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Northern Star (1837-1852), 16th October 1847, Edition 3 of 3, Page 7, IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION. The Demo...

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      ' T Ofstnuigers Otdoabtfal Mien Nave Arr...

      _Qc October 16 , 1847 , tII _' Mr _STaS T _,- _^^ _., _^ . _^ ,. : _J _^^ _^ _^ _. _^¦^ _i _^ _- _^^^¦ _i _^ _" _^ _r _^^•••«^^ _- _^^ _""^ _^^^^^•••••••••" _^^^^^^^^^ _•^^^^^^^ _" _^^^^^^ _T _l _•*^ _l _^ _ _ _, _, ' -- - : _,, _^~ " _^ . . _' _^ J > , _> - „ ¦ . * ' _^^ _^ \ _^ _*( ' ' j j I ir _% I _T I , B " - —¦ _" - — _=- ¦— ~ r— ¦ ¦ ¦ " _^^^^^^^^ ! __ _ _f _[^^_ _T __^ mL 3 _mmmm _^ _^ _T _^^

      . "*R *~.\ _.~**- Tt. - ***-" - Colonuuano -Foreign.

      _. "* r _*~ . \ _ . _~** - _tt . - *** - " - _Colonuuano -foreign _.

      Australia, E Accounts From "Sidney, New ...

      AUSTRALIA _, e Accounts from "Sidney , New South Wales , to the ol " 1 st of Jose , inform us of the opening of the colonial - ] _je _^ slature by Sir C . Fitzroy , with a speech , in whicb (* _jjs excellency dwelt upon the prosperous condition il of tie colony , and announced that the state of the _> 1 public finances was such , tbat the amount alrea _/ y at i tbe credit of tbe crown revenue would enable the adn ministration to _liquidate , during tbe current year , _s the whole of tbe debentures , amounting to about 0 £ 109 , 099 , which had been issaed to meet tbe _exc _pecses of immigration in former years .

      CAPE OF GOOD HOPE . I The nevra from tbe frontier is of an important cbac meter , for so far from indicating any cessation of is hostilities there is evorv appearance of a combined _II movement on t _'; e part of thc native tribes beyond tlie j frontier _againt the British settlers and the British i 1 government .

      FRANCE . The reform _agitation goes on _ausmentins _* . Tbe _Delats attacks ihe _fie'brniers witb great fury , and de \ dares tbat tho speakers hare been guilty of * th « - I most absnrd _cslumnies _din-cird against the kins- ' ' Every day new reform banquets are announced , _noti withstanding the orders sent to the Prefects to use all means in their po _^ tr io keep them down . The 6-Heches delivered at these meetings arc not cnlv eagerly _listened to by those pr . _sant , bat the account * of them are d _' stribu _^ d in thousands throughout the country , and their effects begin to ba _seriouslv felt . A royal ordonnance has appeared in the Moniteur , _anthorisins tte emision of Three per Cent . Stack , sufficient to produce a capita - of two hundred and fifty millions of francs , on aceount of the loan of three _bnrdred and fifty millions lately sanctioned by tbe _Chambar . One per cent , of tbe capital thus created is ta be appropriated io the _sinkinefund .

      Tbe Duke de Guise , tbe infant son of the Duke _d'Aumale , died en Sunday morning , at the palace of St . Cloud . The _monetary cri- _'i" in _England e ? cifes ereat a _t - tention in France . We qnoie the following from a lenarkable article in the National — * Tbi crisis which at pn _= eut exists in England again invites attention tn tbe serious que-tion of commercial policy . That question may be thus stated : —To _ what point is the _s-ystcm of international identity advantageous to manufactures and eommvrce ? A school mure noisy thaoefnciciousthe schonl <; f free trade—finds no difficulty in replying . Without taking into consideration the traditional feelings , the previous or existing tacts , or

      the differences which characterise tbe manufacturing and commercial or _^ nnisation o ! various countries , it affirms tbat the most _comp _' ete frecd-jm of trade _proflakes advantages f « r all parlies , and lhat it may and ought to be _established amonqst all nations , without distinction and without conditions . With . in a _* _KoIufc 3 principle and a sheet of paper , the most difficult probi ' ems are easily s Ived ; the _prlhcipie is imperious , tbe paper docile , and the idea flies on the wiD 2 S 0 f tbe wind which wafts it ; but men cf a serious turn are not satisfird with these hazirdous solutions . Before they declare for or against a system , tbey carefully study all its elements . Now , ' it i ? evident to anybody who wishes to examine _thincs closely and dispassionately tbat tbe system of free

      trade , applied to finnrces . _maca ' aclnres , and cammerce , adopted in aa absolute sense is false . To _liveiSone at home fo one _' s-self _, without relations of affection or interest , i 3 _neither possible nor advantageous ; bst _t-3 connect one ' _s-selfindifferently with _everjbrdy— -to unite _oni ' s inter * st with those of the first comer , whoever i ; e may—is ihe most absnrd of all acts _r . f imprudence , and the most dangerous of all follies . The truth lies betwecnthe two extremes ; it is wisdom * vbiib c _> ii ; mand 9 hs io _chosse our connexions . This principle , which i _* true as applied to individuals is not less true when applied to relations between nations . If yoa have _bsfore yon a nation whose gengrar . bicsl position , _whrss political _tendencies , whose sociai _crianisation are similar to

      yours , do not withdraw from it . If the credit of thaination is well established , if her manufacturing _rn-1 commercial policy hi pm Jem and honourable—tin no . hesitate . There is advantage both for her and for you . Connect yourself wife such a nation , not without conditi ns , bat without a coscealeu des _' gn . But if , en the contrary , you have to treat with a nation your enemy by tradition , by nature , and by necessity—if that nation be ofa violent and _agsres * - sive temperament—if its social organisation condemns it by fatality to _sirae violent overthrow—if its financial and commercial system leaves it no other safe road but the universal use of the entire globe , hfc sophists declaim at their ease , and bold

      yourself firmly at a distance . These premises being admitted—and common sense will comprehend and accept them—the _coasequrnce is that France ought to maintain tke most intimate relations with Spain , Belgium , Holland . Switzerland . Italy , and Germany itself , and ihe United States , bnt she ought to avoid with the greatest care increasing fcer relations With _FlL-buid . And let co party exclaim against infatuated j _a-sion or systematic hatred ; tbere is no sack _fffjfcar in our mind . We merely express hero a political idea , Ions and _coally ennsiderel . 2 vc _donbs we don't much like the British Government . Everybody , tbauk God , knows that ! Bnt we do not bate England ; the only thing which occupies a * Is the interest of France . "

      The * _Hationa ! , ' after _vigoronsly denouncing the British aristocracy and tbdBank of England , which it asserts contributed mora to the overthrew of Napolecn _' _a empire tban did the Dake of _Wellington _, concludes by saying , that nntil Great Britain rids herself of her aristocracy , she most cf necessity be the enemy of the entire world . SPAIN . The _extraordinary ministerial change , annonnced in our list number , is vet clouded ic mystery . By some , parties it is represented tbat tbe events ofthe night ofthe 3 rd and _4 th nit . originated ia a _struggle between the influences cf two court favourites , General Serrano and Colonel Gandera . Tbe latter

      ¦ was , it seems , lately aiopied and put forward by M . Salamanca , with tha view of _aaderrainins the influence ef General Serrano in tha _palace . This intrigue becoming known to General Narvaez . he warned Serrano of bis _dav . cer , and at the same time tendered bis services . This took place on the afternoon of the 3 rd , aud on that evening _Narvatz was president of the council . Madrid letters of the 6 'h announce the convocation ofthe Cortes for the loth ofnext month , and the annulling of certain decrees sf M . Salamanca relative to administrative reforms , aud wbich was it was said , only the prelude to the revtrs _" . l of his decrees on financial subjects . Qi ? en Isabella of S ; ain hi * this week cimpleted the 17 th year , of her age , end flu first year of Iter marriage .

