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Northern Star (1837-1852), 16th August 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 7

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    • ^ -^mpr^Hofiemeut^
    • €&actfejt Ipll^iice.
    • totculture anXj SDrticulture
    • iitarfcet Mellftcciwe*
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    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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      . ' ¦ ¦ . ¦¦ - ' ¦ ¦/. -;--' ¦ ¦ •;- . :...

      . ' ¦ ¦ . ¦¦ - ' ¦ ¦/ . _- ; _-- ' ¦ ¦ •; - . : _' .:... - .. ¦ . 7 ¦ ¦" .. A _* sx 16 , _SS 45 . THE _NQRygERN STAR ; _r

      ^ -^Mpr^Hofiemeut^

      _^ _- _^ _mpr _^ _Hofiemeut _^

      - ¦ And I Will Wki-Ist Least In Words, (...

      - ¦ And I will _wKi-ist least in words , ( And—should my chance so _happen—desds ) , "With all who war with Thought V •* I think I feear a little bird , who sings _theneovfcfcyaudby will be the strongee , _"—4 _Jrsos

      Italy, Austria, And The Pope * Having Sk...

      ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE * Having sketched a few traitsof the " hen" government ( the Austrian ) existing in Italy , Mr . M ' _azosi next proceeds to afford the English people a glimpse of the " worst" the States ot the Pope . That there amid , by any possibility , exist a worse government than the Austrian despotism which at present curses Venetian-Lombardy , our readers will , most likely , be inclined to doubt . Let the doubters , however , lead the following , and mart , learn , and inwardly digest the consequences of allowing priests to rule : —

      Central despotism is the characteristic of the Austrian Government : organized anarchy , to the extent such a thing is possible , is the characteristic of the Papal . And this anarchy ,-in inevitable consequence of the constitutional nucleus of the government , cannot be modified by written laws or by essays of partial reform , come from What quarter they may . The government is elective and despotic : it is vested in a man who is Pope and King at the same time , and who proclaims himself to be infallible . So rule is prescribed , none can be prescribed to the sovereign . Ills electors , all and alone eligible , believing themselves _clolhefl with a divine character , divide amoug them the direction of affairs . The chief offices in the different departments of administration are all filled by priests . Very many of them are totally irresponsible ,

      not merely in fact , bnt of right . The Pope , generally a creature of the faction opposed to that which elected his predecessor , orerturns ihesystem in operation prior to his accession , and by a _wotu-proprio substitutes bis own . His electors , the cardinal ? ! each eligible after him , and feeling themselves his equals , substitute tlieir pleasure for his , every one iu his sphere , the bishops , also partaking in this diriue charatcr , and in irresponsible authority , exercise a wide and almost entirely independent power . The same , too , with tbe chiefs of the Holy Inquisition . The ecclesiastics , holders of the principal offices , incompetent frompastbabits and studiesto undertake their administration , discharge their duties by tlie aid of inferior employes ; who , in turn , feeling their position uncertain , as dependent on a necessarily short-lived

      patronage , arc guilty of every possible malversation , ana aim solely at self-enrichmtut . Beneath all . the weary people , borne down by all , reacting , against all , are initiated into a corruption , tlie example of which is set by their superiors ; or avenge themselves as they may by revolt or the poniard . Sncb , abridged , is the normal state of Papal Italy . In such s system there is nol _^ there cannot be , any place for general , sodalinterests , but place for the interests of self alone . The priests who govern have nothing in common with the governed : they may have mistresses—they cannot have wives . Their children , if they have any , are not legitimate , nnd have nothing to hope for but from intrigue and favouritism The love of glory , the ambition of doing good—the last stimulant left to individuals when every Other is wanting

      —exists not for them . The absence of all unify of system , the instability of all principle of government , as evidenced at Home under each new Pope , and in thc provinces under each new legate ,-wholly destroys the possibility of such an impulse . How should men devote themselves to amendments that can _fce in force hut 3 few years , that must pass away ere they bear fruit ? Besides , as I have before said , tlie ecclesiastics arc driven , by their want of political aptitude , to govern by auditors , assessors , or secretaries : why should these last labour for good , when the glory would all go to their chiefs ! Why should they not labour for en } , when the dishonour will fall there ako _? Fear has no hold on the subalterns ; for , not actios in their own name , they have nothing to dread save tor their patrons . Fear lias no hold

      on the heads ; for as to some , their _pawer and the part taken in the election of the reigning Pope , as to others , the apostolic constitutions or the traditions of the Church , establish an irresponsibility in fact or Jaw . In the Papal States the minister of Finance ( _Treasurer-Gencrali has no account to render : he may rob the Government with impunity , and he can he rcmovedfrom his office only by promotion to the Cardinalate . from this single fact judge of the rest . Consequent on this irresponsibility , in combination with fhe absence of distinctive limitations to official authority , no irregularity is too extravagant for the Popedom . The Cardinal-Batario claims the right of _setting aside the ordinances of the Pope , -whenever it seems good to him . A law of Benedict the Fourteenth ,

      confirmed by Pius the Seventh and Leo the Twelfth , ordains that every farming of duties and every contract _relating to the exchequer should be effected by public competition , and that cfter the first auction a certain time should elapse , to see _ifanypartywilladvance on theiiighest bidding , and yet the Secretary of State and tbe treasurer constantly Tiolate this prudent regulation , and , for a sum in hand , without tlie slightest formality , assign such contracts to whomsoever they please . Cardinal Alhani published at Bologna , on the 1 st of _February , certain ordinances of Gregory the Sixteenth , of the 8 th of October . _ISSI , to the effect that for the future no man should be taken out of the hands of bis native judges ; and twenty days later he created a Provost ' s court , that treated as crimes acts not before obnoxious to the law . The

      Cardinal Treasurer and the Cardinal-Camerlengo promulgated at the same time 11 S 2 S ) two opposing regulations relating to the posts . The functions of the provincial beads arc laid down by law ; but the Pope reserves to himself the gift of a letter or brief of instruction , by which he extends their power to what limit he pleases , and often invests them with the exercise of a portion of legal juris diction in civil matters : they may abase these powers according to caprice _^ for , whatever . they may do , they cannot be recalled till the expiration of three years . Under this abominable system of misrule , the sources of material prosperity are one by one wither ing , property is depreciated , commerce swallowed up " between the monopolist and the smuggler , and industry shackled and oppressed . The treasury wiien not plundered by the irresponsible treasurer , is exhausted in pensions scandalously lavished on idle

      prelates—nn inferior proteges , whom it has been necessary to deprive of their employments , bnt whom it Is hazardous to . bring to justice or iguominously dismiss—on women of ill life , courtezans to the cardinals , or on such as have rendered secret services to the Government , or any one of its members . Large pensions have often been granted to the brigand chiefs of the Campagna , who covenanted with the Government for a life-income , proportionate _ta'tlie profit they drew from their murderous calling 1 The treasury ¦ " maintains a large parfcof the congregation of the Propaganda ; it foments political plots in Spain , Portugal , and elsewhere ; it everywhere keeps alive , by secret agents , Jesuits , _orotlitrs , the assailant spirit of Papistry ; it feeds the luxury of the mo = t demoralised court in Europe , in the midst of a famishing population . "

      - Mr . IsUzzisi next speaks of tho intellectual state of ihe Pope ' s subjects . lie asks of English travellers , how many peasants have they met in the Popedom that could _* cad and write I * At the Congresses of Science that have assembled of late years in different parts of Europe , not a single professor has been seen from the Papal States . And all this , the mass of material and moral pestilence , afflicting t . is wretched population , is _basedonAPUixjc-MnolongerbeUcvcdin , tliat has eeatedSo have faitli in itself . " Conceive , " says Mr . _Mais-im , "the state of a creed-distrusting people , curbed , domineered over , burdened hy an army of priesta manifesting faith only in force , who surround themselves with Swiss and _Austrian bayonets , or . in the nameof Camsr , muster brigands from the _gallevsj "

