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ct determinedand In realitythere lBnoth^...
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'*" THE * CHEA**ESr "" "ffliTl01" EVE* rOBIJSHn), Price " Is. 6d., A new arid elegant edition, with Steel Hate of tl* Author, of • PAINE'S POLITICAL WORKS.
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DR. M'DOUALL'S FAMILY
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The M'Douall Committee beg to- tender th...
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A Good E-*Asjj>iE ._Uobert Arkwright, Es...
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This WMT-END f BbbT and; SHo-MAKE^^pri't...
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THE NORTHERS STAR SATUISDAY, FEBKUAISY 16, 1S5C.
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TIMID LAW MAKERS AND POWERFUL LAW BREAKE...
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[ Since, tlio preceding observations vgi...
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;'..;;;, colonial policy; ' ¦ ' . ' : ¦ ...
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PARLIAMENTARY REVIEW . Work has been alr...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Ct Determinedand In Realitythere Lbnoth^...
_««* t orrA _-R February 16 , 1850 . . . - _^———^^^— - - ¦ • T ' ¦ ¦ - - _^ _——___—^^^^^^^***^**!**^**^ - I I
'*" The * Chea**Esr "" "Fflitl01" Eve* Robijshn), Price " Is. 6d., A New Arid Elegant Edition, With Steel Hate Of Tl* Author, Of • Paine's Political Works.
' * " THE * CHEA ** ESr "" "ffliTl 01 " EVE * _rOBIJSHn ) , Price " Is . 6 d ., A new arid elegant edition , with Steel Hate of tl * Author , of PAINE'S POLITICAL WORKS .
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Now Read ** , a Kew Edition 6 t MB . _O'GOHHOR'S WORK OH- SMALL FAfiWS
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Soldi Watson , Queen ' s Head Passage , l _"** iernoster _«> w Low t -A . Hejwood , Oldham-street , Manchester , _MdLove _. . _-aCo _., 5 , _Sdson-stree _^ Glasgow . And _* bi aU Booksdlers in Town and Co * ml ** y .
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-mpORTAST TO THE CHARTISTS OF SOBTH LASCA-., snmE . A SOUTH LANCASHIE DELEGATE JX HBETISG wiU be held in the CHARTIST ASSOCIATION ROOM , STOCKrOltT , l > acb of Waterloo-Inn , _TTaterloo-rond , on Sunday morninj-, Febroary 21 fli ,: preciselv at ten o _' cloclc , _ivlien tiie following _pjtrt ofa programme of business willbe submitted for their consideratiou : — 1 st—To consider tlie validity of the objections to the general and local rtilcs of the Charfet Association , referred to by fte Chartists of Stockport , in the northern _Starsof Jan . _190 i , ana Peb . Oth , 1850 . 2 nd , —The propriety of raising a Local Lecturers 5 _* -tti . SkL—To consider the best means of concentrating the energy of Chartism in this division of _Laneat-hire , - _?** ins a ** , impetuous to _ttie movement , and _protnofingtlie success ot its object ; Delegates from the following places axe particularly expected : _—^ _Hyde , Staleybridge , Ashton , Mottram , Oldham , Rochdale , Mandiester , Bury , _Rolton , Middleton Liverpool , Ma- « lesfield , aud other places . _ KM . —All communications to be addressed to W . Beirfolfl , Ko . 3 , Gooper-street , _iraigate .
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THE _GESERAL COMMITTEE OF THE FDSD FOR THE WIDOWS OF SHARP AUD WILLIAMS . THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE beg to give notice that the Geseiui . _Cosuuttee will meet at Asw-ston ' s Hotel , 6 a Monday Evening , March Utn , instead of March . it "* , as originaUy proposed . - The Executive Committee liketrise gire notice that tuey propose to hold
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PROCEEDIXGS LV PARLIAMENT . PUBLIC MEETING , Convened by the Fbovisio . vai ; CoMMirrEE of the _KATIOXAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION , will be heltlat the LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC _LVSTITDTB , JOHNSTREET , _TOTTEXHAM-COURT-ROAD , on TUESDAY EVENING NEXT , _Febcbabt 19 th , 1850 , for the purpose of Reviewing the _Fkoceemsgs is _Tajslimixsi during the past weelc . _Fea- * _gns O'Connor , Esq ., M . P ., G . W . M . Reynolds , Eso ., G . Julian Harney , _TMlip M'Gratb , William Dixon , Ambrose Tomlinson ( recently Uberated from his dungeon at Wakefieldj ) and others are expected to address the meeting . Chair to be taken at eight o ' clock . ADMISSION FREE .
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"RUPTURES _PERMANENTLY AND EFFEC TUALLY CURED WITHOUT A TRUSS' . I
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GRAPHIOLOGICAL DELINEATION OF CHARACTER . 'See yourself as others see you . _'—Hebes . MISS GRAHAM continues with extraordinary success to delineate persons' characters "Brora their handwriting , pointing out gifts , defects , talents , tastes , affections , & c , and many other things hitherto unsuspected . Persons desirous of knowing themselves must address a letter stating sex aud aye , and enclosing thirteen Postage Stamps , to ilISS ELLES GRAHAM , 6 , Ampton-Etreet , Gray ' s-inn-road , London . Tlie thousands of Testimonials Miss G . lias received since she first commenced tiie practice of GRAPHIOLOGY three years ago , establishes the accuracy of her system beyond all doubt . The followiug Testimonials appeared in the _BrifisTi Manner , So . 105 , January 0 , 1859 , page 3 I , in an article on Miss Graham ' s skill iu _Grapbiology : — ' There is . after alL something in the handwriting , on which people of a certain genius , and people ofa good deal of _experience , may say tilings curious and interesting . '
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BEAUTIFUL HAIR , WHISKERS , & C . BALDNESS AXD WEAK _UAIR CURED . n * - * BE EXTRAORDINARY SUCCESS X JIISS EMILY DEAN'S CRIXILEXE has met with is a sufficient guarantee of its efficacy and superiority above al ! other preparations offered to the pubh _' c for the Human Hair . It is pre eminently successful in nourishing , curling , and beautifying thehair , and preventing greyness in every stage , 'b y its absorption into the roiits of the _' hair , it nourishes it in its embryo state , accelerates its growth , cleanses it from all scurf , & c , sustains it in maturity , and continues if s luxuriance to the latest period of life . For the reproduction ofthe hair in baldness from whatever cause , and the production of moustachios , whiskers , _eye-Orows , ic ., it stands unrivalled . It is au elegantly scented preparation , sufficient for three months' use , will be sent , -post free , oa receipt of twenty-four postage stamps , by Miss DEAN , 103 , Great Russell-street , Rloomsbui'y-sg . uare , London .
