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, „ m . „ Septembeb 13, 1845. THE NORTHE...
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Sffrinilture a«r*0rttaittm&
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Ibr u^ WeWwrn^nang iSmday, Scpt.lSih, 18...
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AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION. SECOXD LECTURE...
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ASinoNo Breeze amokg we Holt Fbiai?8.—A ...
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TEN HOURS. ', i; to'THB editor or the uo...
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ExiRAOnMNARY BALLOON ASCENT FROM CrEMORN...
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ExrEniMESTAn Tmrs on the .Crotbon Atmosp...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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, „ M . „ Septembeb 13, 1845. The Northe...
, _„ . _„ _Septembeb 13 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR . _____ _^ _==== _* _====-= _^^
Sffrinilture A«R*0rttaittm&
_Sffrinilture a « _r * 0 rttaittm _&
Ibr U^ Wewwrn^Nang Ismday, Scpt.Lsih, 18...
Ibr u _^ _WeWwrn _^ nang _iSmday , Scpt . lSih , 1843 . [ Extracted from a Jhiki ojActoal ' _fanti _™ _**** _- _amallfarmson theestates of thelateMrs . B . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model arms on the estates ofthe Earl of . Dartmouth at laithwaTle , iii Yorkshire , puhlished by Mr . . Nowell , of Farnlev Twts , near Huddersfieid , in order to guide other possessors of field-gardens , by showing them what kbours ought to be nridcrtaken on tfceir ' own lands . " The farms selected as models are—First . Two schoorfarms at "Willingdon arid Eastdean , of
five acrcscach , conducted by G . Crutteriden and John Harris . Second _^ Two private farms , of five or six acres : cue worked by Jesse Piper , tho other by John Dumbrell—the former , at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within ' a few miles of Eastbourae . Third . An . industrial school farm at Slaith-• waifce _^ Fourth . Several private model fawns near the _sameplacc . Tlieconsocutivcoperationsin these reports _uiE enable the curious reader to compare the climate _antl _asricultural -value of the south with the north of England . The Dust is aided by _"Xotesand Obser-¦ rations" from the pen of Mr . " _Lowell , calculated for the time and season , which , we subjoin .
" The culture of the ground is fiiy happiest state , O -man ! Envy not die possession of gold , silver , cr fine raiment—their Joys may not lie so great as _thise ; for these things le _« d » jnto sloth , and a life of slotlifalnese is prone te vanity and imaginings of evil . " . ' _aVoie . _—Tfaidtool farms are _cultivated tyboys , tvli » in return , fer three hours * teaching in the morning , give _tlirtc hours of their labour in Hie afternoon for the master ' s benefit , which , renders Vie schools _self-BCPPORcoJs . We believe that at Family _Tyat _tifa sevenths efthc produce af thc school farm will ie assigMdiothe boys , andoiK-ssventh totlte master _, who will _r-eotiuc the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate tlidr hoid , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , < fcc _, to convert their produce into BacoR , i _> y attending to pig-keeping , xvhich at Christmas may be divided , . after paying rent and levy ,
amongst them in proportion to tlieir services , and lemadctlius indirectly toreach tlieir parents in a way _ifKtmst grateful to theirfeelings . ] _4 p SUSSEX . _MdmAX—WilUngdoa School . Boys carrying out solid manure for winter tares after rye , for spring food . Eastdean School . ' _Sine boys digging and picking stones , rest gleaning with the farmers . riper . Digging up potatoes , and preparing ground for wheat .- ¦ ¦• - Dumbrell . Stacking stubble , hoeing turnips , thrashing wheat . _Qluesdix—IVilHngdon School .. Boys carrying manure out . Eastdean School . Boys gleaning the stubbles , digging the ground where the tare 3 were grown . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Carrying dang with the heifer , - hoeing turnips _^ thrashing wheat .
"WznsESDAT— Willingdon School . Boys digging up early potatoes . ' Eastdean School , Boys emptying the portable pails , and breaking leaves from the turnips . P < per . IIoeing turnips . Dumbrell . Raking stubble , thrashing and winnowing wheat , carrying dung with the heifer . Thbbsdat—WHttngdon School , Boys digging np early potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys _emptying the pigstye tank , carrying contents to the wheat _' stubble . Piper . Digging up potatoes , mixing up manure . Dumbrell . linking stubble , thrashing wheat , digging and carrying potatoes , and dung with the heifer .
T & isAr—Willingdon School . Boys digging np early potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys picking weeds from potatoes and carrots , and carrying them to the pigs . Piper . Digging wheat stubble , for rye and tares . Dumbrcll . Stacking stubble , thrashing wheat , digging potatoes , carrying manure . Saturday . —Willingdon Scliool . Boys thrashing peas for the pigs . Eastdean School . Boys holyday , master digging up potatoes for the pigs , < fcc . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung .
COW-F £ EI > _rXG . _WUUngdon School . Cows fed on clover , white turnips , and a little chaff . Dumbrell . One cow grazed in the day , stall-fed mora and even with mangel wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer stall-fed with tares . 2 _f . B . Look carefully to your stock all this month and next ; if you do not they will get low in condition . iiAELT Barlev for Pigs . —Get some of your early barley ground for the pigs as soon as thrashed , and mix it well with boiled potatoes ; one bushel now will do them as much good as tiro in cold weather ; be very _ careful to smash all your potatoes , and let them be given only just warm .
___ Bye _Sowtxg , asd quaxtitt . of Seed . _—Nowis agood time for sowing rye . It is frequently sown in August , and the later you sow , the more seed you must use ; two and a half bushels per acre is the quantity of seed generally sy . _* m at an early period , bat deferred sowing , may make three bushels , or more , necessary . Jt may be sown in drills or broadcast , as at Eastbourne ; in the former case three bushels of seel will be sufficient , in the latter , it is usual to sow four bushels per acre . Sow thus plentifully , that the crop being thick it may be cut the sooner . Work your manure as fine as possible , and put on five bushels to the rod of stable dung , before the ground is dug over ; or iventy-fiFC gallons . of liquid to the rod . Then sow the seed and cover more slightly than for wheat . In manuring for rye , or indeed any crop whatever , do not bury the manure too deep ; just cover it up , and no more ; for every shower that falls iasatendoncy to cany down the * soluble part of it still deeper .
lmxEB Take Sowrxo , axd _qvasxtiy of Seed . — Always strive to sow early , particularly for your first crop of tares , which may either be in drills or broadeast . In the former case you may keep the crop clean with the hoe , and by stirring the soil improve the growth of the plant . At Eastbourne , both methods are practised . The distance of the rows in the drill method is about six inches , and the quantity of seed two and a-half bushels per acre , while four bushels is the quantity used when sown broadcast . The drills arc formed with a wheat hoe , and the seed deposited at a depth of about two inches . In both cases they add , cither by digging in broadcast , or by placing npon the seed in the drills , as muck fine worked mouldy manure as can be spared from their -wheat mixen . " There is probably no crop that will pay the farmer better , for the manure he raay add , than the vetch . It not only increases the bulk of his
crop , but pushes and brings it forward , at the very time when food is scarcest , and if the tares are , as they always should be , succeeded by turnips , the land will be more ready for them . " It is customary , in most places , to mix about one quarter , by measure , of rye , with seeds of thc winter tare . The rye supports the tare plant , and is not often rejected b y the cattle . The writer may be allowed to add , that the present year his produce was , in a crop of this kind , after the rate of ten and a-half tons of green food per acre , or when dried , after the rate of two tone and three-quarters of vetch-hay . Theory informs us that this two tons and _three-quarters should be equal jn sustaining power to more than six tons and threequarters of the hay of the natural grasses . Yetchbay is perhaps too coarse to be relished as dry fodder , but chopped up and steamed with turnips into mash , it would doubtless prove very excellent food for cattle .
