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C ' V O X " " " " "' ' THE THE CALIFORNI...
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TRANCE. STATE OF THE COUNTRY. The Monite...
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THE CALIFORNIAN GOLD FINDERS. The accoun...
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NATIONAL ORGANISATION OF TRADES. TO THE ...
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DESPOTISM IN IRELAND. The following is a...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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C ' V O X " " " " "' ' The The Californi...
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Trance. State Of The Country. The Monite...
TRANCE . STATE OF THE COUNTRY . The Moniteur oi Thursday contained an account of some trifling disturbances which took place in different portions of Trance , and about the beg inning of last week . At Lyons , Macon , Chalans-sur- Saone _, Strashurg , Limoges , and Troyes _, the spirit of disaffection was plainly exhibited . According to the government partisans , a vast plot was discovered to be on foot , which was to have broken out not only in Paris , hut all over France , on Monday ; and thai the society called the _SoSA-titf Republicame , was at the head of it . Undoubtedly , there was a con . « piracy-it was the government that conspired againsi tfe _lSbeeu stated that the _Garde _^ MobiU _*™™ open revolt at Courbevoie , at the Abbaye , and at the FortoftheBriche .
THE REIGS OF TERROR . seized at the residences of some of the accused . tl . d'Ahon Shee is in secret confinement in the _TheoGtor of M . Proudhon _' s journal was convicted on Wednesday of a seditious libel , and sentenced to three years ' imprisonment and a fine of 3 _, 000 f . A great number of persons have been arrested on the charge of having been the mediators between the Socialists and the Garde Mobile .
PA-us , Friday . —The Afonileur of this day publishes an account of some trifling disturbances which took place in different portions of France , about the commencement of last week , and endeavours to connect them with the alleged conspiracy of Monday week . The only positive fact mentioned is , that some workmen paraded the streets of Strasburg on Monday , under pretence of demanding work . The old Municipal Guards are walking about the _streeis for tbe first lime since the revolution of February . We " are requested , ' says tbe Presse , 'to contradict the news of the arrest of tbe Commandant _Bassac , of the 5 th battalion of the Garde Alobile . He never quitted St . Denis or his battalion .
The Paris papers of Saturday criticise her Majesty ' s speech . England ( says the Uebats ) has placed itself atthe window , from whence it busies itself , contemplating Europe . The effect is to make England contract herself within herself . Lord John Russell ' s ministry is neither Whig , Tory , nor Radical . It is everything and nothin **; . Its vitality is but a negative force , and merely subsists for want of presumptive heirs . Lord Palmerston is the Minister chiefly menaced in Parliament . But be will extricate himself from peril , and repel all attacks—first , because his opponents know of no policy to substitute for his ; secondly , because he knows so well how to conformd events and negotiations , tbat we defy any one to see their way through them save himself .
M . Forestier , colonel of the 6 th legioH of the National Guard , wbo had been arrested , was set at liberty this evening . The Constitutionnel announces a forward movement of a portion of the army of fte Alps towards Paris . THE IMPRISONED PATRIOT d _' aXTOJ * SHEE . The Presse says that M . d'Alton Shee is not suspected of any actual conspiracy , and that he has been arrested merely on account of his advanced opinions . His papers have been seized and sealed , but nothing ha ? , been found in tbem that compromises either himself or any one else . The following 13 tbe letter which Count d"Alton Shee has addressed to the Trench papers : —
' A residence in a prison would be supportable , conld those who were confined there be secured from calumny * but the bars do not exclude falsehood from ths piuonerj aud cowardice finds means to penetrate them . All sorts of inventions are current at tbis moment regarding me . An evening paper pretends tbat 1 was arrested with 200 Socialist Republicans , whilst I was in the act of presiding over the club of La Solidarite Repnllicaine . ' I was arrested alone , at my own house . I never presided over the Solidarite Repullicaine , which i s not a club , I may say in passing , but an association , to wbich I am utterly a stranger .
• A morning paper echoes rumours still more strange . According to this print , tbere was fonnd at my house a decree of the future Provisional Government , levying a tax of tbree thousand millions en the rich , suspending the liberty of the press and the individual , and delivering up to some unexplained vengeance a part of the population . 1 This calumny was so extravagant , that perhaps its authors caleulated that I should disdain to notice it . I must disappoint their calculation .
As falsehood can enter into a prison , let truth issue from it . I give the lie , then , to my calumniators , who hope to escape from my notice by the monstrosity of their attacks against me ; and I can assure all hones * m _. B , that I felt myself free from all reproach on the day when I took no precaution to defend my J'berty ; and tbat the conscience of the public , like tbat of my own , will be satisfied r s to the unreality of tbe charges brought against me , on the day wben I shall appear before justice . 'D'Awo- _** " Shee . ' from the Conciergerie _, 3 rd January . '
M . Lhermixier bas addressed a letter to the "Minister of Public Instruction , resigning his professorihip in the College of France .
