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November 18, 1848. THE NORTHERN kTAR.
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Soeirp*
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• ^^^TJSPRECEDENTED PRESIDENT, ji,Dg jes...
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Eebfttos*
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<fa Etkno'ogical Journal. November. Lond...
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lie Reasoner. Past 30. Lindon: J. Watson...
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TO THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND. Lams III. ' So...
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ramonr I Depend upoait, Englishmen, your...
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THE ORGANISATION OF LABOUR, The minds of...
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THE ROYAL C0L0S8EUM. Io attempt a descri...
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Polytechnic Instiiuho**.—On Monday some ...
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Wmttits,
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It is said that an immense number of cou...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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November 18, 1848. The Northern Ktar.
_November 18 , 1848 . THE NORTHERN _kTAR .
Soeirp*
Soeirp *
• ^^^Tjsprecedented President, Ji,Dg Jes...
• _^^^ TJSPRECEDENTED PRESIDENT , ji , Dg _jesrsof sorrow now have put In clouds above s noble race , And shall It be itt fate at last To psrith In a fool's embrace ? The world has seea throe moBorchi fall , A fourth ona rise * to our _viewi . a _biuisrd table-fiveshU ball , H _! e _sceptra is ft marker * a cae ! And in the _dlftasce _, to oor eye * , Tke courtiers ia Ms ante room Bsfore astonished Europ-J rise—The gambler , dandy , and the _groa-s . And thousand men who gave their vstei Up to the _throie to raise this Mom , Learn from then * King a taste in coats , And how to chooM the best cigars .
And to the people ba must afire A csod war , aa a bloody sop ; And issue— 'that _hii power may lire—Tbe eagle of tbe sausage shop ! The essle if the sausage _thop , That Lonis carried o _' _tr the flood , Will _flj—but this tim * , ere he drop , _Perchinca may feed en human blood ! _Puppet-Sfloto .
Eebfttos*
_Eebfttos *
<Fa Etkno'ogical Journal. November. Lond...
_< _fa Etkno ' ogical Journal . November . London : R . Hardwicke , 14 , Clement ? a Line , Strand . The principal artiole in this number—an outline of liree Lectures on Egyptian _Anfcowlogy , by G . R . gliddon , Esq . '—cannot tail to excite universal _in-Cf-eti . Mr _Gliddon , who appears to be a native of Awe * _pd , bas devoted many yean to the study of _Egyp-¦ _j » _n antiquities . Dunn- * tbe last six yean be _ju been engaged ia making known tbe resnlti e l bis investigation to tbe people of the States { _i-oujh the means of pnblio lectures , publications , _£ ; . As a lecturer Mr Gliddon hu deservedly _acoaired immense popularity . Hia audiences bave
_* - * — - — " -- —J—J _»~ tm _ttinntani * nonutn * _jjtnged from two hundred to two thousand persons , according to the population ofthe place ; and altogether he has made not less than a hundred thousand persona familiarly acquainted with the interesting _iobjects of nil _dtscourses . The newspaper press by publishing reports oi tha lectures have still mora widely extended the circle of Mr GUddgn ' s auditors _. It mil , therefore , ba easily undemooi wby so much more of public attention and inquiry are devoted to tie subject of Egyptian antiquities in the United States , than in tbis _conntty . It strikes ns that were _Jllr Gliddon to undertake a _lecturing tour in this country , both himself and bis English audiences would derive benefit from tbe interceune .
The 'Present Position of Hieroglyphical _DisttTMite'is the subject of tha first of tha three lee t __& , ef which we have an outline in ths artiele before ns . A carious account U given of the discovery of the key to tbe reading of hieroglyphics , furnished bj the _Rosetta Stone , now in the British Museum . AeariiB ? to Mr Gliddon , the art of writing was fariiliar to the builders of the pyramids , 3 , 400 yean _s c . ; and the Egyptians possessed books certainlyas fir back as 230 !) _B-c . The second lecture contains gome curious statements relative to the religions ideas of the ancient Egyptians . The third leoture ia devoted to that riddle—the pyramids . The riddle is , however , at last made plain , if we accept Mr Gliddon ' s version of the builden of those astonishing _itrectures . and tbe purpose for wbioh they were daspied . The lecturer having renewed and rejected the theories put forth by a multitude of writers , proceeds to give his own as to
THE PYRAMIDS—-THE ** , AND St WHOM _BfttZ , AST , F 03 WHAT PUBP 05 X ? 1 . As ta tha epochs of tbe pyramids of Memphis . Theie were all built between tha times of Noah ass Abrsiamin the scale of bibUral chronology , and these ofHenes . the first Paaroah ot Egypt , and the founder of tie first dynisty at Memphis , tad the thirteenth dynasty ia collateral _Egyptian _hlereflyphlcal chronology . Thus ill tbe Memphite pyramids Milted and were indent 2 , 000 years before Christ . AH the pyramid * ia Lower Eupt tat * . y _^ n old , and taking _thepjrwnid ot _Jfceris , accordh * _- ; to LepsraV letter * , built between 2151 and 21 H years before Christ , as the last of this series , the remainder will _saccesrivel / recede to abore 5 , 000 years ago .
