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4 , ______ " THE IfliivMRlUi STAR, Octoh...
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TO LET, TS the Immediate vicinity of BATIT. a Garaen, coapris-;:!\L™rU of Three A«w of hichly cnltivattd with and
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_z_;_____7-^ • THE JS : 0KTHERN ' STAR. \ SATURDAY, OCTOBER 11, 1815. i
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PROOFS OF PROGRESS. THE "NEW DESTINY" OF...
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Co Sfteator* & com$onMtt»*
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Io Agents, Suhscribers, and Re aders. -!...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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4 , ______ " The Ifliivmrlui Star, Octoh...
4 , ______ " THE _IfliivMRlUi STAR , _Octohes 11 , 1845 . . :... - - - - ____^ .. " - _. . ¦ I- -I ¦ " ¦ _ii _"» _Mwt—¦ . _¦¦! _„_ i __ ¦¦ . ..= si _= 5 _^ rsri . . f ¦ ~ ¦ ¦ — ¦— : — : : ————•
To Let, Ts The Immediate Vicinity Of Batit. A Garaen, Coapris-;:!\L™Ru Of Three A«W Of Hichly Cnltivattd With And
TO LET , TS the Immediate vicinity of _BATIT . a _Garaen , _coapris-; : !\ L ™ rU of Three A « w of hichly _cnltivattd with and
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, _L _^ _uWtol Fruit Tree * _TegeWWes , and * _a » iM « " = p r in of excellent Water running _throu 0 'h it . Tbe _Jroauoo H dciightfiil . cad i _« dose proximity to the town raiders a ready _« 1 = ior the produce certain . "With or without the above , may be had an eligible and _wnubly _famUM _DwtUing-nouse , contiguou * thereto . Tnrthtr particulars may be obtained on application to JJr . William Young , Xiagara Cottage , Larkhall , Bath .
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TO TAILORS . Just published , LOSDOX and PARIS FASIIIOXS for the Autumn and Winter , 1 S 45 , hy T . GOOD , C , Couduit-street , _ite-eat-sweet , I _^ mdon . The most supei * b plate ever _publislied—19 figures , representing the most fashionable garments , particularly the new style paletot over-coats , both cingleand double-breasted , six patterns of garments—Tiz ., two sizes of _paletot , two dress coats , the Parisian style -rest -with shirts , and shooting vest ; full and particular report , kc , & c . Trice 10 s . Cd . for thc one season , or 20 s . for onejear , including an intermediate report , summer and winter , with every necessary information tbroughou : thcycar .
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TO THE EMBARRASSED . —IMPORTANT . THERE are thousands of persons who have struggled long against Hie force of misfortune , but few are aware that by a very recent Act all small traders owing _^ eb ls not exceeding £ 300 , farmers , and all others owing to any amount , can be entirely raised from their _difficulties at a email expense , and without imprisonment -or Bankruptcy- All sueh Ur . Weston begs will apply to liim at Hoira-chambers , 17 , _Ironinonger-iane , Cheapside , by letter or personally . _Persons summoned for small debts should apply _immediately , as they may thereby save themsrlves from frecaent and lengthened commitments to prison .
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TEETH . MASTICATION and Articulation Improved and Guaranteed . —Messrs . DAYIS , Surgeon-Dentists , TJ 3 , _Pall-tnaU , opposite tiic Haymarket , and 1 , New Uridge-street , corner of _Fleet-strset , continue to supply teeth , guaranteed never to discolour , break , or decay , and Sxed without springs or -wires , without extracting the old stump ; :, or giving any pain . A single tooth , 5 s . ; a set , £ 5 . loose teetli fastened . Scurry in the gums effectually cured . _Stopjnng decayed teeth . Price 4 s ., . Davis ' s _lUrmastican : all persons can use it themselves , as full directions are enclosed , and can be sent per post .
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COLOSSEUM . PATRONISED and visited by her Most Gracious MAJESTY and his Royal Highness Prince 1 BE 11 T . OPEN DAILY from Ten till Six . Proonnced by tbe Press , aud confirmed by every visitor < be the most perfect triumph of Art in its various tranches , lioth l > y Day and _Xiglit , tbat lias ever heen achieved . Equal to six exhibitions . The Glyptotheca , . containing works of the first artists ; Mont Blanc and Mountain Torrents , Superb -Conservatories , Gothic -Aviary , Classic Ruins and Fountains , Panorama of Xondon , re-painted by Mr . Parris , Ac Admittance , 3 s . Children , half-price . The Stalactite Caverns , the most magnificent of all the temples which nature has _liuilt for herself in the regions of night , Is . extra _.
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GREAT BRITAIN MUTUAL LIFE _ASSURANCE SOCIETY , 14 , _WiTEKtOO-PLACE , LOSDOK . DlRECTOaS . The Chisholm , Chairman . William Mbrley , ' Bsi \ ., Depviiy Chairman . Henry S . Barber , Esq . * James John Kinloch , Esq . John Brijrhtman , Esq . Henry _Lawsou , Esq . Francis llrodigan _, Esq . nenry Penny , Esq . _James-r 7 m . Deacon , Esq . Robert Power , Esq ., M . D . -Alexander It . Irvine , Esq . - The Rev . l \ W . Johnson John _Iuglis Jerdehi , Esq . _Yickeir , A . M .