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PAINS IN THE BACK , GRAVEL , LUMBAGO , BHEU . \ IATISM , STRICTURES , DEBILITY , Ac . DE . DE ROOS' COMPOUND RENAL PILLS are the oxl ** _cehtais ccee for the above _distressiog complaints , as also all diseases of the kidneys and _Orinai-y organs generally , whether resulting from imprudence or other-vise , which , if neglected , so frequently end in Stone in thc bladder , and a lingering , _agonisinj- death ! t is aa established fact tliat most cases of Rout and lUieumatism occurring iu middle age , arc combined with diseased urine , how _ntcesKiry is it then , that persons so afflicted should at once attend to these important matters . By the salutary action of tliese pills , on acidity of the stomach , -they correct bile and indigestion , purify and promote the renal secretions _^ thereby preventing the formation of calculi , awl estabiisliinj ; for life a healthy performance of the functions of all these organs . _. _TheyJikve never been known to fail , and may be obtained , through all Medicine Vendors . Prieels . lid „ 2 s . 9 < L . and 4 s . 6 d . per box ., or will be sent free , with full instructions for use , on receipt _, ot the price in postage stamps , by Br . DE H 003 . A considerable saving effected by purchasing the larger _1-o-tes . -
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-RTJPTUB . ES EFFECTUALLY AND _PEIJ _^
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_^^^— . MR . G . W . M . REYNOLDS'S POPULAR ' PUBLICATIOKS . ' , ' ¦ " _" _irnnlJ _?^ " ° ' 8 * " " ' published ' ' every SATURDAY MORNING , at Mr . _ReyBolds' ' s Establishment , 7 , _Welling-. ton-street North , Strand ; and rimy be ' _prbeiired of his Agents , and may be procured ot all Dealers in ' Cheap Pubhcations in Town _and-C-ountry . . _: ¦ ' . . _' _... - - ¦ :- \* L _> _,: ¦ .. ; ¦ - - ' ¦ " ¦ : ; ; _.-. D E TN O L D S _^ -S MIS C ELL ANT - _^ of Romance , General _Literature , Seieuce , arid Art . TMs periodical consists -of . sixteen lairge quarto pages , beautifull y printed , on good paper , and each nuriiber containing at least three , _and-sometimes more , beautiful wood engravings . Its contents nre varied , ind therefore calculated to suit all classes of readers , _and-all tastes . Amongst theprominent leatures the _foiloniiig may be specified : — 1 . TUE SLAVES OF ENGLAND . —No . 1 . "THE KEEDLBWOMAJf . " A Domestic Tale . ByGEOBOE W . JL _Retnolds . ( To be _^ otamenced next week . ) _ . IL THE MYSTERIES OF TOE TEOPLE ; or The History of a Proletaiian Family , from the Earliest Ages to the Present Day . ' Translatea from the French of Eugene Sue .
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WEEKLY TRIBUNE NEWSPAPER . This day is _published , in a greatly enlarged and improved form , the ; WEEKLY TRIBUNE NEWSPAPER , Price Fivcpence ; or , Five Shillings and Fivepence per quarter . _Dsvoted to the most advanced principles of Democratic and Social Reformers .
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HOOPER'S JOURNAL . v . The purchasers' of this Journal are respectfully in formed , that with Ko . 0 ( the first week _i-i March ) will be -GIVEN . AWAY : No . 1 . of " CAPTAIN COBLER ; ! on , the LINCOLNSHIRE INSURRECTION : " An Ilistorical Romance ofthe Reign of HenryYIII . By Thomas _Cooi-eu _, Author of " _ThtTPurgatory of Suicides . " ; The remaining numbers of the Romance will be issued at Oae Penny , _vfeekly _, ' until it is complete .
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MP . LEE ,, _jailor , . 19 , _Alberiiiarle-• ' street , Clerkenweli , begs to inform the public—al , though there are' so many'Jews , and other adv ' _cnturcrsertptinto the trade , who never served a moment to it , and who derive their profits from robbing the poor unfortunate creatures they employ—he still adheres to the more wholesome system to all—namely , to give a substantial article at a low price , retaining a remunerative profit for himself and workmen . ' . " IJST or PKICER . ' Dress Coats .. .. - £ 1 15 s . to £ 2 5 s . Over Coats .. .. 1 10 „ 2 15 Doeskin Trowsers .. 0 li .. 1 2 TweedDitto .. .. 0 9 Gd .. 0 1 ( 5 "Waistcoats from .. 0 ' C 6 ' upwards . Tooths clothing , and eveiy article in the trade , equally cheap .- . _-. ; -. ¦ . _- . - •' . . . Observe the number—19 : : .
Dr. M'Douall's Family
DR . _M'DOUALL'S FAMILY
The M'Douall Committee Beg To- Tender Th...