2 . The builders ef the pyramids wera M . ' _aralmltes , children of Ham ofthe Caucasian race . "Whether these p * ople were aulocthones or ttrrm _genUi _, or whether they come originally from Asia , it a question Ur Gliddon _dlKsnea in other _lectaroo _, _referring in the meantime to Morton ' s . _Sgtfxiaca . It is nScint to say , that ftsy were _CaucosUna , and white men , and _Ejyptiuu . 3 , In thdr objects the pyramids were exclusively _Kr ilchral . They _t-jpreseut the tombs of the _Pusroanwio ruled ia Itempibj prior to th * iavaiion of tbe Ajihos tribes , and are , therefore , the sepulchres of a tog line of Egyptian King * who reigned from the first , to tbe thirteenth dynasty of Manetho .
Seme idea of tha altitude of tbe Great Pyramid nay be formed by comparing it with that of other monuments . 'It ia forty-three feet higher that St Peter ' s at Rome . —abont 126 feet higher than St Paul's in London , and mora than twice the height of the _BurJ-ers Hill Monument , Boston . If converted into brick , the materials of tha Great Pyramid wonld build the entire city of Philadelp hia V A * Critical _Analyaa of the Hebrew Chronology ' Continued from a former number , will command the attention of the class of readers and thinkers to whom thia periodical ia specially addressed .
Lie Reasoner. Past 30. Lindon: J. Watson...
lie Reasoner . Past 30 . Lindon : J . Watson , 5 , Queen ' s Head Passage , Paternoster-row . The * Reasoner' has for some time past contained trainable _eeriea of articles from the pen of Mr Col-Istt , on 'Tne Rise and Progress ofthe Swiss Republics . ' Mr Cooper's'Orationa *—really eloquent compositions—take ap a considerable portion of this month's Part . No . 126 contains an extract from Lonis Blanc ' s' History of Ten Tears * , ' the extracted matter being Gedefroi Cavaignac ' a defence , when tried before the Paris Court of Asses for holding meetings at which more than twenty persons attended . The deceased Godetroi Cavaignae was brother to the present Ganeral Cavaignac . _Thefol-Isrring words might have been addressed by a June irjsargent , to him who now disgraces the name ofthe bte leader of the Republican party .
_609 EFSOI CATiiaWC S _BSfXXCS . We are , yen tay , ths enemies oil ' s * af society amd tbe gOTermnsnt _, but to this I have already _repUed ; what we hate in society are its vice * . We are the real friends of social order , for wa wish that it -mould be corrected , and we believe that it is susceptible of being so . Too , whs say thatit is good , flatter tt ; yori who aay that It _wiUal-rajs remain vicious , calumniate it . Farthercore , I may , upon this occasion , _nnos again demand , wbere ii that orgauUatioa wbioh we _internl to destroy f Religion , science , labour—wbat is there constituted and settled in existing society ? _fiellgion * _Aakapria _^ l _Cde _Lamennaia . gdenoa ! Ask Bupeil . What scientific erganisatlon Is there in a country that Is destitute of popular instruction ?
As for labour , inquire of all those who ore devoted to it , if it be organised . Remember Ljons ; examine all that is said , all that Is done for wont of laws to organise labour . Strange calumny ! We are _disorganisers ia a _tori-rv in t-felca _orgmoisation is wanting , and in _W & ieh tte desire It may ba at lost eitaWthed . Ii it iu religisnt We are for the absolute liberty of _Cocsciencs ; we are for having no priests who , ruder soy pretence whatever , should govern the affairs of the world ; neither do we adopt a faith whieh refers every * Mag to heaven ; which reduces equality _toeaaalltjin fee eyes of Cod ; to that poslhamous equality which _psganlsm proclaimed as well as Catholicism .
fiellgion , as we understand it , comprises the sacred _tt _^ ti ef humanity . Wadsets it rat enough to bald op a Sbsre-fifow to crime after death , to offer the wretched a consolation _wpoa tha other side of the grave * Morality and well-bting—that b to say , equality—must be estw bliihed iu this world . The title of man must avail to obtain , fo ; all those who bear tt , a common religious "apes : for their rights , a pious sympathy for their * * nct _» . Ths religion wbich we profess Is that which WI change horrid prisons Into penitentiaries , and which ** ul abolish the penalty of death in the noma of human _arioUbillty .
