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October 9, 1847, ' T#$^ NORTH^N ! STA R....
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THB NATIONAL LAND COMPAST. » ia«xD"r-jOB...
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(Saioniaian& Mttim.
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INDIA AND CHINA. Letters from Bombay to ...
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IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION. The conf...
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THE LONDON CONFEDERISTS. Ths Curran Cosp...
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West Loshom Central Amii-Enclosure Assoc...
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THE PRESENT ' STATE OF GBEAT BRITAIN CHA...
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* Since writing tke above the state if t...
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* Nine and a bnlf millions naw. f See tb...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
October 9, 1847, ' T#$^ North^N ! Sta R....
October 9 , 1847 , ' T _#$ _^ NORTH _^ N ! STA R . 7 __________________________________ W __ mmmW _0 mmmm _^^ m mmWmmmmmmmmm _ mm _____ Wm _ mmm _^^ ¦ - - ¦ -.--. ¦¦ - . -.- — ,: _•; •' . ¦ _^ _-.-Trf .. ¦ -. *—¦¦•_ ; - -- ¦ - ¦¦ _, - _,- _^ _. ¦ _* , ; J . A _^ X _*» . _. _^ _,,...- _,,. ¦¦ . ¦¦¦¦ . ¦ , _» .., _„¦ , . _»» _...... - _ ,-Vy ' _? - _>¦ - ¦ ¦ _ . _^ y ¦ >¦ . ¦¦ _" .: « _, < ¦ ¦¦ : . ' . _* .- ¦¦ ¦ _^ _V _^^ V _^^ _- _^ . .- _^ _a'ncii 3 B , M _..-.--. CT ., _^ M ; _. --- _.-: \* . ' , '
Thb National Land Compast. » Ia«Xd"R-Job...
THB NATIONAL LAND _COMPAST . » ia « _xD"r-jOB o * f * raii » cffira * aa 8 tAR . Sir , _—HiTOig inmyfonnerlettOT 8 _ivertedtothe dep lorable state of the entire labouring population and asserted-hat the _National Land _Comp-ax ** _fjfdpraent ettabUshed , is calculated to open the -ciy for tiie removal of the greatest evils under which they labour , it is my duty , in this _concluding letter , to observe on the peculiar merits of tbe Plan * Tbe first is , tbat it addresses itself directly to the oniversal love of possession which actuates mankind —and which makes all labour that improves our own properly , a pleasure rather than a toil .
The next is—its feas & flity . It is no speculative _Ifcetay which is to bring abont a new _mfllenium it is _fountTed 01 the experience of practical farmers , poor and rich . _Awriter of thirty years ago , observes , with regard to the allotment system , . three acres of land wonld place the poor man in s _tste of independence , and enable him to pay rent , rates , and taxes , ' and in the report ofthe late Land _Cosmission , we find the following question from lord Devon , -Would small farmers with farms of fiom four to ten acres be able to pay rent and support themselves ? ' Mark the reply , I know of small fanners , with four to six acres , being more independent than large tillage farmers , because
• JA H £ KS Or THK CtASS _TTLL -WITH MANUAL 1 Abocb ; and thus the ground is better tilled and more productive ; they also keep two or three pigs ih the year , and this enables them to pay their rent ; on the contrary , fanners with twenty to twenty-five acres , will keep a couple of horses , whose support takes away nearly all the profit , and a great proportion of the produce ef the farm . ' Now , if such be the esse , under the allotment and tenant systems , where the holders of land labour under great disadvantages ; the latter generally jiving one , two , or three miles from his holding , and both being dependent for their possession on the caprice of others ; if , under snch disadvantages , they thrive better than large fencers , what most be the result when the labourer resides in the rery centre of his land , and is independent of any landlord ?
Ifthe value of the time spent by each individual , In going and retailing from the cottage to the land , be avenged at the moderate computation of one hour a day—the husbandman loses in each fortnight one entire day—absolutely nearly one month out of the twelve . Here is at once a loss which those whose cap ital is their toa , can scarcel y sacrifice too much to avoid—add to this tbe fatigue endured by long _ralks , the wear and tear of clothes , & c , and we may safely conclude that they lose in this way as much _ss theypayh- rent . Yet , with all these disadvantages , labourers in other countries as well as ours , find it answer fkeir parpose better to till their own land , than to work at high wages for a master .
Nor could it be otherwise ; _lasd being the origin and foundation of all other wealth ; the raw material whence aU other riches are manufactured , it follows . that he who cultivates it carefully adds to his own wealth and to that of his conntry ; let all other species of property fluctuate in value as it may—let consols be at eighty—let railway shares he a drug at a penny a share—let manufactured calico cost less after two voyages than did the raw material at Calicut—still lasd maintains a fair average price , and even the panic occasioned by the repeal of the Com Laws did not alter its market value .
But there is this difference between the adoption ¦ of the Lasd Flak for the million , and the adoption of any improvement in machinery . The former transforms a large and influential body into con * tvmers , from being mere producers . The latter increases the power of production , just in . the ratio tbat it takes away the power of consuming ; for every table of statistics proves how very small a portion of the labourer ' s earnings can now be spared for the shoemaker , the draper , or the hatter ; whilst we cannot for an instant doubt W . 3 _teilttny sess to purchase all the comforts of life the moment he possesses the power . But as it is the nature of wealth to increase itself ,
_exmmmdirect ways _. the prosperous landowner _. Uving on his two , three , or four acres , would find many expenses which mig ht at the outset press heavily on him , gradually become less and less burdensome . The prosperity of one hundred labourers would not merely withdraw them from the competition for work , which now so dreadfully affects wages , but it would , 'in-indirect ways , increase the demand for _msnnfactnres , and , of course , fur operatives . This making them in turn prosperous , the poor rate
and other taxes , which now oppress the landholder , would he diminished , until those only would be levied that were absolutely needed for the expenses ofthe government ; these , finally , falling on the whole population _. uistead of about one-half , would be cheerfully and readily paid hy every man of common sense . And this brings me to tbat part of the scheme which professes to bring the governors and the governed into immediate relationship with each other .
This , it is proposed to do by . making the government the directors-in-chief of " the Land Company ; and on this part of the subject I cannot do better than give a brief abstract of Mr O'Connor ' s observations on the benefits to accrue to the Company , and to the nation at large , from government superintendence . 1 st—Economy—As , nnder the proposed provisions , the present managing executive will be retained , so that the people ' s trust in the management will be precisely what it now is , the shareholders will derive the greatest possible amount of benefit fiom purchasing snd contracting on the * largest scale , whilst Ihey willnot have tho possibility of any fear ofthe misappropriation of their subscriptions . Although nnder government rule , there will be ne government jobbing .