      GEiUlANY . Congresses are a Tordre dujour . We have now to notice ihe zneetin : ' cf the ( K-nBaine Congress , ' reputed to have for its object tha developement of German unity and nationality , and the inf redaction of reforms for tbe social benefits of the German _people . _^ The principal _spsakere were Jacob Grimm , president ; _Mittermiier ( of _iieidelbere ) , Dihlman , Stenze ! . Panli . Perz , and _Sonehay , vioe-presidents . _Frcfessors Albrecht ( _Lsipzic ) _, _BIudis ( Bonn ) , Bar * chardi ( Kiel ) , _Exarch _( _Schleswii ;) , Fallati (

      Tilbingen ) , Hamcyer ( _B-rlin _) . Lschmanu ( Berlin ) _, liichelsen ( Jenal , Schmidt ( Berlin ) . Wurm ( . Hamburgh ) ; amountingin al . fri 1-50 of the most distinguished members of the German universities and lawcourts . The first _Congress was held last year at Frankfort , when the question of the duchies of Schleswig aad _Holsteinwas _discussid . This year thesab ' ; ect 3 _« _iiscassed were the _Ifanseatic confederation , the German emigration to America , trial by jury . « fe * . The next Congress will meet at _Nuremberg .

      _SWITZERLAIND . The ConttUuUonnel publishes the following in a letter from Berne , of the 4 tb : — * The grand military review which took place on Sunday , in the canton of Vaud , and the ceremony of taking the oaths by the militia , f . < imed one of tht most _imposing _patriate solemnities which have taken place since _tintcaaton emqaered its independence . In each of the nineteen districts into wnich _ths canton is divided , the troops if elite and of the reserve took witb _enthusiasm the oath to the cantonal

      eonstitiution and tbc fe-Jera ! authority . The battalions were fully complete , and the arms and equipments left nothing to be desired . The formation of an auxiliary corps of volunteers ha 3 been effected in a manner which surpassed the expectation of the government . According to thc statement which the government bas made to the Vorort . the Diet can reckon on 22 . 000 armed men of the elite , on a reserve of 10 , 000 men . and on Irons 4 , 090 to G , 00 D > olanteers . The troops of tht ; Vaud are generally considered the _bsBt of the confederation . Tbe _Landsgemeinde of TJri , which only possesses a papulation of 15 , 000 , whilst that < f Vaud is 200 , 000 , bas declared its approval of all that has beea done by the _Snnderbund , and asserted tbat it wiil not submit to the decrees of the Diet . The grand cinncil ef Lucerne , on iis part , has decided that the people shall be consulted as to thc course to bs pursaed under existing circumstances .

      «" e quote _lha following from tne Onion Mon-B * ehi _$ xe _; — * A ii « jieaddres £ cd to ns by our correspondent in _Switzerland informs ns the " result of the _Landsgeoinde of _Zu « and Uri . which took p laceon _themsrning ofthe 3 rd , Wr . B favourable to tke cause ofthe Sonderbund as that of the popular assembly at Schwiiz , held on tbe 2 filh ult . Four thousand citizens met at Aliorf , in the canton of Uri , and unanimously vcied that sisy nh _.-uU maintain the independence and the _imnrcscriptible rights of the canton by force cf _2 _rms . _ib-ee thousand five huudred persons were collected at ihe _Landsgemeinde of Za » , who , oa the motion o oue of tbe members of the * ssembly , voted an _address of thanks to the government ite conduct in tie _affiir of the Socderbmid . ' _jUto Journal de _FAin _' of the 8 ; b , has the

      _fel-Aecordieg toa letter which we bave received " ? m _beneva it is more than probable that hostilities WW 8 MB break oat in S wilzerland . Already a crowd

      Australia, E Accounts From "Sidney, New ...

      _ofstnuigers otdoabtfal mien nave arrived at _Gecera , where _iheyswm tobe watching for the moment of faking part in some action . The grand ceuncil of Geuava is to meet to-day m extraordinary session . The councd of state will present a bill for extraordinary p iwerp , ' in order to be able to act with energy and promptitude at a moment when tl e canton may tw _ca'kd anon to place at tbe disposal of the _federationa portion of its federal contingent , and the first contingent of landwehr . * The council of state also demands tfee power of forming volunteer corps , and new measures of discipline for _thesevere punishment of men who are absent when called upon to do service in thc COntinceat . It is _Drnnnm-rl tn mini-li _Psich _Aft _^ Mn-MN a # i _^ nrlhtfnl _tnietl h _*« VA _tw-it _/ . J _. _* . _

      absentee with a fine of from 3 fr . to 10 _fr . per day for each oay _s ab . ence , and imprisonment of from four months to two years . According to the calculations of th 3 radicals , tbc Sonderbund bas only 31 . 823 men and 110 sons to oppose to 36 , 993 men and 278 guns . The Suisse of Borne , ti the 7 th , states tbat things look very warlike in thc cantons . The Council of State of _Fribourg has called out the troops . The same journal announces that M . de Gourten , the Presiknt of the Grand Council ofthe _Valais , bas been struck dead by apoplexy , whilst delivering a speech sf a warlike nature on behalf of the _Sotderbuud is an extraordinary sitting of the council . A letter from Berne ofthe 10 b October gives the following

      IMPOIITAXT ISIELLIGEXCE . A most serious incident threatens to accelerate the explosion of hostilities _bciweesi the two parties which now divide Switzerland . Yon are aware that she federal Diet issued a decree nn the 31 st July last , c _.-Joining the cantons _bnrderisg on those of the Sonderbund to seizj all t "* > e arms and ammunition passing _thronsh their territory on their way to those States . YOU know , moreover , Hint oovor _« l coutujs have been already stopped in Ticino _, at Zurich , and in _Argan . But ihe most _considerab c of all , intended for the canton of _Fribourg , had not yet been forwarded by the French government , wbich hid undertaken to supply it . C . 000 muokets and f-m pieces of artillery had been packed up in large cases , but it was

      not known by what _ruid they were to proceed in order to elude the _Tiiiilasce of the Swiss authorities . The canton o f Nenfehaiel _offcreil guarantees tothe _ultr-imuntane party , its government , entirely devoted to Prussia , desiring nothing better _fhsn to _Hssist tbe league . But in that canton , the _number of patriots , _parii-uns ' . » t liberal Switzerland , is at least equal to that nf its adversaries , and the cit'Zins took on themselves to _iatcicvpt the arms should they pass through tbeir territory . The Vorort had been informed for several days of tho departure of tbat convoy from tbe arsenal of _Besanffm . in two divisions , sent by different roads . It had _oificially apprised the government of Ncufe ' aatcl of the circumstance , both m the Vorort and the Government of Berne , and

      requested it to executu the decree of the Diet of tbe 31 st of Juiy . Fim'Jy , it received last _ni'bt by express a notice that _ssveral French carmea had ventured to _crossthefr-ntier near Pontariifr , with four waggon loads of muskets and grape shot ; that the convoy h _ul safely _r'ach d _Ffeurier , on tho territory of _Ni-ufeu _: tel , a . distance of two leagues from the frontier ; lhat there tae convoy had been stopped by a number of citizens , who , after vainly summoning the authorities to perform tbeir duty by seizing it . bad , oa their refusal , conducted tbeir prize to St Croix , _wLea tbey delivered it into the hands of the authorities of Vaud , who sent it into Yverdum . This circumstance , which sufficiently denoted the b 3 d faith and connivance of the government ofNeut ebatel , induced tbe government of Vaud to seize the steamer Industrie ] , which plies on the lake of Neufchatel , to plac = on board _n lour pounder and a

      detachment of _Caralumers . and station it on tbe southern bank of the lake , to intercept all b : _< aU laden with arms and _ammunition intended for _Fribourj ? , whose _territory is _washed by the lake on an extent of sbout twa leagues . Ii _presence of all those facts the Vorort hastened to delegate to Ncufchatel ths Councillor of State Stockmar , as a federal commisioner , to summon the government of th * . t canton to _execute thc orders of the Diet , or obtain a _formal refusal fiom it , in order that the Vorort might adopt measures _cmmmdtd by circumstances . M . Stockmar left this morning , accompanied by a secretary and notary , bearing the national colours ; and the result of his _mission was tbe more anxiously expected as the _G-svcrnor of Neufchatel , the Prussian General _Pfuel , bas just arrived in the principality , _wheje a collision appears to be imminent _between the authorities of . the confederation and those of Prussia .

