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Northern Star (1837-1852), 5th July 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 7

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      .July 5, 1s45. The Northern Star; 7

      . July 5 , 1 S 45 . THE NORTHERN STAR ; 7

      The Land! "Rtifhin That Land Was Many • ...

      THE LAND ! " _rTifhin that land was Many malcontent , "Who cors'd tbe tyranny to which he bent ; The soil fall many a wringing despot saw , W / _he T-torVd his " _-vantoaneES ia form of law . Byroxx . _«* A people among whom equality reigned , would p « s-« es £ everything tliey _waited wliere tbey possessed the means of subsistence . "Wiry should tbey pursue additional wealth or territory I Xo man can cultivate morttban a certain portion of land . " — Godwin . "Xocne is able to produces charter from heaven , or bas any better title to a particular possession than Ms a- _% hbaur . n — -Fehy . "There could be no Ench thing as landed property originally . Man did not make the earth , and , though he had a natural right to occupy it , he had no right to locate as Its property in perpetuity any part of it ; neither did the Creator of the earth _ojien a laud office , from whence the first title deeds should issue . "— Thomas Paine . The land shall not be sold for ever . —Moses .

      • "There is no foundation in-nature or in natural law y hy a set of words upon _pan-hment should convey the dominion of laud . _"—Blacittoxxc . " The land or earth , in any country or neighbourhood , HitheverythiR _**; in or on the same , or pertaining thereto , belongs at all times to the living inhabitants of the said country or neighbourhood in an equal manner . For there is no living bnt oa land and its productions ; consequently , what we cannot live without , we hare the same _jd-operty in as in our lives /"— Thomas Sptxxce . " The _' land is _thepeople'sinheritance ; and kings , princes , peers , nobles , -priests , and commoners , who have stolon it -from them , held it upon the title of popular ignorance , rather than upon aay right , human or dinne . "— -Feargus (/ Connor .

      "My reason teaches me that land cannot le sold . The Great Spirit gave it to Ms _cliUilreu to live npon , and cultivate , as far he is necessary for their subsistence ; and so long as they occupy and cultivate it , tliey have the right to the _sufl-bufc if they voluntarily leave it , then any other _peoplehave a right to settle nponit "Nothing can be sold , bnt such things as can be carried away . "—Black Hawk . "Every individual possesses , legitimately , the thing which his _lal-onr , his intelligence ( or more generally ) , which his < _n- * Scif _** has created . " This princii'leis incontestible , and itis well to remarh that it contains expressly an acknowledgment ofthe right of all to the soiL Foras the soil has not been created by man , it follows from the fundamental principle of _F" _** o _Eerty , that it cannot belong to any small portion of the uinan race , who have creatcdit bythdr activity . Let us then conclude that the true theory of property is founded on the * creation ofthe thing possessed . '"—Fourier .

      " If man has a right to light , air . and water , which no one will attempt to question , he has a right also to the Zand , which is just as necessary for the maintenance of his subsistence . If every person had an equal share of the soil , poverty woidd be unknown in the world , and crime would disappear with want " - _^ Mike Walsh . " As the nature and wants of all men are alike , the wants of all must be equal ; and as human existence is dependent on the same contingencies , it follows that the great field for all exertion , _and'the raw material of all wealth , tile earth , is the common property of all its inha-- bitants . "—John Francis Bray .

      " "What monopoly inflicts inrfls of such magnitude as that of land f It is the sole barrier to national prosperity . Thepeopl e , ihe only creators of wealth , possess _knowledge ; titer posse- * --, industry ; aud If they possessed land , they could set all other monopolies at defiance ; they would then he enabled to employ machinery for their own "benefit , and the world wonld hshold with delight and astonishment the beneficial effects of this mighty engine , when properly directedV—Author cf the "Riprocf oi _Bnttis" '

      The Eighlaxd Autocrat Axd His Deputy Dic...

      THE _EIGHLAXD AUTOCRAT AXD HIS DEPUTY DICTATOR-LOCH LOCK-JAWED . Onr readers will remember that in the course of ihe recent debate on the second reading of the Scottish Poor Law Amendment Bill , allusion was made to the statements of the Times' correspondent , jdescri bing the present state of the Highlands , particularly Sutherlandshire ; the pith of which statements have been transferred to this paper . In the debate alluded to , the Lord Advocate took upon himself to term the statements of the Times' " commissioner " "greatexaggerations / ' Sir James Graham , with a "happy affectation of innocence , Interrupted Mr . S . _Ceawjoud ' e manly and honest denunciation of the " _* - * * desolation" which lias been brought about in

      Sutherlandshire , with the incredulous ejaculation , "Desolation ! " And Mr . Loch , the chief manager of the Duke of Sutherland ' s estate—the gentleman who has the whole credit of its present condition—finished the scene by terming the letters in the Times "ama-• dng mis-statements . " Our readers will remember that when commenting on tiie operations of the worthy trio Loch , _Gkaium , and the Lord Advocate , we adduced st the time evidence which left little doubt as tothe truth of the statements of the Times ' " Commissioner , " and { he " exaggeration"" and falsehood of those of his legislative opponents . The Times' '' Commissioner" has , however , since then spoken for himself , and produced proofs of the truth of his statements , widen , settle for ever the credibility of those who assailed him .

      The mass of evidence aa to the desolation of Sutherlandshire , the deplorable state of its _fragmentary population , and the Duke ' s Poor Law liberality , pro duced by the Times' " Commissioner" in vindication of his previous statements , ls _oveiwhelining , and far too extensive to allow as to' give it entire , we must therefore content ourselves with extracts . first , a word on the Glen Calvie " wMilmg _^—the Lord Advocate denounced the acconnt of thatatroeity which appeared in the Times , ss containing " great _exaggerations : " here is his answer : —

      TO IHE EDITOB OF TEE TIHtS . Sir , —Having seen tbe allusions made in the Souse of Commons to tbe _Timetf Commissioner in the case of Glen Calvie , we feel bound , irom onr connexion as ministers for years with ihe late tenants of tbat Highland strath , and from onr intimate acquaintance with the facts connected with the ejectment cf the ninety inhabitants re moved , to declare that that gentleman ' s statements , so far from being exaggerated , are strictly and literally correct . That little community is now broken np , and its families dispersed far and near ; but the poor people did deeply and gratefully appreciate the liberal and disinterested conduct of tie Times newspaper in tlieir hapless cose , as wen as tne -friendly and . humane attentions of its talented oommisEioncr . We are , Sir , respectfally and faithfully yours , HiCTO-J _Aixas , Slinister , Kincardine , Rossshire . GoSTAves Anm , Minister , _Bonar-t-riSge , June S 3 . Creicli , Sutherlandshire

      This we opine is a settler for the Lord Advocate ; bnt as the Times' " commissioner" says , — " Perhaps liis liest defence is , that he knew nothing about what lie was talking of . '—If so , he most be a nice man for a " Lord Advocate 1 We now come to Mr . Locnandhis - " amazing mis statements ; " in his speech he said . " It has been said that the contribution of the heritor to one Kirk Session for the poor was bat £ 6 . Now , in the eight parish c _» which are properly called Sutherlandshire , tbe amount of the co-atributitmof the Dnke of Sutherland to the Kirk Session is £ 42 a-year . Therefore ( continues "Mr . Loch ) the statements that have heen made , so far from being _correct are in every way an esaggeralaon of what is the fact "