Steep foe I _^ _gemtxous axd _otheh Seeds . —The following method for steeping has been found to answer well for tare , rye , or other seeds . It tends to start the young plants into quick and vigorous growth , upon which frequently depends the success of the future crop . . Mix in your steeping vessel equal parts of tank liquid and urine ; dissolve or macerate in it a few pounds of pigeons' dung , or the dung of fowls , or guano , well pounded , and an equal quantity of common salt ; stir well together ; put your seed in a wicker basket , and pour the fluid through it several times , letting it drain back into the -vessel , for future application . Use gypsum , not quick lime , to divide fhe seeds , and sow immediately .
Agricultural Instruction. Secoxd Lecture...
AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION . SECOXD LECTURE BY PROFESSOR _JOHSSTOX . We give the second lecture of Professor Johnston , as promised , which he delivered the day after the one ve reported in our fast number . The Professor ro-eand said—Gentlemen , at the close of my address to you yesterday , I told you that I _thought that what I said would not possess the same weight , or appear to have the same importance to you as to the practical agriculturist ; and that yon could not by any means feel the like interest that I feel , because , in all probability , most of you are unacquainted with the way in winch agricultural chemistry bears upon , and is advantageous to the practical agriculturist of the country . It was for that _reasonthat I offered to give you an exposition of most ofthe important points in tbe _ecience—to give you a short sketch , a sort of bird ' s eye view , of that Interesting branch of knowledge , to induce you to teach
which I presented to you so many considerations yesterday ; and I am confident , that when vou have thus formed an idea of the subject , you will find it most interesting , and one which will yield you great satisfaction and pleasure to become acquainted witb . Gentlemen , there was a time when this hill npon which , we now stand was nothing but a naked rock of lava- That old lava graduall y decayed , as modern lavas do , and crumbled down , and formed loose matter on the surface , in whicli seeds of plants grew , died , and left . their remains . Thus , by degrees , the soil accumulated to such as you now see on _thesuraee of this rock on which plants now grow . Such is _tta history of nearly all the soils on the surface of the globe . Suppose jou fake a portion of anv one sou , and put it upon the end of a piece of metal * and m any way expose it to the action of the fire , you will _ri _^ _t _^ Au _'& u _^ U wiU S _* M « ki at the _ftSri & l _" _4 _" _^ bkckne : _« _^ _disappear , and sZiht _^ _kTT _^ _r more m 1 _^ dark _ac-Sffiiw _* aata _™ **• substances of which that _KSo _^ f _^; _J-f _SJii fcke this portion of JOS { SOU before it is heated and weigh it , you will find
Agricultural Instruction. Secoxd Lecture...
that alter it is exposed to the fire it is not so heavy as before . That portion ofthe soil which has burned away consists of the remains of those vegetables , of whichI . have ,, spoken . ; , of _^^^ . those _^ aninuils _^ who . have : " diea * ah 3 _T ) een'aepo 3 ited'in "' the soil f and of ' thef manures whicli have been applied by the farmer .. Thus vegetable matter forms what is called tha organic , and the , other portion ofhthe soil the inorganic matter . The quantity oforganic matter-varies very much—in some soils it exists to the extent of two per cent ., m others fifteen and tweutyper cent ., and in peaty soils sometimes as high as seventy per cent . If you take a p iece of vegetable matter and burn it , such as this piece of wood , you will find here also that a large portion will not burn away , but remains , forming wood-ash . It is the same , then , with regard
to the plant as to the soil- ' -a part burns away and a part remains . If you look at the tables you will see that different plants have different proportions of inorganic matter—thus , meadow hay leaves nine orten per cent , of incombustible matter . Again as , to animal substances , . take a p iece of muscle , dry , and burn it , and you shall find that the greater part of it will burn away ,, which is the organic matter , the remains being , as in the soil and in the plant , the inorganic and incombustible matter , Now one hundred pounds of fresh muscle contains phosphate of lime and other saline substance ' s to the extent of one per eent . of incombustible matter . Thus , the three different substances ,-soil , vegetable , and animal matters , cohsistof organic and inorganic matter ; but there is this difference , that in the soil there is a
larger portion of inorganic matter than in , plants and animals—in the latter the greater , portion burns away . I shall call your attention now to the inorganic portion of soil . By looking at the table you will observe that the inorganic matter cousists of different substances , such as silica , which forms a very large proportion of flint ; alumina , a substance which forms a very Targe proportion of * pipe clay ; oxide of iron , which is the rust of iron potash , of which the potash you get from the shops may serve to give you an idea ; chlorine , which is a kind of air ; and then there are manganese , phosphoric acid , and carbonic acid . These substances are found in all soils , but not in equal proportions . You will see in the table before you the details of the constitution of a soil which would yield good crops for perhaps a hundred years . _-Were you to possess such a rich soil
as that , and such soils are to be got in the virgin land at the Cape pf Good Hope , on the banks of the Ganges , and the Mississippi , you would always find that it would contain a notable quantity of ali these different elements . In the second column of the table you have a list of the quantities ofthe different substances of a soil capable of yielding good crops , but which would require to be regularly manured . : You will observe that opposite three of the substances the word " trace '' is put , which mean 8 that though the substance was notabsent altogether , yet it existed in so small a quantity , that it could not be weighed . In the rich virgin soil stated first , you observe that there is of lime fifty-nine per cent ., ' while in the second column there is only nineteen . Of phosphoric aeid there is four in the one , and only two in the other . In the third column of the table is the constitution of
a soil so barren , that though manured , it could not produce a crop . You see that there are many gaps in the list ; in short , there are only five substance which exist in anything like quantity . So much for the substances which exist in all good soils ; and yon may be sure that if any soil does not produce a good crop , some one or other of these substances are wanting . The question then arises , —how do soils come to have such different compositions as these ? I stated to you how the crumbling of rocks formed the soil along with the accumulation oforganic matter in it ; and if I had had time , I . should have directed you io a geological map , and shown you that in every country the rock on which the soil rests is different , and if it be true that the crumbling down of rocks forms the soil , you learn at once how soils
must differ very much ia their composition . In feldspar soils , of which rocks principally consist , you will observe only silica , alumina , and a few ' others . A soil formed from this , must therefore contain a large quantity of these substances which are in all soils , while it would be deficient in many others . As soils differ in this way , we are led to this practical question—how can we make this soil to be like that soi _' , or how can a bad soil be made equal to . a good one ? The answer is simply that you mustsupply those substances which are wanting in the spil- _^ you must supply asmuch potash or lime as are wanting in the third or poor soil—and as much lime arid phosporic acid . is are wanting in the second , to make up all the constituent elements which exist in the first or rich virgin soil , and which are necessary to enable the soil
to produce a good and profitable crop . This shows you the benefit of an analysis of the soil ,, by which a fanner is enabled to decide whatthe soil requires , and proceed accordingly . I shall next speak of vegetable substances ; and first , as to the inorganic part of them . If you take the ash which remains behind when a plant has been exposed to the fire , and analyse it inthe samway as with the soil , you will come to this result , that the inorganic part of the plant contains precisely the same substances as the inorganic portion of the soil . In the table on my righthand , yonseethe composition of l , 0001 b 3 . of hay . The different kinds of hay have different quantities of the same substance , which substance is tbe same as in the soil . In reference to the ash of vegetables , 100 lbs . of wood would leave behind not