      ITALY . _Letters from Rome of tbe 2 nd instant announce tbat the Pope published on that day a motu proprio decree on the _organisation of the Municipal Council of Rome , which is to assume the name of Senate . The council is to consist of 100 members , namely , sixty-four proprietors ; thirty-two lawyers , eavans , artists ,. bankers , merchants , & _j . ; and feur repre senting the ecclesiastical body . Tbe municipality will be composed ofa senator ormayar , and _eijilit deputy mayors , who were first to be cho «« _"n by the government , and afterwards to be elected by the coun < il . The members of the latter are to be renewed by thirds annually . The organic law relative to tbe _legi-Jative body was espected to appear in a few days . In tbe evening the entire population of Rome was to repair to M-mte Cavallo , the residence of tke Pope , to congratulate his Holiness on the enactment of _^ thc municipal law , of which that capital had been deprived during several centuries .

      FERRARI SOT EVACUATED . The news which we receive from Ferrara to the 4 th states t " _uat the Austrians occupied the town at that date , so that there is no truth in the report tbat tbey evacuated tbe place on the 3 rd . The Municipal Council of Ferrara has voted 6 , 000 dollars for tbe purchase of muskets for the Civic Guard . The Picdmonlese Gazette , under * the date of Leghorn ihe 6 th , says that on tbe Sth a numerous throng of people went _tumultuously through the s ' rects of the town , vrciferating Long live Corsini ! L ' -berty for ever ! Death to all Germans—to the King of Naples—to _Baldasserooi ' . ' There seditions cries were repeated feefore tho palace of the _eovernor , addin ? to them tbe cry of 'Down with- the Sproni ! ' The civic gnard , disposed in various patrols _, had infinite trouble in dispersing the mob ; on the 6 th it was feared tbat the scenes of the preceding day might le renewed ; and it was impossible to foresee what may be the result should that be the

      case . The intelligence from Naples is very contradictory , the Government _representim ; the insurrection to be qnelled . but on the other band , private letters _represent the _insurrection as being almost universal _throughout tbe ' two Sicilies .

      UNITED STATES AND MEXICO . The _Washington brings advices to tbe 23 rd nit ., bnt _nothing new from tbe seat of war , except some additional details of the late battles before Mexico . A letter dated Tacubaya , 25 th August , says tbat the armistice had produced great _dissatisfaction in the army . There was a report that Paredes and _Bustamente were approaching the _capital with strong forces . General _Seatt was wounded in the leg at tbe late battle . Rumours from tbe city bave it tbat Santa Anna is throwing up breastworks and destructive batteries , and some think tbey are to bs manned by Americm soldiers to protect Santa Anna against those who may oppose him in making terms of peace .

      EVACUATION OF _TABlSCO . The AnkoVe-, Captain Leneven , whicbleft Carmen , in the Gulf of Mexico , on the 10 rh of August , entered Havre on the 10 th inst . She hring 3 direct news frem the south coast of Mexico . The Americans have been obliged to abandon Tabasco , after having lost a great number of men in skirmishes with guerillas , and from d ' sease . Before retreating , they burnt all the suburbs , which were composed chiefly of houses built with wood , and covered with thatch .

      Hesr Y George Bowteb, Esq., And Thomas B...

      _Hesr y George Bowteb , Esq ., and Thomas Browne Browne , E ? q ., have been appointed two ol her _Majesty ' s inspectors of schools . _Labjcbecs' Wages is _Dobseishibs . - ~ A great many poor labonrers were summoned before thc Shaftesbury Small Debts Court , a few days since _, by Mr Perkham , for sums due for pigs . One defendant earned eight shillings a week , but many gave their wages at seven shillings . The judgewbo seemed astonished at the _emailnes 3 of the sum , questioned them particularly . Was that all ? Were they quite sure of it ? Only seven 3 Mr Rutter asked one of tbem what parish be came from ? He replied _Stonr Provost . Mr Rutter said it was so ; seven shillings were the weekly wages down there . Tbis man had a sick wife and nine children , and be was sued for a sum of £ 6 Us . His _Honour made an order for one shilling a week , observing that it would take a Ions while to pavit off at that rate , but it was _usele-s ordering a higher sum to be p 2 id .

      The _Latb Bookiifcl Habvest . — The publie _thanksgiving for the late bounteous haivest has been ordered by her Mnjesty in . Council to be _-generally observed en the 17 th instant . Her Majesty orders that collections shall be made in aid of the * destitution in Ireland and Scotland , which has unhappiJy not yet ceased . The selection of Sunday for the public prayers -n the present cc-n sion will . _itishoped , add materially tothe amount ofthe public contributions , and itw « ll also have the effect of not depriving the industrious classes of a working day .

      _UuiTAMPED Fl & _yisg 0 aw > 3 . —The Commissioners of Stamps and Taxes have given notice tbat a penalty of ten pounds will be imposed upon the vendor of every pack of cards sold by him not containing an ace of spades duly stamped , without regard to tbe corners being cut or not ; and tbat for every pack of such cards found in the possession of any person whatever , a penalty of five pounds will be imposed . Ghacb Aguilab , the authoress of so many popular works in favour of the Jews , and urging their claims to free aad equal civil and religions rights _throug hout thecivili-ed world , died on the 10 th ult ., at Fra * okfort , in her 32 nd year . Mb 1 _' jihreb , M . P ., has given fifty pounds towards tbc liqni . _'iation of ihe debt incurred in enlarging the Darlington * Free Grammar School . _., _ .,

      The Swiss Question. % We Take The Follow...

      THE SWISS QUESTION . _% We take the following account of the Swies question from a tract published by the International League . The conclusion will appear in our next number . - _»_ _.--. _« 7 Z

      THE SWISS QUESTION . A great question is now _beinj agitated in Switzerland , which , in consequeRce of the special position in which the treaties of 1815 have placed that eounlrj , may hecome at any moment an _European question . On the one Mb we have a friendl y nation—a nation which lias played an important part in the history of civilisation , which has taken an active part in tbe great movement of religious reform , and which has held np to ns tbe examp _' e cf commercial freedom—indicating by the vote 3 of a majority of its population , influenced by weighty reasons which we shall presently explain , a desire to modify and ameliorate Us constitution ; on the other side we have foreign governments , the French and Austrian predominant _atnong 6 t others , expressing their intention if preventing any snch _constitutional modification .

      Tho agitatioa that has , especially for . the last far . ' years , _prevailed In this little country so important to Europe , is an acknowledged fact . It shows itself at one time nnder the form of a local _insurrrction , ofa sudden radical cbauge effected in one of the Cantons which constitute the Confederation ; at another time under that cf "« n armed attack upon one Canton by another : and vet no one has hitherto inquired whether all these febriie _movements miy not indicate nn organic disease seated somewhere in the ctntre of ths State , beyond all imine . . _liate cr visible causes . These movements are , according to 0 H _8 party , the _outbreaks cf the democratic dement : that is true : but how is it that the dc-mucracy of the

      _Cintoti ot Vmid or of Berne is so decidedly hostile to the _domocracr of tho « mail Caatonsof Uri , Scliwytz , nnd Unterwalden ? According _., „ , » . e- _* . they are owing io the plo ' . s of tiie Jesuits : that also is true ; out now ia it that , in a conntry free since 1303 * a few _Jesuits arc able to excite civil war , and to reduce populations _natarally peaceful to the sole resource of an appeal to arms ? Is tker _^ in thU republican laud no public opinion , no legally represented majority able to find a pacific solution of the questions which time brings to the _surfate % Is there uo central moderating power vshieh , when that public opinion is once proved to exist , gives to ii the force ft law , leaving ths career still free for further pro . grcss ?