For science , we demand that It be organised so as to Militate labour , to multiply production , wealth , and _eoofori , to diffuse UttrustlOB , and to defend mankind jjpinrt the scourges that befall it . We demand that it be organised , so that when a man like Bronuais shall _Prae & t himself as candidate he may be elected , and that _a nuy have as electors men who will not thrust Mm " •' -a ; for _weU-organlsed election is In its turn _pw-aminasly a hw of organisation . We say as much for letters , aoi for » _rt » . We _glra _tbent , w » » _ay » _odoJ BtlUtj , HOlJ _. _lihirl y _. _CTUlcesBmiaatlon , election .
A _> tot labour , we demand that it fw no longer made - _^ ordinate to the interests of the greedy and the idle ; ** efle * n ana that the working man be no longer nude _~ _belphss drudge of the capitalist ; that the labour of r *? _^* » be ne : his wh ole source of gain ; that he find J * > ue eitablishment of public banks , in the diffusion of _^ tr ucdon boa general aad special to his calling , k » the r _* a _4 u ) _inisitfttion of Justice an 4 the equitable adiMSnEnt of taxation , in tha multiplication of the _^ * ° f _mte-ronmmlcfrtion , and in the power of asrf * tteh _* _. the means of lightening Ms _tuks , of f _^ _'PSting hi s capabilitiM , and of _recempsnslng Ms « M 5 try and courage . Wa demand , above all , tbat «» - *« shall constitute the first of all claims to tho _exer-* f of political rights—for societies subsist by labour * _"_ _** _Property . fc _** swordrpause , mHsIenrs . I feel It needful stffl _^ ba to pnrsa _s my explanations ; for we aw accused of «* _Mnes hostile to _nronriators . and I must add that , in
*« nch sodety f ____ tjje general existing wont of or f SJut Wn and life „ Hc ! i I bam p <* Int-d out , property _I _^^ Ui _^ r _^ _aer _tau-M _^ of _strWgth andoiianiu _^ _i Ou _fi-it _rstolaHan estahllthed It oa new bases ,
Lie Reasoner. Past 30. Lindon: J. Watson...
Imperfect indeed , bnt founded oi a _ussf _jl prineipls—that of division . That division Is effected solely by llmltbg the right of laherltaaee , by enacting the equal partition ef patrimonies and prohibiting entails . This was not the only means it might have employed ; for _lastanos , it ought further ta have extended the right of inheritance—thatls to say , that the principle ef ths divisions of property would have reoeived increased fores and completeness , if there had been levied on every inheritance of a certain value a ¦ art of duty , which shonld ba thrown into a common fond to be divided among the pauper class . » * # Ths sentiment of property Is one of those that are natural to msn ; bat it is precisely because man longs to possess , aud because we must not slight or overlook this instinctive tendency , that we woald have it satisfied in the greatest possible number of men . instead of being gratis id only ia a few exceptional _ins'aacei .,
There woiid bsno more great _fortune *; there would be no more execs-ire _poverty . Politically and morally this would bs a blessing . It is alleged that the aocumu . Ution of capital is necessary for certain purposes of pro * duotioa . But thera always will be a sufficiently large capitalist—the budget . Besides , what will compensate for the _sub-dlvltioB of capital * . Onoe more , _Asssclatioa . We do not contest the right of praparty ; only wa estimate above itthe right which society poisesses ef regn . latinglt for the greatest commen good . We cannot admit the right of doing what one will with one ' s own to the extent of abusing it to the detriment of the social state .
These are noble sentiments , nob ' y expressed . How would the pore spirit of Godefroi Cavaignac suffer if conscious of the perfidy , tyranny , and cruelty of his unworthy brother ! It was a aad day for France whea Godefroi _Gavaignao died ; it was a day still more _nnfortunata whea General Cavaignac was bom .
To The People Of England. Lams Iii. ' So...