more than half a pound of ash . Perhaps you may be inclined to ask why , seeing that out of 100 lbs ., one half pound only is ash , can _that'half pound be necessary for thc existence of the plant , oris it rather merely accidental , and in no respect making any difference to the plant ? No such thing , gentlemen . That half pound of ash is just as much an essential part of the plant as the 99 J lbs . which burned away . The same is thc case with wheat , which leaves 2 lbs . of ash . I state these facts , in order to bring you along with me in my exposition of the principles of the science—that youmay seehow Iconic to the conclusion , and which , must be true , that the plant could notlive—that it could not fulfil the purposes of nature , unless it contained this small quantity of inorganic matter . If you look to the table on the ash
oil- ay , you will find there is an analogy between it and the soil . Red clover contains in 1 , 000 lbs ., 31 lbs . ofpotash ; rye-grassaslittleasninepounds . Of phosphoric acid , rye-grass contains one-third of a ponnd ; -red clover less than 7 lbs . ; white _contains 5 and lucerne 131 bs . ; "We learn , then , that these substances are present in different proportions in the ash of different kinds of hay , and from that we draw several important practical deductions . Let us inquire whence do the plants derive the organic and inorganic parts of which they consist ? They derive the organic , partly from the soil and partly from the air—the inorganic , solely from the soil . In the air tloat certain proportions of all those substances which enter into the inorganic part , but none of those which enter into the organic part ofthe plant . Now , the
dificrcut kinds ot plants in the soil will materially effect its constitution , and have a remarkable influence upon that constitution . Suppose I grow lucerne upon the very fertile soil detailed in the table , as the lueerne takes out a large quantity of lime and of phosphoric acid , you would see that the crop would rob the soil of a large proportion of lime and of phosphoric acid , and tbat therefore it would not grow the same crop with that luxuriance which characterised it at first , because it could not supply with the same ease and abundance those peculiar substances npon which lucerne lives more than upon any other . Take the ash ot the _different kinds of grain , and you will find that each in its own . way affects the soil . Wheat , oats , and rye require a large quantity of phosphoric acid , and so if vou grow wheat
a long time in the same soil , it will draw out this phosphoric acid among other things , and thereby reduce its quantity . This is what is meant by exhausting the soil . If rye-grass is the plant used , it will exhaust the soil generally , because it does not take away a great portion of any one ofthe substances . In the same way , different crops make the soil poor ; but if I take the same crop , say 15 or 20 times—a practice which , as is well known to the most of you , existed not many years ago—it would by that time produce no crop at all . The land , then , may be exhausted in two ways , generally of all the substances , and specially , of particular substances ; and from this circumstance we are enabled again to make two or three practical deductions . In the first place , inasmuch as the soil contains a limited quantity of these
substances , and inasmuch as different crops carry off different portions , you at once sec why it is judicious to have a rotation of crops—that the longer the time is which elapses before you take a similar crop , the longer will the soil last and continue productive . A soil may' produce one crop , when it cannot produce another . Let ns enquire next why land is manured . Thc composition ofthe soil would tell you in the first instance , for itis obvious that manure is applied to restore those things which are wholly or comparatively wanting . Chemistry tells practical men how to renew their exhausted soil . Suppose that 15 crops of oats had been taken off a piece of land , it wiil lose a large quantity of lime , phosphoric acid , and potash , ahd in order to restore it you must supply the soil with those ingredients of tvhich it has been robbed . Manure being composed of the remains of vegetables taken off the land , and containing all those things of which the plant consists , the farmer , generally _sneakine , is
enabled by its application , to retain the fertility of the soil , Bnt then , observe you , he adds all those things which are required for a fertile soil , which may be a great deal too much , and may not supply an adequate abundance of that particular substance which thc land actually requires , and thus a great expense is entailed which he may not be able to undertake , and thus the land falls short of that richness which he wishes , and which , at a less expense , he might be able by other means , under the guidance of chemical knowledge , to provide for his land . If the farmer knows chemistry , he will , nt far less cost , and far more effectually , secure good crops . I come next to the organic part of the plant . You observe , when I take this wheat flour dough , and wash it in water , it diminishes in bulk , and the water becomes milky . Theportion that remains , for it will not all wash away , is a sticky substance , and this is called glnten . If the water is allowed to stand a short time , the white will fall to the bottom and form starch . The flour
Agricultural Instruction. Secoxd Lecture...
is thus easily separated into two parts , the starch aad the gluten . If lint or hemp-seed is put into a press and squeezed , a large quantify ; of . oil will com * out , hut not the . whole . thatthe . plant . pontains , ; . and this is tWcase with all seeds , more or less , though ; the fatty matter may not be so abundant perhaps as . to produce by pressure merely ., _AVheat contains gluten to the extent of from ten to thirteen per cent ; meadow hay of forty per cent , of starch . Of fat , wheat contains from two to four per cent . ; straw , ¦ sometimes three percent . ; oats , six per cent . ; Indian corn , nine per cent . ; and meadow hay , from two to five per cent . Thus the organic part of vegetable matter contains gluten , starch , and fat ; I shall now make a few observations on the composition . of the animal . - Of what does the ash of animals consist ? The body ,
you know , is composed of various parts—of muscles , fat , bone , and other . elements . which T need not detail . Let us examine the composition . of . the muscle , and we shall find that it contains two and a half per cent , of posphate of lime ,, and a third per cent , of other saline matters . In bones you do not have all . the substances which exist in wheat , but you have some of them , such as lime , _magnesia , & c . In ten gallons of milk there is three-fourths of a pound of saline matter : so that if you take the composition of the muscle , ofthe bone , arid of the milk together , you will find that animals contain the different substances which are to be found in tlie soil . Thus it is we learn the intimate connection between the composition , of the inorganic _^ matter of the plant , of the animal ,, and ' of . ' the soil . But where does the animal
get this inorganic > matter ? They obtain it from the pldnts . . Li bone six-tenths of the whole consists of phosphate pf lime and magnesia . Now , an animal could not support itself or walk about without some bone or . firm substance to uphold it . It feeds upon herbage , which it must have , in order to obtain those different substances of whichit is madeiiip . Biitif the plant has . no soda or . magnesia , the bone eoiild not be built up . no morel than the walls of this house could be erected without lime , stone , and other substances . It is . necessary , then , that the plant should have all these substances , in order to supply'them to the animal creation—a purpose which it could not fulfil unless it contained all that is necessary to build up their bodies . And wheredoes tlie plant get these substances ? It gets them from the soil , nor can a
p lant live without them ; and here we have a beautiful example of the provisions of nature , for a plant cannot grow , it cannot live , it cannot appear at all unless it can acquire those elements ; and that , too , just because if it did live it might indeed deck the surface of the earth , but it would not be able to feed animals , which is its great purpose in the creation . Thus a beautiful thread of philosophy pervades and connects all those different substances . Of what does the organic matter consist in animals ? It eonslats of two parts , the muscle and the fat , and you will remember we have three things inthe plantfat _, gluten , arid starch . If I tako . a piece of muscle