      The importance cf _Switzerland is far beyond what might be imagined from its population of 2 , 000 , 000 upon a surface of less than 15 , 000 _English square miies . Its posi' . ion is a central one between France , Germany , and Italy . From the great strategctical importance of its territory , and by virtae ofthe stipulations of the treaties of Vienna , which we shall have occasion pr . sently to notice , its frontier cannot be encroached npon by one power lithout others immediately intervening to guarantee aud secure their own . Could one ev _.-n suppose an intervention oa the part of foreign power . 1 acting not in _hostility to , but in combination with , each oiber , and were this country willing to resign itself to tba disgrace of being a _passive eye witness of the _perpetration , in the verv heart of Europe , of a crime similar to that of Cracow , it « ould not have the epportuniiy of so doing ! The pretext f-r n _m-iaterferencc in the case of Cracow , which was afforded hy the rapid consummation of thc foul

      deed before there was time to take a step towards preventing it , would be wantiBg in the case of Switzerland . Animated by an unconquerable spirit ot liberty and of reaction against the foreigner , imbued with _militury habits and of acknowledged traTery , and backed in the midst of their Alps fey in ' . _unuouutablo _pc-Htiuus , the _Saiss would , without doubt , prolong the struggle against allF .-euchor Austrian _intt-rreniion ; and _, _ansiur " ngby the three brunches of their population— "French , Italian , aBd German—to the _sympathies of the numerous malcontents of those three nations , the ; would be abie , if need were , to establish , as a mean 3 of defence , three centres ef insurrection in the very heart of tho attacking power 3 . It is _impossible , in thinking of all this , not to be seized with a sort of terror at beholding the _passire improvidence of a policy which , from love of peace , anticipates none of the causes of war , and which forgets tbat war canno : break out in Europe witbout Great Bri . tain being ia some w . iy or other _iuvolvcd in it .

      Tho question which agitates Switzerland is a national question . The want of a solution to this national question is the cause , we will not say of all the secondary differences that agitate the country , but of the irregular , illegal , and dangerous _manner in which parties _stek to decide them . There docs exist in Switzerland a public opinion , a majority capable of solving them pacifically , progressively ; but tbis majority has no legal representative : there exists uo central power able to give the force of law to its decrees , nor is it possible to constitute any such power . The federal compact given to _Switzerland _inlSlo , under the influence of foreign Powers sitting at Yuuna , exclude * that possibility . Since that epich , especially during the last seventeen years , all those in _Switzerland who truly love tbeir country have called for

      the abrogaton of this compact , and for the organisation of something more central . —more national . Thc Powers _oppos . this . Whether the Powers , even by the strict letter cf tbeir own treaties , would be released from such _guarantee upon a revision by the Diet of tbe compact of 1815 , is a question which hag beon raised iu the official _comniunicstioiH between _Messrs Ochsenbcin and Bois Ic Comre . This is not , howerer , a point wbich we propose te discuss here : we are willing to assume that the Powers did succeed , by tbe treaties of Vienna , in forcing Switzerland into the position in wbich they declare that she is placed with _regard to them . And on this position we raiso the question of Right . The inviolability of Switzerland was guaranteed by them in consequence only of tho existence of such compact ; tbey threaten to withdraw that guarantee , tbe u . ty that compact is annulled : and we have lately seen their representatives declare , in their official notes addressed to the Directory of

      Berne , that the good _understanding between _Switzerland aad the Powers would be assured so long as there was no infraction of tbe compact , and no longer . It matters not tbat since IS _15 thirty-two years have ripened the tendency to draw closer the national union , and have placed the _compact at variance with ths moral end material wants of tbe eountrv . It matters not that the want ef a national authority condemns to perpetual cots bat 8 and violence those wbo have no tribunal before which tbey can settle their differences . This state of anarchy , and eoasequenthr of _weakness , phases the _Powers allied for thc enslavement of ration ? . It helps them to throw discredit on the sole republican flag that exists in Europe ; itserves to ensure to thetn _, whenever they may desire it , a pretext for invasion , aud to enable them to maintain in a state of absolute impotence one of the most important countries , _stratesretically tpeakiag , in Europe . _Ilerj is the very heart ofthe Swiss question .

      Switzerland is a _confederation of republics ; and we have only to pronounce the words * federal republics' to suggest to the miud th : idea of a double series of legally _recognised rights and duties—tha ono appertaining to eaehof the States or localities whicb form the Confederation ; the other to tbe whole : the first defining nnd circum ° ciibing tbe sphere of activity of individuals as citiz-. ns ofthe different States ; tho second defining that ofthe same individuals as citizens ofthe common country : the former settled by the representatives of inch State ; the latter by the representatives of the whole country . Nothing of tbe hind takes place in _Switzerland . Thc States , or _C-mtons as they are call « d , are

      governed hy authorities , ! emanating more or less directly , more or lees democratically , from the populi . tions of the Canton * . _Switzerland—the Confederation —has no representatives ofits ocn . There is a \ central legislative b-dy or parliament , called a Diet ; but it is _composed of the delegates of each Canton , chosen not by ths people of Switzerland , bnt by the Great Council of each Cmton . There is ah Executive Federal Govern _, ment called a Yorot , which is in no manner however the choice of the nation : it ' shy turns tbe State CouHcil of one of the three Cantons—3 erne , Zurich , and Lucerne , within whicii tbo Diet assembles alternately for tiro years at a time . The canton .-. 1 spirit then is alone re . presented in Switzerland ; the national spirit has no

      . Eich of the Cantons sends to the Diet two delegates , who together have only one vote . This sole vote is given alike to all the Cantons , whatever be their importance , extent , or population— -tlie burdens of the Cantons being meanwhile distributed according to thc number of inhabitants . Zurich has 221 , 150 inhabitants , and pays more tban 77 , 000 francs _taxas ; she sends nearly _4 , 000 men to the Federal army . 7 , 1 % counts bat 14 , 710 inhabitants ; _sha pours into the g _< _aural treasury only about 2 , 500 _frencs ; her contingent is but 250 men , Zug and Zurich have each one voice in the Diet . Berne reckons 357 , 710

      souls , and pays about 92 . 000 francs into the Federal treasury : she furnishes at least 4 , 000 soldiers . Uri has but 13 , 930 inhabitants , pay * less than 1 , 200 francs _contributions , and sends some ' - '' 0 soldiers to the Frederal troops . Berne and Uri haveoach one voice In the Diet ; and so of the other Cantons . We bave only to imagine the small Cantons uniting for a purpose ; and we arrive at the result ofa minority of 503 , 000 souls giving law to a majority of more than 1 , 500 , 000 . A still smaller figure is _sufaeient to cheek all deliberation , and to prevent a majority from being formed . This is what happens every year in all important questions _.

      But there is yet more . As if the power of the Cantons were not Eufficic-ntly assured by this vice of the Federal representation , the system of instructions , cr imperative mandates , steps in to prevent the chance of a national inspiration niakin .: its nay to thu heart of some oneof the representatives whom the Cantons send tothe Diet . The deputy is strictly bound fey the _instructions given him by the Great Conncil of the Canton whieU sends hira ; his heart , his understanding , Us love o- his country , abdicate their influence at tha _threshold of thc

      The Swiss Question. % We Take The Follow...

      hsll of assembl y . Discussion cannot enlighten him ; neither eloquence nor tho most powerful appeal of bis cjmpatriots can move him ; he is there only as a machime charged to repeat the ' yes' and ' no ' of his _oongtttuenti . If any subject priseut itself on which his instruction ? say nothing , he has no other resource but to reserve the matter for reference to his Great Council _forfurtherinstruc tion ' . He wil ! return hereafter wiih their yes or ' no ' ' Were the enemy at the gates—had a threat of invasion been made in the interval between the g iving the instructions and the me _' etlngof the Diet—Wer Switzerland on tho point of becoming tbe battlefield of tw _» of the powers who have guaranteed its neutrality—that would not prevent tlio adjournment of the decision . We need only look back to 1798 , or to 1813 , to find examples . of this indecision , when in tbo first case the French armies , and in the second the allied forces , violated the Swiss territory .