2 nd . —The benefit to the whale nation , fromthe _sabsciiptiens , which would be paid into the Exchequer , rendering the government independent oi foreign aid , either in the shape of loans , or of forbearance . A rich government , like a wealthy man , -commands tiie respect of these whose purses are empty . 3 rd . —The good understanding which must spring np between the people ana their rulers , when the former stand in tne new position of benefactors to tho latter , and from the easy circumstances iu whichthe peasantry will find themselves , they will become themselves , and make their children , sober , intelligent , and industrious .
Add to this another great benefit—that children will be prized as blessings , not esteemed curses , as they too often are at present . The population may not increase as rapidly as now ; for whilst the poor man now can hope for no shelter for himself or his child but the workhouse , and consequently snatches the little joy in bis power , and marries—he scarcely cares when , or with what prospects , —the man who looks forward to the possession of land will be anxious that his children should not lose the
advantage he is striving to gain for them , and he will defer his union with a sensible , prudent girl , until he has the prospect of supporting a family . It is only where hope is banished that caution is wanting . But again , there will be very far fewer deaths . Country air ,-wholesome food , and healthful labour , are sad enemies to drugs and doctors . They , I fear , will find themselves at a discount , — -and as to lawyers , —what need for them , -when there is plenty for everybody , and superfluity for none ?! " Othello ' s occupation ' a gone ' . "
Sorely tbe people wiU not tbink a little present self-denial a task , when it is to produce such happy results ? But I must conclude , and I do so in reminding them tbat in their hands rests their own destiny , as well as tbat of their country at large The people are they to whom alone the government can look for efficient aid ; and , moreover , they are the only people who have power to grant it . Again , I say , their long-tried champion , who has led them through a long and dreary desert to the very borders of the premised land , will still lead them on , bnt theymmt _. _-fcfli-tt-himif they would obtain possession , —that is and must be their own act and deed . But if he , their gallant chief , cannot convince them ; if his writings fail to arouse and animate them , -what can 1 hope from the efforts of my feeble pen ? 1 have no desire to
" Hold my farthing rushlight to the sun !" Vet I could not see prospects so cheering before the people without entreating them to open their eyes to behold them . I could not be silent whilst I had the hope that I might aid , in ever so slight a degree , the views of the founder of the Land Plan .
I am , Sir , Very faithfully yours , Philodemos .
(Saioniaian& Mttim.
( _Saioniaian & Mttim _.
India And China. Letters From Bombay To ...
INDIA AND CHINA . Letters from Bombay to the Sist of August have been received . Sir Charles Napier had sent in his formal resignation of the government of Scinde . In the Punjaub the influence of our Resident with the Durbar continued on a firm footing ; There have been some disturbances of no great importance in the _JnUundor Doab and Uepanl . The reductions in the Indian army are stated to amount to 47 , 000 men , leaving an army still _' _stronger by above 60 , 000 men than in 1833 .
FRANCE . The Pans papers bring more reports ef parliamentary reform banquets . A demonstration of thia kind , on a great scale , took placo in the theatre at Coulommiers , and was attended by three hundred guests , including MM . Georges Lafayette , Odillon Barrot , and other members of the opposition in the Chamber , twenty mayors of the arronilissement , commanders of the National Guard , and seven municipal councillors . The usual toasts were given and speeches spoken . Another banquet has been holden at Orleans . When the Prince de Montfort quitted St Lea ( says the ConstUutionnel ) he was the object of the warmest acclamations . _Hisearriage , whieh contained , besides the Princess MathQde . another lady of the family ,
said to be one of LucienY daughters , and the Duke dePadou 9 , 'had _toworkitspassagethrough the crowd , which the National Guards and tha veterans of the Imperial army , drawn up in line , but who were too much affected todotheserrice _. endeavouredin vain to keep back . At the view of the Prince , ' whose resemblance to tiie Emperor struck every one , all persons spontaneously raised their bats , and cried ont , 'Vive i'Empereur / 'Vive la Liberte ! ' _, _The cries only ceased when the carriage was out of sight . We read in tiie Presse : — ' The Patrie announces that the Ministry has , within the last few days , pio * hibited the _sinsine in any publio place of the hymn
of Pius IX . We are , in fact , assured that this hymn , whioh was to be sung on Snndsy and Monday at the Chateau des Flews , was interdicted by the Prefect of Police , on the pretext that France wished to remain neutral in the affairs of Italy , and thatthe hymn in question , if sung in public , might be considered by the foreign powers as a manifestation . The National publishes a letter from Nismes which stares that M . Arraand _Barbes _, the leader of the revolt in Paris in the year 1839 ( _whorit will be remembered , is a barrister , anda man of fortune ) , is treated in his prison with the greatest severity ; that ' he is restricted from receiving visits , nor is he permitted to leave his cell . '
Two fnIminatingbomb 3 exploded on Friday evening in the Faubourg St Antoina and the Marais . On this occasion two men were arrested for having thrown them . They were recognised as workmen known for their extreme radical opinions . Being placed provisionally in tbeposte ofthe Place de la Bastille , they attempted to effect their escape by unfastening the iron bars of the window . They were surprised in the midst oftheir work and removed to the Prefecture of Police . Tne Censeur of Lyons states , that the troops employed to disperse some _grsnps of curious persons whs had assembled before the convent of Saint Denis in that city bad been supplied witb ball cartridge , and that cannon was ready to be employed at a moment ' s notice . ' What , ' says the Censeur , ' is to be thought of a government which hasrecourse to musketry and cannon to disperse the smallest assemblage ?"
SPAIN . The Madrid journals contain two royal decrees of some importance as regards the finances . By one , tbe oider suspending tbe sale o f property belonging to monasteries and convents bas been revoked , and all these possessions are to be alienated for the benefit ofthe state . By the other , a sale is ordered of the property called _Propios ,. hitherto administered by municipalities . The produce of this property ia also to go to the pnblic treasury , These measures are generally denounced as arbitrary and unconstitutional . The _refustl by General Espartero of the offer of the post of Spanish Minister in 'London hid been received . ASaragossa paper announces the capture of the celebrated Carlist chieftain Martial , and the destruction of his band .