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Thus , for example : —A person in the twenty . fifth year of his age , instead of paying £ 117 s . 64 . per annum for an Assurance of £ 100 , would be required to pay 18 s . 9 < L only during the first five years , when , on payment of the _ar--rears of Premium , amounting to £ 413 s . 3 d ., his share of the profits would be such as to reduce his future Annual -Premmms to very little more than the-half Premium of IBs 9 < L _originaBy paid by him . The Gbeat BniTAis is the only Mutual Assurance Society in which this very great accommodation is given to the Assured . Transfers of Policies effected and registered ( without charge ) at the Office . Claims on Policies not subject to be litigated or disputed , except with the sanction , in each case , of a General _Reeling of the Members , to be specially convened on the
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_lSDEPEKDEST ORDER OF UNITED BROTHERS ( LEICESTER UNITY ) . IMPORTANT TO WORKING MEN . SELF-ISTEUEST being the first law of nature ( and through life we find this the one grand ruling principle—neither is it wrong , if not carried out to an improper extent ) , in these days of incertitude it behoves every man to have a thought for tbe future—to make some provision for the time of sickness , want of employment , and such like contingencies to which man is liable . The various societi ? s formed for this purpose are amongst -the foremost , _established by the philanthropist of aur day ; the greatest good has accrued from them ; but the most prominent stands the various Secret Orders ; the principle on which they are bound gives them a superiority aibovc all other similar institutions . Yarions are their
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CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY , AND THE NATIONAL _CUARTKU ASSOCIATION . THE Members and Friends ofthe above bodies are _respeitfullyin _« srmedtUatMr . T , M , Wheeler , tbe General _Secretarj _' , has removed to So . 1 , Crown-coutt , Dean-street , _Oxfuwl-street , to wliich place all communications for tbe s . _bovc Societies , must be _' iienccforth "ad . _dresstd . _Sub-Sicrttariex , and other _persoiiBwho mny have money to forward to Mr . * * A'liceler , _aTC _reqnciteilto make tlieir
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LESSONS IN MILLINERY AND 'DRESSMAKING . MADAME GALLIOS , 44 , New Hond-street ,-cont ! nucs her superior method of teaching the art of "Dress-Making . She undertakes to make persons of the smallest _capjM ? . ty proficient in Cutting , Fitting , and _Hxcouting , in the most finished style , in Sis Lessons , for One round . Her superior method can bc fully substantiated by references to pupils , and has never "been _equalled by any tompttitor . _ 53 _T Practice hours from eleven till four .
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_MINERS' ALMANACK , FOR lSi 6 . By Mr . William _Daniells . In tlie Press , and shortly will be . publishcd , THE MINERS' ALMANACK , for 1816 , containing Twenty-Four Pages , over and above the Advertisement Covert : ,
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IMPORTANT TO nEALTHY MEN FROM FORTY TO FIFTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE . The United PatriarcJis' Bcntfit Society , including Medical Attendance and Medicine . ' Enrolled and Empowered by Act of Parliament to extend over the United Kingdom . THE want of a Society of this nature must be evident to every person who may have neglected providing against the calamities of life in their youth . It is in Four Divisions , after the manner of the United Patriots ' , having tbe 6 ame Benefits , except tbat of _Lyings-in . This
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IMPORTANT TO WORKING MEN UNDER FORTY YEARS OF AGE . Look to the interests of yourselves and families ; hasten and join tliat flourishing institution , the " United Patriots' Benefit Society , " enrolled and empowered by Ad of Parliament to extend ova- the United Kingdom . THE Society is on a new , yet correct principle , and is the only Benefit Society legalised with the privilege of establishing branches , appointing sub-secretaries , having sub-committees , Ac . Look around at the numerous iincnrolled societies in particular , ever breaking up , and men , after being members from twenty to forty years , who
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£ s . d . £ s . d . In Sickness per week from ... 0 9 0 to 0 18 0 Death of Member 10 0 0 to 20 0 0 Death of Wife or nominee ... 5 0 0 to 10 0 0 "Wife ' s Lying-in ... ... 1 0 0 to 2 0 0 Loss hy Fire ... 10 0 0 to 15 0 0 Superannuation per week ... 0 4 0 to 0 C 0 Contributions per calendar _^ month for Sickness and > 0 14 to 027 Management . J Levies according to tlie demands on each division per quarter . Entrance according to age , from two shillings and eightpence to nine shillings and twopence . "Weekly Meetings at the London Society Ilouse , Brown Bear Tavern , Broad-street , Bloomsbury , every Tuesday evening , at eight o ' clock . Persons can enroll at the Society House any day by paying the entrance money . The following is a list ofthe Branches , Names or the Sub-Secretaries , Places of Meeting , and Co'mties situated in at present , forming limbs of this growiu _^ and gigantic Society , where persons can be entered any time by the Sub-Secretaries at their residence , or at the Branch nouses !