The M'Douall Committee beg to- tender their thanks to Mr . Norman , "Ventnor , Isle of Wight , ior his contribution , in aid of the distress-id family of "Or . M'Douall , and ,. at the same time , to call itbe attention of all local secretaries to the suggestion in last week ' s'"Star '—viz ., to assist the family of Dr . M'Douall , who , ' we are sorry to state ; are in actual starvation . We find that the : people professing the principles ' , and who bave ! cheered on tlie advocates of reform , are' now ! comparatively comfortable and what
can the people expect for this apathy , but that , when at liberty ,- Dr . ' M " _** 0 ' oua _'* i' would abandon the cause for which he has suffered _sa macii , aud ifor which his family have * heen brought to want and starvation . We earnestly entreat that : the local secretaries will assist us in a few collections , and forward the same to the treasurer , Andrew M ' Fee 6 , Augustine-street , St : Ifartin's , Liverpool : ' Forthe _Cbmniitlee _^' - ' . ; . "; . _" " ¦ ' ¦ ; James Sedliss , Secretary . . .. Liverpool , Febuary 12 th . '
A Good E-*Asjj>Ie ._Uobert Arkwright, Es...
A Good E- _* Asjj > iE . _ Uobert Arkwright , Esq ., of Sutton-hall , intimated to his tenantry , last ' " week , thathe wished them on no account to force the sales Of any of their produce in order toiiieet their rents , and when they came to pay those rents , to put fifteen per cent less than tholrespectivc ' ampnhts u » their pockets . _Thesame' excellent landlord on SOme occasion : lately ; -gave _^ eb nsidej _^ bloj aisis _^ hce to Ms tenantry in winter food ' for their eatUe , ';' iri'd does much good tballthe . country ' . around' by con- ; staritly " employingmany'labo'iirers . ph . improvements and other wjbrks , which "require ; a numper ; : ' bf _haadseoristariUyeoea « _ted ori them . ' _* ' i v : ' . 1 ' : . ' . ''
Aro ≪Eovvewo\Mnw
aro < Eovvewo \ mnw
This Wmt-End F Bbbt And; Sho-Make^^Pri't...
This _WMT-END BbbT and ; _SHo-MAKE _^^ pri _' _thO : 2 fit * i ; bf '• ' _Deceinbsr last ; a subscription was got up and * m _»& by the Boot and Shoemakers of the West-End-of _Lonflon , ¦ _for- ' two pieces of prixe work ( a : prize : boot l and prize ¦' ,- brogue ) : the proceeds to be devoted to the , wives and _femUies of tho imprisoned Chartists , The distribution ' took place at the Two Chairman , _-JVardour-street , bbho . The _amountrealised was £ 6 15 s . Cdi , and expended in tlie following manner : — 'December 27 tli , 'for _'Tfictim Fund , £ 2 ; January 1 st , ditto . £ 2 - January 7 th , ditto , ¦ £ 1 ' , To William Pool , 6 s . ; Thomas . Harburt _, 6 s /; thos . Jrons , 10 s . ; Mrs . Crowe , 7 s . ; Four llundred Tickets , Cs . ; Five Sheets of Paper , 5 d . ; Expended , SA 15 s . 5 d . ; Balance in hand , Id . —The £ 5 for the Victim Fund has already been ' _acknovrledtje ' d in the Star , —On behalf ol the Committee . Secretary , Thomas Dickens ; Treasurer , Charles Harris , 81 , _"Wardour-strect . to
_Chables _Eiu-est _, York . —Send your full _^ address Mr . ' Harney . Malmsbobt , —M „ _W . Z . Bowley will find a lctl _; er addressed to him at tbe Post office ' , Malmsbwy . ' ¦ ' MERTnvR Tydvil . —Mr . J . Jones ( whoforwardedan account ofthe Paine festWal ) will find a letter addressed to him at the Post-office , Merthyr Tydvil . . _LouGHiioiiouGit . —Mr . John Harrop will find a letter addressed to him at _theTost-office _, Loughborough : " ' J . W . S ., Weymouth . —Many thanks . Send the lines of poetry . Dbbbv . —W . Coleman , bricklayer ' s labourer , will find a letter addressed to him at the Post-office , Deibv . J . C , _Parkhead ; and Y . II ., Kentish Town . The lines wUl not do . Maltox Land _Mejihehs . —Tour letter has been fonvarded to Mr . O'Connor . ' . ''• _' " Mr . Ghee ** , Gainsborough . —Your present quarter expires on tlie 23 rd inst . Mr . Nobis , Hartlepool . —You should have remitted is ,
along with your advertisement . ; J . Swret , Nottingham , acknowledges the receipt of the following sum , sent herewith : — For _Macsumaba _' s Action . —From Ilucknall _Tdricard , 3 s . W . LiNDSAV » Aberdeen . —Address a line to Messrs Sutherland and Knox , publishers , successors to MiyTait , Edinburgh . _--.. . . . J . B ; Massey , Longright , suggests that if . it is thought desirable that a national petition for the Charter be got up , that every person should contribute ' one penny before signing , which will not only test their sincerity ,. but guard against fraudulent signatures , and aid in _further-, ing the object of the petition . , . : < TnE Monument of Williams , and Sham * . —Wo are requested to stute that persons holding subscription cards for the above object are requested to return the same at their earliest convenience . Subscriptions may be sent to ¦ Mr . Rider -- 'to the Land- Office , per Mr , Boonham ; or to G 2 , Golden-lane . .
The Northers Star Satuisday, Febkuaisy 16, 1s5c.
THE NORTHERS STAR _SATUISDAY _, _FEBKUAISY 16 , 1 S 5 _C .
Timid Law Makers And Powerful Law Breake...