      We think it _Uieless to enter- Into further _dctaiii . Every man of sense mutt seo that th . re is in the constU tutionoftheso . caHodcontriilpowironl y aseeond exercise of the cantonal sovereignty , and that a national inp _iration can only make its way on ihe supposition th . at a majority , not of the Swiss people , which would he say . ing nothing , hut of the Cantons , should abdicate , in an impulse of patriotic enthusiasm , all _Joca" spirit , ail habitual _joalousy , all partiality for interests which tho very vires of the constitution havo implanted and nurtured , an'i _fhould rise to a hi gh and holy feeling fer tho into _, rests of their common cou & try , f „ r _independence , and for Swiss progress . By any otic acquainted with tho human heart snch a hope will bo felt to be realisable only inveryexcep'ionnlmoments ; and sueh moments m ' u-t be the more rare , ns _differences of !;« _H q ngo and _religion raise very real barriers between Canton and Canton . The word Unity , as opposed to Federalism , has never been once pronounced oi- « - — - » * - ' ¦ • «•

      m have _remarked that it is sufficient for tho small Canton =, representing at most a third of the Swiss population , to come to an understanding on any point , in order to Rive law to the other two-thirds , and _psrpetu . ally to hinder the adoption of _any-mr-amire _calle ' f ; r by tho great _majority of the _nation . Those acquainted with _Switzerland know too well to which side this _isino . rity , converted by the compact of 1815 into a factitious _majoritjyhabitutil ' y leans . The population ofthe small Cantons- Un , Schwytz _, UoterwaMcu , Zuu , Fribourg , & c . —for the most part Catholic , are carefully kepi in almost _absoluteignoranccby tboclcnry .. ind a few rich magnates orrioh men of the conntry ; they do not know how to read ; andif they did , they would read only what tho priest

      approved . Having for the roost part no mamifacturts , and leaning _prinsipally the life of herdsmen and shepherds , they have scarcely any contact with the great Cantop . s ; and ns the right of free establishment— the right for awry Swiss to _locate himself in any part of the national territory he may choose—does not exist , it is _es ° y for the authorities of any Canton to prevent the _lengthened _resjdeniM on their territory of such inhabitants of the progressive Cantons ns aro . _suspce'ed of preaching large aw" innovating principles . Fribourg is gi-en up to Jesuitic influence , r _* en " chntel is * Prnssi'in .+ and brings to the Diet the policy of Berlin , With such _elementsit becomes impossible , under the present system , ever to arrive at national unity of views . Thanks to this state nf things , the foreign Powors thrust themselves

      nnperceived into every important deliberation . They hire not to intimidate or corrupt the central government of a compact body of two millions of men ; tliey address themselves to the Cantons individually—to the small Cantons especially , now with threats , now whh the bait of some petty concession which they desire , or with the promise of support in some question _sffeclinit their interests . The military capitulations , "; tho ecclesiastical concession . * to Borne , tho establishuv nt ef the Jesuitsall that is r _. ow the disgraeo of the country , or t _*< e source of its disorders , was obtained in this way . When , in 1831 , the notes of the _fnreian ambassadors—bucked , we feel ashamed to say , by tho support of the English ambassador , Mr _Mbrier—^ _omandeil and obtained a _fhgrant violation of the _rij-ht of asylum , in the expulsion _«»

      masse of the Italian , German , and Polish exiles , the Powers had not to apply to n national _Rovernment—for such there was n & nc—a national government would have rejected their demand with dignity , for nil Switzerland then thrilled with generous indignation : they applied to tbe Grand Conncil of a Canton , which happened at that period to be the Vorort , or depositary for the time , of the Federal authority . That Canton wa * Zurich . Calculating the impediments that might he throtvn in the way ef the exportation of its silks , influenced by an « ntirely local party , and led away by a feeling of reaction azainst Berne ( whoso behaviour was

      nobly hospitable ) , it yielded . This—we , speak of the reaction against Berne—is , in fact , another example of the sad but inevitable eff » ct of the singular organisation imposed oa _Switzerland by tbe Compact of 1815 . By refusing to _Switzerland a capitnl , nnd by vesting tho Federal _Executive in threo Cantons alternately for two years each , an antagonism has heen creited between Berne Zurich , and Lucerne , which destroys all chance of unity ond stability in the system of government . One has only to observe the policy f _illowed by the Vorort sitting , for instance , at Berne , to foretel tho opposite policy which Zurich or Lucerne will follow when the central authority passes into tbeir ham ' s _.

      Thoenrl , then , which the Powers _proposed to themselves in 1815—the disunion and permanent weakness (< f _Switzerland—has been completely attained . Canton & lity is the only element that possesses legal life : the nation has been suppressed . There is not even uniformity of coin * , weights , or measures in Switzerland . Twentyfour or twenty-five $ different legislations cross and jostle each _otVer in the heart of this little country ; and there exists no hig _* _i Federal tribunal of appeal with power to settle disputes between Federal authorities and Cantons , or between Canton and Canton , or to adjudicate in the ca _& _5 of _individnal Swiss subjects" complaining of civil or criminal injustice at tbe hands of the local authorities . Whilst Switzerland is ju « tly admired for Us

      freedom of commerce with surrounding countries , a multitude of tol ' s hampers the internal circulation of its products between Caaton and Canton . But details are here superfluous . Suffice it to repeat that there exists in _Switzerland no universal right of citizenship—that no native barn Swiss has the right , by virtue of his birth , to establish himself in whatever part of Switzerland he may choose . There are citizens of Zurich or of Bern < _- — tbere are Vaadois and _Generese ; the Swiss citizen doe * not exist . Out of bis own Canton tbe individual Swiss is but a foreigner . He may be expelled from any oth r Canton to which he may have transferred his abode un . less it may have pleased that _Canton , with a view to re . ciproeal advantage , to acknowledge tbo right of free settlement .

      * It Was In This Year That The Three Sma...

      * It was in this year that the three small Cantons Uri , Scbwylz . and Unterwalden , by their victorious insurrection against tho tyrannical government of tho Emperor Albert I . ofthe House of _Hapshurg , laid tho first stone of the Swiss league . Lucerne joined them in 1332 , Zurich in 1351 , Zug and Chris in 1352 , nnd Berne in 1353 . These eight ancient Cantons successfully repulsed the Austrian invasions , and created , by the celebrated battles of Sempach and Nocfels , the military renown of Switzerland . The number of confederated Cantons was increased to thirteen , by the aamisBion of Solothurm and Fribourg in M 81 , Basle and _Scbaftausen ia 1501 , and Appenzell in 1513 . At a later period , subsequently to tlie religious movement of the Reformation , were added thc other Cantons , f The Great _Connclls and the Little Councils : the former possessed of the !• g ' . sliit ' . ve , _thelatttr of thc _execctirepower .

      T The Principality Of Neufchatel Devolvi...

      t The _principality of Neufchatel devolving by mheritance upon the royal family of Prussia in 1707 , was nevertheless , added by the Allied Powers to the Helvetic _Confederation in 1815 , although still remaining Prussian , aad governed by a nominee of the Crown ; _hecsuse from its complflte separation from Prussia itself , it would be , in case of war , at onco at the mercy of France , and also because the _ahiolutist Powers saw that they should thereby acquire another means of influence in the councils of the Confederation . J The term' military capitulation' signifies the enrolment of Swiss in the military service of foreign governments . Six or ' seven Swiss regiments are at the present moment to bs found in thc service of the despotic Governments of Home and Naples , They aro raised exclusively from the Catholic Cantons . § Some _Cantons—Appenzsll _, for instance—are Bubdivided into two .