      Religion—1 speak -of Papal Catholicism—is , in the . Roman States more than elsewhere , lifeless : lifeless in the educated classes as . a . consequence of the enlightened age ; lifeless in the people as wanting a symbol—as _wanting a something representative . Who in that country is _ijuorant that the nomination of Christ ' s vicar depends on ambassadorial intrigue , and that the direct or indirect _tftoof Austria , of France , or some other power , throws imo conclavhl nonentity the so termed chosen of the Holy Spirit ! Who is ignorant that long since the King stvaogu . il the Tope ; that dip lomacy masters theology ; that the notes of foreign plenipotentiaries have inspired _^ nefs to the clergy of Poland , to the bishops of Ireland . _^ ith _molu-proprio _ofaFope . but insults the i »/ aHtM % tf his predecessor ! Who at Home but can point out the

      of the cardinals . or who in the provinces but < _aa point to the agents of the _prelate-governors , shatne 'es % trafficking ii , an that can bringmoney to themselves « r _tbt-ir masters ! How , _djancd in this whirlpool of _feudal , of hypocrisy , ' of dilapidation , can man preserve his faith intact 1 * - * Uerei saspeehnen ofthe faithlessness ofthe Papal _iS ? _" ™ _^ « < l its utter disregard of the most solemn treaties : — fn IS 31 , au insurrection , internally victorious , was _niauTl _^ V " _mcnettGoa ' buttheiasurgeufs re-. _* " Possession of their arms , their position and pa _**** f strength . A capitulation was signed at Ancona vid f _^ o ! _-Sarch , between the membeis . of the Proon » i overnmesrt on one side and Cardinal _iJenvenuti » the other , covenanting a full and _entire amnesty for those

      an imp licated in the rising . The cardinal was an eh _° ' ' t ' m & t 0 sa y _» dothed , " th em _* P ° _«—.. ¦ _ef ° —» n the _language of Home , Deo el van _fioUs J * _£ ffiMa « n « . The 2 Gth might have furnished a aint part 5 es who would have been glad _iolook upon _* a the _^^ _^ _te _stmin the power of the insurgents he snm . r ' _^ fr _< e ' aa 4 invested with supreme authority _or _lTmotf _3 ' , at £ fiea ibt > capitulation . Xinetj-nine _connivancV _^ _Jfowmised -of the insurgents , _wiOi the Persuaded _i > eaT . _« i himself , who for the purpose _fcoard the T 2 _^ _Ptain £ o 2 u _% _a & a contract , embarked ou _r _^ _M p _^ _rf _* _' 1 ? _30 ' Ihe Papal flag , furnished with by tbeconsai ori agned _^ _thepordijical authorities and _oftli _rapitnbti _^ _J _^^ _'T _^^ _" _^^* article Was _eCL _, * _«* P « tof & C insurgents every fortified places Z' - _* "" -watered their arms , the _^ >¦ - ¦ - _' .. . r _™ _Srea . up . the insurrectionary flag

      Italy, Austria, And The Pope * Having Sk...

      pulled-down . tJnthe _Stti-of April ; when the country was entirely at < he Papal mercy , tke Pope declared the . capitalathnVhtiK . as far as regarded himself . . Ordinances of the Mth- «* d 20 th of April "organised a _bitterprosccution agaiKSt those who had been , however slightly , accomplices , favourers , or approvers of the insurrection . The 'ninety-nine passengers ofthe Isotta were stopped on the high sea , by the Austrian Admiral Bandtera—{ whose two suns expiated their father ' s wrong against the Italian cause , by pouring out their blood in martyrdom , ou the 25 th of July , 2844 , at _Cosenza)—tafeen back to Aucma , and from thence to Venice , to the prisons of Austria , against whom they had committed no attack ' , _fromwlvMl they were released after two months' ill-treatment , by the _iatecveuticn of Prance . After facts so revolting to good faith and morality , how can men believe in the religion of the court of Home ! Of thc Duchy oi * Tuscany "Mr . _Mjuzixi says .-

      —fa the Duchy of Tuscany—tlie only Italian state in which the corruption of a mild despotism has been preferred to the system of terror elsewhere dominant—one of our first authors , _Sicoliui , published his tragedy of Arnaldo da Brescia : for two days it had a free sale ; on the third the whole impression was seized , at tlie instance of the court of Rome . In the same Duchy , a native restored the house formerly inhabited by Mfieri , and added an inscription , lauding the great poet for his love of Italy : the Tuscau censorship found in it nothing objectionable ; but the Austrian Ambassador demanded its obliteration , and the Government obeyed . Mr . MazZISI thus sums up the general state of Italy : —

      Misgovcrnment and foreign despotism in lombardymisgovernment and the worship of an imposture in the Popedom—you have only , sir , to apply these three things to entire Italy , and you will have got the truth . The Popeisthe cross , the pommel of a sword , of which Austria is the point ; and this swoyd hangs over all Italy . " The Pope clutches the soul of the Italian naticn ; Austria the body—whenever it shows signs of life : and on every member of that body is enthroned a petty absolute prince , viceroy in turn Under either of these powers . Three despotisms in place of cue ' . — --without any of the advantages that , sometimes accompany despotism , when national , and when operating on a grand scale .

      ^ Jans Gr^M^N^^^ P 6 - A Letter Addresse...

      _^ _JanS Gr _^ m _^ n _^^^ P - A letter addressed to F- _AWd _? _rVi _£ ' $ _^ _hMazrim . " _» ioot

      Progress Of Tiie German Reformation. We ...

      PROGRESS OF TIIE GERMAN REFORMATION . We copy the following interesting particulars of the progress of the " New Reformation" in Germany from the Continental L'rfio , just published : — Perhaps for the desirable progress ofthe Catholic reform movement , the most hopeful occurrence winch I hare to relate is the decision of Dr . Thcincr to separate from the lloman Catholic Cliureli . Tliis , for the latter , severe Mow , was hastened , as so many others have been , by the indiscreet zeal of tlw diocesan Vicar Latussek , who towards tlie end of April wrote demanding a contradiction from Iheincr , of " the reports in circulation _respecting his intended junction with the German Catholics , failing which , their truth would be taken for granted , and his excommunication follow . " _TlyeVner , it is said , replied , he would not give the demanded declaration ; that ttie chapter mkht doits pleasure as regarded him :

      bnt if it decided on hostile measures , he had live state . meats ready , which he likewise would lay before the public , and which might , perchance , be neither agreeable nor beneficial to the chapter S "Ihe threatened _fereacli was apparently healed through the intervention of Dr . Ritter ( canon of the cathedral ) , but on the renewal of similar reports in the newspapers , and when a reprint of some of Theiner ' s works , written assuredly iu no ultramontane spirit , _began to appear , Latussek again launched a threatening letter against the priest of _Hundsfield , which occasioned liis inviting his patron and churchwardens to meet him on thc morning of the TTtll June . He then declared to them his resohr & m to lay down his office in the Romish Church , and to give immediate intimation to that effect to the diocesan vicar . This he accordingly did , and his immediate suspension , and conditional excommunication { that is , if he do not within a given time return to the bosom of the Church ) , followed , _"icmnHAi- t \ C cmu « e . -

      The character of Theincr , whether as general scholar , thoroughly trained theologian , eloquent writer , long experienced priest , and expert controversialist , joiued to his blameless life and orthodox creed , make him fhe very man needed by the Catholic reformers at the present crisis- Invitations from Berlin and Leipsic , with , very considerable temporal offers ( which , however , may well be deemed uninfiuential with , the man who had voluntarily laid down tlie richest cure in Silesia ) , have been declined for tlie present , though in the most friendly ' terms ; and a gratifying testimony to his value , especially to their cause , is expressed in au address presented

      to him , in the name of the Breslaw Cauioiic reformers , on the 27 th ultimo . He has , without exactly _accepting any pastoral charge among them , announcfid his determination to remain for tlie present in Breslaw , regarding Silesia as the cradle of the _neiv reformation ( he himself , beyond all question , having been its first mover in years gone by ) , and it is perhaps a no less wise than natural resolve , since noivhere else can his influence and example he expected to ' work SO powerfully as in his native province , and among- his farmer clerical associates , many of whom are believed tobe of kindred mind with him , as to the necessity of reforms in the Roman Catholic Church .