TIMID LAW MAKERS AND POWERFUL LAW BREAKERS . The struggle'for a Ten' Hours Bill has to be renewed . After years "' of / agitation , and large sacrifices of time , monoy , " and health , on the part of its advocates , the Legislature , three years ago , at length recognised the justice of the principle tliey contended for , ' and embodied it in au Act of Parliament . Never was
there a law more full y or maturely'discussed , or more deliberatel y decided upon . : Its objects were distinctly avowed , and its opponents argued the question upon its merits . ; There was no deception , reserve , or equivocation on the matter . It was well understood by all parties , both in and out of Parliament , that the simple question foi * decision was , whether women and children under a given age , should be restricted to ten hours lahour a day —counting from the time the mill commenced working until they , left off work . - - ¦ ¦ :.
Any one who will take the trouble to refer to the debates of the time , will find that this is the case . There cannot , therefore , ; bo the slightest ground ior saying that there was any misunderstanding as tothe object and intention of the law . No sooner , however , was it put in force , than the millowners--who had resisted its enactment with all the strength of their party , while under disciission—determined to evade its
provisions by means of a technical quibble . Remembering the old saying , that * there never was an'Act of Parliament yet passed , through which a coach and six might not be ' ¦ . driven by those who had sufficient wealth and . influence , they , set to work to find , or make , the loop-holes which the legal verbiage always offers to the rich law breakers . They soon discovered one . The act did not specifically and definitely express the intention of its frainers ,, that the . day of ten hours was ' to . be computed continuously from the hour that the women and children commenced till tlichour of their dropping work at night , The millowners , therefore , introduced what is now known as the . " . shift , ' system , " by means of whicli ,
instead of ten hours , they can command the attendance of every woman and child they employ for fifteen hours out of the twentyfour . This is effected by means of relays . After thefirst set of women and children have been a certain number of hours at work , they are succeeded by a second , for a limited number of hours , ( say two or three ) ; the first set of hands are then again called into work , and again relieved , and none of them are in actual work- for . more than ten : hours daily . ; The millowners say , that this is a compliance with tlie Act , though , including the intervals tliey are in waiting to relievo the relays , tho workpeople are reall y in attendance at : the mill fifteen hours .
The Government Inspectors , and the factory operatives ; alike opposed this flagrant violation of thespirit and meaning of tlie Act ; but the magistrates in the manufacturing districtseither factory masters . themselves , or connected with the class by . relationship and sympathy—decided in favour of this now interpretation of _a-T « i (!) Hours . Act , ' " and refused to levy the penalties laid down in the law for its infraction . The Government was
appealed to , and gave an opinion in favour of the operatives ; but with the _usuhl temporizing and equivocating policy of Whigs , shrunk from taking the decided course of either _. coinpellirig obedience to their own law , or , if that was impossible , from the defective construction of a particular clause ) of passing a short declaratory Act , distinctly and authoritatively declaring the precise meaning and ' in tent , of the Legislature on the subject ., ... _•¦¦¦ . ' .-..
~ : So the matter stood until , by agreement , a single case was referred to tlio Court of Exchequer , in . order , that the question , oflaw , so far as it depended upoii the verbal cpiistriiction of . the Act ,, might be determined by tho Judges of .: the land ; On Friday last Mr . Baron Pauke delivered the judgment of the Court , arid it was adverse " to the operatives . The Ten Hours Act is ' a nullity . . The millowners may carry on their . " 8 hift system , '' and keep every woman and child they employ at their beck ; from" half-past five in the morning until half-past ' eight at night ; or , indeed , keep . their factories going twenty-two hours of . the't _wenty ' four , if , they . ; p . leaso _...-Mainnioh and Competitioh arc triumphant !• .: . •' .. > . : ' _.,-. ' / _.-. ; .
With respect to' this judgment ; we think that a little more common sense , and , less of cricical acumen and philological knowledge , would have added to its weight with ! the community at large , , and to the respect with ivhich we are accustomed to look up to ' the Judicial Bench . It _hiay be true , as Baron Parke said , that " the Court , could ' ; not act upon a conjecture , however strong , tliat _jfche Legislature intended to prohibit the - shiftsystem ; ' " _.-bat we contend , that tho Court was riot reduced to the alternative of _acting upon ' . ' ? _a-conjecture . If the . ' . _Statutei had ; . been ; t \ vo or ' three hundred years _old- _^ i _^' alltiiod _^ could havo . _throiatQ light . upon the intentions of its framers -had perished , . and tlio judges had been leift to construe the'Act strictly , ' according
to it s _literar _. cbristrueiion , m the absenceI of all _correlativie' _ihfwhmdoii , ' then ; we , _eenld . _^ liaye understood ' ' this excessive ; , 'judicial j delicacy . But it is only'two or three _^ years since theiAct Was -passed . The debates in _Pairliameni upon tbe subject have not ' yet ; _fade'd-fi-o ' m t io _^ , _anid if his _^ _Loi'dship the ' intentions of .. ' the Legislatiire , \ Hansard would -have convinced him in : ten ; minutes ,-even if his power of doubting isvtoii _tiifees as _^ y _^ _S _^ , v ! , ' _^ f : f _^' _J _^ : _'^^ 7 E _^ Q ' _ix ' pf blessed ; . memory . ; . K , V appears _^ O _,, _^ s _^ _jthftt , in - _digi-egarding ,-the . _collateral and ; _eorroDbrAtiveevidence to be drawn from this source ! in fayeur ; of t _^ eoppo . Bite _viewi-. tbe'JuioRB has *« stfaiBed _At _^ in _Aimi swallowod _' a _^ niel ;' *' _"Wranj
Timid Law Makers And Powerful Law Breake...
be all wry _^ " » _^ -1 _«* " _•*** ' _"•* e _Act _f a penal _bnei- arid' as such ought to be strictly construed , ' for _^/ man was _notpto be punished except upon plain "' enactments ; " and it may also he . speciously fair for- legal ptirists to exhibit " such - Hypercritical refinement' in construing sentences ; hut neither Judges nor purists can ignore the cardinal fact , that' the Leg islature had an intention vihen it enacted that too— -that the penaltieswere intended to be _
imposed upon tliose who violated _•" 'the , law , or evaded its enactments—and , therefore , that in administering that or any other Statute , reference must in all cases be had to the object for whicli it was . passed . Once give up this animating and -guiding principle , and darkness would fall upon , the whole of our Statutes . The soul would _bdtaken Out of our jurisprur deuce ; it would became a mere caput mortuum . a mass of dead words , from which the living spirit hail , departed .