      The Pbksent Stats Op Thb Armv Of Ar/Sima...

      The Pbksent Stats op thb _Armv of Ar / _siMA . — Tho Austrian army is composed of 58 regiments of infantry , of the lino ( 43 of Germans , _Galicians , and Italians , and 15 Hungarians ); these regiments are divided in 191 battalions of tbe line , and 20 battalions of grenadiers , _forming a total of 233 , 461 men . To theso regiments are joined the battalions ofthe 1 st _Landwehr of the 35 German regiments of the hereditary states . Eaoh battalion counts 4 companies , and the total of the battalions amounts to 31 , 000 men . The infantry , railed the frontier inf antry , ; comprises 36 hatta ! ioiis . _' . _fcndonebattalionCzaikist 03 ( in all , 49 , 931 men ); the regiment of Tyrolean shooters , and 12 other bat _' a _' . ions of shooters . The Tyroleans are divided into 4 battalions and 24

      enmpanics , counting 5 , 459 mer . Tbo other battalions count 15 , 830 men . The battalions of the garrison form a t » _fril of 6 , 716 men . 1 bus , in astate of peace _, the whole iniantrv of the empire is composed of 289 battalions aud 1 , 568 companies , presenting an effective force of 341 , 903 men . Informing divisions of reserve and the sccosd battalions of Landwehr , tho number reaches in time of war 490 , 000 . The Austrisn cavalry is divided into S regiments of cuirassiers , 7 regiments of dragoons , 7 regiments of light _boree , 12 of hussars , and 4 regiments of lancers , forming 208 squadrons in time of peace , and 305 in time of < var . The total of tho cavalry in timo of peace is 48 , 842 men , havirg 41909 horses ; in time of war , 01560 men ; and 02 , 122 horses for the service of the stats . The Austrian artillery is composed , besides the five regiments of campaign artillery _, of the corps of bombardiers and artificers , nnd

      of the artillery of the garrison and arsenal : total , 24 , 254 men , without counting the artillery train . In time of war the five regiments of artillery supply men to serve 200 batteries and 1 , 200 cannons . The special corps , the staff of the quartermaster-general , the pioneers , the engineers , give , on an average _^ a force of 1 . 030 men ; thus , the total forces of Austria , including tho imperial nsvy of 7 , 539 men , present , in time of peace , an effective force © f 415 , 005 men . There are now but six field marshals , among whom is the Duke of Wellington . In 1840 there were 25 generals of artillery and cavalry , 90 lieutenant fieldmarshal ? , and 123 majors-general in active service . — Gazette < P Augsburg . —Oct . 3 . The King of Sweden has presented two silver jugs and several other pieces of p late to nine men who exposed tbeir own lives in order to save the crew of the Norwegian ship Elizabeth , which was wrecked in November last on Gudwalloe beach , Cornwall .

      Mr "Whiting , of Monmouth , has reaped 0 _" r acres of wheat , the produce of which has amounted to 70 sacks , being 350 imperial bushels , or 56 bushels per sere A few days ago a large wbalo was left by tbe tide between ililbrc Island and the sand hills at Iloylake . lie was seized by some parties , who extracted upwards of fifty tons of oil out of tho anima \ which now lies on thc Eand hills at Jloylakfi ,

      Irish Confederates..On Monday Evening, O...

      IRISH CONFEDERATES . . On Monday evening , October llth , the Assembly Rooms , 83 , Dean-street , Soho , were thronged to ex _ceas by persons anxious to bear Thomas Cbisliohn Anstey , Esq ., M . P ., deliver a lecture in favour of a Repeal of the Legislative Union . Mr Kenealy was unanimously called to the chair , and , in tbe course of some opening remarks , said , Mr Anstey would soon submit the question of Repeal to the Parliament , and hefelt persuaded that Englishmen would see the justice and propriety of rendering them their support—( cheers)—as thoy wero tired of giving ten millions of money to support their Irish brethren , and thoir Irish brethren were disgusted at being driven to the necessity of taking it . ( Cheers . )

      Mr Fitzgibbon . then read the -rules of the Irish Confederation , nad a very _nmusinp _; article , entitled ' Whore ' s tho money V from the Nation . On C . Anstey . Esq ., M . P ,, entering the room , he waB greeted with loud cheering , and having reached the platform , he proceeded to assure his brother Confederates , that both on this and the other side of the water , they were acting strictly in conformity with low , as the Dublin Committee had m . _- . naged ' to ' drive a coach and six through thc act' of 1798 . He then commenced hia lecture ( a written one ) byassuring his audience that' tbe question of * Repeal' would be one of the earliest brought before the new Parliament . ( Cheers . ) The honourable member then proceeded to show that a parliament might

      ho held in Ireland , Dublin , ov elsewhere , without any detriment to tho one at _Westmin-ter . and also contended for the Repeal of the Union with Scotland as well as Ireland . As Parliaments were _onty ' courts' of advice tothe sovereign , they could be held rc _* isTue 'l ' _iS _^ 9 ii , < . _'' twon ''* bo on ' y necessary to had been illegally withhelrj ; anif * in"lil \ c _? J ?] 1 .. tl } ey of the constitution , which the learned _aentlcman designated ' a nicely balanced and excellent constitution . ' The honourable gentleman in support of his argument , frequently quoted those great ' constitutional writers , ' Davenant , Bractori , and Cunningbam , and at the conclusion of an address which occupied three quarters of ara hour in its delivery , sat down heartily applauded .

      , On the motion of Mr Thomas _Dily , seconded by Mr _Fifzjibbnn _, a vote of thanks was unanimously awarded to Mr A . istey , which he _acknowledged . After a few words from the Rev . John Rourkc , of Galway , it was announced that tlieir chairman , Mr _Kenouiy . would deliver an address in vindication of the Irish Parliament that day _fortnight , and the meeting dissolved .

      Irish Democratic Confederation. The Demo...

      IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION . The Democrats met on Sunday evening , at Cartwright ' s . The new president in thc chair . An article waa read from thc Nation newspaper , on _Itish manufacture , and commented on by several speakers . MrBrzER then read an article from the Dispatch of the previous week , upon Ireland and tbe Irish people , which he characterised as the most foulmouthed _piecs of calumny and vituperation he had over read . lie was not an Irishman , but he felt strongly _indignint at the baseness of the humbug scribe of the Dispatch ,

      Mr _Clawy . cpmmoRted at Great length _nprm tbe history ofthe _Eneiish connection , during a period of 700 years , showing from various writers , the _persecutions which the Irish people suffered under the fostering care of thc British sovereigns . _^ Three times had the Irish _peonh" suffered confiscation ; but this was notenoug b—the rascally r-g , tlie Dispatch , must insult them ! They all knew the moral weight that ia U be attached to anything the Dispatch could say . That paper was on its last less . Ho had selected a few authors nptn Irish history , whicii it had been well forthe ignoramus in the Dispatch to have read before ho calumniated a whole people . '

      Templo says— Eleven and a half millions , out of twelve millions of acres , were confiscated , and parcelled out to English adventurers . ' Lord Clare states— ' No inconsiderable portion of tho entire island had been confiscated twice , ar _. _ooxhaps , thrice , in a century , and ifthe wars of England , carried on in Ireland from tho reign of Eliza : both , bad been waged _agatoBt a foreign enemy , tbe inhabitants would have retained their possessions . ' He gives the following statement : — Acres . Forfeited up to the close of tbe reign of James I . ... 2 , 836 . 837 Forfeited up to the close ofthe reign of Charles II . ... 7 . S 00 000 Forfeited at the revolution 1 , 060 , 729

      Total ... 11 , 697 , 666 Spencesavs _. 'During the wars , carried on against the Earl of Dc 3 mor . d , for the purpose of depriving him of his estates , that the people were brought to such a wretched state , that any stony heart would rue the same ; out of every covner ofthe glens came crying forth on tbeir hands , for their legs could no lORger bear them . They looked like anatomies of death , and spoke like ghosts looking out of their graves . ' _Leland says , * That tbe Q , ueen Elizabeth was assured that Lord Deputy Grey tyrannised with such barbarity , that little was left for her Majesty to rule over butashe- and dead _circasse 3 ! ' Four thousand acres wore given to Sir Walter Raleigh , as a reward for his cruelty . Sir John Davis states , ' That all Ireland wai cobniscd at one time among ten persons of the English nation . ' ' .