      Another , and no less powerful motive , which may conspire to retain Theiner for a time in Breslaw is , probably , his avowed resolution not to submit SO quietly to the sentence of excommunication . Should it really be fulminated against him , as others have done , the peculiarity of his position , and the terms which the _Koman hierarchy may find necessary to keep with him , will he understood from the following statement wVich lias appeared in tlie Bremer Keas , under the head of Breslaw , June 28 th : " It is a fact that our present prince bishop , Mons . de Ilicpenbrock , has long corresponded witli the celebrated Dr Theiner on the possibility of effecting a separation from the papal rule , and that he himself would willingly see ' Peter ' s rock , ' ' rolled out of Germany . "' This interesting correspondence is now in Thciner's possession .

      The rigidly papal part of oar chapter is aware of this , aud Dean Ritter , with several other satellites of Home , drove in all haste to Hundsfield _, on the same day' in which Theiner sent in his abdication , to try by all nnd any means to rescue these dangerous documents out of his hands ; but he was far too much on his guard to be entrapped , and had , foreseeing the demand which might be made on him , previously deposited the important papers with a Government bureau . It is easy , therefore , to conceive with what eyes the desertion of Theiner is regarded by the Romish party , especially as he has openly declared his intention of meeting every attack which may be made upon him , by an open and fearless _discovery of ecclesiastical abuses , and an appeal to the constitutional rights of the Catholic Church .

      The conviction oi the necessity of reform is intleea spreadmgfar -ind wide . In addition to the testimony borne to that necessity by the pastors assembled at _Uadclfzell on the 23 rd of April , may be noted a meeting of the clergy connected with the rural deanery of Linzgan , held at Salem , on the 27 th of _JIarch last , for thepurpose of conferring on an archiepiscopal pastoral letter which called their attention "tothcprDSD » texcit _» mentprei-alent in tlie Roman Catholic Church . " The meeting consisted of tlrirty-two clergymen , as representatives of thirty-seven parishes , andhavingbeen exhorted by Dean Wochcler , of

      Ileberhngen , to a faithful , candid , and yet calm and temperate discussion « f the probable causes , and most suitable remedies for the present state of things , they proceeded to business . The debates were warm and keenly contested , yet the longer the discussion lasted , the more evident it became that a _large . proportion of the disputants continued to be animated by the spirit winch prevailed during the whole of Wessenberg ' s administration of the ( then ) diocese of Constance , ' and for some years after his removal . After many hours spent in a fresh interchange of sentiments , thc majoriy agreed on the _followins heads of desired improvement . —

      1 st . There-introduction of diocesan synods , according to ancient ecclesiastical regulation . 2 d . Revision and suitable alteration of the Catholic public worship . ' 3 rd . An improved system of education for thelogical students with special reference to the inculcation of a Spirit of Christian love , and thc avoidance of a distorted _devoteeism . 4 th . The abrogation of the compulsory celibacy of the clergy . Regarding these points , thc resolutionists beg respectfully to inform the superior church courts of their decision , and to entreat tlie summoning of a diocesan synod with as little delay as possible .

      Dr . _Schreiber , Professor in Freiburg , whose adherence to the German _Catholics I recently mentioned , although not yet deprived -of his professorship , has been forbidden to give lectures cither publicly orin hisown dwelling , " until a decision be finally come to , respecting the consequences involved in his defection from the Church of Pioine . " The question is likewise nowpending _, whether Dr . Regenbrecht , in Breslaw , & all be dismissed from that university . But while the Popish party thus shrink from suffering their followers to comeinto contact with enlightened opposers , they _challenge , as it were , _Procesfante to the com bat , by exhibiting all the mummeries of tlieir worship with an almost forgotten , _long-disused pomp . _Proceesioasno less than pilgrimages are the order of the day Knights , nobles , and high-born dames are seen prostrate in the street when the host is carried past ; the highest clergy display a zealous humility in officiating in the

      most common Church services ; aid every possible device i « put in requisition to furnish the _iRiterate with so inaeh show and shadow , as may supply the lack of substantial instruction . For themore intellectual there are books enough famished , both in prose and verse . The German booksellers should strike a medal in honour of Honge , for between himself , his abettors , and his opposers , a goldea literary harvest is being reaped ; upwards of 300 publications , pro . and con ., are said to he in _^ circulation ; and yetAastria and Bavaria do their best to Stop , _Sasrony afidsome « % r powers to turn , the current The two former prohibit all which bear on the controverted subject , perhaps wisel y arguing , that as publications hostile to tie new opinions must at least adyert to the statements they contradict , some portion of tho poison must be imbibia with the antidote . But , debar a « they may , light wiU make its way , it not through , window * , at least through _chinM _/ _birgs enough at least _tothoJT . tb » _darkne _« within .

      €&Actfejt Ipll^Iice.

      _€ _& _actfejt _Ipll _^ iice .

      London. Cm Locality.—Mr. Cooper's Lectur...

      LONDON . Cm Locality . —Mr . Cooper ' s lecture on Sunday evening -last , was one of the most numerously attended of any that have been given in the City Chartist Hall : in fact , thc attendance was so -great tliat it was impossible'for . many to obtain sittings : an inconvenience that will he obviated on the night ol the next lecture . Mr . Cuifay was unanimously called to the chair , and introduced tlie lecturer in a few weighty and most appropriate sentences;—prior to which , the City Chartist Choir , accompanied by the audience , sang " The time will come when wrong shall end , " one of the " People-songs , " composed by the lecturer during his imprisonment . The singing was a matter of "heart and voice , " so earnestly was it accepted by the audience . Mr . Cooper ' s lecture occupied two

      hours and a half in the delivery : after a philosophical introduction on the difference between barbarism and civilisation , and on the varied character of civilisation itself , —the country of Egypt was described geographically , and its _agriculture and manufactures , its social and domestic customs , pointed OVit The gigantic monuments of the land of Chiim—its sepulchres , statues , paintings , and mummies—with the mysterious character of its old religion —( which the lecturer avowed he believed to be the parent of modern religions , )—thc craft of its priests , its ' . ctstea and _despotic institutions , were severally pictured to the mind in graphic and forcible terms . The audience repeatedly manifested their delight at tho instruction thus imparted , and when the Chartist _chaunt "Truth is growing , " had been sung , the meeting broke up . ' :

      Soum London CiunTiST Hall . — The quarterly meeting of thc Lambeth district of the _ClUU'tist Cooperative Land Society was held on Sunday evening last . There was a good muster of shareholders present , and seven shares were added to the list , which now numbers 140 . The money paid for shares in this district already amounts to nearly £ 60 . It was agreed that a levy of one penny per mouth should be paid by each shareholder for the purpose Of defraying the district expenses . The committee particularly request the shareholders to bring their cards with them for the future , so that mistakes may bc avoided .