      The Times _' •' _cununsssioner'"' remarks , "It is not very clear what Ihe sentence means , whether £ A 2 is the amount given ineachparish , or in all fheparishes Baited . Bntl williakeit to mean what itis intended io convey to thc public—that £ 42 is the sum given to each parish in Sutherland , in contradiction to my statement that £ C only wss given . My informatlor was derived generall y - from the minister in each parish , and from each cf the three factors . But I will -not rely on this . I turn to the evidence given on oath before the Poor Law _CcmmissioEeri-, where I find my statement corroborated . " Parish of _Tteiguev-The Rev . Hugh M'Kav _M'Kenzie _cxaisincd on oath . This gentleman , after Etating that he has been the minister of the parish anec lc _* 06 , proceeds : — " The poor on the roll receive -relief frem the _chnrch _ecDeetions . The "Duke of Sutherland is the only heritor . Hesends £ . _H a year hi aid of _Cieioor ' sfvnd . "— ( Poor law Ingniry ( Scotland ) , appendix , part 11 , page 295 . )

      Parish of _Dniircss . —The Rev . William Finilater , minister of _Doirncss for the last thirty-one years , examined on oath : — "The Dnke of Sutherland is sole proprietor of the parish , and non-resident . He makes an annual allowance of £ 5 to the poor's fund . "— ( Toor law Inquiry , Hid , page 306 . ) Parish of Fan * . —Tie Rev . Daniel _M'Kenric , ¦ _J _^ cnt _y-ciiditTe'UsmiEiiter of the parish , csamincd « m oath;—"The Duke of Saiherland is sole proprietor of the "Parish . He contributes regularly £ <* a year in aid of the _PMr _' s funds . * _- _{ _ibM , page CM . ) Parish of _Eddraeiiliis . —The Rev . _Geoi-gc _Tulloch , _faster of the parish far twelve years , examined on

      The Dake of _Sutherland is sole heritor . He every _'rial * 1165 ~ _^ _^ m _® asr S collections , of which --31 fe . are siren to the Parliamentary parish of _Kinlcch-* _troe * and the remaining Si 10 s . areretaintdfor thepoor _ef-Warat'hiHjs , *' 'The Times' _" _con _^ _n _^ _issioner _*• says : — "Idonot wish to be unjust in speaking of tie Duke of Sutherland ; ne gives much in private charirv . I have alwavs Heard and stated that he did . But- £ 6 a vear to each ct the eight parishes of Sutherland , or £ 48 for the r * - ¦ i 1 Lal 1 the «> ntributioa which he makes out ef aKntal of nearly £ 35 , 000 _towardsthelaalsupport _aUuepoor . _E"iiOT £ < macm ! MinEfl _£ kn 3 i 3 » tedi <> _wc _poorYratcs according to the -mount of his pro-F _« J . _Most English _gentJeanen also give much in FKate Chanty : but they are two distinct things . - ]«*• Loch is mistaken if he thinks he can make a «« j * f _««« of the twn , and by vaunting forth the _30 f Sutherland ' private charities deceive the * Coo _?» * " eonl * vI , 3 * * * nto the legal provision for

      _«* S _^ J _^ . _* s _5 ! Wcl , _« _&&* * _** » instance of Jt _X _^ 'J _** 1 " ¦ _^ oisfiHation had been \ _mWSn \ S _toh &* _keteatetfa' The Times' " _commoner" adroitly replies : " It is well to assume a _Srt _™?/ 0 ? ** _" ? itnot * _KstiSafien cannot go on ¦ miho nl _^ _barley-fojsncrlr the people in the interior 23 _*??^ _j _^ £ laB _wre cultivated , and no fflanufectured into whgkev . Now thepeople hare » **» ey _eygn f _^ _n _^ . _q- _* -t * _^^

      The Eighlaxd Autocrat Axd His Deputy Dic...

      for food ; they have not money to buv any ; the glens are sheep-walks , and whiskey cannot be distilled out of moss and heather . I will presently prove , from the evidence on oath , that their food is potatoesthat they have no barley , and have no money tobuy _it How , then , should illicit distillation go on ?" The Titnes' correspondent . then proceeds to show , from the evidence given biftre the Commissioners of Poor Law Inquiry , the amount of relief given to thc * pauperised" poor in Sutherlandshire ; the condition ofthe poor generally , and , lastly , the deterioration of the inhabitants of the country in food , clothing , and comfort , since the commencement of tha _management of Mr . _Locn , and the adoption of Ids pet scheme of depopulating the country , and turning it into sheep-walla . "We can spare room for only a few extracts . Mr . Duncan _Hoss , General Assembly ' s teacher in Criech , examined : —

      " The usual allowances to people on the roll vary from 2 s . to 5 s . _a-y-ar . "—( _Mixxutes of Evidence , appendix—pari 2 , page 275 J The Kit . Alexander Macpherson , minister of Golspie , examined : — " The average they ( the poor on the roll ) receive is Os . or 10 s . a-year . "—( Ibid ., page 276 J The Ker . George Mackay , minister of _Clyne , examined :- — ** Vfc have three classes of paupers on the roll . The sums granted tliem vary according to the amount of the collections . The highest class gets generally about 6 s . or Tb . a-year . Old people , blind and bedridden , are included in this class . The second class gets 5 s . Gd . They are not confined to bed , although unable for much work . The third class receives ahout 3 s . a-year , and consists 0 ' iudtv-duals -tvho are able to do a little work . "—( Ibid ., page 277 . )

      ¦ lev . John _Jlachenzie , minister of the parish of Royart , examined : — " The average allowance to old people on the roll i » 4 s . _areai- and in cases of extraordinary distress , such as blindntss , we give an average of 10 s . Bedridden people recti e about IOs . _"—( PAd ., page S 78 . _J Rev . James Campbell , minister of Kildonon examined : — " The allowances to the majority ( of persons on the roll ) vary from 6 s . to 10 s . "— ( Hid ., p . 280 . J Mr . George Mackay , schoolmaster and Session Clerk oi Loth , examined : — "The nsual allowance to old people ( on the roll ) is about 5 s . or 6 s . a-year . " —( PAd ., p . 265 J The Rev . Angus Kennedy , minister of Dornoch , examined : — " The average allowance ( to poor on the roll ) is from 8 s to 8 s . _a-ytar . "— ( Hid ., p . 290 . )

      The " Rev . Charles Gordon , minister in Assynt , examined : — " The allowances ( to the poor on the roll ) are very low indeed ; the very highest is 4 s . fid . ; the lowest half-a crown or 2 s . "—fffid ., p . 291 . ) The Itev . Hugh H'Kay - ll'Kenzie , Tongue , examined ;—" The usual allowances to paupers on the roll are about 3 s . G & a-year . "— ( Joid ., page 296 . _j We pass by the evidence from other places , similar to the above , and proceed to show how the poor live who have for their yearly allowance 10 s ., 7 s ., 6 s ., os ., Ss . Gil ., 2 s . Gd ., and 2 s . a year . Mr . Duncan Ross , teacher , Criech , examined * — " The chief food of the paupers is potatoes . Some oi tliem have meal and miik ; very little fish . "— _( Md , page 275 . )

      " I am in the hahit of seeing the paupers in their own dwellings . Tke aged and infirm are not properly provided for . "— ( I 6 id , p . 276 . ) Kev . George llackay , minister of Clyne , examined : — " There is begging in my parish among paupers on the roll . Begging is not restricted to any one day in thi week . We have beggars from other parishes . "—( i & M , p . 278 . ) " I think an assessment -necessary for the support of the aged and infirm . My reason for this is that the poor are decidedly not provided for sufficiently as they are a * _, present . "— ( JMd . ) Kev . John il'Kenzie , minister of "Royart , examined : — ' There is a good deal of begging in my parish among the poor on the roll . We have likewise beggars from adj jiaing parishes . We do not restrict begging to any particular day . We give certificates for begging . "—( _JoM , p . 270 . ) The Rev . Hugh _SI'Kay M _* Kenzie , Tongue , examined : —