Such judgments are the severest blows that can be dealt against the existing system .: They tend to spread wider , and to sink more deepl y in the minds of the masses , the impression that , in this country , there is ho . justice nor protection for the industrious classes , as against the wealthy and powerful part of the community . Even when—by years of toil and suffering , in the face of gigantic obstacles
—they , have , at last succeeded in extorting from a reluctant Legislature a recognition of their claims , and a consequent protection against the inroads of all-grasping capital ; they are robbed of the substantial fruits of their exertions , by the wealth of their masters , the cunniug of lawyers , aud the super-refinement and delicacy of judges , when poverty has to withstand the power of wealth . : v - '
What course will Lord Ashley and the Shbrt-Timo Committees adopt in this emergency ? If they trust to the present Government to act up to their former professions , ; the result will be , that this decision of ; Baron Pauke will render the Act a dead letter , v It will be remembered that Sir G . Grey , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , and \ several membersof the Government , were amongst the most earnest opponents of the measure . Mr . _MacaulAy , its most eloquent and _philosophical supporter , is now neither in . tho Cabinet nor in Paiiiament . The Peelites ,, to a man , are
opposed to any regulations which , as they say , interfere between the employer and employed . ; and , of course , the Factory interest entertain as deep-rpoted and active an hostility as ever , to any measure which may'tend to curtail theii power of rapidly growing rich . The Premier consistently and firmly upheld the Bill when it * a as last hefore Parliament ; 'but , dependent as hie now is 4 P . the support of the Pcelites and the ' - '; Manchester School , " and , having the prospect of adivision in his own Cabinet should he take any _decidecVstcps to remedy the defect in the law ; it may be doubted whether lie will voluntarily ihove . ih the matter ;
. What is required—and what should be insisted upon is—the passing of a short declaratory . Act , ; explaining the real objects of the Factory Act , and stating , definitively , that the ten hours labour for women and children are to : be reckoned . _corefoVraoKs _/ y , from . the hour when they first commence work in- the morning . The factory operatives , and their loaders , should lose not a _monient in bestirring themselves vigorously and universally , to , get such . an Act passed .: If they do so , , the PiiEAiiEK may bo forced into acquiescence . If not , the millocracy will triumph , and wring from the workmen their' _'hai'd-wou victory , ' despite the . deliberate decision of the Imperial Parliament . ;
It may be observed , that all the experience that has been had of the practical operation of the . Act , has . been such as to give the lie tothe predictions of its adversaries , and to realise , to the fullest extent , the anticipations of its supporters . ' Even in the _Iforning Chronicle itself , that most rabid of all the organs of the ' . ' laissez / aire '' pplicy- _^ abundant . evidence , of the most incontrovertible nature , is to . be found in
favour of short time aud regulated labour . ' The correspondent of that paper , who was sent into the manufacturing districts ; was evidently deeply imbued with the doctrines of the Political Economists , and saw most things through the spectacles of the employers . All his generalisations were coloured by his preconceptions . on the subject ; and even where the stern _realities of actual life shocked and
appalled him , the heartless and blinding theories with whicli he was indoctrinated , induced him to find out , or invent , palliatives for the misery they produce . < The perverting _. influence of these prejudices , is , perhaps , in none of his letters more _cleiirly exhibited _^ ' than in that which is specially devoted to an exposition of the results of the Ten Hours Act ' . -Al spirit of petty cavil is displayed throughout .- Upon very unsatisfactorV data ,
the fall of wages is pronounced to be froni sixteen to twenty per cent . ;' while the specific evidence on the contrary , •' proves beyond cavil , ' . ' to use his own . words , that ; in consequence , of the increased , speed of machinery , and the greater strength and activity of operatives employed , during a reasonable number of hours per day— "the quantity of work per hour has boeii increased since the Ton Hours Bill . '' If wages have . fallen , therefore , the millowners have robbed the operatives . ..- ' ;
But whatever may have heen the result in a moro . money point of . view , thero can bo ; no doubt as to the moral and" social benefits' conferred by the measure . . The writer in the Morning Chronicle states , . that he took . opportutiities of interrogating tho work-people in every mill he' _visited in _Mauchesteiy Bolton _^ 'Ashton , and Oldham , ; 'hi order toiearn thoir opinions , from their o . wn lips . He also
conversed with the cotton operatives at their own homes , intho streets , and in the taverns , and in his own" apartments .- What was the result > , f this ; examination ?; Why , " that with , _too exceptions , that of a young woinah , a wiucler , in Manchester , ' . and . that of a spinner , , in a coarse mill ,- at . Oldham , _Iiutts told , by one and all , that they preferred Ihe ten hours system to . the twelve hours , even if tliey only got tenlibiirs instead of twelve hows wages . " ' .... ' . '
; If , therefore , the feelings of tho operatives themselves—and their decided adhesion to a system which enables them to enjoy , to a limited degree , the comforts of a honicV and leisure / for _Tcultiyating the . intellectual and moral : faculties ; of -their nature—are of any weight ,- either with the Legislature or the Government , . tho defective wording of tho 'Jaw ' ought ' to be immediately ' rdm ' cdiod by ' . _-a ' _clcplaratbry act' '"'" X . / 7 . ; ' ¦ X . 7 ' 7 _' - ¦ X- - _^ ; - of
Wc shall nowhave an opportunity ; testing tho sincerity _i of those ' who . go about making loud professions of regard for the social' and moral welfare of the masses . If their lamen _tationsibver : their : p hysical _wrctphedness , and consequent . moral . depravation , mean anything morothan the . prayers of _the-Pharisces at the corners of streets—in order : that they may be seen of meii , and get credit for a philanthropy _Svhicli is not real , but spurious—we shall ; witues ' s such a vigorous aiid united . niovement pn
the part o £ aU whoprofess _themselvesdesirous to-elevate and improve tho condition ; of the labouring ' classes / as will cOmpol oven iWhigs to iibifc in a , j list aiid intrepid manner , ' and the allgrasp ng disciples [ Of , M _^ an iinon to relax , their cruei [ and 'deadly liold' _^ upon the bodies and souls of the unfortunate beings whom poverty and-competition have bound hand and foot , and _delivered iip " to the slaveiy of commercialism . Iri ' _-the / firet _^ _^ instance , howover ' the operatives -,: musfc , « how that they are in earnest . 44 helps # _eae . who , help themselves . V-.,
[ Since, Tlio Preceding Observations Vgi...