      ... G _.-e , an English gentleman , in his work on the _navigation of Great Britain , says , ' Thatit is thought that more than one-third part of the rents ofthe whole of Ireland belong to _English noblemen . ' Lady Morgan says , ' Near 4 , 000 Irishmen of family , were driven into perpetual _abnenteeship , sent to dole outforapitif . il hire , in the cause of oppression , in other countries , thc same valour and the same spirit , which their fathers had displayed in support of the liberty of their own , the Faie of whose estates amounted to the annual sum of £ 211 , 600 . ' Were I to enumerate ail the bloody sentences , passed by

      Cromwell on the Irish people , in what was called Cromwell's slaughter-house , ' would chill the very blood in your veins—yet this recreant writer in thc Dispatch would build another slaughter-house , and give another Cromwell tothe people of tint country . We should , therefore , set an example this evening , which he ( MrC ) had no hesitation in saying was the bounden duty of every Irishman to follow . The Dispatch would exterminate thc wholo race of the Irish people . To return the compliment , a 3 far as was possible , it was a duty he owed to his persecuted country to submit to thoir consideration tho following resolution : — That seven centuries of British government In _Iceland

      have proved thc utter incompetency of the directing power , even to supply its people with the common neces . sides of life . We are fnrOur of opinion that twelve millions of acres of fruitful soil ; _nad more _thsn _enough to mako the people of Ireland _independent of any neighbouring country , and that it is the inalienable right ot the peoplo to bo fed out of tbe land wbich God hath given them r > _nd as tho British Government has more than onco confiscated the whole of the Irish lauds to divide _amongstthsir _sanguinary nnd unscrupulous adhe . rents , we trust thc people of that country will be more watchful on any future change by seeing that the lands _sballr-vert to tho rightful owners ofthesj . il which , we are of opinion , is the only _me-ns of saving tho Irish peoplo from the mock _li'oeraUty of En iifiU Wisig and Tory rulers , and the Irish character from tha insult of _blood-suckirg , paid , mercenary scribes , such as the writer on Irish _subjects in the Weekly Dispatch , which paper we deem ita duty , as Irishmen , to hum this night iu the common firo place . ( Loud cheers . )

      The resolution waa seconded by Mr J . B . O Bnen _, who had been previously elected member of the society , and was unanimously adopted , and the Dispatch was consigned to tbo ftimes , amidst the derisive laughter of the meeting . Mr George MintOR presented the meeting with a second gift of valuable books , maps , and papers , including the * Irish _Volnntf-ers , ' ' Works of Paine , ' ' People ' s and Chambers ' s Journals , ' & c The _meetinjr then broko up . _/ ..,.,, i Chair taken on Sunday cvenm ? , at eight o clock . Mr O'Brien , Eugene _O'Kavanagh , and others , will attend and address the meeting .

      Baiw8l-*Y.--A Numerous And Enthusiastic ...

      Baiw 8 l- * y .--A numerous and enthusiastic meeting of Irishmen took place last Sunday , at Mr George Utlcy ' _slarce room . Several English Chartists were present . Mr John _O'Lcary wm called to the chair , who opened the meeting in an eloquent Bpeech on the principles of democracy , and was loudly cheered . The address and d . _claration of the Irish Democratic Confederation of Loudon was then read , and wns bailed with loud applause . Mr Michael Segrave proposed tlio first resolution , and plainly demonskated by facts , that it was the height of felly for working men to waste their energies by seeking for half measures , as m 3 ny of tho middle classes ot Ireland who were loudest in their professions of patriotism , ' rio sooner got installed in power by the Corporate Reform Act than they becamo their bitterest and deadliest enemies : —

      That this meeting _fei-I highly gratified to learn the _eiant strides tho just , holy , and glorious principles of demowaey , are making throughout tbe various countries of Europe , and deeply rogvet the degeneracy of their fellow-countrymen , through the instrumentality of a few unprincipled _ka ' _ers _, aided by a base , hireling press , to impose on the credulity of a conn " . iriR people , by teach _, ing them that their liberty will be effected by the mere Bepeal of tho Act of Union . This meetingis of opinion that there can bo no _freeibm for Ireland short of an independent domestic legislature , based on tbe principles contained in tbe People ' s Charter , and lonsider it beneath the d i gnity of Irishmen to agitate for a less mensure of justice than a full , fair , and free representation ofthe whole people

      . ... Mr Andrew Covle seconded the resolution , whioh . after some remarks from Mr Edward Iveiti and Mr William Hwry , was put _;¦»» _^ _. _^ _•*? carried unanimously . Mr _Mf _^ _iK _^ _KS and Mr Miles Roden seconded , the second _resoiu _tinn which was also carried ,: — - Ttat we -W ? m _^ eiatc tho bold , » ,-. ly , straight .

      Baiw8l-*Y.--A Numerous And Enthusiastic ...

      forward declaration andobj . cts of the lrUh _Democratic _Confederation of London , as embodying the resolutions ofthe Volunteers that met at Dung : nnunin 178 * and alio breathing the pure and holy _priucipies of tho Society of United Irishmen , for the advocaoy of which many of its brava members faced the dungeon , the dock , ana the _seaf . fod , resolved , _thernfore , that this _meeiing form a branch of tbe above-named _Confederation in tbis town , and earnestly request our democratic countrymen resident in Great Eritain to follow our example , with a view to free our country , not only from the _continuation of British misrule , but also from domestic tyranny .

      ' A vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to Mr Clancy , and the brave men in London , who assisted in forming the Democratic _Confederation , and also to the proprietor and editors of the Northern Star , for their consistent advocacy of the principles of democracy . Thc meeting was subsequently addressed b Messrs Smart and _Trafford , after which between forty and fifty _individuals enrolled their names . A vote ot thanks was given to tlio chairman , and the meeting separated , highly delighted with tbe proceedings of the evening . The following individuals were appointed officers to carry out the objects of tbe society _:-Robert O'Neill , Michael Se * grave , Patrick Connor . John O'Lcary , Edward Keith , Wiilinm Henry , Mn Trafford , John M'Coy , Ihoraas Criek . The society will meet next Sunday evening , atthe above-named place , at half-past seven O CiCCu *

      To Mr Clahcy. Deak Sib,—I Embrace This, ...

      TO MR CLAHCY _Deak Sib , —I embrace this , tho earliest opportunity afforded ma , to express my delight at the course recently adopted by the Irith Confederates of London . I have fully mado up my mind to join no political association that has not for its object the _aceomplishnu-nt ofthe thoroughly ' _cWvrncea _*' vB £ i" _-iS 5 , 8 LP _ '' . - ? ocracy-as I am franchlsemcut of the working _millions , is not calculated to pUce labour in a position to protect itself from the avaricious grasp of capital . It aifurds me much pleasure , and must be highly gratifying to every lover of lib . rty ,

      to learn the giant strides that _tbosa glorious principles _are-tnaking throughout the various countries ul Europe , but jet there is ono solitary exctptkm , where iu _« dark cloud of political ignorance hangs ov _> . r the miads of men owiag to tbo false teaching of selfish leadeis , and that country is our unfovlunate native lnnd . I have carefully read tho address uf the _Confederates to tbe toiling community of Great Britain and Ireland , ia the whole of which I entirely concur , excepting that passage which states that the Old nnd Young Irelanders are our friends , as being born of the same persecuted land _.