GERMANY . The Prussian king has been making atour thronh his states . On his arrival at Munster thecitirens save a grand supper to the king . After the usual loyal expressions in honour of his Majesty , the Liedertafel sung in chorus Schneider ' s ode in bononr of the King , beginning with the words 'Beicht mr einen Brecher' golden muss er sein . ' ( Reach me a goblet , 't must be of purest gold ) . A d the burgo _* meister , in an appropriate speech , proposed a toast in honour of the King , which was responded to by each guest emptying hia goblet of Rhenish , and three rounds of cheers . ' Riser edlergnadigster Eonig lebe hoehV His Majesty then , in a clear
voice , expressed himself as follows : — let each man fill his goblet to the brim with German wine J It is now thirty years iince I first aet foot in the good _< aty of Monster ; as I found it then so have I ever since fonnd it at subsequent visits ; faithful , firm , and true . Loyalty is visible on the countenances of tbe sons and daughters of this city . They never clanged in the hour of danger , when the seeds of discord were scattered about . Faithful , firm , and true was the voice oftheir deputies at the meeting of the states . ' Faithful , firm and tree , 'is still the motto of this city , ss we have just heard from the voice ef their representative . Hy warmest thanks te this city and its hospitable cit izens . Up with yoar goblets , and empty them to the welfare of tbe good city of Munster ; Sit leoe hoch !
_Escafbof Polish _Peisonbbs . —Three of the Polish prisoners , who were accused of _ high treason , and vrho , oa account of alleged indisposition , were placed in the building of Lt Charite _, effected their escape on the 29 th ult . by cutting up the sheets , and knotting tbem together ; they let themselves out of the window , and then succeeded in making their escape over the walls ofthe court-yard .
SWITZERLAND . A letter from Berne _. of the 27 th ult _. in theCbnstf ' utionnel , says : — ' Three facts of a certaia significance have jest taken place here . I hare informed yon thatthe governments of the primitive cantons were thinking of convoking their _Iands-gemeindes , in order to consult them en the situation created by the decisions of the Diet The lands-gemeinde of Schwye , the largest of the primitive cantons , yesterday _, in fact , sanctioned the resolutions of _thegovernment , tending to declare tbat this canton would not withdraw from the Sonderbund , and wonld not expel the Jesuits . This decision was come to by abont 7 , 000 votes against 360 on tke opposite side . Itis right to add , that all means , likely to influence a
population and intimidate the wavering , were employed to bring abont this result , whicb might , perhaps , have been different , had the vote taken place under the superintendence and protection ofthe Federal Commissioners , delegated by the Diet . This circumstance , besides , allows it to be foreseen , of what a description will be the analogous meetings which are to take place on Sunday next , Oct . 3 , in the cantonsof Uri , Unterwald , and Zug . However , ia the last , the Liberals , although in the minority , are preparing to make a demonstration of their respect for the decisions of the Diet . The second im * portantfact is , that thefirst Deputy of Friburgat the Diet , tbe avoyerFournior , tbe living incarnation oi Jesuitism , has , it is said , given in his
resignation of Deputy and Councillor of State , probably because the majority of his colleagues differed from him in opinion . The third fact which I bave to point out to your notice is not less characteristic . Yon are aware that at Berne the Conservatives , united to the old aristocracy , had gained a certain preponderance in the elections ; notwithstanding their efforts , the Liberal party , nnited to the Radicals , yesterday gained a nomination in the Grand Council , which fact gives the most formal contradiction to our reactionary party , who pretended that tbe energetic conduct of the Diet had weakened the Liberal party in the canton of Berne , and paralysed its influence in the capita ) . The Liberal candidate was M . HaUwy ] , a descendant of one of the heroes
of the battle of Morat ; his opponent was M . d ? Effinger , formerly bailli of Berthoud . ' Letters fromBerneof the 29 th ult , saytbat preparations for hostilities are everywhere active in the Liberalcantons . Tbe cantonal government of Vaud has issued decrees calling nnder arms all citizens between seventeen and sixty . A general review was to have taken place on Sunday last , in the chief towns ofthe respective districts . A serious affair had occurred , whieh threatens to create a collision between the cantons even before the meeting of the Diet on the 18 th ultimo . Some ofthe national militia of Friburg , returning in a large body fromthe capital ofthe canton , had crossed the frontier and fired a volley efball cartridge _aaainat the villaee of _Abligea .
This brutal and unprovoked act had created an immense sensation throughout the country , and the Vorort had in consequence written to the authorities of Fribuig that if a prompt satisfaction was not afforded , measures would be adopted to enforce it . The report made by a _Besanson journal of tiie expedition of large convoys of arms and ammunition , including numerous pieces of artUlerv , to the cantons of the _Sonderbuad from the arsenals of France , is folly confirmed by letters from Berne of the 80 th ult . So far aa these accoun ' s can be relied on , tho French government giving active support and sending sup . plies to the recusant cantons , and at the same time
affording them support and countenance by her diplomacy , renders it almost certain that the federal government will be compelled either to allow its decisions to be set at defiance or to enforce them at the pointof the bayonet and the cannon ' s mouth . Among the liberal cantons the foremost in their warlike preparations are thelarge and powerful cantons of Berne , Zurich , and Vaud . The first has ready for the field nearly 20 , 000 infantry , sixteen company of carbineers , sixteen batteries of artillery , and six companies of chasseurs a cheval . The second has 16 , 000 , and the third 18 . 000 men ready for action _. The Basle Gazette announces that an alarming dis . turbance bas broken out inthe canton of Neufchatel
India And China. Letters From Bombay To ...
which is . a- principality annexed to the crown of Prussia , at the same time that it forms one of the confederated states of Switzerland . A revolutionary fete was celebrated there on the 12 th of September , tiie authors of which the government was net able to detect . At Valfengin the portrait of the King of Prussia , tea * decapitated in the hall of the Palais de Justice . The council of state was in session , and the militia was called ont . Apprehensions of serious results were entertained . Tbe Swiss Federal Gazette ofthe 2 nd inst . states thatthe grand council ofAppenzell had instructed its deputy in the Diet to vote for _thedisselution of the Sonderbnnd by pacific meanB , but tbat should the minority ofthe Cantons refuse to submit he was to recommend recourse to coercive measures . We read in the HSviete ofthe 2 nd : — Before quitting ; Switzerland for Italy , lord Minto had a conference at Lucerne with the representatives of
Switzerland , France , Austria , and Prussia . _TbeEnrlish diplomatist wished to view with hia own eyes men and thinri , which bad been represented to his government by M . Morier snd by Ur Peel in diametrically _oppositelighti . Itis said thathe did not long remain in donbt , and that his judgment is entirely _fevourablo to ths cause of the federal majority . An official despatch from the English Minister for Foreign Affair * has made the Directory acquainted witb the mission of Lord Minto . In this document Lord Palmerston uses terms _erpressiveof great good will towards thefederal authority , and speaks in a manner most honourable to its president , M . Ocfasenbein . His language bears no re-em . blance to tbat of M . Bois le Comte . We may ba assured that England will oppose every species of foreign intervention in ths _affeirs of Switzerland and Italy .
