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      Apbil 7, 184^ The Northern St Ar, J%Y% -...

      Apbil 7 , 184 _^ THE NORTHERN ST AR , ' — m i _. —i _^ _^^^^^^^^^^ _^^^****^*********** _- _" l _* * _** _* _* llll _* _* ' ''''' lllllll '' lllil 1 _^^ rr

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      5s0e People's Advext. (From Kq, I Of The...

      _5 S 0 E PEOPLE'S ADVEXT . ( From Kq , I of The _TJxbridge . Spirit of freedom . ) 'Tin coming up the steep of time , . And this old world is growing brighter ; We may not see its dawn sublime , Yet high hopes make the heart throu lighter . We may be sleeping in the ground When it awakes the world iu wonder ; But we have felt it gathering round , And heard its voice of living thunder . "Tis coming ! yes , ' tis coming .

      Tis coming now , that glorious time , Foretold and song by prophets hoary ; For which , -when thinking was a crime , Souls leaped to Heaven from scaffolds gory ! They may not see the work they've wrought—Now the crowned hopes of centuries blossom ; But tbe quick lightning of their thought , Pulses alive the world ' e stirred bosom . 'Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming . Out ofthe light , ye priests ! nor fling Tour dark cold shadows on us longer ! Aside ! thon -world-wide curse—called King ! The people ' s step is quicker—stronger ! There ' s an inward divinity That makes men great whene er they will it ; If they hut dare—they must be free ! And the time comes that shall reveal it ! 'Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming _.

      Kings , empires , systems rot with age , — - But the great people groweth youthful ; And it shall write the future ' s page , To our humanity more truthful . The roughest heart hath tender chords To waken at the name of " Brother ;" And time comes when brain-scorpion words We shall not speak to sting each other . 'Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming Fraternity ! lore ' s other name , Dear Heaven-connecting link of being ! Then shall we grasp thy golden dream-As souls—full-statured—grow far-seeing . Thou shalt unfold our hotter part ,

      And to our life-cup yield more honey ; light up with joy the poor man ' s heart , Affection ' s world with smiles more sunny . Fraternity , thou ' rt coming . Ay , it must come ! the tyrant's throne Is crumbling—with onr hot tears rusted ; The sword , earth ' smighty have leant on , Is _canker'd—with our heart ' s blood crusted . Boom for the men of mind ! make way ! Te bigot rulers , pause no longer ! Ye cannot stay the openine day , The world rolls on ! the light grows stronger 'Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming . Massey

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      The Commonwealth. Aran.. London : J. "Wa...

      THE COMMONWEALTH . Aran .. London : J . "Watson , Queen's Head-passage , Paternoster-row . Politics , Poetry , and Political Economy , Facts and Fiction , -well occupy the sixty-pages ofthe third number of this " Monthly Record of Democratic , Social , and Industrial Progress . " " Whatis to he done with Ireland % " is the title of an able article , the subjectmatter of which may le surmised . Another of the admirable series of articles on tbe . Land and Labour question will be found in this nnmber , entitled " Social Effects of Feasant Proprietorship . " The lighter articles include the story of " The Weaver ' Daughter , " some sensible comments on "Sundays Abroad and at Home , " and the " Hero "—a poem . We quote the following from an article on the

      EXTDfCTION OF I ABTERISM . Last month -we gave an account ofthe principles on which a " Home Colony Society" was established in the _Netherlands in the year 1817 . Beginning on a small basis , but proceeding surely hut hut slowly , it has now b ecome a permanent and prosperous society , conducted on weU proved principles of benefit to tiie classes on whose behalf it was founded—that is , ihepooranddestitute of the land . Through the efforts ofa number of persons all over the kingdom , andhy means of so small an annual individual subscription as 4 s . 4 d ., the Society now possesses eig htcolonies in the provinces of Friesland , Overyssell , and Drenthe , the major part of which have been absolutely reclaimed from a sandy waste . The total amount of

      land now in cultivation 13 about seven thousand acres , from which , in 1848 , the colonists raised agricultural produce sufficient to supply their wants ; while the manufactures carried on by them also furnished clothes , furniture , tools , & c , even beyond their own requirements . The returns given in the report for that year show , that , in spite of the unfavourable circumstances that then weighed on the rural productions of all Europe , the colonists of the _Netherlands Benefit Society , by their own exertions , directed as they were by the excellent modus operandi of the Society , fully supported themselves without the least necessity for Poor Bates or Bates in Aid ; without clamouring about protection , or groaning over local taxation . And yet who are

      these colonists ? They consisted at the endof ISio of 11 , 301 persons , chiefly what we should in this country call paupers ; that is , persons with families , utterly destitute of means , and who would here be compelled to throw themselves on the poor rates . These persons are in Holland , through this Society , placed in a " Colony , " and by their own exertions , as wc have hefore stated , fully support themselyes without requiring the least aid ; and , besides , return a yery considerable balance of profit for the extension of the system . The latest report in our possession only comes down to the end of 1848 , a year in which the agricultural products of the colony were greatly less than an average ; it would , therefore , be unfair to give any statements founded on the returns for . that year . Even then , lowcver , the colonics had defrayed all their

      expenses , and the colonists had been enabled to support themselves most comfortably . Why should the same thing not he done in this country ? We haye , it is well-known , in Great Britain and Ireland , 10 , 000 , 000 acres of waste hut cultivable lands , the Larger proportion of which are infinitely superior in natural fertility to the sandy p lains on which the paupers of Holland were originally set to work . At the same time we find that the poor rates aTe annually increasing in amount . For the year ending Lady-day , 1848 , they were upwards of seven millions and _tltree quarters sterling , or nearly the amount paid in the last year of the old law , namely—eight millions . It is clear , therefore , that the measures we have formerly had recourse io , have failed to arrest the progress of this social disease . The measures of commercial

      relaxation from which so much was anticipated , have also as yet produced scarcely any appreciable improvement * in the condition of the operative classes . "While manufacturers and merchants are telling us that trade is improving , orders flowing in , and money plentiful , the manufacturing operatives state on the other hand that the only result , as far as they are concerned , is to give them work at such wages as are utterly inadequate to support existence . In Spitalfields six long days' work does not enable the silk weayerto earn the barest necessaries of life . He is obliged to toil on the Sunday also . In the manufacturing districts it has been repeatedly stated in public meetings that the wages paid are insufficient , and that - in many cases they