THE ASSEMBLY . At the sitting of the National Assembly on Thursday , a long discussion took place on the proposition brought forward by M . Lagrange , in the name of the Montagnards , for a general amnesty -of all persons at present in confinement for political Climes and misdemeanours committed since the 24 th ot Febraary , 1848 . In the end , the Assembly decide ! by a majority of 531 to 167 , that the pro . positto ** should not be taken into consideration . A great number of petitions were presented , prayiiij : for the dissolution of the Assembly , MLedru Rollin presented a petition from some hundreds of the inhabitants of Paris , praying for the impeachment of the Ministers .
The Committee of Justice has resolved to report _agamst the proposition of M . Ledru Rollin for the impeachment of the ministry . The committee appointed to examine the bill on the _el'ibs , have decided , by a majority of nine to six . that it would declare in its report that tbe measu _. ; was , in its opinion , unconstitutional . Nevertheless , two members of the majority , M . M . Senr < i and Cremiei _* T , declared that they wonld join ths minority in affirming tbat it was necessary to _mo-lify the bill on the clubs , vo _' edin July last . Almo _& r aH the committee came orer co tbat opinion .
On Saturday night , the committee having recommended that the proposition for an inquiry into the conduct of ministers be Tejected _, the Assembly in return rejected the report of the committee by a majority of 407 to 387 . The cabinet immediately assembled at the President ' s palace , and resolved not to resign . The Assembly was , in consequence , tbis dcy to discuss a declaration to the effect thrt the policy of tbe cabinet is dangerous to the republic . The sitting of yesterday was unusually tumultuous . Considerable agitation pervaded political
circles . The defeat of tbe Cabinet yesterday is attributed , in a great measure , to the exertions of M . Marrast , who has for some days past shown increased violence against tbe Cabinet . He was one of those who voted for M . Ledru-Rollin ' s motion for the impeachment of the Ministry . The President of the Repub . lie has shown his displeasure by refusing to partake of the State dinner given yesterday by M . Afarrast , as President of the Assembly—a dinner given specially in honour of the Prince—on the plea of indisposition .
A letter received in Pans from M . Guizot announces his _intended arrival here in March . It is added that be will retire to the department of the Calvados , and will not re enter into public affairs . Paris , Sunday . —M . Thiers has left Paris for Lille , where his father-in-la _*** , M . Dosne , liTes , in consequence of the _raceipt of anonymous letters threatening his life , and attempts having been made to enter his residence . For some time past his house has been guarded by soldiers . In the Rue Chanssee _d'ADtin this afternoon four musket shots were fired from the street into one of tbe houses . Two National Guards were seized hv the police , charged with this act .
Park , Monday . —No one here now believes in the existence of the Socialist conspiracy , which the government made the pretext for the demonstration on Monday ast . The Moniteur has beea bring _s forward acconnts of disturbances in the provinces , to show that the pretended conspiracv extended all over _frauce , but the attempt has been a miserable failure .
Trance. State Of The Country. The Monite...
THE REPUBLIC AGAIN BETRAYED BV THE ASSEMBLY . . . t . PAms . Tuesday M- _^^^ _pSff £ National Assembly divided upon - « ' hioDS ffere General _Ondinofs motions , ana ou in favour of the Minfctnr . fi of _^ _jUj The first _^ vision jas _^ on the n _^ decided by between the two _« oUon 8 , _^^ _ . _^^ a majority of 435 to _* u _* 0 a _i t _^^ 3 ?' then divided on General Oudinot ' _s r _^ M-f adopting the conclusions of the commitfefrnd co a ns ? derin g g that the bulletin offensive to the Assembly has been formally denied and blamed bytheMinmerof the Interior , passes to the order oftheday'
. ... This motion was earned by a majority of 461 to 359 , leaviug a majority in favour of government of 102 . M . Perree ' s amendment consequently fell to the ground . aUESTIOy OF DZSSOM 7 TION . On Tuesday the multitude of propositions for the earlv dissolution ofthe Assembly , were withdrawn in favour of the proposition of M . Lajuinais , which is in substance this : —The Assembly sball
immediately proceed to discuss and pass the electoral law , after which it shall regulate the decimal lists . The elections will take place the first Sunday after the definite closing of these lists , and the new Assembly will meet and the present Assembly cease to exist in ten days after the day of such election . The practical effect of this will be that the present Assembly will be dissolved , if no other incident should intervene about the middle of April .
M . Lajuinais having developed his proposition , M . _Guichard , and M . Pagnerre , spoke against it amidst unceasing and violent _interruptions on the part of the Assembly . . M . Felix Pyat said , in reality , the mandate of the Assembly ought to cease only when its work was completed - but that work was decidedly not yet terminated , and therefore , de facto , the Assembly ought not yet to withdraw . ( Murmurs . ) The honourable representative then went on to remark on the contradiction between what was now proposed and tbe language employed formerly , even by M . 0 . Barrot . with respect to the labours of the
National Assembly . On January 8 , tbat honourable gentleman had made a pompous eulogium of the Assembly and its words * and now the design was to dismiss it . The design was to injure the Repub lie—( no , no)— -and to prevent the consolidation o f Republican institutions —( dissent )—but the hopes o f the enemies ofthe Republic wonld be disappointed , and , no matter what might be done the Republic would eventually triumph . An insurrection , dynastic and ministerial , had lately been held np to the notice of the country —( loud interruption)—a sort of moral 18 thBmmaire had been attempted . ( Continued interruption ) M .