ITALY . Princes Canihohad been makings sort of triumphal tour through Italy , accompanied by his secretary , D . Man . haranguing the people at the different towns he passed through , and calling upon them to stand firm for the independence of Italy . At Pisa tbe excited populace took tbe horses from his carnage and dragged him in triumph through the streets , and the reception of the two travellers , who were dressed in the costume ofthe Roman civic guard , was equally warm at Florence , Empoli , Bologna , and Ferrara . On his return to Rome , the Prince was placed under arrest by order of _the'Papal government , for what offence does not very clearly appear .
The municipal council of Bologna voted , on the 24 th nit ., a sum of 43 , 0007 . fov the armament of the Nation *] Guard . Oo the 22 nd the people of Ferrara carried in procession to the municipality the banner , presented to tbem by the inhabitants of Florence . The Austrians made no attempt to prevent the demonstration . At night the whole town was illuminated , and the citizens traversed the streets singing patriotic _hyms , and shouting vivats for PiuB IX . and the independence of Italy . According to letters from Milan of the 26 th ult ., 15 , 000 Austrian troops , mostly Croats , were marching towards the _frontierslof Piedmont , ' where they were to form a cordon of observation .
The Cowtwjw-m-o , a journal published at Rome , gives , nnder the date of 18 th September , accounts from Naples , received at Civita-Vecchia by the Lorn * bardo steamer . According fo these accounts , Syracuse was in a state of insurrection ; the insurgents had been betrayed by a general who had joined their p lot with the intention of seizing the leaders , and having them shot . Melasso and the citadel were in the hands of the _insargenta ; also Catania . Since the fatal issue of the battle at Reggio , the inhabitants ofthe Calabrian mountains havo risen en masse , and the Royalists havebeen beaten back en all quarters . The King bad , in addition to his steamers , laid an embargo on all trading vessels , for the conveyance of troops . The prisoners taken are immediately ahet .
The PaUade oi Rome announces that Pizzo , in Calabria , has joined in the revolt , and that the insurgents have put to death the family of Trenta-Capiii . The banner of the insurgents of Calabria bears a red cross on a ffhite ground , surrounded by as many green crosses as there are states in Italy . A letter from Italy in tbe Augsbnrg Gazette announces thedeatb of Admiral Bandiera , the father of the two _Dnlortunate officers who were executed at Cosenza . The Suabian Mercury gives the following , under the date of Venice , Sept . 26 : —It appears that there was
some dread of disturbances yesterday evening , on the occasion of the tombola which had taken place in honour ef the congress . A great number of persons had thronged together in the square of St Mark . The number is said to have reached 50 , 000 . Measures are said to have been taken to put out the gas lights . Fortunately , nothing of the kind occurred . The measures adopted by governmenthave prevented the execution of this plot ; so all went off peaceably . This morning ean be seen in some parts of the town these words , written with charcoal : * Viva Pio IXI Viva Italia !'
A Sardinian frigate entered the port of Cmta-Vecchia on the llth ultimo , with 12 , 000 muskets and eight pieces of field-artillery on board , for the use -of the Papal troops . Anot & er Sardinian man-of-war waa expected there . The King of Sardinia bai issued orders for repairing , with all expedition , the fortifications of Alessandria and Novara . The Lucca Gazette of the 27 th ult . contains the new law on tbe press , according to which everybody has a right to publish his opinions and discuss the acts of the government . All publieations against religion , morality , and the rights of the sovereign , are to be severely punished . The law
likewise prohibits ' offences against foreign governments , their princes , and representatives , against magistrates and clergymen ; as also against writings tending directly to subvert publio order and tbe security of tbe state . A _boarl of censors , composed of three members and two substitutes , was to be established , from wbose decisions parties may appeal to that of a superior council , formed of five members and two substitutes . All infractions ofthe new law are to be punished by a fine of from twenty * fire to two hundred francs , and an imprisonment of from fifteen days to six months ; asd , in cases of relapse , the fine and imprisonment may be doubled .
The insurrection in Calabria is reported as having gained strength ; and it was said General Nunziante had received two serious wounds in a conflict with the insurgents . Itis also reported that a corps of artillery sent to Mangiana had joined the insurgents . The insurgents , under M . Antonio , Loogobucco , had seized on the town oi Cotrone , on the shores of the _GnlfofTareatum . On the 24 th and succeeding evening , large assemblages of people took place in Naples on the Piazza Reale , the Largo _della Caritta , and the Piazza Santa Croee . Tri-coloured banners appeared , and cries of 'Viva Pio IX - , ' 'Italian independence , ' and ' The Constitution' were heard . After these had been dispersed , the town exhibited all the appearance ofa place in a state of siege , the streets being _constanly patrolled by squadrons of cavalry and detachments of infantry , and overrun by the agents of the police . The guards were everywhere doubled , and extraordinary measures of precaution adopted .
BVACCATIOK OF FERRAKA BT THE AUSTRIAN TROOP * . The' Univers * publishes a letter from Rome of _tbeSSth nit ,, announcing the evacuation of Ferrara by the Austrians . Assuming- that statement as correct , the correspondent of the 'Univers' observes' That event is equivalent for Austria and her allies to the loss of a pitched battle , and adds considerably to tbe glory already acquired by the Sovereign Pontiff . That peaceable victory guarantees the independence of the powers , called in Europe feeble and secondary , against the encroachments and intervention of those called powerful and strong ; but what affects us Catholics most deeply , is that it ensures the emancipation of the Church and frees it from tbe guardianship and oppression of the great European Colossi /
RUSSIA . The Frankfort Journal of tbe 29 th nit . announces that the Emperor of Russia quitted St Petersburg on the 14 th ult ., accompanied by her Royal Highness the Duohess of _Leuchtenburg and his Aide _3-de-Camp . Generals _Orloff and _Adlerberg . Dis _Majesty proposed to proceed to Moscow , and thence by Kiew to the southern provinces ofthe empire . Letters from St _Petersburfjh ofthe 18 th ult ., state that previous to his departure from Moscow , the Emperor had decreed a levy of seven men per every
1 , 000 inhabitants in the northern government of tho empire , which would produce about 60 , 000 recruits . This new levy was partly with a view to the exter * mination ofthe petite noblesse of Poland , who are compelled to furnish one man for every ten inhabitants , and partly to meet the havoc which it is feared the cholera will make in the ranks of the army . No doubt existed in St Petersburg that the journey ofthe Czar aud ofthe Imperial family to Moscow was literally a flight from the approaching scourge .
