrtt £ 5 S _^ t the office of Mr . Turquand , Old Jewry Citv iv . and J . Lo « h , Manchester ; _calico-nrinters final _™^ i . _^ _»» _a » Potnid , Wedne da _nS % , and chm- £ S Weaues _^ y- _*>» o _^ e of _jMr . Fott , it _££ R . BlocWey , Market Drayton , Shropshire , lineiulraner first dividend of Cs 4 * d in the pound , _WedLdav J _^ _o ' _ffncSr 0110 _^ _™" _* _* _& ' _5 _KtK _$ i
DIVIDENDS . _i > o- ' _h _^ ' _GwatTower-street , City , wine-broker - ffi 4 ' G _' J Carte ?* _l _^ - _«* _SoutStSc _" jujy j * , < ,. d-tarter , Horngey-road _. carnentcr-Julv 2 _' _1 _en-Serilju y 2 » W _^ d JT _^ V Vorccstcr 8 , » r _« MS Afr _^ wL _*^" _- he 8 Ur ' _^ _- _"r-July 24 , _Walle" _Whir , _\* ufe * £ imikeener—Julv 22 _i r w * i y . » C * Le " , _* > Batb , LiveK alSa _^ _V-W cltls _T 2 B BMl _W _totW . _JuiuK 8 _*« _Mfl-r-J _^^^
iljers , Sunderland , vfctuafier _^ _uhTs * _v _^ l } pool , -Durln ,, u , butCher-Juya 3 _w'iilMPa ? ™" , ' _^ r _" _^ umberland . currier . * ' * > Alnwick . North-J . J . _Aytoa , South md _^^^ % _SSS _a mBm _^ _¥ _' J . Blake , Sunderland , Burlmm . _ffiXS _^ TT _^ _' July 24 , J . Thaekrey , ' _LeedsT _«* _e-tool-ina _" _*' f '"!
_turei-U » ' »« . _"" _** _*??«¦ _" DlBSOLyj-B . It . M . Holborn and lt . J . T ) enri > _Min _„ : _„ , whol 9 , al- * . u _. Mlealew _ F , iJa _^ _JSffffl * 0 _* £ _^' St . _Thomas's-strect , Southwark w «? _T . _"/^ on , l _' aynter andW I , _^ neys-lf . and G . _Hajno , _Old-atroet St _IntJ ! i _^ r _merchants-J . Bccket and J . i _^* _^* * street , City , Scotch a"ent 8-l > _vw 5 cC ' amngd on-• _S _^ _ru _^ _hi _^^ i _^
_tnd ¥ _flSXwt' r wsct 5 _* ' » _'e , _I"lumburS-D ., R ., c _7 _* T _3 Y « i ; 8 ter * _sr-wi-s-H . J . Y . Long and , _"' 'V _^ . _< lwaid » , Mark-lane , City , wino-broke _** _s—W Tunley , i . Simp » on , and It . S . Potts , _genetS S _ft _M-Jfflf r _•^ - J 80 f t ' r : ¦ C / Medwin andT w _$£ _MwWano , _Cit-f , _manuftcturiag _engineera-H . ana P . Mamott and | . Crowe , _FleeUtreet _. _ironmongers-E . A . _O . E _, _Suttabyr-J . W . mi C . _Biutows , Houndsditclu
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 5, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_05071845/page/6/
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