      The Charter asd rnB Lasd . —Mr . Stallwood delivered a public lecture on the above subject , to the members and friends of tlie Westminster locality , at the _Parthenium Rooms , Saint _Mai'tin's-laiic , on Sunday evening , August 10 th . At the close of the lecture several questions were asked and answered . A vote of thanks was given to the lecturer . for his services , and tke meeting dispersed .

      _MANCHESTER . Me . _O'Coxa-oh _' s Visix . —Sunday last was a-proud day for tho democrats of this town . It had been made known that it was the intention of Mr . O'Connor to deliver a lecture in the Carpenters' Hall , on Sunday evening , on the ail-absorbing subject of thc " Laud and its capabilities . " The spacious hail was crowded in every part . At the hour appointed , Mr . John Suttou , a factory slave , was unanimously called to the chair , who opened the business by a few appropriate remarks . The meeting was then addressed for a short time by Mr . " Dixon . During the time Mr . D . was speaking , Messrs . M'Grath , Doyle , Clark , and Wheeler , entered tho hall , and _WCl'C loudly cheered . Tho members of thc Executive then

      severally addressed the meeting . Just as Mr . M'Grath was about to conclude his address , Mr . O'Connor entered the hall , when the meeting rose en masse , and continued cheering until he took his place on the platform . After the cheering had subsided , Mr . M'Grath concluded his able address by calling on those who differed with them on this question to come forward manfully and meet them beJ ' urc the public and discuss the question fairly . Mr . O'Connor , on rising , was again enthusiastically cheered for several minutes . Mr . O'C . then commenced one of the most powerful and energetic speeches on the "Land and its capabilities" that we . ever-had the

      pleasure of hearing him deliver . He spoke for two hours and an half in a strain of tlie most ' thrilling eloquence , and sat down much applauded . Mv . Dixon moved , and Mr . Whittaker seconded , the following resolution : — "That we , the inhabitants of Afanchester , do hereby return our hearty thanks to Mr . O'Connor and his brother officers of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , for their indefatigable exertions in pushing forward the object of that society ; and likewise to the whole of the directors for their attendance here this evening . " Carried unanimously . The meeting broke up at eleven o'clock , much gratified with the evening ' s proceedings .

      YORKSHIRE . _Wkst _Ridixg Delegate Meeting . '— -This meeting was held , according to notice , in the Working Man's Hall , Halifax ' , on Sunday , 'August 10 , when the following persons were present from the following places , and handed in the several sums following for the Executive : —Bradford , Gs . ; Mr . J . _Aldeisdn _, Halifax , Is . Id . ; Mr : T . Crowther , Dcwsmiry , 3 s . U . ; Mr . Wmi Hey ; Littletbwn , 3 a . ; Mr . " M . Stubley , Lower _Warlcy , Is . ' yMr . John Wood , Sowcrby Helm , 3 s . Oiu . Mr . B . Eushtoh was called to / the chair . Thc secretary read the minutes of the last meeting , which , on the motion of Mr . Stubley , seconded by Mr . Crowther , were confirmed .- A long conversation on the Land plan ensued , which ended in a determination , to have a conversational meeting on the subject { at the ' _-New Holland Small Farm village , IFifsden , near Cullingworth ) , on Sunday , August 31 , to commence at nine o'clock in the forenoon , ' when all

      persons who feel interested in"the' Chartist Co-operative Land Scheme are invited to attend The company will inspect the small farms there cultivated on Mr . O'Connor's plan , after which they will hold a conversational meeting to discuss the ' merits and answer all objections to the sariic . The following resolution was passed : — " That wc , the delegates , hero assembled , arc impressed with the necessity of the Executive bringing out a Chartist Almanack for 1846 , and continuing it each succeeding year ; seeing the teetotallers have their almanack , the League and other parties have theirs , and that , therefore , the Chartists should have an almanack . We , therefore call upou thc Executive to prepare an almanack for 184 G , at a moderate price , containing such an amount of condensed information as to them appears best calculated to promote our cause . " After tlie transaction of other business tho meeting adjourned to the second Sunday in September .

      BRADFORD . On _Suxdat the members of the Chartist Council met in their room , when a new council was elected for the ensuing quarter . John Rogers was elected secretary ; to whom all communications for thc Chartists are to be addressed as follows : —John Rogers , Atkinson ' s-liouses , Wharf-street , Bradford . O . v Moxday evbxiso a meeting of the Chartist Land Co-operative Society was held in the large room , Butterworth ' s-buildings , when thirteen new members were enrolled . It was proposed to get up a tea-party to commemorate the establishment of the Co-operative Land Society in Bradford , All commmnmcations to be addressed , Tailors' Joint Stock Society , for John Smyth , Butterworth ' s-buildings . Meetings will be held every Monday evening in the council room to receive subscriptions .

      Ascent Of 'Mb. And Mas. Goeen-From Vanxi...

      Ascent of ' Mb . and Mas . _Goeen-from VAnxiiAij , _Gaudess . —The fancy fair and carnival alfresco in aid of the funds of the Licensed Victuallers' School , Kcnnington-lane , was repeated on Tuesday at Vanxhall , when Mr . Green and his lady ascended in the Albion balloon , in the presence of at least G 000 spectators , from the "Waterloo ground . At about halfpast six the aerial machine was distinctly visible for some time , and at length disappeared , taking a » outherly direction , Tho gardens were crowded , and it was calculated that at no period could there have been less than 10 , 000 persons . The children of the school were in attendance , and a poetical address ,

      written for theoccasionby the secretary ofthe institution , was spoken by the senior boy . The band of the Grenadier Guards and the yager brass band WCl'e in attendance . Mr . and Mrs . . Green , after a delightful aerial trip of about an hour , effected a safe descent at Eden Park , Beckenham , _Kcnti the seat of Edward Lawford , Esq . ; and Mr . and Mrs . Green , after having been hospitably entertained by Mr . Lawford , were conveyed by that gentleman , in his carnage , to the Beckenham station of the Croydon _flailway . Mr . Green states that the balloon on leaving the gardens took a south-easterly direction , hut subsequently got into a north-westerly current , and did not attain a greater altitude than 2800 feet .

      The New _Hoswrii fob CoxsnMPiio . v , < tc , _BKOMproJ ? . — 'The western wing of this beautiful structure will be ready for the reception of patients in the early part of next June . This portion of the building will contain every requisite for the health _anddoraestic comfort ofthe patients . The funds in hand suffice to meet four out ofthe six instalments , togetherwiththeheavy expense of enclosing , draining , preparing , andlaying oat the _ground . A PosroiSE at Glasgow . —Yesterday morning a

      large porpoise was observed making its way up our harbour , and within a hundred yards ofthe Broomielaw Bridge . A marine visitant of this kind is rare , even at Greenock ; butthe presence of a porpoise within the very royalty of Glasgow is , we believe , altogether unprecedented . It is , however , not more remarkable than the arrival and sailing of ships from 600 to _^ 00 tons burden at and from the Broomielaw would have been considered a few years ago—events now of constant _occwrencc ;—Glasgow Herald August 11 .

      _CAifCEmjD Breast . —Extraordinary Cure by Holloway ' s Ointment and Pills . —Tatton , Southampton , Feb . 9 tb , 18 _« . —Mr . Holloway ; Sir , —The Lord has permitted to be wrought a wonderful cure of a cancer or abscess of twelve years' standing , in m wife ' s brea 3 fc . In the latter part of the time eleven wounds were open at once . The facility declared the case was past cure . It was then that a . friend recommended the use of your pills and Ointment , which m a short s ace of time made the breast _# _» sound and as well as ever it wag iri her life , and this after every other ffieansluH _j / ailed , " Signed , _'Rtclumi _Bujl , . Boot

      Totculture Anxj Sdrticulture

      _totculture anXj _SDrticulture

      ^ Ield-Garden-Operatioivs. . {For'the We...