and wash it , I shall wash out the Wood and make it like the colour of fat , and upon tearing it out it will be seen to be fibrous . When the fibre is analysed it is found to be the same thing as the gluten in wheat . If you take the fat of animals and compare it with the fat in plants you will find a remarkable analog / to each other , though they . are not absolutely identical , and I believe they could very easily be converted into each other . The organic matter of vegetables contains the same substances as the muscles of animals . Vegetables contain a large proportion of that which will very readily form the fat of animals , ' the only difference being that animal matter contains no starch . Let us now sec
what is the purpose for which the animal eats its food . Unquestionably for the support of the different parts of which it consists . You see again what a beautiful connection exists between the organic part of the plant and that of the animal . The animal eats gluten in Order to form the fibre . When I eat rolls to breakfast I eat a quantity of gluten and starch , and that gluten saves thc digestive organs the trouble of manufacturing gluten for the frame . Out of those rude elements which constitute the soil and which float in the air it is the duty of the plant to prepare those substances—those bricks , as it were , to be carried away by the builder to fill up the different-gaps which are continually made inthe body . There is a groat difference between starch and gluten . That substance called nitrogen exists in the latter , but not in the former ; in the fibre and not in the fat of animals . Thus nitrogen
is obtained wholly from the soil , therefore it is necessary , it should be inthe soil . In'beans gluten exists to the extent of twenty-eight per cent . If therefore you or I eat beans , we eat that which is capable of building up . a much larger proportion of muscle in the body . Again , if the soil contains a larger proportion of gluten , beans will : grow when no other plant would . Some animals lay . on the fat very abundantly , and some like myself lay it on very sparingly . If you have an animal inclined to lay on fat , feed him with Indian corn . There is an important difference between the composition of the vegetable and that of the animal : . but in'thc former there is gluten , starch , and fat , in the latter muscle and fat only . The lungs are a sort of carbonic acid manufacturers . The starch
we throw off to the air the plants suck in , and thus it is ihe leaves are continually in motion , beating against the air , forming a thousand little mouths which perpetually suck in thc carbonic air which forms starch . A man throws off about seven ounces per day of carbonic acid . Thus it would not be enough to eat merely of fibre and fat , but wc require to eat the vegetable sulstances which contain starch , gluten , and fat , because the general purpose of nature is to save the stomach the trouble of manufacturing these substances for itself . The lungs might suck in the same ns plants do , but such is not the order of nature , and it falls to plants to ; supply the deficiency . The stomach can build more easily from carbonic acid than it could from muscle . In feeding young stock , the farmer must give as much
as will not only supply the daily deficiency , but also supply an increase of muscle and bone . You all know that every , part of our body is continually undergoing a change , and that a certain quantity of gluten must be eaten every day to supply it ; and it is the same with young animals , and therefore they require an extra supply of the elements of muscle and bone , in order that they may increase in size . You may by attending to the different qualities of the hind of food , make your animals either very fleshy , very bony , or very fat ; animals eject in dung and other excrements a great many substances : and as the plants contain substances which are soluble with water , it is of great consequence to take care of the liquid excrescences , and to mix it with the solid , so that the whole ot the animal matter may be preserved , which , being taken back to the soil , it is provided
with the same substances _^ almost for ever . If you allow the liquid to run into the rivers , then you bare the land of what the plant gets from the soil , and which the animal gets from the plant . When the animal dies , all those things which it got is returned to the soil , and thus the same revolution goes on from the soil to the plant , and from the plant to the animal . These are some of the points , gentlemen , by relating which I wish to interest you , which demonstrate the over-ruling presence of one Mind , directing practical operations te the same end . If there was not the same spirit and intellect pervading in the nature ef the soil , the plants , and the animals , there would be some confusion ; but as they do exist , thero is manifested the presence of one mind and of " one principle , directing the whole cycle of animal and
vegetable life , as there is to be seen ] in all the cycles and motions of the planetary bodies . In wishing to tench those under you the elementary principles of agricultural chemistry , I don't wish yon to leave out of view the beautiful and powerful evidence which it affords ofthe existence of a Deity , who is present at all times , and regulates in his infinite wisdom all our affairs and intercourse . I , therefore , concur entirely in thc remarks of Mr . Pyper , that moral training is above all things necessary for the young . Moral training comes first , intellectual next , and practical last of all ; but yet all are here combined , for by this practical knowledge you can give the young mind a new view of natural [ theology . It is not merely chemistry or phisiology , but this seems to be oue of the most beautiful pictures of
natural theology . I might tell you there is a great deal of poetry in the sketch I have presented to you . Tho whole planetary system in dead masses float in space , and thc dead earth forms the subjects which geologists contemplate , but on the surface of this dead earth , you have a soil , a vegetable and an animal life , subject to changes whicli must interest and concern every enquirer . Suppose the soil contained no seed—that no vegetables grew , and no animals existed—still no doubt the other parts of the creation would go on ; and this subject of ours is just one idea , an episode , as it were , in connection with the planetary system . And this little episode in the mighty poem of nature presents to us the Divine bounty , goodness , wisdom , forethought , benevolence and the exalted intelligence of tho Divine mind ' How beautiful it is indeed ! What an incontcstibl
manifestation ofthe existence of the Deity is to be found in this episode , planted on our own globe ! I have no doubt , gentlemen , that in imparting this branch of knowledge to those under you , you will enjoy an agreeable , an entertaining stud y yourselves . I came among you an entire stranger , and therefore I have not been able to speak with the freedom aiid ease which , perhaps , I otherwise would-have done ; but I hope the kindness you have shown tome , and the attention you have paid to my explanations , will in some measure , at least , have made up for my deficiency . If you do me the honour to ask me again before you , I trust I shall be able to address you hi a better manner than I have been enabled on this occasion to do . The learned professor resumed liis seat amidst groat applause .
Asinono Breeze Amokg We Holt Fbiai?8.—A ...
ASinoNo Breeze amokg we Holt Fbiai ? 8 . —A student belonging to the Convent of St . Augustine ( one ofthe wealthiest monasteries ) , was sentenced last week to two months' imprisonment , by the Judicial Court of Police , for having given a severe thrashing to the prior or abbot _| of bis convent . It i 3 fortunate for the culprit it did not happen in a country where the convents exercise their own furisdietioti otherwise he would have fared much worse . —Malta Tin es .
Ten Hours. ', I; To'thb Editor Or The Uo...
TEN HOURS . ' , i ; to'THB editor or the _uobthemi star . * Sib — -Having long laboured " with the immortal Sadler , and _theindefatigable Oastler , ' in the endeavour to achieve the emancipation of _tjiefactpry _workersirjconjttieir worse tuan Egyptian bondage , I always feel an interest in everything mooted o n that important . question ; Which' Mr . O'Connor has most appositely 'describfcd ' _- ' as'" * one ofthe essential rudiments-of the Charter . " It gave . rfc much pleasure'to-learn from tlie Mr that _Jtr . Qaidn'fr ; , : of Preston , had adopted the Ten Hours *; plan in Lis '
establishment , ' by which he has earned tlie respect and esteem of the operatives of . thattown ., ; But , . sir , why are most of the _pubjic journals silent on the subject ? .. Is an aristocrat ' s falLfrom his horse , or ¦ lier Majesty's trip to fhe Continent to spend other ' people ' s money , of more vital importance than the disinterested , benevolent , and humane act of Mr . Gardner ? . Yes , sir ; with hired scribes and , fawning sycophants such nonsense is the _culminating point of their " public instruction , " while they feel it profitable to blink everything having a tendency to benefit the working class .