—Atherstonc , "Warwickshire , Holly Bush Inn , Longstreet ; Sub-Secretary , V . Smith , Bingham ' s-row . Alchester , Warwickshire , Globe Inn ; Sub-Secretary , W . Spooner , Needlemaker . Bristol , Somersetshire , Angel Tavern , Highstreet ; St . Phillip ' s and Cannon Tavern , Camion-street , St . James ; Sub-Secretary , S . Jacobs , Bookseller , 18 , Upper Maudlin-street , St . Michael's-hill . Bath , Somersetshire , Grapes Tavern , Westgate-street ; Sub-Secretary , W . Young , 17 , Phillip-street . Burnham , Bucks , Sun Inn ; Sub-Secretary , B . Brittain , Chalvey . Blandfdrd , Dorset , T . Saunders , jun ., Upholsterer , Salisbury-street . Braintree , Essex , Temperance Coffee House ; Sub-Secretary , T . Handle . Coggeshall _, Essex , _Chappell Inn ; Sub-Secretary , J . Burrows , Upper Stoneliam-street . Davcntry , Northamptonshire , Lion and Lamb Inn , Market-place ; Sub-Secretary , G . _' Ashwell , Cabinet-maker , George-street . Halstead , Essex , White Horse Inn , Parsonage-lane ; Sub-Secretary , R . Payne , Silk . worker , Tan-yard . Hedgerley , Bucks , One Pin Inn ; Sub-Secretary , J . . Rose . Norwich , Norfolk , Coffee and Eating Rooms , Princesstreet ; Sub-Secretary , R . Howse , Fellmongers' Armsyard , Oak-street , St . Martin ' s . Pimlico , London , Builders' Arms , Vauxball-bridgeroad ; Sub-Secretary , T . Sawyers , Bookseller , 14 , St . Leonnrd-street , _Belgrave-road . Reading , Berks , Woolpack Inn , Broad-street ; Sub-Secretary , G . "W . "Wheeler , 80 , Coley . street . Reckwell Green , Somersetshire , Clock Inn , Bridge _, street ; Sub-Secretary , T . Hewett , North-street . Slough , Bucks , Rein Deer Inn ; Sub-Secretary , B . Brlttain , Bricklayer , Chalvey . Sudbury , Suffolk , Horn Inn , North-street ; Sub-Secretary , W . Outing , Tea Dealer , North-street . Sheffield , Yorkshire , Tliree Cranes Inn , Queen-street ; Sub-Secretary , Ci . Hall , 8 , Corn-lull . South Ockendon , Essex , Old King ' s Head Inn , High-Street ; Sub-Secretary , W . G . Horncastle , Commercial Academy . Wellington , Somersetshire , King ' s Arms Inn , Highstreet ; Sub-Secretary , W . Bowerman , Bootmaker , Rockwell-green , Wellingborough , Northamptonshire , Cross Keys Inn , High-street ; Sub-Secretary , C . Knight , Gardener , East End . "Windsor , Berks , Crispins' Inn , Thames-street ; _Sub-Secretaty , "W . S . _-Badcock , Carpenter , Love-lane . High Wycombe , Bucks , Bell Inn , Canall ; Sub-Seoretary , James Chapman , Temple End . "Wimbledon , _Sorrey , Castle Inn , Church-street ; Sub-Secretary , E . J . Holley , Painter , Ivy-place . Wenhaston , nearB : alesworth , Suffolk , Compasses Inn ; Sub-Secretary , Thomas _Tunnell , Academy , opposi te the Church . Blank forms and information for the admission of _eountry members can be obtained by applying to the Sub-Secretaries at their residences , or at the branch houses . Information for formin * bi ; _a nclles > appointing Sub-Secretaries , _4 c ., cano 8 obtained b letter , pre-paid , _enelosinsrpostage stamp forreturn letter ! o . r three Posta £ e stamps for farm , & c , directed to D . W . IU _* , ff y > General _Secretary , _twfa * Office , IS , _Tottenham-a . _'** _"' _' / _^ rPJWj St . Pancras .
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JUST PUBLISHED , BY W . DUGDALE , 16 , HOLYWELL STREET , _ST-RANB , fEB -WANDERING JEW , U . 6 U .. The NonpaTcil edition , being the onlyperftct translation of tli . _6-f __ imouk work . It contains 700 pages , and is illustrated with nuiseious plates from Gavtwui , "fcc . I'll . _ Oiy > c __ . c . _ says , "" It is a complete translation , and not a mere abridgment , and the sp irit of thc original is fullj observed throughout . " All the other editious , purporting to be complete , do not contain one-half ot this , and the'printing and paper are of _tirst-nitc quality . Also , uniform , with the -above , and by the same author , HV ROHAN ; -OK , THE COURT CONSPIRATOR , _Seiv _-i _** s . ; bound , 2 s . ( id . ; containing more than the 3 vol ' 'U ' . ioa puUisked nt £ 1 Us . Gd . This is one of the most intensely interesting of all Eugene Sue ' s historical romances . THE MYSTBR 1 ES Of PARIS , 960 . pages , 50 ongravings , only _*» . bound . May be bad of all bookseller * . "
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JUST PUBLISHED , In one volume , foolscap 8 vo ., neat cloth , price 7 s . 6 d ,, THE PURGATORY OF SUICIDES A Prison Rhyme _; in Ten Books . BY THOMAS COOPER , THE CHARTIST . J . How , Publisher , 132 , Fleet-street . _tFF Orders from the Country to be sent through tbe Booksellers . MR . COOPER ' S NEW WORK . To be Published early in November , in 2 vols ., 12 mo ., Price Fourteen Shillings ,
_Z_;_____7-^ • The Js : 0kthern ' Star. \ Saturday, October 11, 1815. I
_ _z _;_____ _7- _^ THE JS 0 _KTHERN ' STAR . \ SATURDAY , OCTOBER 11 , 1815 . i
Proofs Of Progress. The "New Destiny" Of...