      _^ _IELD-GARDEN-OPERATIOiVS . . { For ' the Week- commencingMonday , Aug . 2 lst , 1843 . : tExtvactedfrom a DiARTof Actual _Qoerafioiwon five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs , D . Gilbert , hear Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates ofthe Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by , Mr , Nowell , of Faiiiley- Tyas , near Iliiducrsh ' elii , in order to guide other , possessore of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tkeir own lands , Tho farms selected as models arc—First . Two school farms at Willingdon \ and Eastdean , of

      live acres each , conducted by . U . Cruttendcn and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of live or six acres ; one worked by Jesse Piper , theotlierby-John Dumbrcll—the " . former-at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . ' An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the _sanie place . Theconsccutfvcoperations in these reports will enable thc curious reader to compare the climate Mid agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diary is aided by " Notes and Observations" from tho pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      - " Can you keep a pig ? You will find a pig the best save-all ihat you c _.-ni Jmrcabout a garden ; anil he will pay you well for his keep . "— The Jiev , 11 . W . Kyle ' s Lecture . Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , who in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in , the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , luhiek renders the schools : _selfsurroRTisa . We ' btlim that at Famly Tyas six sevenths of the produce of the school farm will be . ¦" assigned to the boys , and one-seventli to the master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , die ,, to convert tlieir produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in . proportion to their service * , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings , ]

      - . SUSSEX . Monday—Willingdon . School , Boys carrying wheat and oats . Eastdean School , -Hoiyday for the boys , master reaping wheat , hoeing turnips . * Piper , Carrying . wheat . Dumbrell , Heaping wheat . _Toesdat— Willingdon School . Reaping wheat . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing peas , turning barley , and planting cabbages for the winter . Fiper . Thrashing wheat ; _f . Dumbrell . Reaping wheat . J-:. Wednesday— 1 VUlingdon School . Boys reaping ¦ red wheat . Eastdean School , Boys cleaning thc school , the pigstyes , emptying the tank . Fiper , Thrashing wheat . JJumbnll . Rainy day , attending the cows , etc . Thursday— Willingdon School , Boys reaping red

      wheat . ¦ _h-astdean School , Boys emptying the portable privy tubs , carrying contents to the land , and the tank of the pigstyes . Fiper . Thrashing wheat , and mending lucerne with cow liquid . _FniDAV— Willingdon School . Boys reaping red wheat , ' ¦ ¦¦ .. Eastdean School , Boys reaping wheat , turning it to dry , and tying it lip . Fiper . Cleaning- wheat , and reaping barley . l > mnbnll . Mowing barley and oats , reaping wheat . Satujidav— Willingdon School , Boys reaping red wheat , and carrying liquid manure to-the rye , about to be so . wn on stubble . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable privy pails , and tanks . 'Piper . Reaping _bai-Jcy . _Bundmll . Mowing seed tares , and reaping wheat .

      COW-FF . ED 1 SO . DawfcrrfL One cow grazed in the day , and fed in thc stall at morn and even with dQlbs . of cabbages till Friday , the remainder of the week witli mangel _wurxel leaves . Another coiv and heifer entirely stall-fed on _IGilbs . of tares per day during tlie week , Willingdon'School . Cows fed upon the second cut of clover and white turnip . Piper . Cows M upon white turnips and lucerne .

      Harvesting Grain Crops.—This Was,The Sub...

      Harvesting Grain Crops . —This was , the subject for discussion at the monthly _meeting of the Maidstone Farmers ' - ' Club , on Thursday evening last , at thc Star Inn , v . O . _G-. Whittaker , Esq ., in thechah : Tlie subject was discussed about this time last year ,

      when'it was resolved that bagging was the best mode of cutting -wheat ; after that mowing was recommended , reaping being considered the least desirable mode to be practised , and to this opinion the members present still _auheveth -It was recommended that the sheaves , should be small , and that the crop should bo cut- a : little before it was ripe . An experiment was detailed in which portions of a field of wheat were cut three weeks ; two weoks , and one week before it was considered absolutely vipo " , also one week and two weeks afterwards , the result of . which was that the portion cut two weeks before it was ripe produced the best sample , j The "Wiltshire composition for the destruction , ' of rats was strongly recommended by a member who had tried it . The Snaldinj ; variety of

      wheat was very highly spoken of . One member had grown of it as much as eight quarters seven bushels an acre—and on the average six quarters an acre . An incidental discussion took place on the merits of patent felt asa covering for stacks _in-Hcti of thatch , but many ( Objections were stated against it ; both on the ground of expense and inapplicability .- The preference seemed to . be given to storing : wheat in barns , in opposition to stacking it , and by way . of corroboration , it . was mentioned that the wheats of Norfolk anil ' Suffolk , where they have : little ; barn room , fetch a lower price in London than those of Kent . It was ; however , admitted that the difference of _< price in favour of _ICentwas more in winter than in summer .

      Ihe following resolution was ultimately agreed to : — " Rosolveil , —That it has been found desirable to cut wheat before it becomes _sickle-earcd , and other grain rather green . That if men can be got to bag wheat well , it is best to bag ; the next best plan is to mow ; but both bagging and mowing must bo done well , or dirt will get into thc sample , from the stalks which are torn up by the roots . That corn should always be made up in small sheaves . That when winter threshing is required , wheat threshed after having been kept in the barn is ; generally bete than that kept in stack ; but that for summer threshing thc sample is rather improved by being stacked . "—Maid stone Journal .

      Tne Wit to no Good . —The Hon . Capt . T . Tknrlow , brother of Lord Thurlow , having recently purchased an estate at Elmswell , a portion of it has been divided into 28 allotments for thc labourers , who took possession in the beginning of last month . In three weeks thc allotments were converted from a wilderness into a garden , with a prospect of a good crop of potatoes , each man having been liberally supplied with manure by the same kind hands . The Naked Barlev , or BARLEY Wheat . — This valuable grain is worthy of the serious _consideration of the agriculturist , as returning a greater profit than the barley in general cultivation ; aiid , if grown side by side , will yield more bushels , more flour for hnmnn food , and 25 percent , more beer , and also will

      feed more stock , because— 1 . It contains more flour than any ' other grain , rice only excepted . 2 . It weighs more than COIhs . per bushel . 3 . . The flour is whiter and sweeter than common barley flour . 4 . Thc Hour absorbs more water than other flour ; , consequently , it produces more weight of bread . , 5 . Bread made from any barley flour is better made into thick cakes ; and if from a fourth to an eighth of an ounce , of carbonate of soda is dissolved in the yeast , it improves all bread , and takes the bitter taste away . G . By plain boiling , it is good food for children . 1 . The malt made from it increases in measure more than from common barley . 8 . The malt will make in seven days less than common barley . 9 . It can be made one month earlier and one month later than

      from common barley . 10 . It weighs considerably more than the malt from common barley . 11 . Thc quantity of beer-made from this malt is 25 per cent _, more than from common malt , and is of finer flavour . 12 . Three bushels will seed the land as well as lour of other barley . 13 . It should he sown in March or April . U . It ripens in 80 or 90 days only . 15 , If sown without grass , it can he harvested in two or three days . W . If sown early , it may bo harvestedin time for a following good crop of turnips . 11 . It only requires the same cultivation as othev barley . 18 . Tiic straw is much superior for fodder . 19 . It very seldom lodges , and is not subject to disease . 20 . Lach acre of this barley produces about one third move food . N . B . _—Tlie produce of this barleyboth