I thank you for giving publicity to the noble example set by Mr . Gardner to his brother millowners ; hut allow me to say , I do not tbank you for g iving the echo to a Mercurial paragraph in last week's Star , without a WOrd of comment . I allude to the following :- — Factoey . Labour . —An Exampi . b . _wobtht or Imitation . —Messrs . Norris , Sykes , and Fisher , have very kindly reduced the hours of labour at their establishment , Newton-mill , Huddersfieid , from twelve to eleven hours a day . This arrangement will give the younger portion of their hand g the opportunity of attending an evening school , where tlicy will be able to receive that instruction necessary for after life . The men also will have the pleasure of enjoying more domestic comfort with their respective families at home . We hope that their labours may in an especial manner be crowned with success , in return for this noble and praiseworthy example , and that it will induce other masters to adopt the same system . —Leeds Merduvy . ' _...
¦ Coming , as the above . does ,- from the oracle of the cap italists and profit-mongers , it ought to be received with suspicion . Do you find Mr . Baines following up the paragraph by another " example" MORE' " worthy of imitation , " viz ., the example of Mr . Gardner ? No ; the crafty journalist knew , " a trick worth two of that , " He , no doubt , knew that in his own native town the fen Hours ' system was in practice . He knew the operative factory workers were elated at the prospect of their wishes being consummated , and he also knew that the Manchester Central Committee were again at work to accelerate ; the overthrow of Molooh's sway . Hence appeared the paragraph you copy , without a , word of comment . Sir , —I am sure you have not forgot that the Eleven Hours ' . plan is the spawn of Hobhouse , the Whig—that it was handed over to old Dame Baines to . nurse as soon as
it came into the world , and that the old Dame has always held it up when . the factory workers' own has publicly appeared , j In short , the Eleven Hours' plan was projected for no other purpose but that of-frustrating the objects of the operatives and their friends . -. This fact is well known , and the Whig bantling is still as hideous in the eyes of the . workics as ever ; and Baines and Co . will find to their discomfiture thatold birds are not to be caught with chaff . They know that the most eminent of the faculty have declared that Ten Hours' daily labour is the utmost that human , nature can sustain with impunitythat it is enough for man , leaving the immature portion of our race _outof the question .
.: They know , also , that- a living philanthropist , practically acquainted with the factory system in all its ' ramifications , and one who has spent a long life in the study of human nature and the position of society , has , after years of-observation , pronounced eight hours ' -daily toil a sufficient burden for the human frame . , I allude to Mr . It . Owen , whoseknowledge of society none will dispute , however much they may differ with him on the conflict- ' ing points of religion ,. -. ¦ ' _^ Sir , I am afraid of trespassing too much on your space , ' but I . see a motive in Baines inserting the paragraph at this juncture . ' . Perhaps the Huddersfieid firm are " experimentalits" to subserve that motive . - Yet , depend upon it , it will bo " no go . "; Ten hours' men know tbe enemy ' s engine of warfare . They know tlie opposite side ef Boar-lane end very well , - and they will keep . an eye on the movements in that quarter , while they will , as they ever have done , repudiate tho Eleven Hours ' system . _.,
No concession ! No compromise ! No fulsome adulation for Eleven Hour tricksters ! ' : , . Yours truly , _, 61 , King-street , long Acre ,: . Wm . Rides . . Sept . 9 , 1845 . . . \ . .. [ Our friend is wrong . Mr . Gardner has not adopted the "Ten Hour System . " He used to run his mill twelve hours , like the rest ofthe millowners at Preston . He reduced the hours of working to eleven , and the result , in amountof productionandinereased comfortto thc "hands " employed , induced him to -make another reduction to ten _and-a-half hours a-day . The last account we saw stated that Mr . Gardner thought of trying the Ten Hour plan j but as jet we believe the hours worked are ten anda-half . Then for the Huddersfieid case .: Before Mr .
Gardner made any reduction at all , the Messrs . Starkey , of Huddersfieid , had reduced tlieir working hours to eleven , paying the same amount of wages as for twelve , while all the rest of the mills in the neighbourhood were running twelve . The result , extended over a space of now upon two years , has been so satisfactory hotli to employers and employed , that the example set by the Messrs . Starkey has been folloired by the Brooks at Armitagebridge ; by the owners of the Meltham mills ; and the Messrs . Armitage , of Milnes-bridge ( we . believe , though of the two latter we are not sure ); and now by the firm of Messrs , Norris , Sykes , and Kslier , of Newtown , Huddersfieid . It was to record this last fact , so honourable to
the parties concerned , that the paragraph in the Jfercurji appeared , which hears all the marks of having been furnished by the Huddersfieid correspondent , and inserted just as sent . We do not think that the Messrs . Baines had any other " motive" in giving it _insertion than to record a fuet worthy of imitatiou by all . in Huddersfieid who still run their mills twelvehaws , when their neighbours shoiv . that it is possible to live , and even _tbbive , by only running eleven , even when they pay as much wages for eleven as they did for twelve . We trust a few more will " . experimentalize ; " and that the Messrs . Starkey and Mr . Gardner will lead the way to the whole Ten Hour plan . —Ed . 2 V . S . ]
[ _igt 7 * Since tho above was in type , we have received the ( to us ) pleasiag information , that tlte firm of the Messrs . Shaw , of Steps Mill , Honley , near Huddersfieid , have followed the example set them by the Messrs . Starkey , and have commenced to run their works only eleven Instead of twelve hours . daily . In according all praiso to the Messrs . Shaw for thus voluntarily adding six hours weekly to the life of the workers in their establishment , without any abridgment of their means , we do not think that we are guilty of " fulsome adulation ; " and we apprehend that both the Messrs . Shaw and the Messrs . Norris Sykes ahd Fisher , are deserving ,. in these instances at least , of a better name than that of . " tricksters . " -At all events , we would cheerfully refer that question to the " hands " they employ , at the end of their week ' s work , when they have enjoyed the comforts of " home" for six hours longer than they used to do ! If this be the result of " elevenhour trickery , " we trust that the other employers in the Huddersfieid district will turn " tricksters" too . — En .-2 T . S . )
Ten Hours. ', I; To'thb Editor Or The Uo...