Felix Pyat . then recapitulated the immeasurable proo _f s the Assembly had given of its love of order and society . It had voted the _lavra on the state of siege , on transportation , on the clubs , on _tumul'aius assemblages , on the forty . five centimes , on tbepress , individual liberty , and many others , with which it had armed the government to enable it to crush anarchy . That Assembly bad shown itself so subservient as to exclude from the Republic the sheerest Republicans , and to admit tbe posthumous Ministers of Loui 3 Philippe and the defenders of the Sonderbund . To requite it for such valuable services it was not even permitted to die a natural death . This was ungrateful , but logical . The Assembly , notwithstanding , continued attached to tbe Republic ,
and its Republicanism was its mortal sin . Its enemies wished for a legislature which would efface the very name ofthe Republic , and transform the President into a king . The President was a mere hat awaiting a crown . Ministers themselves had held frora the tribune language for which they ought to have been sent to Vincennes . They were as guilty as Hubert . The proposition of M . Rateau was a dynastic and ministerial insurrection ; it was the invasion of the Assembly by the reactionary party , or , as it is called , the honest and moderate parly . ( Laughter . ) M . Felix Pyat , in conclusion , declared that if he and bis friends were anarchists , they would vote for the proposition , persuaded as they were that tbe legislative Assembly would be followed by the Convention . ( Loud applause on the
Left . ) After a speech from M . Sarrans , M . Lamartine delivered a very lengthy speech in favour of the proposition of M . Lajuinais . He declared that France trembled at the violent Republic , but loved the moderate . Tbe fears of the Republic dated from the procession of the 200 , 000 men in the streets of Paris in the month of March . —This spesch produced great excitement in the Mountain , and the Assembly adjourned at half past s _^ x o ' clock .
GERMANY . AUSTRIA . —An army bulletin , dated Schemnitz , the 23 d'of January , contains the intelligence of the occupation of that town by the Austrian troops under Lieutenant Field Marshal Baron Csorich on the 22 d ult .
THE WAR IN HUNGARY . We bave news from Yienna of the 2 nd inst . The Hungarians , under Perczel , having crossed the Theiss , advanced towards Pesth , so that Major-General Oettinger had been obliged to retreat to within eight German miles of Pesth ( about thirtyeight English miles ) . This had induced Field-Marshal Lieutenant Wrbna , the commander in Pesth , to issue a proclamation , warning the inhabitants of that city to abstain from all hostile demonstrations threatening instantl y to bombard it should they attempt anything against the Imperial troops . 12 , 000 men and fifteen batteries were immediately sent from Pesth , and the field-marshal and his staff proceeded to the expected scene of action on the 26 th .
ITALY . ROME . —Advices from Civita "Vecchia annountt that three ships , under a flag which was believed to be tbat of Spain , bad been signalised . Tbe people immediately ran to their arms . It adds : * This news is given under all reserve . ' The provisional committee of public safety hss issued a proclamation , dated the 22 nd ult ., appointing the trial of the insurgents of the 10 th January for the 24 th inst . II Pensiero Italiano , of the 29 th ult ., under date of Gaeta , of tbe 23 rd , says that Count _Martnri , the Sardinian envoy , had declared , in the name of his government that all measures were taken to replace the Pope on his throne .
Some disturbances took place at Florence on the night of the 27 th ult . Tbe names of the Roman deputies in the Constituent Assembly were published on the 28 th , and celebrated by 101 guns and the ringing of bells . Among- ibe deputies named we remark Sturbinetti , Sterbini , _Muzzarelli , Galletti , Campello , and Charles Bonaparte . LOMBARDY . —On the 30 th ult . the second instalment of the forced contribution imposed by Radetzky was payable . The greater number of proprietors declared they would not pay it , preferring rather an expropriation of their property .
The Piedmontese Gazette , of the 30 th ult ., publishes a protest of the Minister Gioberti against the violation of the armistice by the Austrians . This document states tbat an illegal system of spoliation had been established under the name of contributions , or extraordinary war tax ; that property of emigrants had been confiscated ; [ and that Italian vessels bad been seized on by the Austrian fleet , notwithstanding the conditions ofthe armistice . TUSCANY . —About ten o ' clock at night on thi 27 th ult . some of the people , accompanied by foreigners and others from the country , paraded the city of Florence , uttering seditious cries , and
exciting the people to revolt . They first attacked the watchmen who patrolled the city , attended by the civic guard . They then went into several guardhouses , and destroyed the doors and furniture . Tbe delegate Carli was tbe object of menaces of death . The tumult assumed a most serious character in the Faubourg Degli Albkzi , and in the street Dei Caljacoli . A fight took place , in which the the cure of St . Felicita was mortally wounded . The rioters were arrested , bnt all with the exception of one , who was severely wounded , effected their escape . After some time tranquillity was restored . Several arrests were made .