      " There is no dnty more unpleasant than that of distributing money to the applicants for relief in Tongue . Tli :-funds are so limited , and the cases of distress are so urgent aud so numerous , that it is extremely difficult , if not impossible , to deal with the cases with satisfaction to one ' s self . I am intimately acquainted with the distress of the people , and yet I hare no money to relieve it adequately . There is a good deal of begging in the parish . The poor on the roll go about begging from place to place . Many do so with difficulty , they are so old and weak . However , they must-do it , inasmuch as if they were debarred from this means of subsistence , they would starve . Their usual diet , when they can get it , is porridge and milk , especially in the spring season , when they begin to work ; bnt they cannot always afford meal , especially in winter , and they Wen live on potatoes and herrings , if they can gel thelterrings . ! ' ( R _> id ., p . 23 S . ) The Rev . Charles Gordon , minister of Assynt , examined : —

      " The great assistancethe poor get in my parish is from their poor neighbour- * , and tbat makes them all poor together . " " "When thepoor are sick and require additional diet , they apply to the neighbours best able to assist them . There is not a wealthy individual _^ the whole district . " "Porpaupers and att collars _inpeneratttepriaeipal / ood is potatoes axid herrings . Their lodgbigs are wretched . The cottages are generally built of stone and turf mixed ; the roof is always turf , with a covering of heather . Those recently built have a hhing of clay , and sometimes lime in the inside . The old cottages hare nothing but the bare earth for a floor ; indeed , there are very few now which have any * 'ling else for a fioor . The cottages have generally no chimneys ; they have merely a hole In the middle —sometimes , however , at fhe end . " " We have a good deal of begging in tbe parish . The people go about among their relations and friends , but at thc same time they dislike to be considered as common beggars . _"—( iMJ ., p . _292 . )

      We now come to the general deterioration of thc people—the "desolation in Sutherlandshire : "The Rev . Mr . M'Kenzie , of Tongue , in his evidence , says" I am very positive , and have not the slightest doubt that the condition ofthe people has been very much deteriorated by the change . There is more money going about us now , bnt there is much more poverty , and not the same substantial comforts as formerly . It is true that when they werc in the interior they were badly oft'in seasons when their cattle died . Tliey used to subsist principally upon flesh , fish , rattt , _"iuttcr _, and curds and cream . They used to eat no vegetables . They liad a few spots of outs and hear ( barley ) , bat they bought very little meal .

      Potatoes were only introduced when I Was a child , and _iioio it is Oicir general food . In the years of distress they were thrown upon the resources of tke proprietor ; and I remember an instance of this kind in 1783 , when the proprietor was asked to supply meal to the people , and he made an appeal to Government on the subject , wluch iras responded to . He and all the tacksmen contributed in part , and the Government afforded assistance in peas meal , which was distributed by the Kitk Session . However , tliese years of distress were " 6 y no means of frequent OKtirrcncc , and ffiey Time , in / act , been _mueft morc / reaiient since tie cftai _^ e . I consi der tint ihe frequency of the periods of distress under Vie old system hasleen very much exaggerated , and has liecn made improperly an excuse for the change . "—( FM ., p . Wt . )

      The Rev W . Findlatcr , of Durness , and the Rev D . M * ji . enzie , of Fan * , give similar evidence . Now for the " desolation " "*—Jlr . Donald " _Sfccaonali ? , of lochinver , in his evidence , says" 1 have afarm of 3 D _. O 0 O acres—one-third of the parish of Assynt . The whole is a pasture farm . I have eleven shepherds undcrme . " ( _itit ! , pp . 312-3 . ) The Kev . George il'Kay _, minister of Clyne , in his evidence , says" A great proportion of the population in my parish consists of persons who have been located in villages along the coast , having been previously inhabitants in the interior . Tlic lard In the interior has now been converted ixxto _shtep-walks . " The Her . Charles Gordon , minister ef Assynt , in his evidence , _says _^—" The greater part of Assynt is _laido-jt in sheep-farms , hut the _greater bulk of tbe population is confined tothe

      shore . _'—( Ibtd ., p . 2 B 2 . _J In contrast with the above , we qnote the descrip tion of this district in former times , as given in De Foe ' s work on Scotland . He is writing about Strathnaver , which was then thickly peopled . The _greatei fart cf this Strath is now held by thc _notorious UTitfCK Seiiabs _, who cleared out the population , aud whose truly murderous doings in 181-4 we described in our article headed "' The Autocrat ol Sutherlandshire Unmasked , " in the Star of June 21 st , This worse than unhanged brigand occupies an extent of soil of about twenty-tierce miles by seventeen In thc whole of that extent of countiy there is not a cottage but what is occupied by his shepherds , seven in number ; whilst he himself is non-resident . De Foe , speaking of this ( now ) vast desert , says : — " The _iuhabitanf s are great hunters , and despise thost who are not , so that venison is wilh them a _coaunoidish . " Speaking of the northern districts generally , he says : —

      " Here we found , however mountainous and wild the country appeared , the people extremely well furnished with provisions , especiaUy four sorts in great plenty , two of them _suScieut for a common table , the Other two the splendour of . the greatest . 1 . Very good bread , as well oat-bread as wheat , though the last not so cheap as the first . 2 . Venison exceeding plentiful , and at aU seasons _,, young or old , which they kill with their guns wherever they find it , for there is no restraint , on which account all ihe ffighlanders have fire-arms , and becomo excellent marksmen , S . _Baangn iu such plenty as is scaT _™*? credible , ana consequently so cheap that , to those who have any substance , to buy with , it is not worth giving themselves the trouble to catch it . This they eat fresh in tie season , and nt other times cured , by hang dried In the san , and _sonresctved aU the yea * . 4 . They hMe no

      The Eighlaxd Autocrat Axd His Deputy Dic...

      want of cows and sheep ; but the cattle are so wild , that sometimes , were they not by their own disposition used to flock together , they would be much harder to kill than the deer . " Compare tlm description with that given above of the present state of the Highland population ; to wluch let us append the following addition by the TimM' " commissioner " : — "Itisnot ' _-l years agosince the tenantry of the -parish of Royart , on paying their re nt . ""• " re assembled by Jlr . _Gunn _, the factor , by order oi Mr . Loch , aud told in English , and what he sail w as interpreted to the people in Gaelic by the minister who stood by him , that it was " thelawoftheestate " that if any of them , or their children , killed a head of g-ame _, they should be immediately removed from theu- holdings , and they would get cone other on the

      Sutherland estate . The Game Laws are bad enouch without this' law ofthe estate . ' The same rule holds with regard to fishing in the rivers . They arc all tenants at will , with a ' ground oincer perpetually prowling about them , and watching them . Imagine their state of dependence . If this is denied , 1 have instances to prove it . " Respecting the astounding statement made by Mr . Locir , that , for twenty-eight years not one farthing of rent had been received from the Sutherland estate , but that , on the contrarv , tliere had been sent there a sum exceeding £ 00 , 000 , the Times' "commissioner" says— " This may be true , but the people of Sutherlandshire have not benefitted by it . " He adds— " Mr . Locn for thirty years has managed the estate , which is . co-equal with the countv , and he deserves all the credit ofthe achievement , "