PROOFS OF PROGRESS . THE "NEW DESTINY" OF THE WORKERS . We have often had to note the numerous proofs that every-day experience now affords , of the utter breaking up of old political parties and distinctions ; and have had to remark on the new organization evidently going on , where the friends of labour and the assertcrs of its claim to be " FIRST partaker of the fruits , " are ranged on oue side ; and the antagonist force , —those who hold that " Capital is justified in availing itself of every means to keep down thc price
of labour , " and who maintain in all their mtegrity _the dehumanizing dogmas of the pensioned Mamiius , are ranged on the other . As a consequence of this wreck of old opinions ,, the term Whig has lost the meaning that attached to it but a few years ago , when it designated the party who were opposed to a " stand-still" policy , and who reprobated the insulting sentiment— "theland we live in : those who do not like it , damn them let them leave it ; " and it is far even from meaning what it did in 1830-35 , when the martial-law coercion of the " grumbling" Irish , and the " reduction of the English to live on a coarser
sort of diet" were its chief end and aim . AW the term Whig merel y describes the remnant of an old faction , ranged under the leadership of Lord John Russell , waiting on events—and changing their shape and opinions to suit the altered "form and pressure of the times . " Accordingly we have Lokd John himself an advocate for the principle of _restricting the hours of toil , and for the due regulation and protection by law of those who arc otherwise unable to protect themselves : and this too in the teeth o _* his former professions and actions as a Minister of thc down : and hence , too , we have many who
formerly were Whigs of thc first water , —when "Whiggisin was but the synonyme for Malthusianism , —forsaking the error of their ways , and walking in thc new light which opens up the path to true national glory through the aggregation of happy and independent individualism . As another consequence , Toryism , as it existed even in 1 S 17 , has become extinct . No longer do wc hear the insulting denial of grievances—nor the supercilious expression of contempt on those who seek needful reforms . No longer do we find armed bodies of yeomanry endeavouring to put down thc voice of complaint by the
newlysharpened sabre , wielded by a drunken hand , as at Peterloo : and no longer have we applications for the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act , that the dungeons may be filled without the intervention of judge or jury . No longer have we the passing of SIX ACTS—or power-of-imprisonment bills , to be followed by Bills of Indemnity for acts of tyranny even greater than those authorised by the despotic laws of the Tory reign of terror ; nor have we any longer the expatriation of a Mum , a Palmer , a Skirving , and a Gerald , for holding the principles of Reform . Those days arc passed away—gone ;
never to return : and with them has gone also the spirit of cruel , despotic , rampant Toryism , as "embodied" in a party . "With Toryism has also departed Protestant ascendancy . One by one has the penal laws against the Roman Catholics disappeared from the statute book , till there hardly remains one sample of a former sanguinary and truly despotic code . So complete has been the change with respect to thc once all-powerful Tory faction , that the modern adherents to a portion of its " principles" became absolutely ashamed of thc name ; and they transmuted it into that of Conservative—a name whicli at once indicated the rejection of the '* stand-still policy : " for instead of pleading for " things as they are , "
the "Reform of all proved abuses" was the motto put on the new colours of the once Tory party . Conservatism , however , has , in its turn , been frittered away ; and such strange antics have been played by its heroes and their adherents , as to vender even the new designation , after so short a service , totally inapplicable to a political party . Like the "Whigs , the Conservatives are at sea , buffeted about by the waves of public opinion : and the once respective _adhcreuts of both sets of principles are making for the new haTcns opened up . one by the friends of labour , through the proper organization of industry ; and the other by the advocates for the more complete subjugation ollabour , through the unrestrained operation of capital on unprotcctedncss .
Amid all this breaking-up and re-marshalling of forces , none has been so distinct and so complete as the break-up of the Malthusian "feelosophy . " For a lime its novelty and its plausibility AS AN EXCUSE FOR TYRANNY , caused it to be received with acclaim by the richer _closes : those who needed some _reason to justify their "holding" vast _poesesslooe , -a & 'l increasing in substance . and wealth with every tour ;; while the mass of _society , —those who did all _the-. work , and caused . all the . weaiih to Jre _TOJ dct « ap _, H _£ ing in condition , and _«* re
Proofs Of Progress. The "New Destiny" Of...
forced to drink the cup of-squalid misery to the lery dregs . "Willi these a " _philosopliy " which _Pretended to show that the evils of our social state werethe -result of nature's laws , and not of man ' s imperfect institutions , was clearly a god-Heiid ol _ineetimaWe value : and as such it was hailed by many , who were joyed at the opportunity of silencing the _coroplainte of the dissatisfied with an " axiom in political economy . " In an incredible short space of time this " p hilosophy" was the leading feature of the age ; and a bold attempt was mado to thoroughly incorporate it into our laws . ' At first we
had nibblings at the old principles therein engrained am \ then we had a . bodily _cft ' ert to _upset thc superstructure of right in our old Poor Laws , and thoroughly legalise the new doctrine , which denied the right of thc poor to liberty and life . That effort , however , proved to be the deathknell of Malthusianism . "While thc ' ¦ feelosophy " was but a theory , it served well enough for controversial displays of argument : and full toleration was accorded to the holders of the doctrine : but when its odiousness and cruelty , and savagencss , came to be manifested in practice , the whole nation revolted nt
the hell-born exhibition of " Christian love . " From that day Malthusianism was doomed . The tide of natural feeling set in against it , and carried away one after another of its once powerful advocates . The well-directed efforts of Dickens , and Hoon , and JimiiOLD , in a guise which attracted thc notice of even the richer classes ; efforts made to uphold the natural sympathies of our race , and give them a direction in favour of the helpless and the outcasts , were attended with all-success , spite of thc brilliancy and plausibility of thc eloquent but superficial _Bulwhr . The mind of society was forced into the conflict ; for it was one in which there could not bc
indifference or halting : and the result has been that Malthusianism is routed—put to flight . Even a Sii James Graham has , in his Alw-Now Poor Law , been obliged to eat his principles , and introduce clauses which directly negate those on whicli "feelosophy" so unseemly prided itself , when the New Poor Law was enacted . The legislative adoption _e-f the new doctrine has been withdrawn ; the public condemnation has followed on every manifestation ofthe "feelosophical "
principle in practice ; and many of thc once stout defenders of the theory are now avowed pleaders for the right of the poor to livb in the land of their 'birth : therefore Malthusianism has run thc length of its tether—has had its brief day of existence . In a little time there will be but the record to tell that it has once been—and that men were so Winded by their own imaginary self-interest , as to be led to adopt its hard-hearted doctrines , and to introduce and defend its iron practices .