      In my humble opinion , there are few of the leaders oi either party that are not deadly enemies to the toiling millions ot Ireland , and also to universal liberty . Ue wbo would brand his follow mvn as a slave by refusing him tiie right of citizenship—a privilege which bo claims for himself—is a _detestable tjrant _, and an enemy to mankind . _Beforo tho famine , created by man , had _sweptatvay myriads ofour unforfunato countrymen , Mr Scrope notified his intention of bringing forward a motion in the House of Commons , to _sdunt a _permanent system of out-door rclitf for Ireland . Wero not both par . _tiss to befouud on the platform of Conciliation Hull , denouncing any system ofthe sort for the starving people , as being equal to a confiscation of half the landed pro . _porty of iho country I "What was the result ? Why ,

      land robbers were permitted to revel in luxury , whilst a million of laboui ' s children were thrown into shroud _, less graves . It is , therefore , evidence that the interests of the former were preferable inthe eyes cf those professing patriots to the lives of ths latter . Yes , they looked coolly on the butchery of their fellow-countrymen , without even making an effort on their part , to prevent those heart-rending scenes , unequalled in the anBals of history . The compromise had _teken place , and Ireland was _handed over to the tender meruies of the base , brutal , and . bloody Whigs . Tho patriarehiat patriot mado hit , exit to the continent , and no sounds met the ear but tbe dying groans of moving spectreB _, accompanied with occasional growling of thc slumbering ' lion of the fold of _Judca , ' whilst _Ardagh ' s alarming trumpet lay as mute as the Darn in Tarah _' s walls . When tho

      Democracy of this country endeavoured to effect a union with _thcir-Irish brethren , wero they not basely in - sulted by Ireland ' s mock patriots , and tbeir _aidscora fully _njected " Had it been otherwise , how glerious would have been the result emanating from such a com . bination . The Irishmen resident in Great Britain , who are since divided , would most assuredly be united as onersan , together with the millions of English and Scotch Chartists ; none would be apathetic wben such a chance of victory off . jred itself . But 'No , ' said the old magician , and 'No'responded his slaves , knaves , and _dup-iS , '' thoBe Chartists are infidds , thoy petition for the restoration of Frost , Williams , _Jonte , & c . ' What a spe * cimen of infidelity to endeavour to tff . ct what all Christians profess to pray for on the Sunday , namely—the release of captives .

      The Chartists hold different opinions as individuals on religious matters ; hut , as a body , their actions ore move in accordance with the spirit of Christianity , than . the balk of theoretical _rcllgion ' _sts . The fundam-nt & l _nrincip-e of Christianity is , ' Do unto others as yoa wouM that they should do unto you ; ' and tbat of Chartism is , ' Justice to one and to all . ' Htnce , tho man who says he is a Christain , and is not a Chartist , throws aside the principle he professes—and , consequently , is nothing better than a _supcrlutive _hypocrite . But wty Bhould we _canvsss tho _rel'pious opinion of eur compatriots in the causa of liberty ! Sball I ask the _brai e Eoldier who fights hy my side , In the cause of mankind , if our creeds _nsrree ? Shall I give up _tliefricrjd . Ihave valued ond tried , If he kneel not before the same altar with me f No , perish tbe hearts and Jaws that try

      Truth , valour , and love , by a standard like this , Bnt , whilst they refuse to combine with the progressive party of this country , and the gnlph is fixed between hs , they slavishly court a unien with tho aristocracy of Irelaud . What an unholy alliance that would be , the , mouse and the cat , the lark and the kite . If tbe people aro sufficiently foolish to waste their energies in a combination with their oppressors ; at the end of their strugglethe . _Cbarlemonts will signiiicBBtl ; tell them that any _chan-re to bo effected must be based on aristocratic ascendancy . At tho same time , all that is required by the present leaders of Ireland , would be accomplished by a mere Repeal of the legislative Union , patronage would be at the disposal of flippant tongued patriots , and the country converted into a manufacturing hell , to swell

      the coffers of avaricious , grindingcapitalists , at tha sacrifice of female virtue and loveliness ; and the rising generation who , under different circumstances , would be healthful and robuBt— -would become poor , emaciated , helpless forms , such as we witness every day in the manufaciuiing districts of this country . Aud this , in my _opinion , is tho great borm' the people would _recsive from a mere Repeal of the Legislative Union . I sincere !* - congratulate tho Confederates of London on the good worit they have so well _b'gun . If genuine liberty is to be _established ia Ireland , tbe battle must be fought by the Irish _Democracy resident in Great Britain . We must subscribe our pence , and not only send democratic p . _-. _pers , but also missionaries , who will bridge ever 'the gulph' by establishing those glorious _principles , for the

      , advocacy of which so many of our countrymen , in years gone hy , have braved tho dungeon , the dock , and tbe scaffold . We have nothing to expect from the Young Irelanders os a body . Their official organ , tho Nation , was silent when Ireland ' s patriots were denounced . Its editor now occasionally trumpets forth their names to acquire popularity , but studiously keeps back their _pvinciples from tho untutored minds of the people , or hypocritically _represent those principles as' abominations . ' I have often said , even in the height of the Repeal Agita * tioR , that your worthy president was tbe man destined to win Ireland for the Irish . He has already sufficiently proted his competency to bo the leader of tbe Irish piopie , whilst I unhesitatingly assert , without fear of contradiction , that there is no other man in existence ia

      whom Irishmen can or ought to place an equal _decree of confidence as in Mr O'Connor . It is utterly Impossible fer him to deceive hi * countrymen . Ho might _forget his own suffering ' , hut be never _cbu sell himself tothe supporters of a system under which his father was hunted to death , and his uncle banished from his native land for ever . And I hope the day is not far distant when every honest Irishman will thoroughly appreciate his noble exertions tn the cause of _liberty , and then we may expect to see our _countryraised totbedignityofa nation , and her whole people free , prosperous , and happy . I remain , dear Sir , Your ? , in the holy and just cause of Democracy , Michael _Siobavi , Barnsley , September 24 th , 1817 .

      1 •^** Mmmf*R _ To The Ex.Rbpeal Warden ...

      1 _•^** mmmf * r _ TO THE EX . RBPEAL WARDEN Who addressed the writer ofthis , through the Star tt the 28 th ult ., respecting tho Young Ireland Clubs , 4 c „ in London . - — Di-AiiSia _, —Tho letter that appeared in tho Star ot the 3 'Jth of August , addressed to me hy you , would havebeen answered the next week bad it not been that 1 was out of town at tho time , and had uot an opportunity of Bean" the paper tbat contained it . Having beard that there was sueh a letter , I applied to several persons to get me the paper . It was enly this week I was able to obtain it through the kindness of a friend . Hoping that tbU will ho nn _ecology for the delay , and that you will not think me either _ia-snsille to the subject , erdisoonr . teons to tho excellent writer of that welcome letter to whom I must first _observe , that if I were atuated byjug in the part I take in tha _^ Ut _^ _ofiny _UfcuMd

      vanity untry I shou M be morethan satisfied by your making ono so humble as myself worthy of your notice , where " here areTo many others whoso names are more prom - tnere are Buu _,, _^ _rf ect § fhe oppre _s s dTo each other , and how much I felt on the occasion you alluded to , of rejecting tho assistance of the _Stists nnder the old Repeal movement , has cawed vou to select me out . I will here observe _thoth has been mv happiness to be on friendly terms with many of those who desire that the principles ofthe Charter should supersede the present infamous and corrupt system ; it ceuid not be otherwise with me , yourself , and nine-tenth * ofthe _Repcalcts in England , as we held , Bad still bold , tbe same opinions ourselves , hut when we were commanded to keep them apart from us hy tho then leador , we could do no other , Country and Repeal beUg with _ua

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 16, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_16101847/page/7/