      We think our readers will agree with us , that the Times'" commissioner " has fully vindicated himself irom the charges of " exaggeration" and " misstatement , " at the same time turning the tables on his adversaries . We regret that it was not possible lor us to give his vindication complete and entire , for which we must refer our readers to the Times . The pictures we have given of tyranny , rapacity , and selfishness , on the onc hand , and slavery , misery , and helplessness , on the other , existing throughout Sutherland , is probably without a parallel in any country claiming to be civilised . Even in Ireland , the " wild justice of revenge , " to which the poor hesitate not to appeal , affords them some protection through thc fears thereby excited in the _brcastsof their in

      _^• pressors . Not so the Highlands , there the cottiers iave not yet been driven to assassination , despite tl . e wholesale usurpation of a Duke , the tyranny of a Loch , the rapacity of a M'Doxaid , aud thc _murdcr- _- > f a _Seuaiis . IIow long this state of things wil ! i ast is another question ; even the endurance of thc wretched and the helpless sometimes comes to an md : humanity will vindicate its claims , even though ¦ t be by bullet and torch . Pray heaven that any such Ireadful alternative may "b e spared the virtuous . _icople ofthe Highlands ; pray heaven that thepublic pinion now forming in their behalf may so grow and _iirengtheu as to be found—and that _aiecdilv

      toodl-sufficient to rescue them from their miserable lot . One thing is certain , thc exposures we have _made—Jianks to thc Times—of the rapacity , cruelty , and 'yranny of Highland landlords , their agents , and dieep-fanning tenauts , roust have thc effect of more videly opening the eyes of the class we address , to the enormous injustice and wrong of the present system of land-holding , and tiie necessity of the suffering _^ classes using all their energies to break down this monstrous usurpation—this prime _progenitor and main cause of all other social crimes and sufferings . Wc have now done with the Highland autocrat and his deputy

      dictator" We leave them alone in their glorv I "

      THE SCOTCH POOR LAW SYSTEM . We resume the consideration of the report of the Commissioners of Poor Law inquiry . Wc commence with their views as to the poor of the large towns ol Scotland ; they say"It must be admitted that , In periods of a depressed state of trade and manufactures , the labouring classes arc subject , in many instances at least , to severe privations . In Scotland , the wants experienced by the working classes during these periodical depressions , have been hitherto relieved , in as far as relief has been afforded , by voluntary subscriptions and contributions made . by the

      wealthier portion ofthe community , sometimes ofa more local , and sometimes of a more extended character , according to the supposed Urgency of each particular case . The question then , ivhich _' we have to resolve is , whether the amount of relief which may be thus obtained , supplemented from such other sources , as in conformity to the provisions of the _cidsting law may be made available for the purpose , be sufficient to meet the exigencies of the present condition of the manufacturing population , or whether we must substitute some such entirely new system as that of providing the relief required by means oi assessments , and administering the funds so raised under the checks supplied by a workhouse .

      " It must be admitted , & c "—how . cautiously , and with what evident reluctance these pleaders for , and apologists of the aristocracy " admit" the existence ot distress amongst thc people . We shall presently show that respecting this same distress , and more than that , frightful , continuous pestilence , tho-result of physical want , the commissioners could have had no manner of doubt when they made out their report . They go ou to say—The deeper depression of the condition of the labouring population in the Scotch manufacturing towns , hen founded on , is inferred from the large proportion whicli the deaths from fever in these towns _hpnt-R to the

      wholeamount of their mortality . In some of tho manufacturm- ; towns of Scotland , as wc have elsewhere remarked , tin mortality from fever has been , on an average of several years , eleven or twelve per cent . ; and in Glasgow , in 1837 , it amounted to twenty per cent , of the whole . "Nou thatthe great mortality of some of the large to _*** ns ol Scotland , arising from fever or other epidemics , may hifairly ascribed to the less comfortable condition of thc labouring and pauper population , ice do not presume lo dispute . But admitting that the question of thc aggravated mortality from fever is thus adequately solved , we apprehend that it is not to be at once inferred from such an admission that the principle of the existing Poor Law is essentially vicious .

      TJie principle of thc existing Poor Law is not " essentially vicious . " On thc contrary , that" principle" is essentially just . What we complain of is , that that law has not been executed , that its provisions have become a dead letter , and that those who were appointed by the law to enforce its provisions , and to see that thc poor had "needful sustenance " provided for them , that these false shepherds , the clergy and the magistracy , have allowed the . law to fall into disuse , and have even connived at , and been parties to its practical abrogation , to suit and serve the avarice of the property-holders , in violation ol their own vows and oaths as clergymen and magistrates . These commissioners admit that thc mortalitv arising from fever in the large Scotch towns

      is immense , and , as compared with English towns , enormous ; they acknowledge that this mortality is caused by the less comfortable condition of the labouring and " pauper" population ; that this is thc case , they say , " we do not presume to dispute !" But fearful that they have admitted too much , that they have let too much of " daylight into the system , " they add that " it is not to be at once inferred frprn such an admission , that the principle of the existing Poor Law is essentially vicious . " What we do infer is , that the practice , the working of the existing Poor Law is essentially bad and infamous ; and that it is so wc will at once proceed to prove from the evidence given on oath before thc commissioners themselves , relative to the state of Edinburgh , thc capital of the kingdom : —

      Db . _IlAS-uTsim * ( examined ) . —Do you find _* he [ Royal Dispensary ] patients in a state of destitution ? So frequently , that the medical meu and the students often find itnecessar _** to draw their purses . Since I began with the dispensary I see an increase of those who apply in destitute circumstances . They have often nothing to boil water in—nothing to put their feet in if ordered to bathe tlieir _fee-U-no bread or meal for poultices . It is very usual for the medical men and tlio students to pay out money for comforts required by patients . —They don ' t provide diet ? Ko * , but the medical men fmraently eontribute nine and soup . It is a customary thing for a medical man to have wine in his house for supplying poor patients ; and to have soup ready also , so that a patient may send for a bowl , which is given with bread . The

      students exhibit thc same philanthropic spirit ; and tlicy ; ire necessitated to do so , otherwise the disease [ chronic ] advances apace . —In many cases would not nutritious diet or wine be almost essential to their tieatment ? Doubtless . essential , and tliese might often avert thc future stages of the disease , and effect a cure in time . —And a medical omccr , when nutritious diet was ordered , would itftird means and funds sufficient ? Clearly so . —Would not that be an advantage which thc treatment of cases by a medical officer connected with the workhouse wou . d procure ? A decided _advantage . On that point I mav observe tliat destitution , as I conceive , is frequently the source of disease Have you observed that typhus fever has come at periodical intervals iu thc same manner a ? _sniail-pox and other epidemic diseases ? According to

      thc predisposition in the system it has . I suffered foi four successive years ft cm typhus fever ; and tlwrewas _dways predisposition . —Docs it return at an interval oi two or three years ! Do cases cease foi" a time and return again ? . It is an observation that every three or five years there is in this quarter a very aggravated form of typhus fever ; but I cannot verify that ren-ark . its return is connected with t _» e stagnation of trade , poverty , & c It is , indeed , never totally absent from the dwellings of the poor . —You are aware that it has attacked the families of people ia tlte higher ranks of life , and in the best condition as to food and raiment , as well as

      that of the lower classes ! It bas undoubtedly affected the higher classes , though In a far-inferior degree to the lower orders . —Then , would you consider destitution as the cause , or as au aggravation of the disease ? I wonld regard it as a powerful predisposing cauie to the typhus fever in nfii'cting the system ; tbe opposite being a powerful preventing cause to thau- being infected . —Have you been led to observe the proportion inthchig her and lower _clnsEes who have fallen victims to typhus fever ? i have . _Theresultis tliat the lower _classessaffer most ; and I can explain the reason . —fan you start ** the proportioiii with any minuteness ! So , I cannot . "My _ati-iit-on has not been _r _iv .-a to that so much as _apBtepJDSJ ' . ' iaa _' s would naturally