      are made up out ofthe rates . Thus we find in these districts a repetition of the worst of the old poor law in the rural districts . So far as we can perceive , and we have anxiously and carefully studied this subject for many years , there is no hope of any permanent or extreme improyement under the present manufacturing and commercial system . Every attempt to extend markets will be met with determined hostility by those who wish to protect native industry , in other countries , or by fresh , vigorous , and powerful rivals in neutral markets . It is time , therefore , that our statesmen should attempt to grapple resolutely with this great and paramount question . Difficult as tho -problem may appear to those whose minds have

      been perverted by the dogmas of an erroneous System of political economy , nothing is in reality more easy . Land , Labour , and Capital , are the primary constituents of every description of wealth . We have shown that we haye plenty of waste uncultivated , but cultivatable land . The pressure of unemployed labour upon the poor rates shows that there £ > no lack of that element . If instead of ignorantly squandering upwards of seven millions In keeping that labour unemployed , we were to borrow some twenty or thirty millions on the security of the rates / and use that sum in the same manner as has been done in Holland , a speedy

      extinction of poor rates and pauperism wouia ensue . "What the Dutch have done we may do . It is no use for theorists to cry " visionary or impracticable . It has been done—demonstrated . The only " « - aonary and impracticable" plans in the world are those which proffer to give prosperity to the country through the medium of commercial relaxations and financial reductions , which always fail to realise the predictions of their advocates . It is the master evil of thi 3 country that it has been for many years past misgoverned by such theorists , and until a more practical and enlightened statesmanship shall super-Bele their crude and fallacious sophisms no real _amendnjeut in its condition can take place . We havo only to repeat our good wishes for & 8 success ofthe " Commonwealth "

      The Commonwealth. Aran.. London : J. "Wa...

      CHARTIST TRACTS FOR THE TIMES . _No . 4 . I 7 te Factory Systems Trades ' Union Strikes j The Operative * Remedy . Published by J . Barker , Wortley _, near Leeds ; and J , Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row , London . In previous numbers of these ably-written " tracts" the writers laid bare the real character of their high mightinesses , the lords of the soil ; and the public misery caused by the

      oppression exercised by those " noble " usurpers . In the tract before us , an attempt is made to do justice to that still baser aud more heartless crew , the " lords of the lon g chimnies . " The following extract , though somewhat length y , so trul y and powerfully sets forth the condition of the factory population , in reply to the lies of the Malthusian Castor and Pollux of Edinburgh , that we cannot bring ourselves to mar its force b y any attempt at abridgment .

      THE FACTORY STSTEM . In No . 145 , New Series , of Chambers' Edinburgh Journal , we find a false and fulsome article , in which the beneficial results of machinery are lauded to the skies , and wherein the author makes himself the eulogist of the abominations which we have recited . What pity , that two men , otherwise useful and talented , should desecrate their pages with such vile trumpery ; but , they have printed it , and our duty is to reply . In page 234 , he says , " Now the girl that serves for her bumble ' penny fee , ' is clad m raiment which the Mistress of the List

      century would have thought it extravagant to wear ; and the toiling mechanic , week day or Sunday , is habited in a style which no country , save a mechanical one like Britain , could supply . " " Hear this , _" working men ! Hear it , you whose limbs are encased in the cast-off rags ofthe rich , so abundantly patched that it would be hard to _diucover the original texture . Were it not for the seriousness ofthe subject , we should feel inclined to laugh heartily at Chambers' caricature . And these are the men who have kindly undertaken our education , and have published numerous works for that avowed object . But stay , we have a little fact at our elbow , that shall stand in juxta position to the

      assertion of these teachers . Here it is . When the Anti-Corn Law agitation was at its full height , Mr . Ashworth , of Bolton , produced an old ragged cotton shirt , and exhibited it before the public , as a proof of the miserable condition , of the manufacturing population : at the same time informing his hearers that its owner was a hand loom cotton weaver who had been compelled , through lowness of wages , to wear the said shirt for five years ! Splendid clothing , no doubt , and in this mechanical country called Britain , too . Here is another fact of a recent date . At a meeting of the Spitalfields silk weavers , held in Church-row , Bethnal-green , within the last month , Mr . Gurnell states that "he went into a house in which there were four or five families ; and he was grieved to say , that in some

      cases there were three or four families located in one room ; all the bedding he could discover for the whole of the parties , he could have tied up in a pocket handkerchief . In fact , bedding was out of the question , and the whole place , though carefull y cleaned , looked most miserable from want of furniture , and even the commonest comforts . In another room he found a family in the midst of misery . He entered another place where two ofthe children had died of fever , and not a bit of food in the house . The state of all these families was most lamentable , and the scenes positively heartrending . But what surprised him most , was the fact , that in all these cases of destitution and misery , he did not enter a house in wnich the parties were without work . He attributed this state of destitution to lowness of

      wages , nor could they hope for improvement until labour was protected . " We could go on enumerating volumes of evidence of this description . We here have a description of the condition ofthe operatives in Bolton , as a sample of the style in which the Lancashire manufacturers enable their highly favoured work people to clothe themselves , and the other facts need no comment . Oh happy mechanical Britain ! when such scenes of woe are exhibited in thy gorgeous metropolis , not by want of employ , but through the heartless plunder of their employers . And upon what sort oi work are these suffering wretches engaged ? Hear it , oppressed people ! Making the costly velvets which grace the limbs of the nation ' s idlers , speculators , and land robbers . We need dwell no further on this

      part of Mr . Chambers mendacious assertion , as there is scarce an operative ' who reads these lines who cannot furnish scores of similar facts . In page 233 , he further asserts , that "the order necessarily observed in all our factories and public works , in consequence of their strictly mechanical nature , insensibly induces to an orderly disposition ; while the fact of meeting together so frequently induces emulation , and this emulation leads to self-respect and self-improvement—facts which are amply illustrated by the establishment of _educational institutions , lecture rooms , benefit and temperance societies , baths , and places of public recreation , and the like . " Oh ! oh !! oh !!! this is really too bad