SARDINIA . —King Charles Albert opened , in person , the Session ofthe Sardinian Parliament , on the 1 st instant .
UNITED STATES . The excitement regarding California , so far from seeming to decrease , now that the novelty might be said to be worn off , was daily becoming more intense , as each succeeding statement a rr i ved from t he di gg ings . Tbree weeks' later advices from the scene of operation mention that gold lumps , fully two pounds in weight , are daily found . Thc district is said to extend oyer 300 ffii . es .
The Californian Gold Finders. The Accoun...
THE CALIFORNIAN GOLD FINDERS . The accounts continue to increase in interest . The New York Herald introduces a highly interesting letter from a correspondent at Monterez , California , with the following mysterious paragraph : We have also received a private and confidential letter which contains intelligence so astounding concerning the gold regions that we forbear giving it to tbe public at tbis time lest tbey should not credit it , and might only laugh at us for our pains , and accuse us of attempting to hoax and deceive the public ' _^ l r \ 7 clllAi _^^ OLI ) FINDERS . "
The Herald tben goes on to declare tbat there were strong reasons for believing that Governor Mason and all his officers , men , mules , and waggons , were engaged digging on the banks of the Sacramento river . Colonel Stephenson had also disbanded his regiment , and gone on tbe like errand . This officer is said to have collected upwards of one million of dollars worth of gold dust . Captain Marcy _, son of the United States * Secretary of War , was engaged in tbe same pursuit . The correspondent ' s letter , which is dated Monterey , November the _16 ih , is highly interesting .
- We can sow call ourselves citizens of the United States . We have now only to go by law , as we formerly went by custom , that is , when Congress gives us agovern-rent and cade . The old foreign residents of California , having done very well ten or twenty years without law , care but very little whether Congress pays early or late attention to the subject . These who have emigrated from the Atlantic States within the last three or four years deem the subject an important one ; I only call it difficult . The carrying out a code of laws , under existing circumstances , is far from being an easy task . The general government may appoint governors , secretaries , and other public functionaries 5 and
judges , marshals , collectors , & c , may accept offices with salaries of three thousand or four thousand dollars per annum ; but how they are to . obtain their petty officers , at hall these smn 9 , ' rem &\ u & to k seen The pay of a member of Congress will be accepted here by thoae alone who do not know enough to better themselves . Mechanics can now get ten to sixteen dollars per day ; labourers on the wharfs or elsewhere , five to ten dollars ; clerks and storekeepers , one thousand to tbree thousand dollars per annum—some engage to keep store during their pleasure at eight dollars per day , or one pound or one and _a-half pound of gold per month ; cooks and
stewards , sixty to one hundred dollars per month . In fact , labour of every description commands exorbitant prices . My previous information to you I merely forwarded to your office to open the way to the future belief of your many readers . I had not much expectation of being believed . The idea of mountains of quicksilver only * wanting the ingenuity of man to make them pour forth as a stream—of rivers , whose bottoms and banks are of gold , is rather too much to play upon the credulity of New Yorkers or Yankees . . 1 suppose my story passed as an enlarged edition of the Arabian Nights , improved and adapted to California .
1 Whether you or your readers took the tale for fiction or truth I know not . Your last paper that has reached us is of April . This I know , the Sandwich Islands , Oregon , and Lower California are fast parting with their inhabitants , all bound for this coast , and thence to the great * placer' of the Sacramento valley , where the digging and washing of one man that does not produce one hundred troy ounces of gold , twenty-three carats , from the side of a half _sprangle to one pound in one month , set the digger to _« prospecting , ' that is , looking for better grounds . Your * PaUano' can point out many a man who has , for fifteen to twenty days in succession , bagged up five to ten ounces of gold a day .