Amid all these conversions from thc advocacy of Malthusianism to a healthier state of mind , and to the recognition of justcr principles , there is none that has afforded «* greater pleasure than that of the Messrs . Chambers of Edinburgh . Forced , as they have been , by circumstances , into a position to do cither immense good or harm throughout society , it is important that the power they possess should bc exerted in aid of the truth—and not in support of error . Turning out a ? they do their " twelve millions of sheets" during the year , they are powerful auxiliaries to any cause that may secure their _i
advocacy . T his we have often felt , and ever bitterly deplored , when their vast machinery wns set in motion to popularize Malthusianism , and to aid the unholy efforts of capital to render labour thoroughly subservient to its aggrandisement . It was really painful to see periodicals which professed to eschew " all politics" pleading for the worst school of politic ? , and doing their utmost to inculcate the notion that the evils which pressed the workers into thc earth were natural ones , and admitted not of remedy . All this the Chambers's have dono—dono it . for years _ until it was as notorious that they were ofthe hard
school ' of what Cobbett called " Scotch philosophy " as ., it was that they published their Journal . Now , however , thoir opinions are changed . Now they no longer look on the condition of the workers as one irremediable—only capable of partial amelioration through education and moral elevation . Now they no longer regard the unfettered employment of capital and thc aggrandisementof capitalists , as thc bc-alland the end-all of existence . Now they no longer regard the producing mass as doomed to labour
incessantly FOR OTHERS , catching of their own productions as small a SHARE as an active labourcompetitien and thc all graspingncss of capital will leave them . Now they recognise a more cheeringa more hopeful—a more blessing-scattering philosophy . In the signs of thc times they see thc dawning of a new eestiny for the producers of wealthwherein their condition will be more in accordance with the nation ' s means , and with their own justlydirected efforts to give those moans a rightful
application . And , what is better still , the _Cuamders do not hesitate to proclaim their conversion to tho new faith . They do not seek to hide their new light behind a bushel . They freely speak of the hope that has been excited within them ; and tell of the riddance of thc fears , as to man ' s progression , which formerly cramped the mind . This is as it should be . It is the best mode by which , they can atone for former errors , and the mischief they may havo occasioned bv thc pertinacious propagation of those
errors . Some two months ago we called attention to an article which appeared in their Journal breathing quite a different spirit , and having a far nobler purpose , than many of tlieir former articles in relation to the working classes , their wages , and their efforts to ameliorate their condition . The article in question was ou the subject of " short time ; " and well did it contrast-with the tract— " the Employer and thc Employed "—whicli a few months before issued from the same press . The latter was a most insolent attempt to make the miserable and the starving
contented with their " position" in life , because ai was afforded them that capital could spare ; and the former was an eloquent pleadiug for the helpless victims of our money-getting system—showing that even on tho score of gain itself , _overworking the human animal is a " mistake , " to say nothing oi " the higher considerations that should influence the decision on such a question . On that occasion we pointed out the great change that was observable in the " philosophy" taught by Chambers ' s Journal ; and we then even hailed them into the field as coworkers for labour ' s emancipation from the thraldom whicli the present system has imposed .
It i 3 with high gratification that we now call attention to another remarkable article from the same pages . On this occasion it is impossible for mistake in relation to authorship to be made . In general the names ofthe contributors ofthe articles in Chambers ' Journal are not given : and thus a difficulty is experienced in ascertaining whether the sentiments of a paper arc acquiesced in hy the conductors ; or rather which are their own productions ; and which the productions of others . It is true that they arc responsible for all opinions they put forth , as far as publication goes : but still there is a wide d ifference
between the publication of the opinions of your neighbour , and the direct inculcation of your own by means of thc press . For instance . there is reason to believe that the tract— ' * The Employer and the Employed" — _was not written by either William or Robert Chahheus * , but still , as publishers , thev were identified in Borne degree with the sentiment ' s and object of the writer . At least they were aiding the writer , either knowingly or _ignorantl y _, in his attempt to inculcate false princi ples , and tolibel the
character of the producers . A gain : it was not apparent that thc article on " short time" which wc extracted on the occasion above alluded to , was from ihe pen of either of the above-named gentlemen . Iudeed it is likely it was not ; but from Mr Simp-S , of Edinburgh , whose efforts to force on public attention the questions of Education and Sanatory Reform hare been unceasing . But on the present occasion there canlx . no doubt . Here wo have the sentiments witk ihe name ; and hero wc have the avowal ef a new fcuth . gLv . iqg rise t * bright and glow-
Proofs Of Progress. The "New Destiny" Of...