      With what g libness and complacency this honied description of manufacturing life is here given . It leads to an orderly disposition , does it ? Let the evidence ofthe factory children and their parents , given before the parliamentary committee , answer that shameful falsehood . An orderly disposition ! Why , disorder , filth , and unthriftiness has been abundantly proved as the main evil resulting from the fact of females being cooped up in a factory from childhood , to the exclusion of all chance of learning the simplest household duties , and the prostration of their self-respect . Thousands of females bred in a factory eannot darn their husbands' stockings , or make the simplest garment ; and those who are capable of performing their duties as wives , have to he taught to do so after marriage . The public may therefore easily conceive what a specimen of " order" must follow under the guidance of such housewives . True ,

      there is a large portion of females who have heen necessitated to enter a factory , and who , to their honour be it spoken , haye afterwards learned to become the most exemplary wives , but no thanks to the factory lord for this , " as it is generally after quiting the " order" of those Babels of din and confusion that they learn to appreciate then * existence , and become cognisant of the ennobling duties of their sex . The reference which is made to the educational institutions , lecture rooms , baths , places of public recreation , < fcc ., added to the splendid dresses mentioned in the previous page , must cause the factory districts to he viewed as a

      second edition ofthe Elysian fields to the bewildered imaginations of Chambers ' readers in the farming districts , and make the daughters of our sturdy yeomen fit to burst with envy , at the happy lot of the hitherto compassionated " _factorygu'l . " But , badinage apart , it is grievous to think that the facilities , that Chambers' also boasts of in the same article , which machinery has given to the ¦ printer's art , " should enable men to deluge the land with such outrageous falsehoods . A painful and practical knowledge of . the factory system , in Lancashire , Yorkshire , Leicestershire , Worcestershire , Cheshire , Somersetshire , and Norfolk compels us to denounce this statement of Chambers' as the direct reverse ef

      the fact ; and they must know it to be so . God saye the people from such instructors ! Amen ! Happily we may save our breath , so far as appealing to Hercules is concerned . We have learned that " God helps them who help themselves , " and the people will be best saved from such "instructors" (?) as the Messrs . Chambers , by encouraging the true men of their own order , who—like the Kirkdale Chartist Prisoners—possess a knowledge of the causes of popular suffering , and the necessary remedies ; and who are also " bold enough to be honest , and honest enough to be bold . " This tract is one ofthe most valuable ofthe geries . We earnestly hope that its circulation will be equal to its value .

      The History Of Ireland. By T. Weight, Es...

      The History of Ireland . By T . Weight , Esq . Part VIII . London : J . and F . Tallis , 100 , St . John-street . The commencement of the " Protestant Reformation " —a new element of discord in the history of this unhappy island—is described in the part before us . Persecution of those who clung to the ancient faith , the destruction of religious monuments , and spoliation of church property , were the principal features ofthe socalled "Reformation . " As in this country , the aristocracy sacked thc spoil . In 1541 the Ir ish "Parliament' * conferred upon Henry VHL tho title of « « King of Ireland . " In return the King made ' a creation of Irish Peers .

      Amongst the new-made Lords were two of the _O'Briexs , who bartered their independence and fame of ancestry for the titles of "Earl of _Thomoxd , " and "Baron of _Ibrackan . " The ceremony of their investiture took place " at the King ' s favourite manor of Greenwich . " The "Queen ' s closet , prepared for the celebration of High Mass" on the occasion of this ceremony , was richl y decorated with cloth of Arras , ' [ and well strewed with rushes . ' ' In 1544 , the native Irish were first _engaged as recruits , to assist the English King w his French wars . The historian gives an interesting description of the condition of the Irish soldiery of that time . _SextWIGER , in his letter to the _Ket-3 , speaking q { the Irish

      The History Of Ireland. By T. Weight, Es...

      cavalry _^ observes , that there are " no properer horsemen in Christian ground , no more hardy , nor yet that can better endure hardness . " The footmen , or infantry , we divided into two classes—tho " galloglasses , " and the " kernes . " The former are described as " harnessed in mail , " and carrying darts and axes . Of their courage it is said , " They do not lightly abandon the field , and bide the brunt to the death . " The " kernes " , the English deputy describes as " naked men , except only their shirts and small coats ; and many times when they come to the bicker

      ( fight ) , but bare naked , saving their shirts for decency . " Their arms were darts and short bows . They are described as being almost insensible to pain , and passing their lives eating such meat "as few others could live with . " Nearly a thousand of these " kernes" were employed in the siege of Boulogne , September , 1544 . " They astonished everybody by their bravery and ferocity . " Sxainhursi tells a story to the effect that " the French sent a messenger to the English Monarch to inquire whether they were men or devils , whom he had brought against them !"

      This Part is embellished with a splendid engraving ofthe " Walling of New Ross , " an account of which was given in an earlier portion of this well-told history .

      The Uxbridge Spirit Of Freedom, And Work...

      The Uxbridge Spirit of Freedom , and Working Man ' s Vindicator . Conducted by Working Men . No . 1 . April . Published by J . Redrup , Uxbridge , Middlesex . London : J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row . A new monthly publication , of a thoroughly democratic character , conducted by Working Men . We shall let our friends speak for themselves : — We shall be accused of class-feeling , and party spirit ; well , be it so . We would fam elasp the whole world in the arms of love : but ye will not , ye who spit upon us and flout us with being the " swinish multitude . " What can be the nature of that union where the subjection of the one party is

      maintained by the force of the other ? This is treason to the sovereignty of the people , and treason to God , by destroying that moral beauty of unity which the Creator intended for mankind . ' We are slaves socially and helots politically ; and , if to work out our own redemption be called " party feeling , " we accept it . We call upon true democrats of all ranks to support us ; but especially on the working class ; * ye invite them to contribute to our pages , for we want the sledge-hammer strokes which working-men who do think can give , and , if we cannot reach the head ofthe present system of things , why we'll let drive at the feet ! Keep at work , and the mighty Triune which crushes us now , shall , ere long , make way for an educated and enfranchised people , who shall yet make Old England a land worth living and worth dying for .