[ Since , tlio _preceding observations _vgi-g . written , . we [ : hayO « 3 n : _iiiply _^• atified _^ o _^ _le't rii that _. tlie factory _haiidaiiaye commence'I , a , wgoT _rous agitation—that _tl _^ v . ' _-iiole _, cotton _, ' iitstrict has been stirr _^ a into ' _ae- _^ iOD _, by the intelligence ofiUa 4 _reris ' ( _iecisfoaWtht ? . Court . of Ex-
[ Since, Tlio Preceding Observations Vgi...
chequer , _and-has assumed a determined ; and uhcohipromising attitude upon ; the subject . _; I The necessity . for their continuing ; to maintain-this attitude , is _further shown by the angwer _. _i _^ ven to . Lord / AsHLEV ' _s-question by Sir G . GKEY , oh Tuesday night ,: Parliament . As we anticipated ,-tho Government will shirk its' i obvious duty , ¦ ; if it possiblyv can . Lord ¦ Ashley asked if ; it ; was intended to bring in a declaratory _actltor remedy the-defect in the law ? and the Home Secretary parried the .- ... . . 1 , J .. _„ , *!
question by r saying , he had not had time to read tho- _shorthand writer ' s notes , aiid therefore could not say : what he would do in the matter . He , however ,, very clearly intimated his deBire , that a Whig course . ' should be adopted , and a compromise become to of eleven hours—a course which would neither satisfy the capitalists , ; who , repudiate all . legislative interference ,, nor the . operatives , who feci that ten hours' actual labour are all that aro compatible ,, cither with bodily health or domestic comfort . '
The Short Time party must , therefore , depend on their own- energies , and not upon the Government . Fortunately the Whigs are made of " squeezable'' materials . " To your tents , 0 Israel ! " Now is the time for action . Ono united and vigorous effort will secure the object in view . _^^///•'• _'' '• _' /• ' _' ' _/•'• ' **** _lk - _« ' ' ' ' 'r ' - ' _///^ - * _- ' _<^< _V «
;'..;;;, Colonial Policy; ' ¦ ' . ' : ¦ ...
;' .. ;;; , colonial policy ; ' ¦ ' . ' : ¦ 7 ,,: " Great cry and Utile wool . " . At . the commencement of the Session the PBEMiEK- _^ -in a speech of two hours an & _fa half - —has expounded , to a full and attentive House , the views of the Government as to Colonial Policy , both in the abstract , and with reference to particular measures intended foi * various Colonies . \ : The mere statement ofthe fact ; k sufficient to indicate what an immonso change has taken " place in public opinion within the last 'few years upon this question . The Colonies . were , in effect , handed over to the irresponsible Government of a bureaucracy ,
snuglyinstalledjnDowning-street . All that they had to do -was to suffer , silently and unredressed , the infliction of the most grievous injuries—all that we" had to do , was to pay handsomely the officials appointed by itbe Imperial and Imperious Colonial Office to inflict these grievances and curse the Colonies by tlieir ignorance and their aristocratic '; misgo : vernmeht . But VEvery dog : has its day ;" and even Downing-street can no longer sin with impunity . The . harness has galled the ill-used Colonies so deepl y and so painfull y that they iiave turried restive . Their grievances have found mouth-pieces in and out of Parliament . Colonial Eeform has become one of the great questions of the day . . . \
It is one in which the people of the Mother Country ; are deeply and intimately interested . Iu order to keep the Colonies in subjection to a most odious and oppressive system of misgovernment , we have yearl y to raise millions for the support of the army , navy , and ordnance , which would otherwise not be required . These troops and ships are sent to the Colonies professedly for the purpose , of guarding them against foreign attack . In reality ,, they are
kept up for the purpose of repressing the dis-. content of the misgoverned and oppressed Colonists , If _. _ithey were empowered and permitted to manage their own affairs , they would now , in the majority of ; cases , be fully equal to the'duty of protecting themselves from any possible danger of foreign aggression . The removal of our baneful Protection _^?) would speedily enable tho others toa'ttaih that strength and independence in which they may now be deficient .