The finances of Russia are very considerably and rapidly on the increase , and the revenue is at this time certainly above £ 20 , 000 , 000 . The duty on brandy is the chief source , this amounted in 1844 to about 128 , 000 , 000 of paper rubles . The revenue of the customs is the second item , and since 1840 has amounted to above 100 , 000 , 600 paper rabies ; the poll tax produces about 80 , 000 , 000 ; the contributions imposed upon the cultivation of grain 30 , 000 , 000 to 40 , 000 , 000 ; tbat imposed upon commerce . 20 . 000 , 000 to 25 000 , 000 . The post-office
returns in 1843 were 4 , 174 963 silver rubles , and the annual revenue may be calculated atabout 15 , 000 , 000 of francs . The patents yield from 3 , 000 , 000 to 4 , 000 , 000 , and timber the same . The mines belonging tothe crown , and the duties imposed upon the washing fo gold in the mines belonging to private persons give 15 , _000 , 000 to 20 , 000 , 000 ; to these sources of public revenue must be added that of the ground rents , the monopolyof tobacco and of playing cards , tiie tax upon salt , upon the crown manufactures , &_ ..
4 Private letters from St Petersburg of the 24 th of September , state that the cholera continued to idvance . and nearly by the same route by which it arrived in 1831 . It had reached the environs of Toula ( distant forty miles from Moscow ) , It w _» b believed in St Petersburg that none of the persons who might be condemned for the insurrection in Galicia would be executed , bnt the _rrsolve of the Emperor to ex-
India And China. Letters From Bombay To ...
terminate the Polish nation b y indirect _nieans wat
_ . .. ... -Greece ; We have received the Athens journals to the 20 th Ult . inclusively . The _MniteJ Oreo contains the Royal decree appointing General Tzavellas . the Minister of _Tfa t , Fregident ofthe CoaDC .. j OT . dams M . GIarakis , the Minister of Publio Instruction , to hold tie portfolio of Foreign Affairs . The _ifoni-euralso publishes the decree ordering the civil and military functionaries to go into mourning for five days for M . Coletti . The opposition journal , the _burner d _Athenes , alluding to the appointment of General _izavellas _as president of theCouncil of Ministers , says it is very willing to acknowledge the services rendered by him as a soldier during the war of independence , but considers him to be entirely unfit for the post to which he has been named , as he is so uneducated that he can searcely write his own name . TURKEY .
Letters from Constantinople announce the probable suppression o f the insurrection in Albania . Darbohor Reschid Pasha , the Commander-in-Chief © f the Turkish army marched from Monaster on the 28 th of July . The following day ho arrived at Oakhuda , where he remained until the 10 th of August , collecting reinforcements . He reached Elbassamon the 13 th , and entered Berat on the _i 6 . b , after having defeated and dispersed the insurgents under the command of Rappo . The latter , on hearing of the advance ofthe Turkish general , had commanded that Yeussef Bey and his two cousins , whom he had captured , * should be decapitated . This aot of unnecessary cruelty had created universal _indignation amongst the Turks , and it was determined tbat Rappo should _receive no quarter . Darbohor Reschid Pasha , after the defeat ofthe insurgents at Berat , had entered Aulonia and marched on _Arsyrooastron , where an _insurgent chief named DJanleka , was encamped with 6 , 000 men .
Irish Democratic Confederation. The Conf...
IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION . The confederates met at Cartwright _' _s on Sunday evening last , Mr Dwain in the chair , who read the address ft ra Philadelphia to the electors , of Nottingham . Mr Clancy addressed the meeting at great length , and concluded by moving the following resolution : —• ¦ . . . That as lovers of Universal Liberty wa have read wilt p leasure tbe address of the Democrats of Philadelphia to tbe Electors of Nottingham , and tbat we duly appreciate the same ; and furthermore , that Mr John Campbell is entitled to our warmest thanks for his exertions , in giving due expression to tbe feelings of American sym . putby in behalf of Ireland , and joy at the triumphant success of . democracy at Nottingham , ia tbe person of Feargus O'Connor , Esq ..
' Mr Martin ably supported the resolution , which was unanimously adopted . A vote of thanks was moved to Mr George Minton , for a gift of five volumes of books , and two splendid ma ps of Eng . land and Ireland . An article was read from the Nation newspaper , and commented on by _Mesuu Clancy , Berer , M'Carthy , Tucker , Price , < fcc . Chair taken every Sunday evening at 8 o ' olook .
The London Confederists. Ths Curran Cosp...
THE LONDON CONFEDERISTS . Ths Curran _Cospbdebatb Club . —The usual weekly meeting of this club was held on Sunday evening tbe 3 rd inst , at the Charter _Coffeehouse , Strutton-ground , Westminster ; Mr Richard Hus 3 ey was called to tbechair . Mr _MeSweeneyread ari Anti-Irish article from the Dispatch of . last week— 'Ireland ' s Opportunity . ' De said a moro infamous and cold-blooded article he never read ; buVin fact it was in keeping with that paper ' s general conduct , it beiag the deadly opponent of justice to the working classes of _England . The chairman , in a brief speech , alluded to the charges broug ht against them , after which . MrKenealy _. inalengthonedspeech , explained the objects ofthe confederation , and impressed upon the meetlne the necessity of leaving it to history to
tell of the merits and demerits of O ' Connell . Mr Reynolds , in an energetic speech , reviewed the conduct of Mr O'Connell . He contrasted it with that of the late Dr Doyle , in the case ofthe forty shilling freeholders . It might be said that he bad no right to review the conduct of Mr O'Connell , but it must not be forgotten that there were persens present who had always opposed him , on account of the opinions he entertained of that individual ; those parties now admitted he was right in that opinioB . O ' Connell wasa public man , and as such he would deal with him . He had strictly watched his conduct from 1825 to 1846 , and he had always found him preaching that which he never intended to perform . He intended the Repeal a gitation to bo a delusion , but the Irish people intended it to be a reality , and he
( Mr Reynolds ) was there that evening to assist them in carrying it out . Mr Reynolds was loualy cheered throughout his address . A committee hav-« g been named to carry out tbe proceedings of tbe c _' ub , the meeting then separated . Chelsea . —On Sunday evening a preliminary meetins _; of the Confederates ot Chelsea was held at the King ' _8-arms , Upper _Ebury-street , Pimlico . Mr _Franeis Courtney in the chair . The meeting was respectably attended , and it was announced by tbe chairman that a more appropriate place would be obtained is the ensuing week , to hoM their next meeting . Twenty persons having paid in their subscriptions , the meeting adjourned . Thb Davis Club . —The Confederates of this club held their weekly meeting on Monday evening , the
4 th inst ., at 83 , Dean street . Mr Ganey in tbechair . The report of the council in Dublin , and tho correspondence of Mr Anstey with Lord John Russell , having been read , Mr Ftzgibbon . said that be bad just returned from Cork . He would for their information detail to them what came under his observation . In the steamer that went from Bristol to Cork a ' Jew pigs and sheep whicii were going to Cork as stock for breeding , were taken every care of below at 33 . per head , while the poor Irish paupers were not permitted to leave the deck even in bad weather , although a much larger sum was paid for their passage . While in Cork he visited several of the farmers , but they were not so intelligent as they ought to be , but after conversing with them for some time , they admitted the justice of the