      , m quantity and weight , surpasses all others ; and , as regards its malting qualities , and extract of saccharine , is even superior to the best Chevalier barlev m quality as well as quantity . —Northampton Herald . _Eeapixo , Wheat . —liiroMAKi : to Farmers . —It is asserted by Mr . Ilannam ,. a clever and _jxperieneed farmer , of North Deighton , near Wctherby , York-Shire , that considerable loss arises from the mistaken practice ol reaping wheat when " dead ripe ; " and this assertion he proves by thefollowing experiments . —In 1 S 40 , he reaped three largo sample parcels , ol wheat as . follows . '—No I . Green . cnt _^ mriisfc-4 t . il ;

      _M .-II . . Ran ; ,. cut August 18 th ; -No . III . Ripe , cut September , 1 st .. . When threshed and' carried to market , they commanded the following prices : —No . I . 01 s . per quarter ; No . II . ; _fi _& . sper quarter ; No . III . 52 a . per quarter ., In 1841 , he cut five half-roods ' of-wheat as follows : —No . I ; Vert / . Green , Aug . 12 th ; M ° _"« r _~ en Augl mh i _^ _oAll . Raw , Aug . 26 th ; No . IV . Raw , Aug . 30 th ; No . V . Ripe . Sept . 9 tb . lhese samples , were first skown . at ; thu Wctherby Agricultural Society ' s show . dri Sept . 22 d _; 1841 , when an extra premium , y ! as awardcd to _samplevNo . III . the wheat , from which the last three samples wore taken , was then f groundaml dressed , by Mr . John

      * It Islbetter Always .To:Lioe Your Turn...

      * It _islbetter always . to : lioe your _turnipstm-e * times , nndmen go over them vyit bthe . _Jahclil _: ' . _" ;; ' - " t Cfm / . -Take care of all 'your chaff , _'Acrwhenyoii winnow corn of any kind , and preserve it for . railing with your . boiled turnip mash . & _v th _* , « iw » itf winter . ;; ' : ; - '• ¦ _; . ' , % The wheatfs reaped cloie tofthe grohnd ; after being quits ripe , and tilt inrrix sheave * ina _shoeiV '

      * It Islbetter Always .To:Lioe Your Turn...

      Hardcastle , miller , of Wetlierby , when the _following results ( omitting fractions ) came put . —

      ., Gbais. Fioub: Poieakd. Bba-V. Ccr. No...

      ., Gbais . _Fioub : Poieakd . _Bba-v . Ccr . No . III . 1100 lbs . 80 lbs . 5 lbs . 13 lbs . Raw , Aug . 2 _fi -IT . 100- 77- 7- _" _~ _Ba « v , Aug . S 0 — V . loo — 72 — 11 — 15 — Ripe , Sept . 9

      As This Experiment Is Really Worth Repea...

      As this experiment is really worth repeating , and can be tried without expense , wc would respectfully draw to it the attention of the farhiiug body .

      Organic Chemistry.* A Digest Fkom The 1k...

      ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . * A DIGEST _FKOM THE 1 _KCTUKES _OFPltOFSSSOR BRA . VOE . 1 . It is a remarkable fact , the fewness , as it were of the elements which are concerned in the structure and functions of organic bodies . There are a set of , perhaps , between fifty and sixty elementary bodies , but it , wiU not bc necessary , in these lectures , to bring prominently into notice more than about six of them . It is the truly-wonderful changes and adaptations to the purposes for which combinations of these arc required that attention will be more particularly directed . 2 . We are in thc habit of talking of the ultimate and proximate elements of organic bodies , and thc meaning of these terms is probably suflicicntly evident . By the term ultimate elements , is meant those things

      into which all organic matter can he finally resolvedileat any organic substance without the access ot ' air , and it will be found that charcoal , or carbon , remains . This is an elementary body ; it cannot be resolvedinto any other form of matter , and therefore it is ono of the ultimate elements oforganic matter . Other elements are those forms of matter which arc called oxygen , hydrogen , and nitrogen ; these arc gaseousbodics . Hydrogen , nitrogen , oxygen , and carbon , to which may be added sulphur awl phosphorus , are the ultimate elements winch , will chiefly come into view in the course of these lectures . Oxygen , hydrogen , and carbon , arc found in all organic matter ; nitrogen is found in by far the greater number of tiic products of organisation ; and certain other elementary bodies

      will also have a place in those investigations , though they arc comparatively insignificant in proportion ; they ave phosphorus , sulphur , iron , and some other substances , O . xygen , hydrogen , and _urbon arc , however , _tlioleadiiigelcmcnfs , and tlicy are commonly thc most abundant in vegetable bodies ; hut nitrogen makes its appearance in most cases , when . animal matter is examined . In by far the greater number of proximate dements of animal , bodies , nitro « cn is one of the constituents . Now it will bc a question of much importance , and of great interest , to ascertain whence this nitrogen is derived . It constitutes a . very large part of the substance of graminivorous animals ; yet it is a curious circumstance , that the plants and _rrots on which they live contain very

      little out , and it may almost be regarded rather as an accidental , than a constant , ingredient in their composition . Nitrogen is essential to animal life ; it is necessary to the development of almost all plants ; and it forms , as to quantity , the principal clement in theatmoBphcre . r 3 . With regard to proximate elements , —these arc substances which can beseparatcd by certain chemical processes , aiid which can be identified as having sonic definite and peculiar character , and also certain definite compositions . For instance , resin is one of the proximate elements of vegetables , so is sugar , so is starch , so is oil ; these arc combinations , which arc called proximate component parts of organic bodies . Now , m all these substances—resin , sugar , starch , and oil—there are only three elements—carbon ,

      oxygen , and hydrogen ; but they can begrouped together in such a way , as t ' o lead to some very extraordinary conclusions respecting the families oforganic bodies " , and the orders to which they belong . In sugar , in iu starch , in gum , and in wood , the ultimate elements arc such , that their composition may . be expressed as represented by charcoal and water . In all the esculent and . nutritive vegetables—in the grain of wheat more especially—a substance is found identical in all its chcmicalproperties , and in its chemical constitution , with animal matter , containing nitrogen . This has long been known , bat it has only lately been brought into notice , or established as a physiological fact , by Liebig , a very distinguished German chemist , to whom we are greatly indebted for many important discoveries inorganic clicmistrv .

      4 . Then there is au important , and very curious question , that will have to be discussed in these lectures . Take , ' forinstance , tiiegrowth Of ' aiiaCOl'll ; wc see it , in the progress of ages , giving rise to the gigantic oak , and we arc naturally led to ask ,. Whence this enormous accumulation of matter ? The acorn is planted in a . certain spot of earth , and in the course of a hundred years it is found to have accumulated three ov lour tons of solid matter , in consequence of the growth , as it is called , of the vegetable . Now it is , . of course ,, a . very interesting question whence this matter is derived . If we say it is derived from the r . oil , we find that the soil remains very much the

      same at the end of the growth ofthe tree , as it was at- tho beginning ; we . trace no great abstraction of matter from it ; and although , no doubt , there is a portion of tjio . tree—a considerable povtien of itderivable in a particular way from the soil , yet it is from the air that this great accumulation of matter is principally derived . Thus we find that trees grow in and derive subsistence from , that which supports animals also . We find that the leaves of vegetables are , in fact , aerial roots , as . it were , contin _tially taking up substances from the atmosphere to contribute to thc vegetable ' s nourishment and growth , —substance ' s which , if they wore not so abstracted , would exterminate animals by their accumulation .