- Perhaps it is fair that your readers shonld learn , that however plenty the Sacramento valley may afford gold , the Obtaining of it ha sits disadvantages . From the 1 st of July to the lst of October , more or less , one half of the people will have fever and ague , or intermittent fever . In the winter , it is too cold to work in the ws » ter . Some work in the sand by washing from : ' ¦ _¦* surface in & wooden bowl , or tin pan ; some gouge it out from the rocks or slate ; the more lazy ones roll about and pick up the large pieces , leaving the small gold for tbe next etnigra . tion . The extent of the gold region on the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers extends a distance of eight hundred miles in length by one hundred in
width . It embraces not only gold , but quantities of quicksilver in almost general abundance . It is estimated that a small population activel y e nga g ed in mining operations in that region could export one hundred million dollars in gold every year , and that an increased population might increase that amount to three hundred million dollars annually . You may believe me when I say that for some time to come California will export , yearly , nearly or quite five hundred thousand ounces of gold , twenty two to twenty four carats fine ; some pieces of that will -weigh sixteen pounds , very many one pound . Many men who began last June to dig cold with a capital of fifty dollars can now show five thousand
to fifteen thousand dollars . In this tough , but true , golden tale , you must not imagine that all men are equally successful . There are some who have done better ; even four thousand dollars in a montb - many one thousand dollars during the summer ; and Other ? , who refused to join a company of gold washers whohad a cheap made machine , and receive one ounce per day , that returned to the settlements with not a vest pocket-full of gold . Some left with only sufficient to purchase a horse and saddle , and pay the physician six ounces of gold for one onncp of qui n ine , calomel and jalap in proportion . An ounce of _gold for advice given , six ounces a visit ,
brings the fever and ague to be rather au expensive companion . A' well * man has bis proportionate heavy expenses , also , to reduce his piles or bags of gold . Dry beef in the settlements at four cents per pound , at the Placer , one to two dollars per pound ; salt beef and pork , fifty to one hundred dollars per barrel ; flour , thirty to seventy-five dollars per barrel ; coffee , sugar , and rice , fifty cents , to one dollar per pound . As washing is fifty cents to one dollar a garment , many prefer throwing away their used-up clothes to paying the washerwoman , - that is , if tbey intend returning to the settlements soon , where tbey can purchase more . At to shaving , 1 have never seen a man at the Placer who had time
to perform that operation . They do not work en Sunday , onl y brush up the tent , blow out the emery or fine black sand from the week ' s work . Horses that can travel only one day , and from that to a week , are from one hundred to three hundred dollars- Freight charge by launch owners for tbree days run , five dollars per barrel . Waggoners charge fifty to one hundred dollars per Joad , twenty to fifty _m'les on good road . Corn , barley , peas , and beans , ten dollars a bushel . Common pistols , any price ; powder and lead very dear . I know a physician who , in San Francisco , purchased a common made gold washer at twenty or thirty dollars , made of seventy or eighty feet of boards , At a great
expense he boated it up to the first landing on the _Sacramento , and there met a waggoner bound to one of ihe diggings with an empty waggon , distant about fifty miles . The waggoner would not take up the machine under one hundreddollars . The doctor had to consent , and bided his time . June passed over , rich in gold all on tbat creek did wonders , when the waggoner fell sick , called on his friend the doctor , whose tent was in sight ; the doctor came , but would not administer the first dose under the old sum of one hundred dollars , which was agreed to under a proviso that the following doses should be furnished more moderate . In San Francisco there is more merchandise sold now
monthly than before in a year . Vessels after vessels arrive , land their cargoes , dispose of them and bag up the dust and lay up the vessel , ai the crew are soon among tbe missing . The cleanest clear out is where the captain follows the crew . There are many vessels in San Francisco that cannot weigh anchor , even with the assistance of three or four neighbouring vessels . Supercargoes must land cargo on arriving- or have no crew to do it for them ; Some vessels continue to go to sea with small crews at fifty dollars per month for green hands . Old hands are too wise for them , and prefer digging an ounce or two a-day , and drinking hock and champaign at half an ounce a bottle , and eating bad sea bread at ona dollar per pound . 1
have seen a captain of a vessel , who by his old contract in the port whence he sailed , was getting sixty dollars per month , paying his cook seventy-five dollar s , and offering one hundred dollars per month for a steward ; his former crew , even to his mates , having gone a ' prospecting . ' Uncle Sam ' s ships suffer a little the same way , although they offer from two hundred dollars to five hundred dollars for the apprehension of a deserter . The Ohio , however , laid in the port of Monterey about a month , and lost only twenty or thirty nun . Colonel Stevenson ' s regiment is disbanded ; ninety-nine out of one hundred of whom have also gone _« prospecting , ' including the colonel , who arrived in Monterey last month from hia last post , and was met by his men at the edge of the town to escort and cheer h ' m { nto the
The Californian Gold Finders. The Accoun...
town . The captains , & c ., have bought up country carts and oxen , turned drivers , and gone to the placer . Our worthy Governor , Colonel of the lst Dragoons , & o ., having plenty of carts , waggons , horses , and mules , with a few regulars left , has also gone . Commodore Jones , lately arrived in Monterey , supposing it to be the capital , _bead-quarters _. & c , but found not even the Governor left . Where headquarters is may be uncertain . The Washington Union contains a letter from Lieutenant Larkin , dated Monterey , November 16 , received at the State'Department , containing further confirmation of the previous despatches , public and private , and far outstripping ail other news m its exciting character . The gold was increasing m size and qualitv daily . Lumps were found weighing from _^ _T _^ e _^ hZ , & c , bave bought up country
lib . to 21 b . Several had been heard of weighing as high as 161 b ., and one 251 b . The gold regions extend over a tract of 300 miles , and it was not known tbat it did not extend 1000 . A letter from Commodore Jones states , that many of the petty officers and men had deserted and gone in search of the gold . He adds , the Indians were selling gold at fifty cents the ounce . Many vessels were deserted by captain , cook , and _siamen . The sbip Isaac Walton offered discharged soldiers fifty dollars per month to go to Calloa , which was refused . She was sup . plied by government sailors . All the naval vessels on the coast were short of hands . Nearly the Whole of the 3 rd Artillery had . deserted . Provisions were scarce and high ; board , four dollars a-day washing , six dollars a dozen . Merchants' clerks get from 2 , 000 dollars to 3 , 000 dollars a-year .