principles of the Confederation , and the only reason they assigned for not joining that body was , that the priests had not done so . He would now draw their attention to the exports from Ireland . In the vessel in which he returned to Bristol there were on board 1 , 200 bags of fine oats , and the remainder ofthe treivhb was made np ef batter snd bacon to feed the English people , when it was required at home . This was the wretched state of affairs in his unfortunate countiy . Mr Williams ( a member of the council of the Confederation in Dublin ) was here introduced to the meeting . He said he had travelled from Donegal to Kerry , and the desolating scenes he had visited would move a heart of stone , but it appeared it had not moved the sympathy of the _Whies , ( ories , 'they bave got none . ) It was lamentable to see the empty shop ofthe bankrupt trader _. and the wan and deathlike appearance of tbe peoplo . In fact tbe famine of 1846-7 had no parallel ; __ The Whigs had effected their dearest wish , in decimating Ireland , so that
they might be enabled to turn over the soil of . that country to the English capitalist . Thoy were , by so doing , guilty ofthe foul crime of murder , and for such they ought to be arraigned . ( Cheers . ) He was glad to sav that tho conduct of the British government had done " much to cement Irishmen together . The altered tone of the press at once bespoke the feelings of Irishmen . Tbere would shortly only be two parties in Ireland—repealers and _non-repealers . Numbers of his Protestant brethren would join the C onfederates , who held aloof from the Repeal Association , on account of the sectarian nature of its proceedings . He sbould feel proud m mentioning to his brother councillors , in Dublin , the progress made by them in this metropolis . ( Cheers . ) The meeting was afterwards addressed by Messrs _Kenealy , O'Mahoney , Ac ., and it was announced that Mr T . C Anstey , M . P ., would deliver a lecture on Monday evening next . Several new " members were enrolled . The meeting , which was crowded , then broke up .
West Loshom Central Amii-Enclosure Assoc...
West _Loshom Central _Amii-Enclosure _Associanow . —At the last weekly meeting ofthis association at tho Princess Royal , Circus-street , New-road , October 4 th , Mr Moore in the chair , a most stormy debate ensued as to _whether'the library should be separated from the association , to please those who , it appeared , had joined for no other purpose than depriving the association of its library . The committee which had been appointed to arrange matters amicably were at war amongst themselves , and came to the _conomsion , that no conclusion could be come to satisfactory , at least to all parties , more especially when the secretary declared that the books being
given to the Anti-Enclosure Association could not be taken from the association to form another library . The dispute ending in five persons , who were not members , forming themselves into a committee to start a library for the disinterested , which they have done , and for which party the Anti-Enclosure Association has been deprived of its room of meeting at the Princess Royal . This is the third time this associa tion has been deprived of its room of meeting through adherence to principle . Until further notice , meetings will be held at No 3 , Upper Dorset-street , _Blandford-square , Marylebone , each Monday , at seven for eight , p . m .
Tbadk in _Burnlet . —A local paper says , it is _carrentlyreparted that short time is about to be commenced at nearly all tho cotton mills in Burnley . One firm is said to have given the hands notice to stoD _altogether , and several others are about to run onlv three days in the week . But for the _compara * tively low price of provisions , the prospects of the ooor of this neighbourhood for the ensuing winter are gloomy and depressing . It ia also rumoured that _aconsiderable- _' rcductionof wages is in contemplation . The children in the female ragged school at Edinburgh , bave worked a very elegant bed coverlet for the Rev . T . Guthrie , the eloquent advocate of such institutions ,
The Present ' State Of Gbeat Britain Cha...
THE _PRESENT ' STATE OF GBEAT BRITAIN CHAPTER in . Failure of the bank _ofEnglandwdits consequences When by order of council the ministry on the 26 th of February 1797 , forbid the bank of England to discharge its notes in gold < ir _Silver , and [ which has been since passed into a law , the Whole i » _aper currency of the nation has been deprived ofthe only means of ascertaining , from time to time , how far the emission of paper has been increased , beyond what the business of the nation acquired to circulate its transferable property .
As long as the law existed , which obliged every bank and every individual to pay the amount of their notes in gold or silver when presented , or in case of failure to be declared bankrupt , the nation possessed the means of ascertaining that the quantity of paper , in circulation did not exceed the quantity necessary to circulate its property , bnt f rom the 26 th of February 1797 , the nation bas been at sea without rudder or compass , with the whole of her property at state in the venture . When the late minister took this truly desperate step , and passed the Rubicon , to inflict on his country the most inevitable , and universally ruinous bankruptcy that was ever sprung under the feet of a credulous nation , he adopted the most fascinating and certain means that the mind of man could
devise , to insure his country ' s destruclidn : a destruction which : must be accomplished bv a combination of the most active , uniform and powerful propensities of the human heart , without one single stay to restrain tliem . . It is now the interest of every banker , and of every trader who deals in the issue of paper ( and I know of none that do not ) to increase it ad infiniturn , for this plain reason , that as he gets or saves five per cent , by every hundred pounds he can send into circulation on his own credit , the more he issues , the more he gains ; accordingly , we see that the bank of England ( the most respectable and the only one than has been obliged to publish the amount of its notes ) which had issued but £ 8 , 640 , 250 on the 26 th of February 1797 , had
issued * -516 , 108 , 616 , on the 1 st of February 1803 Though seven and a half millions f addition to the circulating medium , in so short a time , may hot ap . pear in all its force to those who do not distinguish between the vast disproportion which exists in every country , between the circulating medium , and theproperty circulated , yet when it is coHsidered how very small a sum of circulating medium circulates an immense _mass-of transferable property , how often the same piece of money is capable of transfering different and distinct portions of property in a single day , some estimate may be made of the amount ofthe transferable goods that maybe circulated , even directly , by these seven and a half millions , I say directly , for indirectly the effect is prodigious .
Bythe law , all other dealers in the issuing of paper are exempted from paying in cash , " provided they discharge their obligations in notes of the bank of . England ; hence the stock which used to be kept in specie , is now kept in these national bank notes ; though there is an essential difference between specie and bank note ; the difference between-one bank , note and another is matter of opinion ,, when neither are payable in cash . A man will often go sto a bank to get cash for a note , hut he will seldom take that trouble to get one note for another t ; hence a very small amount of bank ol England notes will enable all the other bankers in Great Britain to circulate a great quantity of theirs .