THE PAUPER , AND THE FELON . One of the most startling and appalling facts brought forth by the inquiry into the operation of the old Poor Law : was , -tfiat convicted ; felons r were better fed and provided for than the poor in the workhouses . This'fact _' was : displaved at ' the'time in beautifully printed octavo : books sent forth by the Poor Law Oomn-iissioner g ; ' followed by :: innumerable speeches , essays , & c ; all in condemnation of sucha system ; and the impression thus made Oh the public mind prepared ' the way for the ' New Poor Law , which was to raise ' the labourers' wages ; elevate them above a State of , pauperism ; ' teach them to depend on their own resources ; arid surround the farmer with a h ' a ' nnv . " contented , well-naid neasantry , instead of
crouching bands of turbulent , fierce , ignorant , and vindictive 'desperadoes ' , -kept at the parish expense . . We fear that few of these anticipations have been fulfilled ; b _\ ttwe have again before us the fact that convicted' felons , _now-working ( if easy labour can be called work ) in Portsmouth . dockyard are much better fed than the poor in the same county . 'Pour days a week the felons are supplied each with Hoz . of beef a day .. By the dietary of- the Poor Law Commissioners for Andover Union , the poor are supplied with " cooked meat" only two days a week . This cooked meat includes bacon for ono of the days ( Saturday ) , and certainly is neither so wholesome nor nutritious as the felons' beef . But , by the Union , dietary , the poor man has not 14 oz ., but only 8 oz .,
and the poor woman but Coz . Of bacon , the value of which depends so much upon its quality , the men have 5 oz ., the women 4 o ' z . The term " choked meat" is an ambiguous , phrase . It may mean a very inferior descrip tion of meat from that implied by beef . But , waiving that , we have the fact , as it has been published by the Government itself , that the felons nave each 5 Coz . of meat per week , whilst the poor man has only 13 oz . per week , and the poor woman only 10 oz . per week . Now , there is probably no person who has thought or paid attention to these matters who does not know some aged pauper , 10 or SO years of age , pressing towards the house prepared for his abode . Look at that bent but " stalwart frame . His sinews and his mind , ' —for it is a gross mistake to suppose that no
skill is . required in thei , agriculturalfabourer , —have contributed towards the enormous wealth of his country for upwards of half a century . ' Time at last has . taken all the work out of him , . though the wealth he has assisted to accumulate . remains ; and we ask , is not { such a man justly entitled to a comfortable existence _in-his latter ( days ? . Humanity , justice , Christianity , can give but ono reply to the question . That man is entitled to a fair proportion of the accuriiulated wealth ofthe community Of which he has been all his days a valuable member ; and yet we ton to the dietary tables and find this man infinitely worse Off than he who fov his crimes lias , been expelled from society , and is kept in safe custody , like a wild beast , because he cannot be . trusted atlarge . _,
Let us not , however , be misunderstood . We do not want to reduce the felons' allowance . They have probably no more than nature requires to keep them in health ; but , if so , in what state must he . the poor , whose allowance is miserable _eyen as compared with that of the convicted felon ? "We do not want- we repeat-, to reduce the felons' allowance ; but we do wish to see that of the poor increased . This , it may be replied , would increase pauperism . Granted for a moment : but will not the fact of a far greater amount of food being given to the convicted felon than to the pauper inevitably increase crime ? Is it not offering * a premium to crime 1 Does not such a system as this belong to tliat category of errors committed by Governments ?
If , ft is said , the poor are kept too well , they will consume all the rents of the land . In this brief sentence are contained two grand errors . One of fact ; the other of theory . Those who have any practical knowledge of the poor know how reluctant they are to go into the workhouse under any circumstances . They will sell or pawn every thing they have before they will enter those real prisons , but nominal places for relief to the poor . _Half-a-century ago the same repugnance was felt by them to receive parochial aid ; but the times compelled thousands to submit to it , and it-is true that a race of paupers was reared ; but even those , —and there are no worse characters generally than those raised in the workhouse , —will not apply to them i f they can get employment out . What ,
then , is the remedy ? A fair day ' s wages for a lair day ' s _; work . This , could it be accomplished , is the only real cure for the evils of pauperism , and to this the country must come sooner or later . Why is it hot ( lone at _oncej it may _^ demanded . The . repiyis , that the farmer has so many demands upon him that he is compelled to pinch his labourer . . What are these demands ? 1 st . Rent , four or five times higher than before the American War of Independence . 2 nd . Taxes ; increased from five millions a-year in ' the reign of Anne to fifty-five millions a-year in the reign of Victoria- 3 rd . County rates ; as poverty is the mother of crime , the county rates increased to punish
the poor as criminals , ith . Tithes , increased in the same proportion as . rents . Gth . Then come wages , with other burdens , all of which the farmermust pay , and haying paid , finds that enough money is not left in his purse to pay the labourers properly . A family raised upon . 10 s . or 12 s . a-week must . end in tho greater portion of them becoming paupers or something worse _, fall . Then come the poor-rates ; and we have the fact , in the Governmental dietaries , that to keep down the expense of pauperism the invaluable poor man , who has given the labour of a whole life to Increase the wealth of the country , is served with but 13 oz . of meat per week , whilst the unprincipled convicted felon rejoices on 50 oz . per week . — Brighton Herald .
Exiraonmnary Balloon Ascent From Cremorn...
_ExiRAOnMNARY BALLOON ASCENT FROM CrEMORNE Gardens . —On Monday evening , Mr . Green made another ascent in his Nassau Balloon from the gardens of Cremorne House , and it being announced that he would be accompanied by a lady and a leopard , a very large company were assembled , there being nearly 12 , 000 persons present . At half-past six , a female , together with a young male leopard , the property of a Mi * . White , a trainer of beasts , and the keeper , made tlieir appearance upon the grounds . A car had been prepared for the occasion , and attached beneath the regular one ; the three having entered it , Mr . Green placed himself in the unner car . when they proceeded to make several
ascents to the height ofthe trees , at the conclusion of whicli the _icronaut made preparations for his final ascent with Mrs . Green , Mrs . ' C . Green , Mr . Salter , Mv . Hardwicke ( the magistrate ) , Mr . Littlejohn , & c , in all eleven persons . The balloon having been released , took a south-westerly direction , in which course it proceeded for sonie time , when entering another current of air , it returned towards the gardens , over which it hovered for some time , and finally it descended at Notting-hill , about half-past eight , and Mr . Green returned to the gardens , it being , by reason of the various currents into which the balloon entered , one of the most extraordinary ascents made for many years .
Guild MuM > nn . —Bmm \ GiiAM , Saturday . —During the week a child murder of considerable atrocity has been brought to light by Mr . Davis , the town coroner . The circumstances , as elicited at the coroner s inquiry , maybe related briefly . At Springheath . live a hard-working couple named Jenkins , and during the latter part o . f the week the wife had a quarrel with a woman named Marsh , who manifested a great degree of spleen in the course of . the altercation . This day week a fine little girl belonging to Jenkins ( fifteen months old ) , after toddling about from house to house , was suddenly missed . Every search was made in the vicinity for it , when it was at last ascertained that the poor little creature was seen to enter Marsh ' s house , with two other children , and was not afterwards noticed until discovered dead by its father in the evening , in the cesspool attached to the water-closet . It appears , a few minufes after it was missed , the father went to Marsh ' s house for the purpose of ascertaining whether the child was there , when Marsh assured him it was not , and gave him a light to . satisfy himself . An inhabitant , however , named Mullins , deposed that a short time before the father went to look f or the deceased he saw Marsh take a child by its hand to the water-closet , and return without it , at which time she was drunk . The jury , however , believing that the child might have fallen in accidentally , returned a verdict to that effect . But subsequent important disclosures coming to the ears of the coroner , a fresh jury was empanelled at the Turk ' s Head on Friday , when it was satisfactorily explained that the child could not have fallen through the seat , and that Marsh had been frequently heard to say that she would serve the parent out before the week was out . The jury , after sitting until a late lmw last evening , returned a verdict of " Wilful Murder" against Marsh , who was fully committed .