Lord John's speech was eminently _Whiggish . He laid down broad and liberal principles of Government ' as its basis , and ended by constructing a few small mouse-traps upon the magnificent foundation . To have listened to his opening declarations , one -would have imagined that every one of our Colonies that was at all' capable of undertaking the responsibility , ., was forthwith to'be invested with the power of managing its own local and internal affairs . ' Again and again his lordship repeated that the ancient maxim of British Colonial government was that , ' * wherever
Englishmen were sent , or repaired to settle , they carried 'with them the ' freedom ofthe insti- ; tution ' s ofthe mother country ; " '' Wherever Englishmen went to settle , * there should be introduced English freedom and English institutions . It therefore becomes our duty , as far as possible , to act upon the principle of introducing and maintaining political fr eedom in oui * dependencies . " Tliese emphatic and highsounding declarations , were of course received
with great applause ' i ; but wo confess , that having had some'former experience of the manner in whicli "Whig principles ; and Whig practices disagree , and how the latter fall off , and ' ' grow small by ; . degrees , and beautifully less , '' we indulged in a discreet scepticism . ; The result demonstrated the correctness of our doubts . Theoxordium . _and . thc conclusion of the speech , were ' typified by ! ' tlio solemn . cry ofthe Mussulman hawker— . " In the name of the PnoriiET -fi gs !" . ¦ ¦ : ' ¦ 1
Instead of honestly carrying out ' the comprehensive hud just principles enunciated as those , which should be the foundation of our Colonial policy , the pREiilER propounded various new-fangled , and ingeniously contrived schemes , for placing the Australian Colonies ,-the Cape , '! Malta ,. Guiaua _, Trinidad , and the ; Mauritius , under the continued rule of Down- ; ing-street and its employes , _; -wliile ' : tliey . were to be cheated with a delusive appearancejof representativeand self-elected governments .
' As yet , we have not the details of tho ro spectivc measvires .- before us , but the course proposed to-be' adopted in New South Wales and tho other Australian Colonies , may be taken as the koy-noto to tho whole scheme . There is to be only one Legislative Chamber , composed of _tliirtyrsix members , . of whom one-third are to be nominated by the Government , and the remaiuing two-thirds elected by ( we presume ) a constituency • more select _tnaii-uumcrous . "
; ; N 6 \ v just let ' us'imagine ' tho practical ; _working 1 ofsucha Chamber asthis . The one third appointed by the Governmeut , will be generally permanent members ; and necessarily , from that-cause alone , gain that ascendancy , o ' yer . the fiuctiiiatiug portion - of tlie Chamber , . which accompanies tho possession of a . definite position ; _iand practised habits . of business .- - But besides this power , on thepartof thc ' iiomiiices bf the _"Governihent , we must also , itake . iiito accoiiiit the direct and , indirect influchcewhich _it-wiiibe ! ableip bring , to bear upon tho election . ofr- the ; other two-thirds . We can
_iniderstandt—if ; not : approve—of-the admission of ex ; bJficio' _membevs into a Legislative _Assembly , _wlierethepresehce of these parties is rendered necessary by , their official position , and the information that may . be required from them '; but , in that case ,, such persons should have no vote in the Assembly . . ' Lord John' s _. schemie swamps , tHe Australian Legislative ; Cliamber , with tv host of -. _Governmon't nominees , whose policy ; and ! endeavours . . willnaturally and inevitablybe directed to uphold tho _. policy of the Imperial _Government -as against ; local inr ! _tea-csts' an tl p ublic feeling , and to secure the
due payment of tlieir own salaries ; : and . _ithe continued predominance' bf theiri own ; -class over , the Colonists at large . If . they ' succeed in this , tho scliomo ' . wiir be " a delusion , ; . a mockery , aiid a snare , '' ' : If tliey , do _. _iiotj the Chamber willbe ! divided in to two . parties—the paid nominees ! of , the Crowii , ivud tho unpaid representatives of tIio ! ic ] ectoral . ! . l ) ody- _^ who will , spend " much more-time and energy in squabbling , with eacli otlior , tlian iih" legislating-foi ; the benefit , of- the community ; whose iuWeststh _^ y . , ai : e 8 u _^ wateli ! by-a _* . ' .. ! lii _. eifhor . case , the eggi whicli the _Wliiggliaveibeen .. sblpng . ! hatching _witl-turn 6 _atmlffi ' an ai _4 _dlwbnd . '''' _-.. '! _' " . " ' '' . ; t \
;'..;;;, Colonial Policy; ' ¦ ' . ' : ¦ ...
In reality ,- there lB _^ noth _^ gin _^ the _, world somuch dreaded byihe"Whigs , " _astlaeldea of _» free , full , ' and bona fide Government by tbepeople , for , the people either at home or _- ' in the-Colonies ; and , so long _as tliey can prevent it _,, such a _Governmeniwillneyer b _^ Meantime , i they fare fertile ; iii . schemes for throwing dust in the eyes of the -public , anol as fast , aa ' they are , discovered and exposed in one trick , they have recourse to another . Til rOolltV . . _HlPTf _* id II f > _tlll _O IT 11 I * _ll _n . . .. _^ 1 J L
With reference "tb . ' . Canada ,. Lord John stated , that- it was . the . determined , will of the Sovereign to ' resist ' .. any . attempt at sep aration ; and he expressed himself surprised , that any loyal subject should have dreamed of annexation to the United _States . Judging , however , from , the concluding sentence of hig . speech , this was a' mere empty threat . Hi » lordship evidently , believes that in the case of all Colonies , a time will come , when , having grown strong in population and wealth , they will say to us in the words used by himself ;—¦ ¦ ¦ Ou r _strongth is sufficient for us to be an
independent country—the link has grown onerous to us—tho _. time ig come , when in . amity and good will with England , we ' can maintain our own independence . " What if that time should have arrived already in Canada ? Is the Pbemibb prepared to resist such a declar ation put forth'in such a spirit , and waste the blood and the treasure of the Imperial State , in the endeavour to hold in continued subjugation , a country which he himself admits , - must , in the very nature of things , ; in due time , assert its
right to self-government and independence ? That would , indeed , be to repeat the " course of blundering" which , his lordship so emphatically condemned astlie cause of the " unhappy contest " -. with tho-- ' " loyal provinces of North America "—a contest which ended in their separation , to the . immense benefit of both parties ; By the enlightened statesman , futureseparations are as little to be dreaded as that which has already conferred such advantagesupon the world .,
Parliamentary Review . Work Has Been Alr...