      ' " > 5 . Now , when thc atmosphere performs this very important part in the growth of the vegetable bodies , * —when the vegetable bodies arc essential to- the nourishment ofthe graminivorous tribes , —and when these , in their turn , are essential to the carnivorous animals , it will bc an interesting : matter of _inquirylaud a great deal of attention has been lately paid to it)—what are the substances in the atmosphere' that can be so nutritive ?—and how are theyarranged ? 6 . Of course , therefore , an accurate knowledge of the composition ofthe atmosphereas an essential and pleasing branch oforganic chemistry ; and , in order co form just notions of the' pavts performed by the . soil and the air respectively , we must look carefully into the composition of plants themselves , and sec

      what substances and what elements belong to the air , what belong to the soil , and what are common to both . By looking in this way into the composition of vegetables , we shall be able to draw some very curious conclusions . There arc certain elements absolutely essential to the culture and growth of _vcgfct & Mes generally , and there are others which are essential to particular vegetables only , and they may be called accidental or occasional . For instancecarbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , and oxygen , are essential to vegetables generally ; but in certain vegetables , in addition to these-four elements , wo find sumhur . Now it is a curious fact , that in the common mustardplant , sulphur is an essential element , and without it the mustard cannot live . We . find , that in wheat

      , phosphorus is an essential element , and without it wheat cannot be cultivated . Then again wc find wheat , or clover , or barley , or oats , growing in particular soils , will occasionally take up particular substances : these-, may not be essential , but still wc find , in some particular cases , that there may'be some accidental ingredient , that appears to contribute very materially to the prod notion * and growth of the plant . There is one point always to be kept in remembrance—and that is , that there is no lifo or vitality in matter which is dry , or deprived of water : that water , therefore , is an essential part _oforganic matter ; . Then , again , as has already been stated , there is no organic body which docs not yield carbon , hydrogen , or oxygen , and , superadded to these , is

      nitrogen , which is as necessary to _vegetable ' as to animals , —without which , jn fact , as activa plants , vegetables could not exist . The bark ' of vegetables may contain starch , sugar , or gum , anil we find that these substances do not contain nitrogen ; still we find nitrogen when we take " a vegetable- as it is growing , with all . its juices in perfection . Another substance which may also he culled essential to vegetables , is silica . f Many ; of them . ; contain it essentially and necessarily , and cannot Vive without it . The grasses , reeds , rushes , canes , and bamboos , all contain it essentially . Take , for instance / the straw or stalk of wheat , barley , - or rye , —in all these substances a certain quantity of silica is as essential as the carbonate of lime is to the egg-shell . The stems ' of these vegetables are rendered straight , hard , and mivabhv and are unaffected by the moisture

      which surrounds them , by the small quantity of silica which is built up along with the true organic matter ; and the strength of the stem may fairly be said to dcpend principally upon , the silica contained in it . The silica is very small in quantity , but when a haystack is burned a hard stony , body is found as the result of combustion , — -and this , in fact , is glass , which is a compound of the silica with the alkaline matter of tlie grass . In wheat we have phosphateof lime , or bone earth ; there is a considerable quantity of thisin _thograifl of wheat , showing that phosphorus is an essential ingredient ., If vegetables are burned , we have what ' are called ashes , and these ashes contain potash ; not that this alkaline matter existed assncli in thc vegetables , bnt it existed . ' as a salt , and ,, by burning , that salt is decomposed . Kelp and barilla —( from which soda is extracted " by the action of

      Organic Chemistry.* A Digest Fkom The 1k...

      watcr _) -are formed by burning vegetables , and many v _^ _gctables are _burncdcxpresslyfpr their ashes Then we come to chlorine and iron :-m lact , all ttordement i ' that we find in thc blood and m _theileshof graminivorous animals , must , ot course , have been derivedfrotu vegetables . , ,, , , 1 Tims , we find , one kind of vegetable production contains silica , another contains phosphorus , another CQtitaiussulpltur , aud so on ; and though _tliequahttes of these substances so contained are very small , yet

      they are principally derived from thc soil : hence tlie necessity of giving to the soil those inorganic constituents which particular crops require . The matters , therefore , about which wc have been talking , begin , to assume an aspect of considerable importance ; for , by attending to tho matters contained in particular crops , —by ascertaining how far these arc essential to them , how far tlicy exist in the soil , and how far they do not exist , or can bc added economically and profitably to the soil , a great door is open to agricultural improvement upon chemical principles . i To 5 ceo » _itfn « € ( U

      # " Ordain* Chemistry Signifies The Chem...

      # " _Ordain * Chemistry signifies the chemical history of theyariousprOOT ' _mafcprtlloirjles which have Veen observed in the animal and vegetable kingdoms , and which are thera-associated together , soas to produce a _peculiar structure , termed _organic , such as is never _. seen in any of the products' of the mineral Kingdom . Guni , su , _E _^ j starch , woody fibre , albnmen , nbrihe , gelatine , _armall those numerous substances of which plants and thebodies of animals < are _composed ,, _constitutevtlipse . proximate principles which arethe products of animated nature . "JDx . D : B . FeUl . _•< ' ,.. ; . _'' ¦ ' - ; ' . _- : _' ,-.. ¦; ::- '¦ : _; : ¦;¦/ v- _^!; _' : ' . ; _- _^ _- , _--" ¦ ' . _f Silkn ~ qv n' _^ a ;—constitutes the principal 'ingredient of fliiit , 'df'th 6 sand : " of tlie sea and of the _' _. _desertj aud _. o . mariJ rOpti » "aod minerals ; ' ' . 'Quartz , is' composed of silica _neariyjpurer Silica , in combination with the _^^ fixed alkalies —potashbr 8 odd ~ foims the basis of thatmestimable product of art , ehus . i _'¦'•'— ' - " ¦ - ¦ ' _.: 5 ' ' ; u .- _-: ¦ ' - ;¦; '' -ir- '¦ - _;•''

      Iitarfcet Mellftcciwe*

      _iitarfcet _Mellftcciwe *

      Lo.Vno.V Cobs Exciusbk, Mo.Viuv, Ava. Il...

      Lo . _vno . v Cobs _Exciusbk , Mo . viuv , Ava . ILVery little , if any , improvement has taken place in the weather since our last ; in thc neighbourhood of the metropolis heavy showers have fallen from time to time , and-a great quantity of rain appears also to have been experienced in different parts ofthe kingdom towards the close of the week . The reports respecting the appearance of . the out-standing crops have become increasingly unfavourable , and it is now very generally asserted , that however auspicious tho remaining part of the summer and autumn may prove for reaping and gathering in of thc wheat , tlie yield must fall short in quality , as well as in quantity , of that of average years . This opinion may , on tho

      wuole _^ bewclHoimucu , but iherc aro many mitigating circumstances which greatly lessen the hazard of any serious scarcity of food being felt . Hitherto thc crops of all kinds of corn , excepting wheat , promise a good , if not a large return ; that of wheat , though likely to be deficient per acre , may , from the great breadth of land under this grain , after all yield nearly , if not quite , an average quantity , and as the farmers seem still to hold pleuty of old wheat , wc do not apprehend very high prices , unless , indeed , the mouth should finish as unfavourably as it commenced . At Mark-lane to-day we had an immense show of wheat , there being , in addition to the 10 , 000 qvs . reported , some -lOUQov 5000 qvs . fresh lip by land carnage samples from thc neighbouring