      Such a publication appearing in Manchester or Leeds would be nothing wonderful ; but we must say we are agreeably surprised to find a small town like Uxbridge containing men who not only dare think for themeclves _, but who , also , are determined to give their free thoughts utterance , with the view of hastening the . political aud social emancipation of their order . Such men claim our respect and good wishes ; and most earnestly we wish them success . The whole of the articles in this number arc well

      written ; their titles are significant—" The Labour Question , " "Letter of a Labourer , " " Emigration aud the Aristocracy , " " Where is Religion to be found ? '' & c ., & c . We must take another extract from this boldly-written " Vindicator" ofthe rights ofthe proletarians : — We have to play a grand part in the history of the future . Our gallant brothers of Paris , Vienna , and Berlin , must not bleed on their barricades for

      Labour ' s rights in vain . The . problem will again and again force itself on the world , and , if our rulers dare not grapple with it , we must do the work ourselves . Working men , we must understand each other—let us learn what wrongs have been perpetrated , for that is thc first step towards redress . We must , ourselves , assert our ri g hts , or we shall never win them . We have been listeners in the political arena—now let us mount the platform .

      The Schoolmaster is abroad . Let the enemies of Justice look to it . Work , on ye "Men of the Future . "

      The Reasoner. Part Xxxv. London: J. Wats...

      The Reasoner . Part XXXV . London _: J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternosterrrow . Devoted to the usual subjects , the writers exhibiting their usual ability , and the editor his usual impartiality . We observe nothing unusual calling for comment on our part . UNREFORMED ABUSES Ef CHURCH AND STATE . In our notice of Wade ' s Unreformed Abuses in Church and State , ( Star , of March 31 st , ) we accidentally omitted the name of the publisher : —Effingham Wilson , Royal Exchange , City .

      Sunshine And Shadow; A Tale Op The Ninet...

      SUNSHINE AND SHADOW ; A TALE OP THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . BT THOMAS MARTIN WHEELER Late Secretary to the National Charter Association and National Land Company . Chapter II . He owned the spell . Imagination woke Within him and enthralled his willing soul . The charm of music o ' er his spirit broke , And o ' er each feeling held a sweet control . Fondly he bow'd him ' neath young fancy ' s yoke , Bade fancy make his sorrows and console , Then the great song the blind man sang of yore , Old Homer open'd all his sacred store . —Beste .

      " Well , Arthur , " said Walter North , addressing the only remaining tenant of the room , " all our companions are gone ; our friends alone seem tardy . " " True , Walter , but their arrival brings our separation , and after three years' companionship , during which time I have looked up to you as an elder brother , I feel that I am about to be thrust alone into the world ; you have parents , brother , and sister to love you , but I have only an uncle to look to , and he is so immersed in business that I fear I shall almost be forgotten . "

      "No , Arthur , said Walter , warmly , " while I live you will never he forgotten ; my friends will be your friends ; no change in circumstances will damp'my friendship ; my sister Julia will love you as a brother , and father and mother will be as proud of you as I am . " Arthur Morton was indeed a boy to bo proud of . He was about fourteen years old , pale , li g ht complexioned , and rather under the middle size , —his features were not regularl y handsome , but of that cast which arc generally termed interesting , —his eyes were hazel , and of remarkable brightness and intensity , and his whole countenance indicative of intelligence beyond his years . Left an orphan at an early age , and consigned to the eare of a bachelor

      uncle , Ralph Morton , a woolstaplcr , residing in the dull region of Bermondsey , he had experienced none of those attentions and socialising influences which are generally the result of maternal or sisterly solicitude ; he consequently grew up a shy and moody boy . Having naught else to feel an interest in , books became to hira what society is to hoys more advangeously situated ; in them his whole delight was centered , they were the only medium through which he could give vent to his affections , and many a hot tear did he shed over the woes of the Madelines , and Rosinas , the Algernons and the Aubreys , of the romances which adorned his uncle ' s scanty and ill-selected library . At eleven years old , more for the sake of ridding himself of an incumbrance than

      with a view to the boy s future welfare , our hero was sent to a second-rate boarding school ; . his progress here was rapid , and though his reading was desultory , yet it was sufficiently extensive and varied to give him a general acquaintance with most of our standard classical and English authors ; poetry was his favourite study , and Homer and Virgil , Byron and Shelley , would wile him . away from his boyish companions , and wrap him in an elysium of delight , and yet he was not altogether a dreamer ; there was in him , young as he was , sufficient of the iron of human nature to give something of a practical character to his most dreary reveries , and give nromise that if hammered on . the harsh anvu of

      human adversity it would emit sparks dangerous not only to his own safety hut to tho satety of others . This trait in his character arose from the habit of self-dependence which he had been impelled to acquire under his uncle ' s lonely mansion , with his one aged and uncouth female domestic . School was a new era in the life of Arthur Morton —the shy , reserved boy was now jostled in the uproarious Babel of some fifty candidates for thc empire ofthe school dominions ; willingly would he aoain have embraced the retirement of the lone house in Berm ondsey , but he was compelled to endure the conflict , submit to the jokes and taunts of the wild urchins around him , until one insult deeper

      Sunshine And Shadow; A Tale Op The Ninet...

      rained such a shower of blows on two ofthe most active of his annoyers that he speedily made ° th ° m quail and shrink before the _tmnl Lv tiiev _h-S _SoLS _+ ii _l r No !* tb' the pugilistic hero of _? _vnitt tlieircham - _? ionin a 11 «»&• broils with rival schools or surrounding suburbans-a " dunce 2 _f _l tbn _Artto-JVand ofa very opposite disposition-he was as frank and free as the other was shy and rcaerved ,-. _solf-eonndcnt , and proud of his fine figure and raven hair , he was the self-constituted but undisputed leader of their every frolic and school-boy enterprise ; from tho hour Arthur

      secured his patronage he was exempt from all further annoyance , and gradually acquired self-confidence and self-respect , those primary qualifications to the respect and confidence of others . And Arthur , how 5 I _^ _£ . heart bounded towards his friend ; he was _5 S ™ ST _5 _einS who haa SDOwn _Mm more _JSf . W 0 _« ? dne 8 s ' hithert 0 sealed U P « - S _™ affe , ct , on 8 _™ P to _Ws benefactor ,-w wV ° ?? P sole _-toWove for Walter begat love for all human kind , _ the very features of _S- _'ftSW aSsumed t 0 his eyes a k _» nd -- < -r lo ° . and their frolicsome deeds were no longer looked Xt _fini _* - ; Kindness _™ t 0 hil » & boyhood _iiS \ T , * _¥ _** in more mat « r < - years , it changed and coloured the aspect of his existeAce