PARLIAMENTARY REVIEW . Work has been already cut out in the Commons for at least the next three months . So numerous are the _jmeasures that have passed their initiatory stage ,. _andithe topics that have been cursorily discusssed—that it is impossible to do more than merely , indicate their nature and general bearing . When they advance to the further stage of a second reading , we shall follow the example of the House , and take the debate upon each of them respectively ,
: Three measures of considerable practical value have been brought _forward by the Government , as supplementary to ' their _JN avi gation Act , of , last year . Having by that measure thrown : the shipping trade of this country open to competition from all other nations , it is considered just to give the mercantile marine such facilities as may enable it to meet that competition fairly . One of the Bills introduced by Mr . Labouciieke ;' creates anew department of the , Board of Trade , by which two captains of the mercantile navy will sit as members of that Board , to carry into effecf
the proposed new regulations ; for that service . The object of these regulations is to establish ;• system of examination for Masters and Mates in the merchant service , by which the _stundar- ' of qualification may be raised ; to make pre vision for the improvement of the conditio and the discipline of the crews ; and , _lastb to constitute shipping officers , instead of tl present system of licensing agents . A _secor measure . is intended to reconstitute th Merchant Seamen ' s Fund , from which per . sions are paid to aged and _superannuatei sailors . The seamen in the merchant servia
pay at present one shilling a month to th < fund , and the pensions granted are _notonh very unequal at different ports , but in all case ; utterly inadequate to supply the _coromoiies ' necessaries of life . The . fund itself is insol vent .. It is now proposed to raise the contribution . from one shilling to one shilling and sixpence per . month—to give till merchant sailors a -uniform pension of sixpence a day , when , they are . placed upon the fund ; and to make up the deficiency wliich this 'allowance would cause , the Government intend to grant 30 , 000 / . annually from the Consolidated Fund ,
in aid of the contributions from " the . sailors . The third measure connected with-this subject is one for improved Measurement . of Tonnage . "' 'Several bills intended to improve " the law relating to Landlord and Tenant iii'Ireland , and other : important points , havebeen introduced ; the most noticeable of this class of measures ,-however , isone for a reform of the Irish Court of G ' haiicery . The' object of this measure is to simplify and shorten the mode of pleading , to amend and facilitate the mode of proof , and to regulate and _define the mode of appeal in Courts of Equity . On-all these
points it is needless to say , there is -not only great room for reform , but it is-imperatively required . The question already raised , however , is why . has justice not ' been' done to England in this respect , as well as . to Ireland ? Whatever defects - may exist iii the Irish Equity Courts , are to-be found in even an exaggerated form on this side the Channel ; and dealing , as Lord _CoTrEXiiAM ' s Court does , with so much larger a number of persons and amount ' of property , the pernicious working of the present system is more extensivel y and more grievousl y felt than _: in / Ireland . The
Court of Chancery , everybody knows , has become it standing disgrace to tho country and the ago . Intended to deal ' out equity to suitors , unfettered by the dry technicalities of the Common Law Courts , it has ; become a huge . and complicated instrument of fraud , robberyj and ' oppression . When a man is once dragged or forced , into a Chancery suit , ruin stares 'him in the'face- ; and liable as most persons aro , to be named as trustees , executors , and legatees , or to take part in co-partnerships out of which disputes'and _difficulties ' may'a ' rise , the reform of this Court becomes a
matter of deep and general _interest to the public . .. Though the Soli ' ci ' _tok-Gexbijal has shrunk from attacking tlio gigantic evil , wo are happy , to say that it is not therefore to escape . ' Itis stated that Lord _Langdalk , an eminent Chancery 'Judge , . ' we ' ll- acquainted with . the practice of the courts , * aud Air . T . UliNEll _, Q . C ., j _. ofle-of the . niost _e-xperienccd and ; popular , ]) ractitioners in them , ' { have both prepared ' Bills up ' onthe subject . "The question will , therefore , be debated in . both Houses . ' . " " Local taxation , ; ahd _' ospec _^ ally , ! _tli ! e constitution , of the . country , boards , by Avhich much of
it is imposed ,. has also constituted a subject of debatq .- -On Wednesday three Bills ? all having reference to'ifc ' " in . pne _^ shape or aiiother , were introduced ; one by . Mi- .. ( _FcEFEN , ; anotlior by MiyMiLNEii ' Ginspii ,. a * o : d" a _, tiiird---which may be considered ! a Government measure—bv Mr . Cornwall Lewis . The object of Mr . ' Gibson si Bill is to give the rate-payers a concurrent ! control with the justices over t _^ ho country expenditure ., _Xt . present , these gentlemen have ; the whole matter iii , their own hands ; they levy-rates , and expend them-as they please . The Home _Secretary stated tlie adhesion of
the ; Government to the _'^ Vrepresehtative principle enibbdied ' iu Mr . ! ' GiBs 6 x _? ScB " jU , so that there is some _chanco of " its being carried . The Bill of Mr . Lewis had reference to the _management of Highways , and was brought forward / from last Session , ' when it was thrown out from want of time-to discuss- it . l );; TIie . ; _lKisn Secretary has brought in the promised ; Government ' measure- _'on the _Iiisb Suffrage . ' It is as paltry aiid potty in its details as it is ; deficient in _^ principle ;' . There can b eno . ' 'doubt _asS ' to . its paternity - . it IS Wili , r all _oveiOmd meant as far _a _^ poSf _-iWe , _^ o promote Wing interests . _;;;;¦ _> ; . ; " .: - _:,...
_" . In w _^ -Lords , the Bill to atnena _^ he CoustituS _r- _" 31 ? 10 _^ . _^* 3 _Ecclesiastical Commi 8 _> io " n , has been _mtvoducea % 'th' _^ _Karqiiis : , _' _^ _^ nsdownf . H _^ _a ¦ d- _^ _wi _pU .. _ f its leading i > _rovisio-OB , fuil y
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 16, 1850, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_16021850/page/4/
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