      The Eighlaxd Autocrat Axd His Deputy Dic...

      be . —Do you consider tbat destitution is _adequatu of itself to _generate fever ? _Notbf _itselfusually ; but it _Sb believed that the febrile virus is sometimes generated spontaneously in indigent penions '—When you answered that question about the higher classes , do you mean . the numbers wero absolutely less , or only relatively ? Absolutely less iu the higher classes . —Then you stated some time ago that you considered the allowance of the poor by no means sufficient , "ffiiat would you consider a sufficient allowance , taking the age and the number of the children I shall answer it with reference to the lowest state of destitution , so as . to state what would maintain health . — With reference to different degrees ! Then , proceeding from the lowest class , I would , with regard to a father and mother with four children under ten , at : he working period oflife , say from observation that

      3 s . Gd . or 3 s . a week mi ght make them comfortable . — When yeu said that many received nothing at all , did that apply to the number of poor persons who wera unwilling to come for relief from public thuds , or to those who had applied and been refused . —And only to cases of disease ? You don't speak of those who have applied where there was no complaint ? I understood those who applied had a legal claim , and did not get assistance . Ono general observation is , that the lower the sphere of individuals to whom the application is made , the greater is the liberality displayed . —Till you come to the lowest ? In the lowest state half of what is got may be giveu away to persons in the same condition . I have seen them disregard tlieir own health , and th » fear of contagion , and starve themselves to aid a suffering and sick neighbour . Not only will they do what they can for those in health ,

      but to a still greater amount for those who are labouring under disease , and from whom there is no prof peet of a retum . —YOU Would not wish to put a stop to that benevolence among the poor ! Certainly not . —Would not a large public provision hinder that efflux ! 1 scarcely think it would operate thus , or that Ihe efflux of charitable feeling would be exhausted . It cannot now overtake ouc-tenth of the suffering that prevails . I can give three instances of persons starved to death in the course of the previous winter . The first was received into one of my wards in the Infirmary ; another was in another ward oi the Infirmary ; and the third died in his own lod ging . — Did you ' open ? I opened one , and was present atthe examination of the ether two . One ivas my own patient , and , I have no doubs , died from starvation . I nniy mention , however , when asked about the lowest poesible sum

      to support an adult man , that perhaps ls . might do for a single man , I know a man ( that man is the man Forbes ) witli whom we had considerable difficulty with reference to his settlement . He says , "I can do very well with Is , per week * " he has a pretty comfortable place with his sister ; ' he 6 ays Gd . goes for nourishment , — very course Indeed , but yet sufficient —For a week ? 0 b , yes ; sometimes he has not more than a roll a day . —He looks to other sources ? He has no other sources than chat one shilling , Mr . Brown , Mr . George Forbes , and Mr . Henry Crahame , aid in thus supporting him . —You mean thata man wilh a family might be supported for is , Gd . ? I consider that as the sum for the lowest stage _, exclusive of house and clothing . —When you state thai * - ' s . Gd . would maintain a man , and wife , and four children , do you mean that that would be sufficient to maintain them without any other sources of income ? Yea .

      Mr . "William Johnston , town-councillor ( examined ) : — The inquiries wc instituted led us to some distressing revelations . Ihave found men , for instance , honest , industrious tradesmen , who , having sold or pawned every article within their dwellings , were at length reduccl to ask the smallest pittance of bread or meal . In many instances they assured us ( and we found the statements true ) that they had not tasted food for twelve , fifteen , twenty-four , and some even twenty-eight hours . I found , in some cases , that the very grates ofthe parties had been sold or pawned ; and , in numerous instances , when we gave a pittance of meal , they had not the means of cooking it , nor salt to season it with . There wcre many who had been in a respectable way as tradesmen , reduced to perfect destitution , " through causes over which they had no control . We gave a supply only once a week , as our funds were limited ; and we distributed among the parties thus : —To a single man , we gave three tickets ; to a husband and wife , four tickets ; to a _husband and wife with two children , five tickets ; to ail above five children ,

      six tickets . Bach bread ticket entitled the holder to a half loaf at 4 _Jd ., and each meal ticket half a peek of meal at 51 d ., meal being about lid . thc peck at that time , and the bread 9 d . per loaf , second quality . "We did not allow them to purchase for themsrtves , but we entered into a contract with a respectable meal-dealer , who divided the rations as wo directed . I may state that at this time , though the privations of the poor were very great , as I have described , I could discover no instance of their having exchanged the meal or bread tickets for spirits . Such a Btory was indeed got up , that we were dealing out rations to persons who were not making a good use of them ; and as chairman of the committee I instituted a rigorous inquiry ; and I am glad to say that iu no _itistance was the relief so exchanged , On the contrary , the whole of my experience _lsd to the result that the poor were far more anxious to recover the small articles of clothing and household stuffs tliey had pawned , than to indulge in personal indulgence of any kind . That seemed tlieir greatest anxiety .

      Captain James Thomson , for seven years treasurer of the llouse of Refuge , gave evidence as to the -systematic opposition pursued towards " paupers" to prevent them making ' good their claim for relief . The following is a specimen of his evidence : There was a blind woman in the West Church parish for many years . I applied for that woman . I walked lifty miles to get evidence of her claim . Reekie is her name . She is a native of Edinburgh , or of the West Church parish ,- and she got diseased . She lived in Leithstreet , in the common stair near Littlejohn ' s the baker , rur . a period of five years in different flats , and she was very respectable and well conducted generally . She ucpt her complaint secret till she lost her sight . After being in the Infirmary or lock hospital , she came out . I thought there would be no difficulty in establishing the claim of a blind young woman . She had lived just at . he particular point where the tiro parties unite . They would undertake nothing . I went to try and get proof

      how long she had lived there . Then the question was disputed about the parish , but I discovered that tho West Church parish was in the habit of charging poor rates for the place . Mr . Littlejohn told me so . I told them that as they levied rates , they must provide for the poor of the place . Ultimately we did succeed , but the managers opposed her claim for three or four years . —That was a dispute about the boundary of the parish , and , after all , you succeeded . But can you point out a case where yon did not succeed , and where tliere was a good claim ? I recollect a case ( I forget the name ) , a sort of half idiot , whose father and mother werc never married , consequently the sottlemeut was the mother ' s , —These are cases of difficulty ? O , there are difficulties in every case . This girl's mother died , and was buried by the city parish ; and they were in the habit of assisting the mother and daughter at times . When the mother died , the girl was sent to the refuge . I applied , and attended meetings of the city managers , on this girl's account ; and I never could get thc claim established .