ing _h-spes , / instead < ef the cold and chcerlea * " philosophising * " of _JSalthus with which we used to be dosed . For sometime it has been tho custom ofthe Messrs . _'Cumiukus to give au aunual soiree , or entertainment , to the persons in their employ , at which , after tea has been partaken , speeches aro made by both employers and employed . The other day the meeting for the present year was held : and it was at that meeting , speaking in his own proper person
that Mr . Rohkut _Cuamukus gave utterance to the sentiments we are now about to set before the reader-We _cxtraet the Report from Chambers ' s _Journal o ' September Cth ; premising that after a speech from Mr . Wm . Chamrehs , setting forth the extent of their establishment , and thc arrangements made in it for the comfort ofthe employed ; and , after thc delivery of an address in reply , by one of thc working compositors , Mr . Robeiit _Ciiambeks delivered an address , or essay , on the condition of thc working classes , as follows :-
—1 . My friends—I would take thisopporlunity of making a few _teinarks on the condition aud prospects of the working-classes . I mean to bc Tery sliort , fur tliis is not an occasion when patience is to be expected for long speeches or dissertations . 2 . That discontent with their position and share ofthe profits of _indusiry prevails very generally , niiiongr the working classes , is too obvious a fact to require being hem insisted on . It is less hcsird of at present than it mis two or three _yeaig ago , _beciiuce at _pretunt almost every man iitfor work is in good employment , und thero is accordingly little immediate sense of bunUiiip . But the existence of a deep and settled feeling of discontent is nevertheless true , and it is to tliis that 1 am to address
myself on thc present occasion , Now , I not only admit the fact of the discontent , hut I believe that it is not without cause . Hut I think , at the same time , that there 13 a right as well as a _nrong way of expounding ami arguing upon the cute of the working-classes , as _against the rest of society , and thc _employing class in particular . I also believe that mvchofuhalthe _workiug-cuutes complain of is tstenliuUyconnecUd , u . i _> h _thv present f !< i (« of toddy , and only can be remedied ( 'ji / uvoui * _afcirtattitudul _i < _Mj . i _* ot _* e ! iic * _l » , which it will require _tiui-.- to ti _. ' cet . 'flic a . i alignments between masters and tliur people _partaUe of that _imperfection which may bc s « iui . > _ghiinu'iviisi , ' nil existing institutions , through the ignorance aud _prtjudices _. of man , and which itis the gniBd _olji-ct ofthe wise and good of this ag <; to remove .
3 . The position ol the _workiug-classes is now , like many other things , in a transition st ;; te . They were once slaves , afterwards retainers ; now they are free workmen . This is the highest point which they have as yet been able to _reach in any country ; but we may fairly expect shut this is not to be their ultimatum . It cannot be—if they improve , and society improve with tlum . It is com . mon to express doubts if the last move of the workers , namely , that from the retainer to the free operative , lias been an improvement . I would class this notion with that which asserts the beatitude of our quondam West India , slaves and deplores their being brought to tho miseries attendant upon emancipation . It seems sad for the working-man to lack that kindly protection wliich lie enjoyed from his feudal master . Such protection , I
grant , was well in its own time , when there could bo nothing better . But does it never occur to the scions of Young England that there is aver * , - alarming resemblance _uetweet _. tlie . \ w 6 UctUm wlilcU a baron _extended to liis servants , and that which ho extended to lhe animals which equally served him his horses , and his dogs ! Do they not see that , when one man assumes even thc position ef a protector over another , he degrades that other person ? i ' or my part , I _nm totally unable to see what right any human being has to act the protector towards another . No—upon all such relations as this , I cannot but think the present position ofthe independent labourer a great improvement . Ten times rather let me have my stipulated wages aud no more—even though I never once interchange a word with my master—than have him
pretending to a right to take care of tne , as if , forsooth , I were such a child ns to be unable to take care of myself . In the one condition , the manly virtues must shrink and die ; the other tends to elicit self reliance , aud is the needful step to something better . There may , however , be much kindly feeling between employers and thc most independent of labourers . My brother and I , for example , while wc respect tho independence of our co-operators , are not on that account tho less friendly with them , I believe , ' on the contrary , that there is a purer kind of good-will between us , from the very fact that each party is independent of the other . Our mutual good feelings are the more nearly thoso which exist between equals in the common world . Any interchange of civility stands the more clear of all imagination of an inferior motive .
4 . I regard , then , the position of the independent working-inan us a poiut in progress . It is something better than anything which has been before , wanting , no doubt , some of those pleasant _lookiug features which marked the condition of the retainer , but more than making uc for this by pucularities of its own ; anyhow it is a point in progress . Now , the first question is , iu what light aro wc to regard this position ? It seems to me that the great error of those who write upon the subject , is in treating it as a final position , as if the system of hibb were , a thing so perfect that it could never bo changed for anything else , and as if we had nothing to do but consider by what means thc relation of hirer and hired could be made as agreeable to both parties , and as fruitful of good results _;> s possible . To me , tho fact that workers
have gone through various phases , already denotes that they arc only now going through another phase , and that there are still other phases through wliich to puss . The world is altogether a system of flux and change . Nothing s amis still : new combinations and developments are constantly taking place . With fresh generations come fresh idling , and dogmas in political and moral philosophy , which arc the worship of one age , become thescoii ' of auotltcr . I therefore expect that amongst the improvements of the future , there is to be one regarding the relations of the directors and the _executors of labour . To obtain some inlion of what this is to be , the rcudiost course is to consider what ave the leading defects and evils ofthe present arrangements , for it will bc in the removal of these that thc chief change will take place .