      ana createa a new spirit within him . Oh ! how we _S nftl i ? _^ Ie ? 8 on 8 of kil _* < -ss in youth ; _^ _Jfch" _f _^ hole tenour of a lif _« bee _« changed and darkened by harshness blighting the early buds and tender shoots of youthfulaffection the shy and reserved boy meeting with only insult and jeers from lus companions , grows up the selfish and revengeful man , repaying back on his kind with bitter interest the harshness received in his early days , and scattering around him the seeds of that moroseness and hatred which early kindness would have eradicated or allayed ; so true it is that love begets love , aud happiness ig horn a twin , and cannot exist alone . From this period to that of their final leaving school , at the opening of our tale , the most perfect friendship existed between Arthur and Walter North ; often thoughtless and exacting on

      the part of the latter , but ever self-sacrificing and trusting on the part ofthe former , the difference in their dispositions served onl y to cement this union by rendering their mutual good qualities subservient to each other ' s welfare ; as the gases ejected hy animal life give vitality and greenness to the vegetable world , and impart beauty and fertility to the whole , so did their opposite tastes give freshness and health to their friendship . Nature delights in such contrasts ; the twining ivy clings to the supporting oak , —the modest primrose loves the shades ofthe umbrageous forest tree . At Walter ' s request Arthur had occasionally spent a portion of the vacation at his father's house , where in the company of his friend and his sister Julia , he spent hours of happiness , often afterwards recalled to his memory by unkindness and neglect ; and thus the ideal of home and comfort , of female loveliness and domestic peace , became attached to Arthur ' s recollection of his youthful friendship . ( To be eontinmdh

      The Ten Hours Bill. (Abridged From The T...

      THE TEN HOURS BILL . ( Abridged from the Times . ) Sin , —A bill to restrict the hours of labour in factories to ten hours a day and fifty-eight hours a week for young persons between thirteen and eighteen years and women of any age , was introduced into parliament in 18 i 7 and passed through both Houses with triumphant majorities on every division , and received the Royal and gracious assent of her Majesty the Queen . _Sineo the passing of this act many varying decisions have been come to by different benches of magistrates as to the construction to be put upon a clause in the Factory Act of 1844 , still in force , relatingto the time when women and young persons should begin and leave off work—whether they might be

      required to work the ten hours in such a way as to be exceedingly inconvenient and unfair to them and admit of a system of working by relays of'hands , so as to continue the mill at work for a longer number of hours than ten per day . The practice of working in this way having been resorted to by some masters , much dissatisfaction still exists among those masters who work only ten hours , and more still among the male adult hands above ei ghteen , who aro thus required to work longer than ten h ? _ui' 8—the time to which the women and young persons with whom they work are restricted . Having had the honour to conduct this Ten Hours Factory Bill through the House of Commons , these

      male adults are frequently sending their complaints to me , and asking me for advice how to act . I should therefore feel much obliged by the publication in your journal of what Inave recommended them to do , and what I still recommend them to do . A feeling is growing up that in this country therejis one law for the rich and another for the poor , and that nothing shows it more clearly than the neglect of the Executive to secure to the factory workers the protection which the act of 1847 was intended to provide , and does provide , for them , and about which intention thore can he no doubt _whon we remember what the Speaker said in his address to the Queen on tho throne at the close of the session of 1847 . He then said : —

      We liave found it necessary to place a further limitation on tho hours of labour of young persons employed in factories ; and by giving more time and opportunity for their religious and moral instruction , for healthful recreation , and tlie exercise of their domestic duties , we have elevated the character and condition of a large and industrious class engaged in manufacturing operations . I am , Sir , your obedient servant , John Fielden . Centre Vale , March 20 , 1849 .

      TO THE FACTORY-WORKERS OF ENGLAND

      IRELAND AND SCOTLAND . Mr Friends , —A friend in Manchester , who is most anxious that the Ten Hours Factory Act should be observed , wrote to me on the 9 th inst . — " I regret that some attempts are being made to induce the men to go for eleven hours with the restriction on the moving- power , and in some instances the attempts havo been successful . The spinners in Hugh Shaw ' s mill have decided by a very large majority for eleven hours . I have not any other particular case . I shall be glad to have your advice . " The advice I _gaye in replying to this letter , was acted upon , and my friend writes to me as follows : — Manchester , March 17 .

      Dear Sib , —In compliance with your wishes , Mr . Hugh Shaw ' s men were got together . The matter was fairlyput before them , and t _iiey first agreed that whatever might he the result , whether for ten or eleven hours , the _majority should bind the minority . The question was then put , when the numbers were for ten hours , twenty-four ; for eleven three . There arc but twenty-seven spinners in tlie mill . This resolution was binding , and Mr . Shaw lias abandoned liis intention of working more than ten hours . I am , & c , John Fielden , Esq .

      The Manchester Examiner newspaper of the 24 th ult . has an article on this relay system , in which it is clearly indicated that the deputation from the " Associated Millowners" were not satisfied with the result of their interview with Lord John Russell and Sir George Grey on the 21 st of February , for the ' purpose of ascertaining what were the intentions of government oh the subject of the Ten Hours Act . The writer ofthe article states that the government made no avowal of their intentions as to tho course they would pursue to the deputation , but that it had since transpired that the relay system would not be interfered with . Ho then expresses his fears that " this legalising of the relay system will only tend to keep ' alive thc contest

      which destroys all healthy harmony between the operatives and thoir employers , " and goes on to ask this important question " Is there no common basis ou which the real friends of both parties could bring about a permanent settlement ? The relay system is , after all , only a bungling and complicated evasion of the ten hours limit to factory labour . The mass ofthe adult males are anxious to work a shorter time than twelve hours . So far as thoy are concerned , the universal adoption ofthe relay system will preclude them from all the advantages of tho Short Time Bill . The great majority ofthe millowners are , on the other hand , we believe , favourable to an uniform reduction of the hours of labour to eleven . Such a compromise cordially agreed to . as a fixed

      and permanent arrangement for hands of every description , would include the whole of the factory operatives , and he conducive alike to health , harmony , and good feeling . This plan , we arc convinced , would bo an infinitely better settlement of the question than any evasive complication by means of relays . " A stronger condemnation ofthe relay system , and that from one who has violently opposed the passing of the Ten Hours Bill , need . not he desired . Ho might have stated , too , the impossibility of doing justice in the apportionment of wages to relay hands working by the piece—a difficulty so great that rather than try to overcome it I would quit the trade altogether ; My answer to the important question as the friend and well-wisher of the employers and employed—is a recommendation to all the masters and male adults

      who are now observing the Ten Hours Act , and they constitute a large majority of the whole , that they should unite and use every lawful influence to prevail upon those who are working longer than ten hours to cease to do so . If this line of conduct were pursued by this majority , who have the law on their side , the minority of masters would soon be induced & _!?« L ° n _, kin b v rela > 's * ai-d those intending I a _# ¦ Mr ' Sh « w- ref < - ™!( l to above , would abandon then- intention . It would also put an end tp the just complaints of the masters who observe the law , and only work their _Rands ten hours a day , _andwho are continually expressing their dissatisfaction that others , their competitors in the same business , are allowed to work 13 , 14 , or 15 hours a day . inese masters ask the promoters of the Ten Hours

      The Ten Hours Bill. (Abridged From The T...