National Organisation Of Trades. To The ...
NATIONAL ORGANISATION OF TRADES . TO THE TRADES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND
IRELAND . Fellow-Men , —In ray last letter I pointed out the manner in which the first principles of the constitution , adopted by the London trades' delegates , in establishing the universal right of the people to the soil may be effected ; hut as that cannot possibly be accomplished under existing circumstances , I therefore beg to call your attention to the fifth principle , set forth by the delegates , as being well adapted to give immediate relief to the pressing wants and destitute condition of large masses of the trades . This proposition i 3 to the following effect : —• ' That as Great Britain and Ireland contain a superabundance of land , skill , and capital , to profitably employ and
comparatively support more than double the present population , the government should introduce a bill establishing self-supporting home colonies , to give immediate employment to the numerous , but compulsory , unemployed ef our ' population . ' I therefore beg to press this upon the attention of tbe trades of the provincial towns , and call upon them to _CO-operate with the London trades in their endeavours to place it before the legislature . I cannot , at present , state the precise steps about to be taken by the delegates to bring it before Parliament , but I understand a public meeting will shortly be held , at which that and other business , connected with the movement , will be discussed : when , I
have no doubt , a systematic plan of operation will be developed . In the meantime , as it is the desire of the delegates that as much publicity should be given to tbeir proceedings as possible , with a view to secure the co-operation of the trades in the provinces , I submit the outline of a plan for their consideration ; and , without assuming tbat it will be precisely the one adopted ,-1 know it to be in harmony with tbe general feeling of my colleagues . In going to Parliament to ask for home colonies , I think we should propose , as the basis of a plan , that ten thousand families be taken , aay from ten of our principal town * , or as may hereafter be determined ( because the question must be made universal to secure universal co-operation ) , and placed upon the crown or waste lands , to employ themselves in productive labour , instead of remaining in
compulsoryidleness and absolute pauperism . Let us suppose , then , that ten thousand families , of five each , be the starting point ; we have next to consider what quantity of land and capital would be required for the establishment of home colonies , composed of one thousand families eacb . Supposing we apportion one acre to each member as a minimum , that would be five acres for each family ( and if arrangements could be made for ten acres to each family witb a proportionate amount of capital , so much the better ); we have next to inquire what amount of capital would be required to commence and successfully establish their practical and permanent operation in agriculture and manufactures ; for I would bave the trades bear in mind , tbat any scheme of colonisation to be really successful must combine manufacturing with agricultural pursuits .
First , then , with regard to agriculture . All practical men agree that it requires from ei ght to ten pounds per acre to procure the necessary implements of husbandry , seed , & c , to stock a farm ; and ten thousand families , at the rate of one acre to each individual , would amount to 50 , 000 acres , which being multiplied by £ 10 per acre , gives a sum of £ 500 , 000 . It wonld require £ 15 per acre to erect the necessary dwellings within the colonies ( although in the North of England and Scotland it may be done for less , as both materials and labour are much cheaper ) , wbicb would be an additional sum of £ 750 , 000 ; and we may calculate upon £ 120 , 000 for the purchase of machinery , the erection of manufactories , and casual expenses . And as it would be at least six months before the colonists
could have any real substantial return for their labour or capital bestowed upon the land , it is clear that they must be provided with the means of subsistence in the meantime ; and if ten shillings per week were allowed to each family for six months , ( and they ought not tohave less ) , that would be a further sura of £ 130 , 000 , making in all £ 1 , 500 . 000 ; for which very insignificant sum fifty thousand human beings might be placed in a state of comfort , and complete independence , instead of being left to starve in the highways and streets , or beneath the portals to the mansions of the rich . The land , of course , would be let to the colonists upon the most advantageous terms they could make . The money
could be advanced by the government issuing Exchequer hills to that amount , which would in no way embarrass the government , or impair the Ex . chequer ; and an agreement could be made to pay back the principal , with the usual per centage , by instalments , within a reasonable period . But the question may be asked . Is the government likely to grant our request ? I auswer at once , they are not likely to grant anything unless _th-jy see the trades are in earnest in their demand ; but we bave reason to know tha *; there are several influential Members of Parliament , differing in political opinions , who would support us in home colonies , but who look , foolishly enough , no doubt , with suspicion on other
movements . Whether the government grant our request or n o t , it is our duty to continually press that subject upon the attention of Parliament . I would also have the trades and the people generally , to keep this all important fact in view —that it is to this question of the application of land , labour , and capital , that we must come at last , if we are to effect any real practical benefit for ourselves . The empire abounds with these available elements for human happiness , and general improvement . There are at least 10 , 000 , 000 of acres out of the 22 , 579 , 300 acres of uncultivated laud in Britain ; and Sir J . Sinclair , the celebrated statist and improver
of agriculture , was of opinion that not more than 1 , 000 , 000 acres of uncultivated land are unsus eptible of cultivation ; so that there is plenty of land without , in any way , interfering with that already fully stocked and occupied . Moreover , the quantity of Crown lands , according to the estimate of the most accredited authorities , if sold in the market , are worth £ 20 , 000 , 000—and all in the hands of royal dukes and court favourites . With regard to the unemployed labour , it has been estimated that , if it were fully employed , £ 1 , 000 , 000 worth of additional wealth per day might be added
to the quantity already produced , As to money , be it well understood , that all governments have the power to create , not gold , but any amount of the symbol , or representative of wealth , in paper , or any other eheap instiument of currency for public accommodation , that may be determined on . The government manufactured , for their own use , last year , nearly £ 3 , 000 , 000 worth of Exchequer Bills . Let the unemployed masses demand that a millionand-a-half be issued to create useful employment for them this year . All classes of capitalists can obtain credit to cany on their business , and why should the people not share in the public credit also ?