5 . What I think is mainly to be complained of in the present system , is that it tends to send oft thc hirers and hired in tivo different directions—the one towards a high intellectual tension aud an elevated moral state , along with the possession of great wealth and the consequent enjoyment of great luxury , and the other towards a condition the reverse iu all respects . The master , exposed to so many risks , obliged to watch every opportunity of obtaining any advantage in tlie mercantile world , his mind kept ever on the stretch to devise thc most economical means of conducting his operations , necessarily has his faculties called into high exercise . Tlie opportunities he has for the profitable employment of additional capital , prompt him to be self-denying and prudent , even for the better gratification of his acquisitiveness ; and thus be
advances as a moral being , and as a manofwcalth . it the same time . How stands it on the other hand with the workman ? He 1 ms a limited and monotonous range of duties . His intellectual resources arc accordingly not brought into full use . Or he is condemned to severe physical exertion , whicli leaves the mind languid and inert , and thus equally he remains in a low intellectual state . To state the matter in perhaps its least unpleasant shape , the master is often oppressed with his intellectual duties , while the mind of ihe workman is starved for want of anything beyond routine to occupy it . Workmen , again , having in general a iixedposition andincome , and hardly any expectation of ever rising out of it , are not under the Slime temptations which the masters are , to pursue a frugal and self-denying course , and to cultivate
character . Human nature has not such fair play in their case . It wants the moral land-marks , beacons , and paradises of reward which are planted around the course of the master . Generally speaking , the _working men of a country will be of the average intellect . Here , then , wc have the ordinary grade of intellects _placed by a mere social arrangement—an institution of man ' s making—in the circumstances least favourable to moral development and edification . And docs not the actual state of matters tally only too well with these assumed causes ? There surely can bc no offence in _sayin- that while there is one class of workmen , such as our own here assembled
, who conduct themselves respectably , and actually arc at this moment tending upwards , there is a still larger class who give themselves little trouble about decent appearances , or anything beyond the gratification of immediate sensual wants . I see the condition of this class , and also such causes for it , that blame on the general point is out ofthe question ; wc must feel that we arc called upon , not to rebuke or condemn , but by subtracting the cause , to abolish thc effects . We roav preach for ever about the want of foresight and prudence m this class , but till we place them in favourable instead of unfavourable circumstances , we shall make no ffreat progress in their reformation . * _" *
6 . My idea is , that through the general progress ofthe nation m moral conditions , and the particular progress of the working classes themselves , not even excepting tlie least _yossiWe section of them , we shall in time reach a point when the Independent worker will advance into something more dignified still . He will pass into a new phase , as much in advance from the present as the present is an advance from the retainer , or the retainer from the slave . I foretell this change , because I have such a faith m thc reason and benevolence comprised in our nature , that I believe every error in social polity and every obstacle to the perfect harmony of man with man , must in time bc removed . In thc new state , thc workers would need to have a more particular interest iu the
success ofthe concerns with which they are con nected . Their application , their skill , their Rood behaviour , would need to depend , not on the present inducements , which I think inadequate for the eeneralitv but on their sense of their own _particularinterests ' Their fate should be , like that of masters , _eiDresslv de ' pendent , and that to the minutest degree , on the M'S they acted Thus we mi ght expect their moral and intellecualbeingtobeful ' y developed . The condition ot masters , or directors of labour , would also be improved ; for though there might be less of mere command , there would be more ef mutual kindness , and all harass ! ment about tho duty ofthe worker would be spared , as each man would be a master ' s eye to himself .
7 . As , in order to attain this means of a large advance , there must in the first place be a certain lesser advance through tue operation of weaker causes , we are not to
Proofs Of Progress. The "New Destiny" Of...
look for any change as tobe immediately realized , except , perhaps , in partial experiments under' unusually favourable circumstances . Men are naturally ' prepowicsRod _. for what ie , in preference to what only might be . Sop can tbey be iustantly forced by any arguments out of _uucl . _prejudices . We must wait for timo to imbue them wick better views , or to replace the old and impracticable witk new aud better meu . We must wait till tho _woi-kmuu themselves have , through external moral meting , been fitted for entering upou improved arrangements with their masters . Patience is necessary ; fur the life of the individual is in no relation whatever to tbe chronology of great moral revolution * . But is there not much in the
meantime to make this lingering endurable ? Everywhere throughout Dritiiin , the attention of the bent intellects it arrested by the condition of _theinnssus . Evils are seen and acknowledged . Men , witkoift regard toparty or sect , express themselves with kindly _sympathy , regarding the sons of toil . The use of any ungracious language towards them , such as statesmen and wits ia . dulgediu fifty years ago , would now bo resented by aU . Mensurei areiu contemplation forpractieal improvements bothin _thepbyricul and moral stateof the workiug-classes It may indeed lie said that tho condition of _tln-M , _classes is the great question of this age : it is on * which teems
likely iu a little while to absorb all others . Cau we then doubt that the present system of things will , in the eoune ofafewyears . be visited with at least great ameliorations t There is here , 6 urely , some consolation for the . ee . rn . plaining panics ; some reason why they should sit nut altogether without trust and hope under the evils wliich they feel to be besetting their state . Even iu that general moral advance which distinguishes the present age , they may read the promise of better things for themselves ; for itis impossible _thalioeiety at largecouldbemuchmort Jkt . ix . _ i _ . iscd than it is , and yet admit of the present umiititfaetom re . _lations bilieten . the industrious orders and tho m £ of the community .