      Bill why they do not cause the law to be enforced . They say it is not fair that they should be restricted to ten hours , which the law _ enjoins , and that the transgressors of it should be permitted to work fourteen or fifteen hours a days with impunity . If this minority of masters coula thus be prevailed on to leave off working by relays , it would be conducive to that" health , harmony , and good feeling " which the writer in the Examiner properly considers as so dosirable to exist betweon masters and men . If there are any factoiy masters who expect that the factory workers will either be persuaded or cajoled to consent to an Eleven Hours Bill , or to any time longer than ten hours for five days in the week , and eight hours on Saturday , I can tell them—and I believe no one knows more of their determination on this matter than I do—that they will be disappointed in their expectations .

      TO THE SHonT-TIME COMMITTEE _IX-MANCIIBSTUn , " I am glad that the spinners in MrV Hugh Shaw's mill have almost unanimously decided so correctly , and that he , like a wise and good man , has resolved to work only ten hours . "If tho masters were wise enough to be united , and all resolve to conform to ten hours for all in their works , they may rely on it they would be no sufferera thereby , but , on the contrary , they would reap a benefit , and experience many comforts they never can obtain from fierce competition and being always in hot water and at variance with their hands as to the hours of work per day . The masters may rest assured that the men , now having the law on their sidc _^ must triumph' in the end . The male adults should cause ten hours , that is . fifty-eight hours a week , to be the maximum hours of work per day in factories , and that , too , without

      a restrictive law being made to ensure it to them . They are said to be freo agents ; it has ofton been thrown in their teeth in discussions on the Factory Bill . It is known to be in a certain sense untrue , and was altogether so while those between thirteen and eighteen and women were not by law limited to ten hours a day . As to either extending the law to fix the age at which restriction shall ceasoto twenty-one instead of eighteen , or a stoppage ofthe moving power , I have no expectation of either being done . The mate adults , therefore , must decide for themselves what hours they will work , and an unanimous determination on their part to fix ten consecutive hours a day and fifty-eight hours a week as the maximum time to work would be mora binding on their employers , more manly for the men , and be more uniformly observed , than it over can be made to be by Act of Parliament .

      * ' Under the Ten Hours Act , the men in factories are better able to protect themselves than they were before , if they avail themselves of their power , and their own well-being and the well-being of their families and connexions demand it at their hands . It cannot be too often impressed upon their minds that long hours of work never did and never can secure high wages , but just the contrary . The difference between twelve hours and ten . causes a demand for twelve hands instead often ; and this increased demand for hands of one more for every five , as a necessary consequence , not only insures at all times a better rate of wages , but when trade is brisk and hands somewhat scarce it also insures an advance upon those wages . If those male adults who are

      now lending themselves to carry on the relay system were aware of the injury they are inflicting , not only on themselves , but on all factory workers , by allowing themselves to be made instruments to keep down wages , and , perhaps , prevent the'possibility of any rise in wages , when they countenance in any way the relay or " shifting" system—if these male adults were aware of this , I cannot , nor will not , believe that they would submit to do so longer . They would make a great effort and avail themselves of every legal means , and there are manyand all illegal means should be studiously avoidedto put a stop to a practice so iniurious to their own

      interests , and those of other factory workers . " The number of masters working only ten hours by far exceeds that of those working niore . Why should not the male adults , working only ten hours , unite and point out to those working more the injury that is done to both , and endeavour by persuasion and reiterated entreaty to prevail upon them to abandon thc practice ? Overlookers , managers , and all other male adults , if they wish to promote their own interests , and to emancipate themselves , should begin this good work forthwith . " Yours , very faithfully , " John Fielden . " Centre Vale , March 17 . "

      The Irish Exiles In America. (From The N...

      THE IRISH EXILES IN AMERICA . ( From the New York Tribune , of March 7 . The following paragraphs in relation to men who took prominent parts in the Irish insurrection of last summer , will be interesting to readers of the Tribunt on both sides of the water : — " Jons B . Dillon—tho friend of Davis and Duffy , one of the founders of the Nation and lately thc companion of Smith O'Brien in the South—is , it is rumoured , studying the American laws with the view of resuming here the profession which he formerly practised in Ireland . [ It has been already stated in the Irish papers that Mi . Dillon has been called to the American bar by special order . ] uevih _iiEiLLT is in ior

      •• x . engagea writing una editing thc People , which he , in conjunction with other Irishmen , started in Now York a few weeks since , as an organ for the naturalised citizens . Mr . Reilly was the staunch friend of John Mitchcl . He wrote in the Nation and afterwards in thc United Irishman and Felon—his writings are remarkable for extensive knowledge and a peculiar sarcastic vigour . " Michael Dohekt— author of the " American Revolution , " has , since his arrival here , made a tour through several towns and cities , where he has addressed tho people on the subject of Ireland , and has been very warmly received . " Thomas D'Arct McGee , thefriendofDuffy , and one of the late co-editors of the Nation , is engaged in the editing of a journal of the same name here . It professes to be the organ for the instruction of emigrants to this country , and is well conducted .