But they will not share in anything really beneficial to them , unless they unite and demand it with firmness , discretion , and resolution . This would be the commencing point , if the people had a government of their own choosing , to-morrow ; and it woul d not even be commenced , then unle « s the people _wejj understood the measures , and had the will to work out their emancipation . Let no man suppose that , because we address ourselves at present pait ' _cularl y to the trades , that therefore the movement will bd
National Organisation Of Trades. To The ...
of a circumscribed or limited character . On the contrary , if it succeed—and we have strong hopes of its success-it will then be found to be of a more comprehensive and powerful character than it may , perhaps , at present appear . To do that effectually , ff e must first put the now-existing and powerful machinery of the organised bodies of Trades' Unions in motion . They are responding to the call of the delegates in London , in a manner tbat inspires hopes for the complete success of the movement . Last week we added one thousand to our ranks— -viz ., one society of tailors , _' and another of bootmakers ; and three others of the most numerous societies in the metropolis have each summoned a general of a circmnscribed or limned _^ . con-
meeting upon the subject , and we are informed others are about to take similar steps . But the Trades in the provinces must also do their duty . The delegates will , no doubt , address them shortly , and explain what may appear to them best calculated to secure their co-operation . In the meantime , the Trades in any town , who are desirous at once of giving tbeir aid to the Trades of London , can communicate their desire to the seeretary , at the Craven Head , _Drury-lane , who wilt give them ali information required . And bear in mind , it is to you , men of the Trades , that the accomplishment of this great work chiefly belongs . Alfred A . Walton .
Despotism In Ireland. The Following Is A...
DESPOTISM IN IRELAND . The following is a copy of the communication from the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland to the Secretary for the Home Department , which the Marquis of Lansdowne , in the House of Peers , and Lord John Russell , in the House of _Commens , presented to parliament on Friday nigbt , and which Mr . J . O'Connell was prevented from alluding to on Monday , in the House of Commons : — 'Dublin Castle , Jan . 26 . '
Sir ,--As the period is now approaching when the act of the llth and 12 th Victoria , cap . 35 , by which tha Habeas Corpus Act was suspended in thi 3 country , will expire , I feel it my duty to bring under the consideration of her Majesty ' s government the reasons which induce me to recommend the continuance of that law for a further limited period . It was with deep regret that , ou a former occasion , I felt myself compelled to ask for the enactment of this measure , but circumstances have since fully confirmed my opinion ofits urgent necessity , and I can have no doubt that the course then adopted by her Majesty ' s government , and the moral effect produced by the almost unanimous support which the bill received in parliament , mainly con * tributed to the suppression of the rebellious movement whieh unhappily broke out in this country .
? While availing myself of the extraordinary power confided to me by the act , it has been my earnest endeavour to limit its operation as far as possible , and to confine the deprivation of personal liberty to the cases of those individuals who were actually engaged in treasonable designs , or who , by encouraging the disaffected , endangered the peace and tranquillity of the country . No instance occurred of any arrest taking place except on sworn
informations ; no person was retained in custody longer than the public safety appeared to require ; and although the number of individuals whom it was ray painful duty to place in temporary confinement was considerable , having amounted in all , at different times , to about 120 , yet , considering the extent to which treasonable organisation bad been carried , not only in the metropolis , but in several counties of Ireland , the number can hardly be said to exceed wbat might bave been anticipated .
' The secrecy afforded by the enforcement of the law , and the conviction that it ' s provisions would only be applied against tbose whose conduct had rendered their detention absolutely necessary , has been felt by the community at large ; and the restoration of order ill place Of that which , ! or a time was a reign of terror , has been hailed with universal satisfaction . But , on the part of those engaged in the late treasonable movement , no indication whatever of sorrow or repentance for their misdeeds had been observed . Their regret is confined to their failure , and their hopes are directed to a more successful isseue on tba first favourable opportunity ; nor is there any reason to believe ( and upon this point I have collected information from various persons on whose jud gmen t and local knowledge 1 could rely ) that the recent
orderly conduct of the people in tbe districts where disturbances prevailed or were threatened , proceeds from any improved reeling as regards either the law or the Executive Government , The total absence of support ofthe authorities in tbeir endeavours to suppress insurrection , the renewed attempt at rebellion in the vicinity of the town where the leaders of the movement were being brought to justice , and the disregard of proclamations requiring the surrender of arms , are facts which indicate that , however the failure of past attempts at insurrection may bave weakened the confidence of the disaffected , the feeling which gave rise to and encouraged that movement still remains unchanged , and would again become active upon any occasion that appeared to offer even a distant prospect of success .