8 . 1 have nowdeliveredmysclf of the thoughts wliich have for sonic time been in my mind with regard to tlio condi . tion and prospects of the working classes . To some thev will appear visionary ; to myself _tlwy mi ght Imve done so a few years ago ; but men are forced , by circumstances emerging in the course of time , to modify tlieir views . I have thought it best to come frankly out with these ideas , such as they arc ; i ' or , so presented , they at least convey to you a true sense of what one person , and lie one to Whom such matters are not new , hns concluded upon with respect to a great question . I finish , therefore , by askingfor _iny speculations that toleration wliich 1 am myself willin g to allow to all those win * tkink with sincere good intentions , and pronounce with candour and courtesy .
How unlike the philosophy of the famous—or rather , i . _i-famous—tract , " the Employer and the Employed , " is the philosophy embraced in thc above excellent address . An admission of a fact is made in the first set-out , which the tract was written to deny : the existence of a cause of discontent in the workers , even in the most " prosperous" of times : in other words , that the SHARE ofthe workman is far from what it ought to be ; and that he ought never to rest contented until such sociai , _AnnAKCEUKsis are brought about as will secure to himself a more cqni table " SHARE" than he at present receives .
In paragraph 3 , Mr , Chambers takes a just view of the present position of thc worker , in contrast with that of thc " retainer , " and again with that of the " serf . " Viewed iij relation to proqbkss , and as a necessary step towards something better and higher than the world has yet seen , the workers ' present position will bear advantageous comparison with tho two former states from which they have passed ; but viewed in relation to actual condition ; t 0 comfort nnd amount of care bestowed on them , tlie contrast is nota favourable one . The tie of intcmt in the
conditionof the " serf" and thc " retainer , " has been snapped ; and interest now is to give as little as can be helped , regardless ofthe fact whether the amount given will furnish food and clothing , or not . This is one of the evils that has attended on the present development of the "independent " system ; audits cure is to bo sought , —not in a return to " serfage " or " retainership , " but in aiming for that higher development of "independence" which will uot leave any one class at the mercy or under the care or absolute control of any other class .
How well docs Mr . Chambers put his point , in relation to "individual protection . " Every assumption of ixditidual pnomcTio . v is a DEGRADATION to the protected . How true ! And what a way does that sentiment go ! If " no human being has a right to act tho part of protector towards another , " no human being has a right to legislate for another , or exact other obedience from him than he is free and willing to give . In that one sentence is embodied the whole political philosophy relative to the rights of man . Would that it were universallyrecognised nnd embodied in practice . ' wc should then sec a far different social world from that which nowoffends the moral sense !
In the fourth paragraph we havo the real _quustiox _, as it _afFects the workers , opened out . Parties talk of the evils of immense accumulation on one hand , and of bitter penury on the other , as inseparable from the social system ; as bound up in our "hi gh state of civilisation , * " as necessary and irremediable . " The error proceeds , " says Mr . Cham _, _uers , " from treating the present position of the worker as a final one—as if the system of HIRE lucre a thing so perfect , that it could never bc changed for _anythinq else . " This is the error : and the
pointing out of that error by Mr . Chambers is of itself a proof that a knowledge of that error cannot long bc absent from the minds of all who are forced front position to consider thc question . Great credit is due to Mr . Ciiambkus for the boldness he has displayed in thus going to the root of thc evil . The question of HIRE has hitherto been most gingerly touched by all our political economists and social tinkers : for they have long been aware that in that question was bound up the whole of our present landed and commercial system . Mr . Chambers , however , approaches it ; and even indicates the possibility of HIRING
being dispensed with . Glorious anticipation ! May the knowledge necessary for its realisation roll onward , even as the tide of the ocean , till not a dry bono on tho boaeh be left untouched . With tlic abolition of HIRE will go slavery of body : and till HIRE is so abolished , to talk of freedom in awj other than a relative or comparative sense , is to mock ourselves with , lrigli-soundiug phrases—wanting the substance .
This subject wc commend to thc attention of the workers themselves . In the above address they will h ' nd much whicli it behoves them to deeply consider . Let them particularly dwell on the faith and hope expressed in paragraph 8 ; and let them take heart , and renew their exertions to bring about the hupp ) period therein shadowed forth . The fact that such a faith has been avowed , and such hopes gircn expression to , by one so influential in Ms class , ought
to inspire them with new hope , and lead to redoubled effort . Thc principles tlicy have given life and being to , are thus seen making their way _throug hont society . They have taken root even where wc had cause least to expect tlieir appearance . Let the workers therefore persevere : and the new p hase of pkocress , —as much in advance ofthe present system as the present is of serfdom , —will soon niaiiil ' cst ; it selt . ItEAI , INDEPENDENCE IS tlie prize oftlicil * hig h calling : let them labour so as to fit themselves to obtain it . '
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Io Agents , _Suhscribers , and Re aders . - ! ' 0 ' some time after our location in the metropolis . we , were inconvenienced by having the paper machined away from the printing-office wl _' cre was " set . " This arose from thc mAw _^ _* had at Leeds having to be removed and re-ere cte _. Much disappointment to thc readers was the tfmsequence , both in bad printing and latea " _"***** Another cause of delay was in having the prm
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 11, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_11101845/page/4/
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