      " _Joiiiv _IlErnsRi-fOTON- Dbumm has avowed in the journals his separation from the New York Nation , with which he was _originally connected . From that fact we presume that he has sought some other occupation than that afforded by tho public press . " Doctor Antisell has been delivering a very popular and highly interesting course of Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry in New York . We published abstracts of these excellent discourses in The Daily Tribune . —Dr . Antisell was one of the writers of tho Irish Tribune ( one of thc outlawed four ) , and is

      favourably known _aa the author of several papers and essays on Geology and Agricultural Chemistry . " John Savage , the friend of the poet Williams ( Shamrock ) , and the chivalrous Kevin O'Doherty , and the companion in outlawry with the brave O'Mahony on the hills of Tippcrary and Waterford , is at present connected with The New York Tribune establishment . He was the leader of the Republican movement in the county Waterford in September , and one of the writers ofthe Irish Tribune and other journals .

      " William H . MrrcnEL and James Caxtwell have been to Wisconsin with the intention , it was believed , of settling into the farming life , but they have returned to this city within a few days . "

      The New Gold Region,—California Was Alre...

      The New Gold Region , —California was already , in 1541 , recognised to be an arid , woodless peninsula—a fact that was . forgotten in the seventeenth century . Wo , moreover , gather from the narratives of Balboa , Pedrarias , Davila , and Hernan Cortoz , that hopes were entertained at that period of finding in the Pacific , then considered to be a portion ofthe Indian Ocean , groups of islands , rich in spices , gold , precious stones , and pearls . Excited fancy urged men to undertake great enterprises , and the daring of these undertakings , whether successful or not , re-acted on the imagination , and excited it still more powerfully . Thus , notwithstanding the thorough absence of political freedom , many circumstances concurred at this remarkable

      time of tho Conquista—a period of overwrought excitement , violence , and of a mania for discoveries by sea and land—to favour individuality of character , and to enable some highly-gifted minds to devclope many noble germs drawn from the depths of feeling . They err who believe that tho Conquistadores wore incited by love of gold ar . d religious fanaticism alone . Perils always exalt the poetry of life ; and , moreover , the remarkable ago whoso influence on the development of cosmical ideas we are now dep icting , gave to all enterprises and to the natural impressions awakened by distant travels , the charm of novelty and surprise , which is beginning to fail us in the present well-instructed ago , when so many portions ofthe earth arc opened ™ us . Not only

      one hemisphere , but almost two-thirds ofthe earth , were then a new and unexplored world—as unseen as that portion ofthe moon ' s surface which the law of gravitation constantly averts from the glance of the inhabitants ofthe earth . Our deeply-inquiring age finds in the increasing abundance of ideas presented in the human mind a compensation for the surprise formerly induced by'tho novelty of grand , massive , and imposing natural phenomena , a compensation which will , it is true , long be denied to the many , but is vouchsafed to the few familiar with the condition of science . To them the increasing insi ght into the silent operation of natural forces , whether

      in electro-magnetism , or in the polarisation of light , in the influence of diathermal substances , or in the physiological phenomena of vital organisms , gradually unveils a world of wonders , of which we have scarcely reached the threshold . —Humboldt ' s Cosmos The Defeat of Charles Albert . — The Time ' s states , that with one exception ( that of Lord Palmerston ) , which is too singular to he more nearly alluded to , the Austrian Minister in London ha * s received from the Queen of England in her Court and from every one who deserves the name ofa British statesman , the heartiest congratulations ' on the triumph of au old and faithful ally J "

      Vmette*.

      _VMette _* .

      Mfanx'yl ° P / M ^ T ™ D Patr10t.-If The...

      _mfanX'Yl ° / _^ _™ _PATR 10 T .-If the means loi ' _ptevcntmg 5 laTery fiave ll 0 t „ , „ ° Tided . in the first constitution of a conn rv _. o _: from the changes of times , corruption of _mJ'lk . insT nble encroachments , or violent una ,-U „ _£ ot princes , have been rendered ineffectual , ad the people exposed to all tho calamities that nw be brought upon them by the weakness , vi _. _ns and malice of the prince , or those who govern him I confess the remedies are more difficult . ••¦ _•¦! _d-iii"erous ; but even in these cases they must he tried . _Nothing can bo feared , which is worse than what is suffered , or must in a short time fall upon iho _* n who are in this condition . They who are already fallen into all that is odious , shameful , and miser . i 6 le _,

      cannot justly fear . When things are brouplit to such a pass , the boldest counsels are the most safe ; and ifthe y must ' porish who lie still , and thoy can but perish who are more active , the choice is easily mado . Let the danger be nover so groat , thero is possibility of safety , whilst men have life , hands , arms , ana courage to use them ; but that people must certainly perish , who tamely suffer , themselves to be oppressed , either by the injustice , cruelty , and malice of an ill-magistrate , or by those who prevail upon tho vices and infirmities of weak princes . It is vain to say , that this may give occasion to men of raising tumults , or civil war ; for _though these are ovils , they are not the greatest of evils . Civil war , in Machiavel ' s account , is a disease , but tyranny is tho death of a state . Gentle ways are fir it to be used ; and it is best if tho work can be done by them ; but it must not be left undone if they fail . It is good to use supplications , advices , and remonstrances : but those who havo no regard to justice ,

      and will not hearken to counsel , must be con it rained . —Algernon Sydney ' s Discourses on Government . Laugh at no man for his pug noso , you can never tell what may turn up . Tho annual cost of maintaining criminals in thegaols of England is upwards of £ 400 , 00 ' ) . During an inquest on a young man _; whose death was said to be caused by wetting postage stamps with his tongue , a Yorkshire schoolmaster _statwl . that ho licked a good many heads a day , and uevur felt any worse for it . A Monster Room . —Oneroom comprises the whole of Marshall's flax mill in Leeds , * but such a room I If we call it the largest in the world we e « tinot be far in error . About 400 feet long by more than 200 feet broad , it covers nearly two acres of ground . Birmingham is justly proud of its Town IJall , but this wonderful factory room is nine times as large . Exeter Hall is one of the largest rooms in London , but it would require seven such to equal the area of this room . —The Land we Live in .