Exrenimestan Tmrs On The .Crotbon Atmosp...
ExrEniMESTAn Tmrs on the . Crotbon Atmospheric Rah , wat , —On Friday ( says the Morning ff erald ) we had the satisfactipn of witnessing several experimental , and as far as Ave are able to judge , we may addsuccessful _. _tripsonthat'portionof the Croydon line of railway which has been laid down upon the atmospheric system , of which Mr . Samuda and Mr . Clegg are the inventors and patentees . These experiments were instituted with the view of getting - . the apparatus in good working order , and arranging 'the mode of working prior to the line being thrown open for the use of the public . They may also be regarded in sonio degree as tests of the objections to the atmospheric principle which , during the last session , were urged upon . more than one committee of the Houses
of Parliament m cases , where the principles of locomotive and of atmospheric traction entered into competition . The portion of the Croydon line upon which the atmospheric apparatus has been completed extends from the Croydon terminus to the Dartmouth Arms station , a distance of rather more than five miles . It runs parallel with the locomotive line , and connected with it three pairs of engines for exhausting the tubes have already been erected ; the first at thc Croydon station ; thc second at the Norwood station , a little more than two miles from Croydon , and the third at the Dartmouth Arms , three miles from tho Norwood station . The engines are of 50-liorsepowereach . From Croydon to Norwood _. the trains are propelled by the Norwood engine , which exhausts
the first two miles of pipe , and afterwards the duty of exhaustion for the remaining three miles is taken up by the Dartmouth Arms engine , which actuates the train to that station . On returning from the Dartmouth Arms the vacuum is created for the first three miles as far as the Norwood station by the engine at that place , and for the rest of the distance to Croydon by the engine fixed there . In passing we may observe that the engine houses are beautifully constructed edifices , adorned with many architectural embellishments , and a short way oft' have nothing about them to denote that there " resides the gigantic power of steam . The vacuum tube is 15 inches in diameter , and the ruling gradient on the line is 1 in 000 , except where it passes over the Brighton Railway
by means of a viaduct , at which place the inclination for about a quarter ot _' amile is 1 in 50 . Friday ' s experiments were made with a train of six carriages , including the piston carriage , the aggregate weightof which , and the company in them , was calculated at upwards of 30 tons , and the first trip was from tho Croydon station , shortly after two o ' clock . This trip , however , could not be considered In the light of a '' trial , " inasmuch as " great delay ensued nt _the-two intermediate stations—viz ,, the Norwood and the Ancrlev Bridge stations , for the purpose of avoiding inconvenience to the ordinary traffic on tlie locomotive liiic . Still , tho result was sufficient to indicate that -the
tractive power was under the most complete control , and that there was erery facility for arresting- the progress of a train at the various stations , in order to set down or take up passengers . On this occasion the train was started when the vacuum in the tube was only 12 inches : but the five miles , exclusive of the _stoppage alluded to , wore accomplished in 19 minutes , being on the average about IG milesan hour . The train left the Dartmouth Arms station , on its return , at a period when it could run through without interruption , tho vacuum in thc pipe 2 H inches . We now seemed almost to realise the idea of the poet , who makes one of the glorious creations of his
imaginations "Glide through the even On a sunbeam swift as a shooting star , " for thc four and a half miles to the summit ef thc viaduct , where the breaks were applied to bring the train to a state of rest before arriving at the Croydon station , were performed in five minutes and fifteen seconds ; and the last quarter ot ' amile of that distance , up the incline , at the rate of 65 miles an hour lhe result of this trip showed that , a speed of GO miles an hour could be attained at the end of 3 miles from the point of rest , with a train of thirtv tons ; a fact
to whicli great weight is attached b y Mr . Samuda in comparing atmospheric with locomotive traction . It is proper to observe also , that , even at the highest velocity , not the slightest oscillation was perceptible , that the noise was np more than might reasonably he expected , and that the application ofthe "breaks " was most effective . The third trip from Croydon to the Dartmouth Arms was made with similar success ; the only observation necessary to make is , that the intermediate engines at the Norwood stations were not at work , and that the exhaustion was perfoimed solely by tho Dartmouth Amis engines , five miles in advance of tho , starting point ! On the train aga ' n
Exrenimestan Tmrs On The .Crotbon Atmosp...
returning to Croydon , it overtook a locomotive engine and carriages which had passed it at speed about two minutes before , whenat was m a . _state of rest at tha Dartmouth Arms / anil which had made , no stoppages in the interval . The progress of the tram the whole distance'tb Croydon was arrosted ; 'howeyer , ' upon its _bein" ascertained that a fatal accident had occurred to a labourer in the emp loy of Mr . Samuda , who had incautiously got upon the line , of railway ; Looking at the various results of ; , these _^ experiments-, the friends of the atmospheric , _principle regard them as entirely setting at rest the objections ot their opponents , and as exceeding even ' their own most Sanguine hopes ; One material point to be ascertained was whether , under all the circumstances , a useful rate of speed could be attained , the adversaries of
the system contending thatthc friction of air through the tube would be so great as to prevent the possibility of attaining a velocity of more than-15 mil ps an hour when the process of exhaustion was going on by means of an engine three miles in ' advance . Tlie above experiments showed , however , that the train acquired a rate of CO miles an hour ; when full that distance from the exhausting engines .. And the . pronioters of the atmospheric system further regard these experimental ' trips as conclusive evidence of the truth of their position , that after hay ing travelled one three miles ' section . of pipe the train can enter another section , and be-propelled through it with an equal velocity , aiid that a line of 300 miles in length would in fact be merely repeating one hundred times
the same operation , ' without in any way extending the amount of tho ; . experiments _' . Upon this subject we do not feel called on to give an opinion—unscientific people , will be better able to judge ofit , when the whole line 'from Croydon to London , the works on which are making rapid progress , are completed , and the system is in full operation .. We understand that several . " trial" trips were made by Mr . Samuda and Mr . Clegg , ' who were both present , on Thurstlay last , with ' trainsofj 18 carriages , containing a large number of persons , -nnd . weighing 90 . tons . . A speed of JO miles an hour was then attained for a short . distance ; and the viaduct over the Brighton line , where the inclination is 1 * - in 50 , was surmounted at 20 miles aa ' hour . ' . " j ...-. . ¦• - ¦" .. '¦
_... . - ' _Desperate Suicide by a Tovm GBMiEM / ifr . —Oa Thursday afternoon a long inquiry was opened before Mr , G . I . Mills , deputy coroner i ' or _Middlesex , and . a jury , at the Marquis of Hastings , Ossulston-street , Somers Town , on thebodynf agentlemair ' at present unknown , who : committed : self-destruction ; ; underthe very singular , and . unaccountable circumstances subjoined ! ' Harriett May ' ne said that she lodged at 26 , Aldenham- ' street , Avhich house was kept by a female named Bryan .- Shortly after twelve o ' clock on the night of Tuesday last , she met deceased , whom she had never _seenbstbre , at a concert at tJie . Garrick ' _s Head , in Bow-street , where she partook of a part ' of p int 6 f sherry with him and a tall young gentleman , his friend . The deceased told her he had previously
been to Evans ' s Grand Hotel , and had partaken of two bottles of wine and some rum punch . Shortly before three o clock on Wednesday morning the deceased bid liis friend good-bye , left the Garrick ' s Head , and accompanied witness in a cab to . her residence .- , , At two o ' clock u Wednesday afternoon she .. invited him to partake of breakfast , but he refused , and said he would rather have a glass of wine . Ho gave witness half-a-crown to send for a pint of sherry , and on her calling Margaret Bryan , the landladv ' s daughter , to go for it , deceased added , " Stay , I will send for something ' else that will do me good / ' Deceased then asked for a pen and ink , and wrote a prescription in Latin , telling her to send it
to some chemist , g iving her 2 s . to procure it . Margaret Bryan went to the shop of Mr . Wakefield , and on her return with the wine said that Mr . Wakefield said he had not got any , and . that it was poison . Witness told deceased , who said , " Nonsense , it is no such thing ; it is only to enliven up low spirits ; send to another doctor . " Margaret Bryan then went to the shop of Mr . Rentmore , in Clarendon-square , and brought back a , p hial about three-parts full of _sluff smelling like almonds . Deceased was then lying on the sofa in the parlour , and appeared very cheerful . Witnes 3 left him-to get her breakfast j leaving the p hial and the wine on the table . She returned in about five minutes , and on entering the room asked the deceased how lie was . He replied he felt better _.