      Mr . Macadxav , town-oouncillor ( examined ) : —Are yon not a member of the town-council ? I am . —What would you consider sufficient fur a man reduced by sickness , and coming on the poor funds ? That is not a very ca 6 y question ; but I have inquired what would suffice for a man who had a family . A poor man came last night—be is a furniture polisher—I employed him in my own house , and he is working at this moment . I had an upholsterer in the same way—I had a great deal of conversation with liim , and asked him how he managed;—first , he had two children , himself , and a wife—he got _sixpence a day from the relief funds given in charity . I asked him how he managed to live . He said he bought twopence worth of oatmeal with a little fat—this was stirred about , and he got one meal always every day from this . Then how do your children fare , I asked—he said , I leave fourpence

      with the wife , and I am obliged to run out of the house , because I cannot stand the screams of my children crying for food . —Would you state , first , what should be given to a single man or woman in a reduced state , requiring aid , and then what should be given to a party with two or more children ? If the intended case you mean be that of persons who should be making a livelihood if they had employment , ' the lowest -should be 4 s . or 5 s . a week to a single _perion , if you would ward off disease . I cminot see how he can live , upon less . —You are making the supposition that he has no other source ? Yes . That is little more than 6 d . a day ; but I would say , that to prevent stealing , and save from downright starvation , Ss . a weik would be necessary . —Now , for two persons , a man and his wife ? It docs not require exactly double , for there are ways of living . Dr , Alison , in his work ,

      recommends economical cooking , I have been making an esptriment , and perhaps nobody is able to speak so well , for I have made dishes , and invited them to dine . I know eight or ten living together , could live at less expense than two or three . —But how much for the two ? I should say Is . or 2 s . more ; say , 7 s . —Theu for three ? I would increase the amouut to a very small extent . Perhaps , if you speak of eight or ten , these can live on oae-fourth the amount required for single individuals . If tlicy could buy a sufficient quantity of food to make a mess of it , they might live at a very moderate rate . Some articles are very cheap in this town . —Then , when you say the allowance from the workhouse is an insult to the poor , you proceed upon the supposition that tbe workhouse 1 ms not found out that they have assistance from other sources ? They often know that fact , and grant an allowance besides . —And no examples have come uuder your observation in which you think the allowance sufficient ? I don't know one single instance , and 1 know many instances to the contrary . 1 have known a man

      and woman in tliis city die of starvation . I perhaps don ' t know any getting relief from the parish ; but the difficulty of gotting that relief is so great , that parlies have died before tbey could obtain it . —Could you mention an instance ? There was a man of the name of M-Gisrry , who was reduced to great destitution . I supported him out of iny own pockettill he got work at tbeMeadows . He kept battling on iimidst difficulties , but was overtaken by disease aud death . Hedied actually of starvation . —De you kuow if parties have the alternative of going into the workhouse ? They have no opportunity . This mau M'Geiry , to whom I allude , had no sueh alternative , and the mention of hi 3 case will lead to one important observation . My conviction s , that there will be no good done to tho poor of Groat Britain till there is one law for the three Kingdoms , A law for Scotland might do some good , but it would not be thoroughly effected without a law for the whole three kingdoms . One reason that leads to this conclnsion isEuggoBted by tho case I haw how mentioned . M'Gerry was born in Iroli-nd-. but came to Scotland ,

      The Eighlaxd Autocrat Axd His Deputy Dic...

      where he lived many years . He then went to England , and wasted himself in working as a mixer of paint ( a very unhealthy business ) . Hc returned to Scotland . A question arose with respect to his parish . With all thc little influence I had , I conld not obtain permanent relief for him , I took him to the charity workhouse , where he got temporary aid ; but tlicy got tired of him , attd he was at this time supported by myself . —Was he temperate ? He was . —Hc could not make out a good legal settlement ? He could not , there was so much difficulty in showiug thc residence , —Then you don ' t bring that forward as an instance in which the workhouse has given a mere illusory allowance to the poor ? Oh no , because this man never got any aid except temporary ; but the temporary aid was so trifling , thathe actually , in process of time , diedl ' or want of the necessaries of life .

      What a mass of wretchedness docs this evidence disclose ! According to Dr . Handysidb " destitution is frequently the source of disease , " typhus fever always rages wheh 'trade is bad and employment scarce ; indeed , this fell disease is " . never totally absent from the dwellings of thc poor , " So wretched is the lot of the Edinburgh poor , that " they have often nothing to boil water in—nothing to put their feet in , if ordered to bathe their feet—no bread or meal for poultices . " Thc medical men cannot be insensible to these sufferings , and it appears besides risking their lives , too often sacrificed , they tax themselves to alleviate thc misery they are compelled to witness , but which the law , or rather the law ' s executors , refuse to relieve . This is highly honourable to the medical profession , but still of but little avail in stemming the flood of wretchedness , of which their patients arc the victims . Dr . _IIandyside adds ,

      tliat from personal experience , he knows of persons having been " starvedto death ! " The misery dcsqribed by Dr . Hasiiyside is corroborated by Mr . Johxsios , Captain Thomson , and Mr . Macaulay ( besides many others , whose evidence we are unable to find room even to notice ) . Jlr . Macai _* lay states tlmt he considers the allowance from thc workhouse " an insult to the poor . " Ho knows of "ho single instance in which the allowance given has been sufficient . " He has known individuals to " die of starvation" under the allowance allowed them . Yet after all this , this accumulation of fearful facts , the commissioners reluctantly acknowledge that there is some poverty that occasionally the labouring classes are subject to severe privations—that fever "may be fairly ascribed" to these privationsthese admissions they make , still tlicy cliampionise the system which has permitted , and docs permit , ( hose fearful evils .

      We must reserve ( through want of room ) the conclusion of our remarks on thc commissioners report till next week . We cannot leave thc evidence given above , without making special reference to that of Dr . _Haspi'side . It will be seen that that gentleman makes oath , that in his opinion as a medical man , thc sum of 3 . Gd ., or 3 s . a-week might make a man , his wife , and four children comfortable ! But hc goes lower than that , he adds , that hc thinks even 2 s . 6 d . a-week might maintain a man , his wife , and four children ! This is not all ; on his oath he names a man who lives " very well" on ls . a-week ; and he asserts that that man can exist on 6 d . a-weck for nourishment" very coarse indeed , but yet sufficient ! " This anchorite of Auld Reekie must surely be a sight worth

      seeing . We wonder it he has an ostrich ' s stomach , and so can dine on a piece of giauite , or digest a lump of old iron ? If not , the living skeleton miiBt be a veritable Daniel Lambert , compared with this sixpenny Scotchman 1 In sober seriousness how could Dr . Haxdtside state such abominable trash , — how could the commissioners receive such fabulous assertions ? With Dr . Ha * _-, 'dtsi » e ' s opinion compare that of Mr . Macaulay . This gentleman makes oath that in his opinion the sum of os . a week to a single man or woman is the lowest sum that can be allowed , to save them from disease and death , or prevent them having recourse to stealing . Wc detest personalities * . in warring with a bad system , we would fain say as little of individuals as * possible ;

      but a regard for truth and justice compels us to pronounce these views of Dr . _IIasdvside as most atrocious—false in themselves , and calculated to perpetuate the injuries the poor have too long borne with . Dr . Uasdtside—as a medical man—knows well that no human being can subsist on Gd . a week . To allot such a sum for the sustenance of man , woman , or child , is a cruel mockery , a deliberate scheme of murder . In stating , therefore , that human beings can live on such a gum , and make it sufficient , he was defending the murderous conduct of those who allot sueh sums to their fellow creatures for their support ; and at the same time encouraging the cominissionei's to report in favour of , and to sanction _suclt a murderous system , lt is hunowiiblo for as to acquit

      Dr . Handtside on the ground of ignorance , we are , therefore , forced to thc conclusion , that , to prop up an infamous system , to serve the heritors , and aid the clergy , and " better classes" generally , in their frauds on , and murders of , the poor—for those base purposes he gave the evidence ascribed to him , We would not for the world ' s wealth , not for any possible consideration , that our name , like that of Dr . IIaxdyside , should—watered with the tears ofthe wretched , and blighted by the curses of the poor—go down to posterity , as the apologist and supporter of the _£ _*'• - - pexxny Scotch Starvation System !