At a time when banks were obliged to pay their notes in specie , and when no notes under five pounds were issued , ten millions at least may bave been necessary to answer the occasional demands for fifty millions of bank notes ; but now that one pound netes } arei 8 sued , these fifty millions may be circulated by a stock of five millions 5 of the notes of the baiik of England ; by which means , directly and indirectly , the augmentation which has been made to the paper currency would be fifty-two and a half millions .
But neither the bank of Enriand , nor these persons called bankers , are the only , or even tlie principal means , by which the paper circulating medium is furnished ; every trader in Great Britain , from the highest to the lowest , issues his paper , aud it is these private bills of exchange , with all the various acceptances , which form by far the greatest part of the paper currency of England . When we consider how utterl y impossible it is to calculate , nay , how utterly every sort of data is wanting to form an idea of tbe amount of these different sorts of paper , which every different description ef trader has a powerful interest , and , in these times , a pressing necessity , to send into circulation : when we consider to what length projectors , sharpers , swindlers , desperate adventurers , and
even well-intentioned traders when pressed , or when threatened with bankruptcy , c _" ui now force the emission o f paper ; when we consider the thou _, sand pernicious and fraudulent means which the ingenuity of __ man has invented , such as drawiiig and _re-drawing , etc ., practices so difficult to be detected even when the ordeal of gold and silver existed , and now utterly impossible ; when we consider what a vast amount . of capital has been expended in nine years , and what an accumulation of taxes ; when we consider in times of such general pressure , from such unexampled-prodigality , with what earnestness the banks and all those who deal in the emission of paper , must be importuned by every description of persons , from the government to the lowest trader ; and when we consider how much it is the interest of these bankers to vield to
these general and pressing importunities ;• and how entirely they are relieved from all risk by the dispensation from paying the notes they issue in cash ; the mind of man cannot conceive a situation where there is more aptitude , more incentives to inundate the nation with a torrent of paper , or where there are less to oppose or restrain it . These dispositions are still farther increased by the vulgar error , but too generally adopted by those who should have known better , thatthe more national capital has heen expended , and consequently the more distress , the more liberall y bankers should augment the amount of their notes ; whereas the duty of banks should be the direct reverse ; and as the national capital diminishes , so should the amount of the bank notes .
This vulgar error arises from confounding the machine which circulates with the property circulated _. The more of the national capital , that is , the more of the provisions , manufactures and materials for manufactures that have been expended , the less circulating medium it requires to circulate the remainder . When the minister expended 223 millions of the national capital , and when he diminished the produce
of the national industry by thirty-three millions , which arose from the profits , he threw the circulating medium which circulated these 223 millions of capital , and these thirty-three millions of profits out ofthe circulation ; there being no farther employment for the medium after the property was gone ; and if gold and silver had continued to be the only legal circulating medium , a portion proportionate to the diminution of the national capita ] and income would havebeen withdrawn from the ci )
eolation . Having demonstrated that , by the law which substituted paper for gold and silver , there exists eveiy inducement , and eveiy interest , with all descriptions ol persons , to augment the circulating paper medium beyond the quantity wantad to circulate the national property ; having demonstrated that by the banishment of gold and silver , no possible means exist to restrain or to limit this ruinous augmentation ; seeing that a direct proof from the impossibility of estimating the thousand different
modes by which paper can be issued , is not within the reach of human research ; the onus lies with the advocates for the inexhaustibility of Biiiish resources to set forth some plausible grounds for supposing that an excess in the emission of paper , and a depreciation , have not taken place . They should show by what possible means the government ( by far the greatest spendthrift itself ) can prevent a paper emission from being increased even to saturation ; thevshoHld show that this vapouring about the inexhaustibility of the British resources is not clearly disproved by the fact , that this bankruptcy
The Present ' State Of Gbeat Britain Cha...
has afforded the-spendthrift and ruinous _meansby which the mar has been supported _» i nce , the 26 th of February , 1797 . But neither the ministers , nor those ivlio , nnd it their interest to write for ministers can produce the semblance of any such proof , while reasoning from effects to their cause , it can be clearly proved that a ruinous excess has been alread y committed and must continue ; and that , it is- to this excess in the emission of paper that the ministers have been wholly indebted lor ail their schemes of finance since the 26 th of February , 1797 . When Lord Hawksliury lately declared , . fiat the bank directors were desirous to resume their payments in specie , but that the government prevented them , he has openly avowed , that though thc bank
could stand upon the foundation of gold and silver , the government could not . When his lordship has taken so much pains to prove that it is not the bank that wishes to postpone its payments in specie , is it not singular that he should not have perceived , that in taking it upon himself he was making the fullest confession of the ruinous shifts to which he ahd his colleagues were driven to prolong the existence of their desperate system . Kr- * , The first fact which affords a direct proof of tins depreciation is , that the Bank of England has increased the amount of its notes in circulation by seven millions and a half * , since 1797 ; and allowing that fifty millions havebeen circulated on a deposit of . five million * of these natienal bank notes , there will have been added to the circulation since February 1 / 97 , fifty-two and a half millions in paper , unsupported by gold or silver .
. Second . In the first four vears of the war the minister found the greatest difficulty to borrow sixtysix millions only ; read the " correspondence between him and the bank directors from January , 1795 , to February ,. 1797 _f , and it is impossible ' to describe more forcibly the difficulties the minister experienced to procure these _sixty-six millions , or the distress to which the bank was driven to give him a part of the aid he demanded ; nay , to such a height , had the difficulties of the minister risen , in these four first years ofthe war , that to raise the last loan in 1796
tor eighty millions , he was obliged to have recourse to a loyalty loan , and even this , aided by all that zeal and loyalty could effect , went on so heavily , that thesezealous loyalists sought relief from parliament and received it . Yet in the last five , years of the war ( though the minister had experienced such difficulties in raising only sixt y-six millions in the first four years ) he raised one hundred and fiftv-seven millions , after the national bankruptcy , without any difficulty whatever , nor does it appear that those bank directors who made such strong remonstrances against tile extravagance of the minister in the four first years when they had hut eight millions and a half of their notes in circulation , have ever remonstrated since , though they are augmented to sixteen _milhohs-X
m Third . The next effect f rom the same cause , is the rise of the funds : these were at _fiftv-three in February 1797 , at the end of the . four first years of the war , and they rose to _sixty-seven § at the end of the last four years since 1797 , before the peace bad any effect on them , towards the end of a nine years war the most expensive ever recorded in the annals of the world , * Fourth . The great difference between the market price of gold and the mint price , or the difference between the price of gold valued by its own sterling , intrinsic value , and valued bv the depreciated currency of the Bank of England paper . While I am writing , government is issuing dollars at more than eleven per cent , above their value , and even at this rate it may be foreseen they will disappear like the rest .