but his stomach began to pain him . At that moment he turned over on the sofa and appeared fainting , and made a gurgling noise in the throat . She called for water , and sent for _adductor . Mr . Wakefield came and said he was dead , and had taken poison . By the Coroner . —I had never seen deceased before . I had not ' the slig htest idea that he had sent for poison ; and I intended to have taken a portion of what he sent . for had he left any , as he said it . was for low spirits . I should say he was not more than twenty years of age . When ' alive he appeared of rather sallow complexion , and had dark brown hair . liis dress consists . ' of a . black frock coat , black satin waistcoat , lavender-coloured striped trousers with stra p s .. the whole quite new ; a . blue striped silk
neckerchief , • white stockings , yellow kid gloves , and short boots ; anew hat , maker ' s name Townsend , Cheapside and "Regent-street . " He . had with him a small yellow stick with the handle much bitten , and his linen was marked "G-. Oldficld , junior . " On his person were found two . _handkerchiefs , one white muslin , with thc name " G . Oldfield" on it , the other silk ; a cigar case , a green purse studded with steel heads and tassels , with two shillings in it ; and on his finger a gold ring with a green stone . Deceased did not give witnesss any other money than for the wine and the sluff . Margaret Bryan proved having gone with the prescription first to the shop of Mr . Wakcfield and then to that of Mr . Rentmore , where
she procured the . stuff for deceased , and paid ls . 9 d . for it , and that she was served by a young man , Mr . Rentmore ' s brother . The witness having identified the prescription , the Deputy-Coroner said it was in Latin , and was " half an ounce hydrocyanic acid , " and at the bottom was written " For flavouring soups , " and it was signed " G . O . " Mr . Wakefield proved that when he was called to see deceased he was quite dcad . _^ The Deputy-Coroner animadverted on any chemist selling so large a quantity of poison to a stranger , and called upon Mr . Rentmore for an explanation . Mr . Rentmore , jun ., who served it , said he understood that thc girl who fetched the poison came from the pastry-cook ' s in Seymourstreet , and knowing- oil of almonds was used ill the
trade , he served it . Thc Deputy-Coroner said the circumstances of the case were so strange , although there wasno reason to believe that the witness Maync had connived at the deceased poisoning himself , that he felt it necessary to adjourn the inquiry for further evidence , and to have the body opened . - The inquiry was ultimately adjourned to Monday , and after the post mortem examination the body will be removed to St . Pancras workhouse for identity . —On Monday thc inquest was resumed , when Mrs . Emil y Oldfield , repemaker , Southgate-road , Ball ' s-pond , Islington , stated that the deceased was her son , and that he was warehouse-clerk in the employ of Messrs . Warwick awl Sons , wholesale druggists , _Garliuk-hill . Last Tuesday morning he left home for his oliice ,
and told witness that he would , if allowed by his employers , go with some friends to Gravescnd' _!'' _'' _* day . She gave him 8 s . Gd ., but did not know what other money he had , She never afterwards saw liim alive . Her impression was that he had been _drugg _d in the house , Aldenham-strcct , and then murdered . The coroner assured Mrs . Oldfieldthat both he and thejury were fully convinced by the evidence _givcu on the first day . that her son had not been drugged . On the contrary , they felt that the circumstance wis unfortunate for all parties , and that every attention had been paid . to him . Frank Merrick , a youth about eighteen years of age , deposed that onTuesday night he accompanied deceased to the Adelphi theatre , and afterwards to the Garrick ' s Head , _Boiv-street ,
where they had between them a glass of g in and water . After some delay there , deceased left him and joined a female in the room . Deceased , who was not drunk , left the Garrick ' s Head about one o ' clock on Wednesday morning , hut with whom witness did not know , nor did he afterwards sec _lii'i' _- On two previous occasions deceased slept with him at his lodgings , _Cloak-lane . Mr . Rentmore , brother ? and assistant to Mr . Rentmore , surgeon , said tto '' he sold to the servant of the house , No . 15 , _AWenham-street , half an ounce of the essential oil oj almonds , in an ounce and a half bottle . He _imaging that it was required by a soap-maker , or a f" _^ _rf cook . It was usual wi th druggists to sell as w i | C " f an ounce of it to persons in those trades . The uol _uy ¦
was not labelled . Mr . G . Wakefield , surgeon , » _«* he had examined the body , which from the _ssopnagus downwards , gave evidence of the destructive presence o f pvuisie add , and which no doubt , was the cause of death . The quantity sold to deceased was _suihcienj to kill four persons . Mrs . Oldfield having _statw that 2 s . worth of brandy had been sent for aft" " " _? son entered the brothel , Alice Brvan , thc lane auy ofthe house , her daughter , and the woman whom deceased accompanied home , distinctlv proved _tiiaj such was not tho fact , and that all that was _hrougut in was a p int of sherry . The jury , after ha" _" an " hour ' s deliberation , returned a verdict _"'flraU . coi g _' _- Oldfield , jun ., died by taking essential oil of almonds with his own hands , but that there was no cvioenci ' of his state of mind at the time . " Thejury accompanied the verdict with a censure upon Mr . lteni *
more , jun ., for having so incautiously sold the pois 0 " _* _ANOiHEn _Collieuy _Explosiom . —On Tuesday nig _M last the inhabitants of the village of Aberdare , w' » have hardly had sufficient time to recover irom tn ° excitement produced by the late dreadful catastropac . were thrown into a state of great consternation "i an explosion in Blaengawr colliery , the property « Mr . Davies , of Hirwain . The violent concussion o air consequent upon the explosion had the encct ¦ an earthquake in shaking the whole district , a appeared that the accident was occasioned in _cousi . quence of some of the workmen having , contrar _* . " the positive instructions of the master , got an unuciground door placed in some portion , of thc e ! V . ' whicli had the effect of obstructing a current id _< i There were happily not more than _« vo -men » nt " pit at the time o f the explosion , three ot whom _«*• " _* dreadfully schorched ; they are , however , wan , w r . co ver . _t— Cambiian .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 13, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_13091845/page/6/
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