      Last Saturday we received the following communication from Dundee , which with much pleasure wc give publicity to . We now find that our Dundee friends were really the first in thc field . Their example is of great importance , and we hope that nothing will induce them to relax in their exertions for the attainment of an efficient and just poor law . Thc petition is good as far as it goes , but , judging by the description sent us , we imagine the Aberdeen petition to be still better , because discussing the bill more fully , and for eaeh evil proposing thc requisite remedy . We regret , therefore , that our Aberdeen friends did not send us a copy oftheir petition , as its publication in our columns might have been of great service to other places . Here is the letter from Dundee : —

      Sir , —I observe in your paper of the 21 st inst ., an article on thc Amended Scotch Poor Law Bill . I thank you for tho _remarks you have made upou it , but at the same time permit me to say that we have not allowed the measure to go on without trying all thc means in our power to oppose certain of its clauses , which we consider oppressive . We called a public meeting to consider the bill , and agreed to petition both houses of Parliament . A copy of the petition I enclose to you . We likewise sent a delegate to Brechin and Forfar . At the former place they agreed to petition both houses ; and we have had several communications from Montrose , where they ave astir in the matter likewise . AVe have also had communications

      from Paisley , and 1 saw in the Aberdeen Hex-aid of the 21 st , that they had had an out-door meeting tliere on the subject . However , there are many of thc towns which yet need rousing from their slumbers . AVe have got our petition sent away , signed by 3000 persons ; its presentation tve have entrusted to Mr . Thos . S , Duucombo . It might have been more numerously signed , but we did not wish to be too late . I hope you will take notice of this , and if you would be kind tnougb to give our petition that publicity that is in your power to give , so that some of the other towns in Scotland , wliere your paper is read , may know the clauses we object to , I think good would result . By doing so , you wilt much oblige the committee in Dundee . —I remain , yours respectfully , Charles Falconer .

      Unto the Honourable the Commons of fhe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in Parliament assembled . The humble Petition of the undersigned Inhabitants of the Hoyal Burgh of Dundee ; Sheweth , That n Bill has been introduced into your Honourable House , entitled , a Bill for the amendment and better Administration of the Laws relating to the Poor in Scotland . That certain portions of the said Bill are extremely objectionable , and will , if sanctioned , be pro . luetive of great injury to the rights and interests of the working classes generally , as well as to the unemployed , the occasional poor , and the destitute . That your petitioners most decidedly object to that part of tlic forty-first clause which confers powers upon the Local Boards to assess upon all rents down so low as five pounds yearly , without defining any class to be exempted from assessment .

      Your petitioners further object to that pari of tho sixtysewed clause whieh _deprives all _abto-tovlivd _pvrsons of any claim to relief when unemployed , seeing that , from the improvements in machinery , the fluctuations in trade , & c , together with a rapidly increasing population , great numbers of the labouring classes may be deprived of all employment without any fault of their

      own . Your petitioners further object to the latter part of the sixty-eighth clause , because it substitutes the opinions of the Board of Supervision in place of the present claim to be heard , when aggrievetK / in the Court of Session . Your petitioners therefore humbly pray that the Bill may be altered and amended in so far as that thc objectionable parts may be struck out altogether , and that a clause or clauses be inserted exempting all labourers , artizans , aud working men whose sole income is daily or

      weekly wage or hire of labour , from all assessment , recognising their right to relief when unemployed and destitute , and that the right or privilege of being heard in the Court of Session remain to us as it is and has been for ages . Your petitioners further pray , that a clause be added to thc Bill at the end of the sixty-Srst section , providing that no poor person of a sane mind shall be forced against their will into any Poor House , and that such refusal shall form no ground for depriving them of their out-door relief or aliment , And your petitioners will ever pray .

      Iiolioway's Ointment Axd Pills.—Debtors'prison Infirmary, Whitecross-Street.—Extraordinary Owe Ot Ot

      IIolioway ' s Ointment axd Pills . —Debtors'Prison Infirmary , Whitecross-street . —Extraordinary Owe ot ot

      Ad00709

      of Scrofula by the use one large pot - and a box of Pills . Captain Jnrvis , an inmate of the above prison , had , for ten years past , several dreadful scrofulous ulcers on his legs and other parts of his DDdy , which resisted every other kind of treatment . His case was so desperate nsfo confine him for several months to the infirmary , until he Was miraoulduisly CUttd by tltt UK Of _UlKS BKtdtHfi _*^

      Tftivm Jntemffenct.

      _tftivM _Jntemffenct .

      London Cors Exchange, Monday, Josk 30.— ...

      London Cors Exchange , Monday , _Josk 30 . — The arrival of Eng lish wheat was rather large during the past week for the time of year , and good supplies of Hour and malt came to hand , but the receipts of barlev , oats , beans and peas from our own coast and Scotland werc extremely small . From Ireland a part of the long-lookcd-for licet of vessels oat laden arrived , and wc had also a cood supply of this grain from abroad . Ofthe 7400 qrs . foreign wheat reported , more than half is from Dantzic ; and above 1000 quarters from Launeeston . The weather has , since Thursday , been unsettled , and thoug h hitherto productive of no injury , tho change has influenced tlio wheat trade , and at all the markets hold on Saturday an advance of Is , to 2 s . per qr . was established . At Marklane to-day there was a smallshow of samples by land carriage from Essex Kent , aud Suffolk , ami though _, some improvement has taken place in tho weather since Saturday , factors insisted on ls . per quarter

      more tor good qualities , and a fair amount of business was done at the enhancement . Foreign free wheat was not much enquired for , but the trifling sales effected were at very full terms , llondcd parcels were held at least 2 s . per qr . higher than on this day se ' nnight . Fresh-ground fiour , whether ef town or country manufacture , brought quite lost Mondav ' _s currency . English barley being scarce was held ' firmly , but the demand was by no means lively , and prices remained nominally unaltered . The factors refusing to give way much , the dealers purchascl outs cautiously , still the transactions werc rather extensive , at a decline of about fid . per qr . There were not many beans fresh up , and late terms were , about supported . Peas wcre likewise quite as dear as on this day week . Canarysccd continues to conic forward rather freely , and prices had a downward tendency this morning . In other kinds of seeds there was little or nothing passing .

      CUMKENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . _—Britfjft . s s a B Wheat , Essex , Si Kent , new Si old red 43 19 White 48 58 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 44 IS Ditto 49 53 _ Northuiii . and Scutch white 43 48 Fine 49 33 Irish red old 0 0 Red 43 45 Whito 47 49 Rye Old 20 31 Xow 28 SO Bra-Ik 34 35 Barley Grinding . . 25 28 Distil . 27 SO Malt , 'il 38 Malt Brown .... 02 04 Pale 55 59 Ware 60 f _^ Beans Ticks old-fc new 30 87 Harrow 38 39 Pi-rum 41 43 Peas Grev 35 38 Maple 37 SS White 38 40 Oats Lincolns Si Yorkshire Peed 22 24 Poland 14 34 Scotch Angus 23 25 Potato 26 29 Irish WhiU 21 24 Mack 21 28 Per 2501 b . net . s si Por'ISO lb . net . s i Town-made Flour ... 43 -15 | _Norfolk Si Stockton S 3 U Essex aud Kent .... 35 3 G I Irish ....... 85 36

      _Frao . Bond . Foreign . s s s > b Wheat , _Itantsic , Konigsbuvg , & c 03 08 38 4 J Marks , Mecklenburg 51 64 SS 88 Danish , Holstcin _, aud Friesland red 48 4 G 28 82 Russian , "Hard 44 4 ( 1 Soft ... 44 46 28 SO Italian , Red . . 47 48 White ... 51 52 32 U Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft .... 48 52 31 * U Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 28 30 _Undried . . 28 38 22 _jj Barley , Grinding . 21 26 Malting . . 28 32 W _M Beans , Ticks . ' 34 3 C _Egyptian . U 35 28 82 Peas , "White . . 37 39 Maple . . S 6 37 2 i _3 _» Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 25 26 21 2 $ Russian feed , 21 22 16 15 Danish , Friesland feed ! 21 22 15 if Flour _barrel