• It is true that any future attempt at rebellion will be much discouraged by the failure of those which have passed , and the originators of any new agitation will have none of the prestige of success to aid , and much of the sense of the past discomfiture to damp their exertions ; but still this country bat been too long trained to a system of agitation to be at once weaned from such a course , and nothing but a continued enjoyment of that peace which the absence of all political excitement bas now created , the improved habits it will generate , and the social advantages it will not fail to produce , can save Ireland from wasting her energies in the strife of rival factions , instead of exerting them by industry for the improvement of tbe country .
• It is to secure for Ireland this continued repose which is so vitally essential to her prosperity , to protect the country from the renewal of an agitation for objects that cannot be attained , and which for many years has disturbed its tranquillity , scaring away capital , destroying confidence , and rendering impossible the steady application of industry , that I desire _Btrongly to impress on her Majesty ' s Government the importance of applying to Parliament for a renewal of those powers which the llth and 12 th Victoria , c . 35 , placed at the disposal of the _Execucive Government in Ireland . I am well aware of the grave responsibility I incur by this recommendation , and it is with extreme repugnance that I venture to ask for the renewal of an act , which infringes the
constitutional rights of any portion of her Majesty ' s subjects , but I think I should fail in my duty if , from any personal feelings of my own , I hesitated to state the facts which I know to be correct , or to recommend the course which I conscientiously believe fo be necessary ; and if her Majesty ' s Government should see fit to propose , and Parliament to sanction , the renewal of this act , I trust the manner in which it has hitherto been carried into effect will be an earnest that its future administration will be marked by leniency and justice . « I am , Sir , with great truth and regard , * Your obedient servant , * Clarendon . 'The Right Hon . Sir George Grey , Bart ., & c . '
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THE EXTRAORDINARY _PROPERties of tliis medicine are thus described by an eminent physician , who says : - " After particular observation of the action of Park ' s Tims , I am determined , hfmy _ophuon , that flic following are their true properties : — - 'First _^ -Thev increase the strength , _-nhUst most other mD _« 3 icine 7 have a _-vea-W- » s effect upon the system . Lot any one take from three to four or six pills every twenty four hours , and , instead of having weakened , they wiU , he found to have revived the animal spirits , and to have unparted a lasting strength to the hody . " _Secondly-In tlieir operation they go direct to the disease . After you have taken six or twelve pills you will experience their effect ; thc disease- upon you . will become less nnd less hy every dose you take ; and if you will persevere in regularly _taldng from three to six pills every day , your disease _ivUI speedily be entirely removed from tlie ystfiin .
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SS « _W _^ S _^ traffic and _j-OJieral utility , . is it may b 0 had - _*«„ _, „ .. ?„ ¦ all cases of _sicknc _^ , with confidence in its _simS and in its power to produce relict' _I ' _uuiy , and TO LADIES . v , _S _? _' _^ _-f _' I . ' ? "V-, l > edaMy efficacious in all the variety of ailments incident to the fair sex . Ladies _ovenuat the most dehcate constitutions will ftid th ™ „ efk 3 rd both before and after confinement ; and for genera " use in _n ! d ? _hnd ; _r _^ ,, e t 0 ° stron _^ y recommended Thy m _. ldlyand speedily remove all Skin Eruptions Sallow andLrSno _^ _J-ZT 7 _? _^ _M _« ° _^ iX 5 gJ ' ' _tor-Suh-rity , or General Derange .
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TRY ERE YOU DESPAIR . HOLLOWAY * S PILLS . CURE OF ASTJfAfA . Extract of a Letter from Mr . Benjamin Mackie , a respect . 5 l A _* _i _' , dat _« enagh , near Loughall , Ireland dated September Uth , 1848 . ' Respected _Fiuekd , —Thy excellent PUls have effectually cured me of an asthma , which afflicted me for three years to such an extent that I was obliged to walk my room ut night for air , afraid of being suffocated if I went to bed bv cough and phlegm . Besides taking the Fills , I rubbed plenty of thy Ointment into my chest night and morning .-( Signed ) Besjamk * Mackie . —' To Professor HoLtowAT . CDHE OF TYPHUS FEVER WHEN SUPPOSED TO DE
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ON PHYSICAL DISQUALIFICATIONS , GENEHATIVE INCAPACITY , AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE . Twenty-fifth edition , illustrated with Twentv-Six Anatomical Engravings on Steel , enlarged to l 5 l > pages , price 2 s . Cd ; by post , direct from the Establishment , lis . ( id ,, in postage stamps _.
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 10, 1849, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_10021849/page/2/
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