      counties . Soabutwimtasupply _ofhome-grown wheat was hardly expected by the millers , and it had the effect of rendering buyers unusually cautious in their operations . In the early part of the day factors refused to accept loss money than on this day week , ami though they afterwards consented to submit to an abatement of 2 s . per qr ., they only succeeded in placing a comparatively small proportion of thc supply , by far tho greater bulk remaining unsold at the close of business . The inquiry for free foreign wheat was of quite a retail character , and to have mado extensive sales a . similar decline to that on English must have been acceded to . Good Dantzie wheat in bond continued to he firmly held at 50 s . per qr ., and other sorts at corresponding terms ; theve was , however , much less inclination to enter into speculative investments tha n last week , and but very few bargains were closed . Town-made Hour conkl not bc bought below previous prices , but shin flour was ,

      owing to the liberal nature of tho arrival , the turn cheaper . The few parcels of English barley exhibited were held at slightly enhanced terms ; so unimpor < taut , however , was the demand , as to render it jm _< possible to establish any advance on former'rates , ' Malt was saleable in retail , and superior samples ' were scarcely obtainable on as easy terms as on Monday last . "With a very small supply of English and Scotch oats , with less than usual from Ireland , and only a moderate quantity from abroad , factors resisted any decline from previous prices ; the dealers were therefore very cautions in their operations , and though really fine corn maintained its former value , ordinary sorts , suek as Galway and light ' foreign , were tho turn cheaper . There was very little passing in benns and peas ; these articles were , nevertheless , fully as dear as at any period of last week . Canaryseed was dearer , and caraway seed somewhat cheaper than on Monday last .

      London _Smithfielp dnxE _Mah / _vET , Mqsday , _AwtfST 11 , —During the past week the imports of live stock from abroad for this market have been moderately extensive , though not to say large , they having amounted-to 1 ( M oxen and cows , together with 140 sheep and 1-1 calves , from the . William Jolliffe and Batavicr steamers from Rotterdam . Comparatively speaking , these arrivals , though there have been some useful animals amongst them , have not been to say first-rate . " - To-day wc had on offer 00 beasts and 50 sheep , ail from Holland . At tho outports about 150 beasts—100 from Holland and 50 from Spain—have been landed and disposed ofin the several localities . Fresh up to our market this morning , we received a full average number of beasts from our various grazing districts , and in which a slight improvement in quality was noticed . Owing to the prevailing changeable weather , and tho thin attendance of buyers , the beef trade was in a very _slugpMi

      I state , and in some instances the quotations had a downward tendency . However , the primest Scots were disposed of at 4 s 4 d per 81 b ., yet a total clearance was not effected . From Korfolk , Suffolk , Essex , aiid , Cambridgeshire , wc received S 00 Scots , _liomcbvcds , and shorthorns , from the northern districts £ 00 shorthorns , from thc . wcstern and midland counties 700 of various breeds , from other parts of England 300 Hereford * , runts , Dcvons , & c . ; and from Scotland , SiO horned and polled Scots , Although wc had an increased number of sheep on offer , it was by no means large for the present season . Prime " old Downs moved off steadily , at full prices ; but all other breeds were a slow inquiry at late rates . The arrival of lambs from Leicestershire being on tho increase , the lamb trade was dull at a reduction in value of 2 d per 8 lb . For calves we had a slow demand , yet the quotations were supported . The pork trado was dull , at last week ' s currencies .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . s . il . s . d , Inferior coarse beasts .. . , 3 o 3 4 Second quality . , , . 3088 l _' rimc large oxen . • • 3 10 4 0 Prime Scots , & c . . . ' . 4 2 4 4 Coarse inferior sheep . . , 3 0 3 If ) Second quality . . . . 40 4 4 Prime coavse woollcd . . . 46 4 8 Prime Southdown . . . 4 10 5 0 lambs . . . . . . .. 50 60 Large coarse calves . . . . 3 6 4 : _l'rimosmall . . . . , * . « , * i » Sucltling calves , each ' ' . . , 18 0 SO 0 Largehogs . . . .. 30 38 Seat small porkers , . , 3 10 4 2 Quavtei ' -old store pigs , each . . 10 0 20 8

      HEAD or CATTLE ON SA _1 E . ( From the Booli' s of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 010-Sheep awl _Unvbs , 23 , _810-Cnlves , 1 G 4-Figs , 320 . _Iticmio . vi ) Coax Mauukt , August 0 . —We only had a thin supply of grain in our market to-day , and the prices were rather higher than last week . Wheat sold from 7 s . Od . to 8 s . Od . ; oats , 3 s . to is . ; barley , is . to As . 3 d . ; beans , _os . to 5 s . 3 d . per bushel , MAXcirasTEn Com ? MiniiET , _SATinwAv , Ace . 0 . — In the early part of the week thc WcatllCl" W . 1 S very showery and unseasonable , but on Thursday ami yesterday it was of a more favourable description . Influenced by the languid accounts from London and other leading markets , the demand for either wheat ov flour since this day week has not by any means

      been'of so lively a character as previously noted ; but , in the transactions which hare occurred , no change in prices was observable . Both oats and oatmeal , on the contrary , being in moderate supply only , commanded more attention , and for each rather higher rates were realized . At the market thi 3 morning the business passing in wheat was on a limited scale , and the turn of prices was generally in . favour of the buyer . Fov flour a moderate demand was experienced , without variation from tlie currency of _this- ; day sc ' nnight , Oats continued to meet a ready sale , and must be quoted 2 d . per _dolbs . deavev Oatmeal was likewise in steady request , at an advance of " fully ls . per load . There was a considerable fall of raihTOior to and'during market hours .

      LivEnroOT . _OArau Market , Monday , Auo . 11 . — Vf c have had _a'larger _supjily of cattlo at market today than of late ; ;" ii great portion of second-rate quality . Any thing good met with ready sale at last week ' s prices ; -. inferior- quality met with dull sale at a little decline in price 7 > _- 0 attle imported into Liverpool from the 4 th to the 11 th of August .- —Cows 2159 ; Calves' 113 ; Sheep 9926 ; Lambs 890 ; Pigs dlSQ ; _UoisesfO , LiYEivrooi Cons Mahket , Moxdat , Akokst 11 . — There has been a good supply of wheatahd flour from Ireland , but small of other articles . Since last Tuesday the weather has been cold and unfavourable , tor the crops coming to maturity , and on Saturday- wo had incessant and heavy rain , which continued up to the following morning ; the appearance is now more settled , with a warmer temperature . The

      transactions in wheat and flour during the week havo been hiss extensive , the millers and doalers observing some caution in their purchases , and on Friday both articles were sold on rather easier terms . , A verygood _demandhaa been experienced for other descrip . turns of grain and pulse for transit into the interior . Irish oats have been Bold at 3 s . 2 d . to 3 s . 3 d ; per ' 4516 s . Grinding barley 3 s . 6 d . to 3 s . 8 d . per . _GOfis . _' Canadian peas 35 s . to 36 s . per 504 & s . Indian corn 28 s . to 30 s . per 480 _fts ., and Egyptian beans at 34 s . to 35 s . per 480 lbs ., whichisan improvement of Is . to 2 s , per quarter on each . Oatmeal has- brought an ad- _< vahce of is ; Gd _.-per load , and some quantity has been . ' taken , on . speculation . ; The operations in bonded : articles , on . speculation ; bare been to a moderate _# _& . tent . _^ Stettin and Rostock red wheat' has brought 5 s . ' 10 d . to 6 s ., rand , fine Dantrio It . _-per-W & B _; United States flour has been sold at 23 s . 6 d . to 24 s . per barrel , and not much , on . _sata < .- vr .. ¦ : »» :- ' ' _?;¦;

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 16, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_16081845/page/7/