      , per 24 26 , 19 21 London _SiirniFK-u ) Cattle Market , Monday * . June 30 . —During the past week , ending Saturday evening , the imports of live stock from abroad into London were again extensive—the _Keptunits , from Hamburgh , bringing 3 S oxen : the Ocean , 39 cows , 33 oxen , 9 lambs , and 12 calves . : the Uatavier , 39 oxen and cows ; and the Giraffe , ' 40 oxen and cows from Rotterdam , —being a totai import of 150 head of beasts . At Hull , upwards of 400 oxen and . _cowa have been received in the above period . . The number of foreign boasts on saie here to-day was small , viz , — 4 S ,. a large portion of which was of very middling quality ; nevertheless they were speedily disposed of at extreme currencies , hrom our own grazing districts , the arrivals of beasts fresh up this morning were very limited for the time of year ; while there was nothing amongst them remarkable for excellence of quality . The dead markets being tolerably well cleared oftheir late country supplies , and the

      attendance ot buyers rather numerous , the beef trade was active , at an advance on Friday ' s quotations of 2 d . per 81 b ; while , in some instances , the rates ruled somewhat higher than those obtained on Monday last—the primest Scots readily producing 4 s . 3 d . net 81 b , and at which a good clearance was readily effected . From Norfolk ; Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgshirc , we received 450 Scots and shorthorns ; from thc north of England—a portion coming per railway from the neighbourhood of Newcastle—300 shorthorns , & c . ; from thc western and midland couaties 400 Herefords , runts , Dcvons , <& c . ; from other parts of England , 400 of various breeds ; and from Scotland , 400 horned and polled Scots . Thc numbers of sheep were very small . For most breeds the demand was in a sluggish state , at barely previous figures . The lamb trade was stead y , at full rates oi currency in every instance . In calves only a moder ate business was doing , at barely last week ' s _curreu * cies . Tlte same may ba said of pigs .

      By the quantities of Sib ., sinking tho _olfal . s . d . s . d Inferior coarse beasts ... 3 3 3 8 Second quality .... 3 10 4 0 Prime large oxen .,.. 4244 Prime Scots , & c 4 6 4 8 Coarse inferior sheep ... 3236 Second quality .... 3 8 4 4 Prime coarse woolled . , . 4 0 4 8 Prime Southdown ... 4 10 5 6 Lambs 5 0 6 0 Large coarse calves . ... 3 8 4 4 Prime small 4 C 4 10 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 0 Large hogs ..... 3038 "Neat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 16 0 20 0

      _HEAO OF CATTLE OU SALE . ( From the Rooks ofthe Clerk ofthe Market . ) Beasts , 2 , 325-Sheep and Lambs , 2 « , 9 C 0—Calves 220—Pigs , 258 . RicnMOXD Cons Market , Saturday , June 28 . -. We had a tolerable supply of grain in our market today . "Wheat sold from 5 s . Od . to 7 s . Od . ; oats 2 s . 1 Od . to 3 s . Gd . ; barley 4 s . to 4 s . 3 d . ; beans 4 s . Cd . to os . per bushel . Liverpool Corn Market , Monday , June 30 . Several cargoes of Canadian produce and manufacture have arrived this week * , up to to-day there is reported 423 qrs . of wheat , 14 , 310 barrels ' of flour , aud 2747 qrs . peas , but there are several cargoes yet unreported . From our own coast the arrivals of grain , meal , and flour arc again moderate . The import duty on barley has advanced to 9 s . per quarter , which forms the only alteration tin ' s week . During

      the last three or four days the weather has been variable , —frequent showers , with a changeable tent perature . More firmness has consequently been in > parted to tho wheat trade , and though tlic business of the week has not been extensive , tiie millers and dealers have taken more freely of Irish , paying the extreme prices of last Tuesday . Foreign duty-paid wheat has had little attention , but in bond two or three cargoes of Rostock have changed hands , on speculation , at 4 s . Sd . per 70 llis . Sack flour has met . a fair moderate demand ; of the recently imported i Canadian no sales of moment transpired up to to-day . , Both oats and oatmeal have been littlo inquired for —2 s . lid . to 3 s . per 45 M , and 24 s . to 24 s . I'd . per . ' 2401 bs ., may be considered full quotations for the bettor qualities . In barley , beans , and peas very r little has been done , and prices continue as last re- ported . Manchester Corn Market , _SaioedatJcve 28 . .

      , —Although thc weather since onr last- report has 3 been somewhat showery , aHd , at times , cold for the 5 season , it has not been altogether unfavourable for c the crops until yesterday , when wc had rain witliout t intermission throughout thc day . There was , con- sequent !}* , little or no chango in the trade during the i week , the transactions of every article liaving been a wholly confined to the operations of necessitous s buyers , with a view to their immediate wants , in a which prices were without any material alteration , i . At our market this morning rather a firmer feeling g was manifested , in consequence ofthe weather still _U wearing an unsettled aspect , Thero was , however , f , only a limited business passing in any article , but the 10 previous currency was maintained .

      _Ltuns Cons Market , Tuesdat , July 1 , —Fresh sh supplies of aH grain are small for this , day ' s market , * . Wc had some heavy rain early in the morning , and this , is , together ivith the noted improvemen t in Mark-lane , ie , yesterday , caused our millers to buy more freely than an of late , and an advance of Is . to 2 s . per quarter kas _. as been established ; there is , however , less doing in in chambered wheats , although they arc held for highener { rices . Oats and beans are scarce , and rather dearer . er . io material change occurs in the value of othenct articles .

      Leeds _C-LOTn Markets . —During tho past weefcek ; there has boon a fair amount of business transacted aft ati the Cloth Halls and warehouses . In the latter , bothothi forthe home and foreign trade . Several houses _haveavei been rather busily _engaged in shipping off . Lighighll fancy fabrics , suited for the markets of India amjindl China , and others were preparing shipments of _soooiooi of a heavier description for tho various markete ai ail Europe , although the busy period for the latter tradaadai has scarcely yet arrived . "Wool keeps up , and _pricesces remain about thc same .

      . Maito . y Coitrv Market , Jc . ve 23 . —We haare ae ai fair supply of wheat offering to this day's market , _bufbufl short of barley and oats , which sold at last week ' _tek ' si rates . —Wheat , red , 47 s . to 51 s . ; white ditto , _oOloOSi to 54 s . per qr . of 40 stones . Barley , 27 s . to 30 s . pel pell 33 stone , oats , lid . to 12 d . per stone . York' Corn- Market , _Saturday , _Juse 28 . _—Wt-Wit have a moderate supply of grain at our market _thiithfe morning , and in consequence of the weather beinieinK rather unsettled at present , the farmers are noj nq inclined to sell without they can obtain a greate ' -atet ! advance than our factors are inclined to give , th ** refoitfWi _* i wo have hut very few sales effected .

      Tork Fortnight Fair , Jose 26 . —We "bad only _n _\ j « thin supply of fat beasts , making frem 6 s . 6 d . to fao Its per stone ; and only a moderate supply of lean _^ i _^ 0 _^ wiU »» tittle iBi |» cc * v « a eot is prion . ' . _- ; ,- ¦ "' _-, * -

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 5, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_05071845/page/7/