Fifth . The great and general rise which has taken place in the price of all sorts of commodities . Sixth , The total disappearance o f _* pecie . H Seventh . The extraordinary phenomenon of the taxes being more productive in proportion as thev have heen augmented , even to double the f ormer amount ; and at the end of a war in which there has been such a vast expenditure of tlie national capital . Even this very year the minister has laid on an addition of taxes to the monstrous amount of - £ 12 . 700 , 000 , and has had the simplicity or the ignorance to boast of their heing productive , as if the facility he boasts of could be ascribed to any other cause , than paper depreciation . _^
Is there one of these effects , all happening since 1797 , which can be attributed to any other cause than the excess in the emission of paper , and the consequent depreciation ? The state of the bank of England affords a positive fact directly to the purpose . The difficulties the minister experienced to raise a comparatively small sum in the four first years of . the war , and the facility with which he has raised more than double the sum in the last five years of
the war , together with the rise in the funds , all moving round the 26 th of February . 1797 , as if that day was the centre upon which the fortune of Britain had turned , go directly to the great question of inexhaustibilit y ; and if no other cause can be assigned for this wonderful revolution in the finances , and I defy ministers to assign any other , I fear inexhaustibility must be ; expunged , and assignats and bankruptcy must beset in its place ; while the rise of the price of all sorts of commodities , especially gold
* Since Writing Tke Above The State If T...
* Since writing tke above the state if the bank oi England notes in circulation lias boen published , bj which ft appears , that there were to the _nwcun * oi £ 17 . 932 , 931 ) in circulation on tbe 25 th November , 1 S 98 , being an increase of near two millions since Pobruai _) last . The reader will carrj this in his m ' m * l as ho goes along , and apply it . —He will _awrwiate it in its direct effect , and what is still more in its ind rect effect , f Now increased to nine and a half millions , % Tbo notes ef private bankers , and even tbe notes of private Individuals , aro now _veryfnqutntlj preierred to bank of England noteB . § I do not give _thtse as tbe exact "uws , but ns approximations to tho truth . I give tliem only to _illustrate the indirect effect of these banh notes to _im-rease the paper currency ; itis clear that from tbeir own nature , the exact _suni 3 are not ascertainable .
* Nine And A Bnlf Millions Naw. F See Tb...
* Nine and a bnlf millions naw . f See tbe 'Annual Register ' of 1797 . } Now eighteen millions . § No donbt there will come a time when the funds will sink in _ipite of the tffects of the depreciation of paper to raise them . Winn the peoplo of England can seo _tbi-ir real situation , they will for . u a correspondent opinion . ' , 11 When Mr Addington lately _inreighed so bitterly against hoarding , and of the want ot public spirit in those who have the common sense to reseue their families from absolute want at a crisis of sueh prodiga'ity and ruin , ho
displayed a simplicity _nnj _ignorance truly descriptiveof the sort of minister to whom the affairs of Great Britain have been committed at the most critical period of ber existence . A friend of mine stopped by a highwaywau on _Blaektieath , Rave him : i guinea . ' Sir / said the robber , ' you are the fifth I bare stopp * d tbis night , who bave had but a guinea ; tbis _hoarding won ' t do ; three ntver was fo much business done in our way _sincfr tbe memory of man as at present . ' Strange thut * prime minister and n _highwayman sbould find the same solution of their difficulties in the same complaint ; for so says Mr Addington . ' Tbis _hoarding won't do ; there never was so much business done in the memory of man fn our way as at present . '
H From the importance which merchants attach to the state of _exchange , it may be _thought it should enter into this subject ; but considered in a general poiat of view , it will be found a mere floating circumstance , of which the appearances sre too equivocal and uncertain to admit of its being tbo subject of general reasoning- . From tho quantity of her manufactures , and cf East and West India produce with which Great Britain supplies oil Europe , particularly in war time , when her maritime domination _pives her a monopoly of foreign commodities , from a particular circumstance it may happen tbatthe nations of Europe might find some difficulty in paying Great Britain for her _commoiiltitjs , by wbich exchange might be turned considerably in her favour .
From 1780 to 1803 tbere hare been but three yejrs in whicb tho produce of Great Britain has _sxxtficed for her subsistence . Generally _speakinj ? , ber agriculture falls so far short to supply her , tbat seven years in eight sho is behoMen to America and Europe fi _> r ber subsistence . In the Hou « e of Lords , on tlie 23 rd July , 1800 , Lord _Livtrpool _stiid ' , 'Yes , my lords , in one -ingle year we bave paid £ 5 , GOG , 000 for the _prain 1 _mportod into England ; and it it a fact that Great Britain does not produce a sufficiency of grain for the subsistence of its inhabitants . ' The yeur _before last , them > re bounties paid by government for the encouragement of tho importation of corn , amounted to £ 1 . 033 , 587 ; But last year was a year of such extraordinary abundance ,
that no corn has been imported ; and this extraordinary circumstance is the r as ; _in why exchange is so much in favour of Great Britain , If it had been a year of ordinary harvest , inwhich she had to _purchase several millions worth of corn , the exchange would have been as much against her as itis now in her favour . The _difference _bctwien an extraordinary abundant year , and one that is not so , _maki-a a difference' of at least thirty millions' worth in the national produce of Great Britain ; and if tho _comiug year should not prove a like _y-ar of extraordinary _abundance , tho minister will _ptreeive how much he . _bas been beholden to this abundance , not only for the . state of exchange , hut for the practicability of _goinc : on with bis system .
The state of exchange is so _faUaeioua » standard Ot national prosperity , that tbe _iery _-meaawre wtiich _soay _** i ths effect of the deepest national distress mar bs tAii means , for a time , ot _givinp a most _^ avu ' .. ' .- ,, ~ torn tt the state of exchange . Fer Instance , tho . listr _^ ; . _" * . « stagnation of trade may oblige the V . _usHsh _irodtrs to _xell thtir _eooOb at a considerable r « r contag < t under prime cost ; yet tbis _ralnou * -p-ndtbrift _eommeraii would , for a time , turn the . _xobause In favour ot _EnRland . Query , is it n , ot to socie . such act that she ia , in part , indebted for tbe present state of exchange « . S » true is it that the most favourable state of exchange ia no criterion of national prosperity , that during the late year of peace , when Eng land respired after ¦» _nineyeari ? war exchange was greatly against her ; . and now , ' . ' hat « he Ib plunged into the most ruinous war , it it as - _^ cU in ber favour . Tbe intelligent reader _cariaot fa < j to observe how much the effect of this extraordinary abundant harvest , in cheapening the first great _necessary of life , and in _creatine this favourable _exchange , ' haa cbccU « d the march of depreciation , j
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 9, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_09101847/page/7/
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