      Last Moments . —Gallani , when dying , said , " The dead had sent him a card of invitation . " Wood died clasping in his hand the papers ofthe Anthems * _Osoniensis . Here was the ruling passion strong in death . George Keith , a marshal of Scotland , when dying abroad , Bent for Mr . Elliott , the British envoy— " I have sent for you , sir , " said he , with his usual gaioty , " because I think it pleasant enough that the minister of King George should receive the last breath of an ohfjacobite . Besides , you may , perhaps , havo somo commissions to give mo to Lord Chatham ; and , as I lay my account for seeing him to-morrow , or the day after , I will carry your despatches with great pleasure . " James Butler , second Duke of Ormond—famed for his

      extraordinary politeness , and who diod in Madrid , iu 1745—when he was in the agony of death , fearing that tho expression of his countenance in his pain mig ht shock the friends standing by his bedside , said , as his last words , " Messieurs , _fesprre niievous excuserez la grimace . " ( "Gentlemen , I hope that you will excuse the grimace . ") Haller diod feeling his own pulse , and when he found it almost gone , said to his physician , " My friend , the artery ceases to beat . " " Tho boys , " remarks thc New Tor ? . - Spirit of the Times , " . follow tho _sojoi' 8 in youth—tho _wornou

      continue that exercise all their lives . '' A correspondent of the Calcutta _Enqlishman describes Moolraj as realising , in face aiut form , Lord Byron's Conrad . Modern Governments Worse than _i-hk _Axciext . —Ancient and well-governed commonwealths were wont by thoir conquests to fill their treasuries with gold and silver , to give rewards to soldiers , to spare the people from tributes , to make triumphs and public feasts ; but in latter times , the wars have used—first , to consume the treasure , nnd _.-tftor—to impoverish the people , without assuring them from their enemies . —Sir Walter _lialeiyli : the Cabinet Council .

      The son of a fond father , when going to war , promised to bring home tho head of one of the enemy . His parent replied , " I should br . glad to see you come home without a head , provided you como home safe . " A lady , who was very modest and submissive before marriage , was observed by a friend to uso her tongue pretty freely after . " There was a time when I almost imagined she had none . " " Yes , " said tho husband with a sigh , •¦ but iu vmi long » jj since .

      Curious Errors . —A Boston paper , enumerating the errors ofthe press in a contemporary , mentions tho following : —An honest farrier diod from the kick of a "deceased"horse . —Miss W . proved herself an accomplished " sinner . "—Your petitioners will ever "bray . " Soup . —An old Dublin beggar woman . _'tsked a- _, lady , the other day , for a halfpenny . " I ' ve , nothing for you , " said the lady ; " but , if you go tothe soup-kitchen , you'll get a pint of excellent soup . " — " Soup is it ye mane ? " bawled the indignant mendicant ; "do you call that stuff soup ? Sure , and I'll just tell you how they make it ! They got a quart of water , and then boil it down to a _}> int , to make it stronq . "

      Sidney Smith said , that " tho Court of Chancery was like ' a boa constrictor , which swallowed up the estates of English gentlemen in haste , and digested them at leisure . " The friendship of some people is like our shadow , keeping close to us while wo walk in tho sunshine , but deserting us thc moment we enter tho shade . Pare . vtaij Advice is _Ciioosisg a _Husha-vd . — Take not a man , Bess , who counts kindred four generations back—he'll call his ancestor a gentleman , and spill the brimming cup of thy fortune in justifying his descont . Nor yet marry a man who scorns liis ancestors—the man who mocks his forefathers tramples on their dust . I hold a father ' s fair name equal with hoarded siller . Above all filings , wed not a lawyer , lass ; ye should aye strive to mend

      your fortune and better your fame . Think not of a sailor , for he thinks there is no Sunday in five fathoms of water , and finds a love in every land . Slum , too , tho soldier , for shining scarlm , golden shoulder-knots , and a hat filled with fowl ' s _tl-athcrs _, will consume thy gold and fly away with thy _liappiness ; and , oh ! what a gowk he maun be who stands up to be shot at for sixpence a day . Sunday included ! But marry , lass—for all women _^ love to be married , were it only for the sake of having somebody to scold at , and to bear the fault for their foilv ; wed , I say , a strong-handed chichi , who can keep the crown ofthe causeway , and make himself be obeyed at his own fireside . A cannic , homely lad , who can clip seven score of sheep while another clins six : kens the buttered frae the bare side of

      thc bread ; loves nought so welt as his own wife , but tho knotting of his own purse-strings ; and who fears the Lord , and can back five bushels of ( _- . _ii'lcy . Tho Literary Gazette states that preserved ginger is manufactured wholesale for Italian warehouses of lettuce stalks , compressed into shape by steel moulds , and sweetened and flavoured ; whilst marmalade is made chiefly of the pulp of oranges and turnips , the orange skins being wanted for citron and candy . Good Govf . rxmkxt . —Poverty , is after all , the great badge , the never failing badge of slavery , Bare bones and rags are the true marks of thc real _i , illi if . _ _! - * -i . - _£ l ft m Slavewnat is tue oi io

      _ , _oDject government c rouse men to live happily , which cannot be without a sufficiency of food and raiment . Good government means a state of things in which the main body are well fed and well clothed . It is the chief business of a government to take care that ono part of tho people do not cause the other part to load miserable lives . There can he no morality , no sincerity , no honesty , amongst a people continually suffering from want ; and it is cruel in the last degree to punish such peoplo , for almost any sort of crime , which is , in fact , not crime ofthe heart—not crime of the perpetrator , but the crime of his allcontrollin < r necessities . —Cobbett .

      Why was Phidias laughed at by all the Greeks?—Because they said he cut a pretty figure . Why does a sculptor die the most horrible of deaths ?—Because he makes faces and busts . A sentimental youth , having seen a young lady , at home , bending over something in her lap , and weeping bitterly , took the first opportunity of questioning her as to thc cause of her sorrow , and wasperfectly awe-struck on being informed that she was only peeling onions .

      Rational Ldea of Liberty . —For this is not the liberty which we can hope , —that no grievance ever should arise in the commonwealth : that let no man in this world expect : but when complaints are freely hoard , deeply considered , and speedily reformed , then is the utmost hound of civil libert y attained that wise men look for . —Milton ' s Speech for the . liberty of Uidicensed'Printing . A merchant examining a hogshead of hardware _,, on comparing it with thc invoice found it all right except a hammer less than the invoice . " Och , don ' t be troubled , my honey , " said the Irish porter , " sure the nayger took it out t o open the hogshead with . "

      " I sav , Dick , don't you think that if the women had to do the fighting instead of tho men they would make cruel work of it f " So why do you ask ? "' " Because I think they would , thoy have such an _emaging way with them . ' That s very true but then they havo such a captivating way , that there would doubtless be moro prisoners thaa killed . "

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 7, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_07041849/page/3/