TO THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND . Lams III . ' So , go , without a sigh or sob , and de my will / he said ; * Tor know , _withot-t the peasant , girl , we none of as had bread ! 'lis from the peasant ' s hardy stock the rase of giants * are—The peasant is na plaything , child—No , God forbid he were !' Bis Royil Highness Prince Albert ,
Fellow _CanNTRTUEX— I know yonr feelings . They are my own . Pleasure and gratitude in reflectine that onr Prince does not forget he is one of ns—1 The pea-ant is no plaything , child—No , God forbid be were !' I do net address yon on the subject of the Norwich Riot for the purpose of exciting the angry _passionB of class against class . No ; my hope is , that therein I shall discover just cause that will induce every _elass to unite in striving to obtain the repeal of the eruel and unconstitutional Act ef Parliament whieh was the _C 3 _use of that riot , and has done more towards the entire separation ot the _different classes tban any other circumstance—that unchristian Act of Parliament which bas in this case overcome the power of the Church , tbe authority of the _constitution , and
tbe strongest sympathies et the people by physical force ! That Act of Parliament which haB made a pretence of appointing law makeia for us all , although ( I state it on tbe _anthority of the late noble and learned Earl Eldon ) , the Constitution has nowhere given to parliament that power ! Fellow Conntrynea ! Seeing that the officers who , by tha new Poor Law Aot , assume to be authorised to make laws , in direct opposition to those of God , the Church , and the Constitution , to break the union of man and wife , are still retained , though their persona and titles are changed , it ia impassible that yonr attention can ba too closely fined on the unconstitutional nature of their appointment , wbich was , indeed , admitted by Lord Chancellor Brougham when be introduoed tbe new Poor Law Bill to the House of Lords .
On that point tbe venerable Earl Eldon solemnly assured me be bad no _doubt although time and physical force may have sanctioned those officers , and , to onr disgrace , familiarised ns with their oppressions , still , so long as a plank of' onr glorious constitution * remains , I hope we shall take every constitutional plan and _opportunity to record our detestation at the usurped power of parliament—in setting up such tyrants to rale over as . To rale with despotic power over the clergy , tbe nobility , the ratepayers , the guardians , and every poor law officer , as well as over the paupers !
Permit me to refer you to the opinion of Mr Plunkett—afterwards Lord Chancellor of Irelandon the question of parliament having the power to make lawmakers . These are his words : —¦ ' I call on any mas who hears me to take down my words ; you have not been elected for this purpose . You bave been appointed to make laws , not legislators—yon are appointed to act nnder the constitution , not to destroy it—yoa are appointed to exercise the _fonctlens of legislators , and not to transfer then ; and , if you do ao , your aot ia a dissolution of the government , you resolve society into its original elements , and no man in the land is bound to obey you . ' Words , full of the same import , were addressed to me by bim wbo perhaps better tban any otber man understood and appreciated the prinoiples of the : English constitution—the late Earl Eldon . '
The words cf snch a man are not to ba forgotten . Though disregarded then , their solemn weight mnst now be felt ; for the most powerful excuses advanced in support of the acknowledged unconstitutional Act are proved to have been fallacious ; tbey are—that it would ' restore to industry its doe reward , visit idleness with its appropriate punishment , reinstate property in security , and lift np once more—God be praised 1—the character of tbat noble English peasantry tothe proud eminence where , bnt for the ( old ) Poor Laws , it wonld bave shone untarnished , the admiration of mankind , and the glory of the country which boasts it as its brightest ornament . '—[ Lord Brougham ) The failure is complete ! It ia _acknowledned by Lord Broneham himielf ! It is written in facta that cannot bs mistaken . Now . it may bs said with troth , ' all property is shaken to pieces . '—{ Lord Brougham )— 'The new _PoorjLaw was proposed at a time of great party violenoe . '—
( Lord Brougham . )—' 'Then , those whobad been blown into significance by the most ' violent and unscrupulous _agitation '—( Lord Brougham ); men whohad _basn thrust into office by the revolutionary ' pressure from _without —( LordBrougham ) ' , statesmen , whose only qualification for office was the influence they had obtained over the minds of the unreflecting , by 'pandering to their _oaieat _pasaiontf —( Lord Brougham)—thesa new-fledged officials resolved to try their bands at legislation by making' playthings ' ef the most sacred right of their former took and patrons—the' peasants ! ' Attempting to consolidate the power of the law , they removed tbe foundation on whioh all law must rest—the right of tbe poor to liberty and life ! Those patrons of Reform were deaf to the warnings of the wise and venerable Earl Eldon , they , at the bidding of _Lord _Brougham , * a'd the foundation of oar preterit _mtserablo state ! Pity , that others assisted them in that revolutionary act .
Now , however , seeing that Lord Brougham ( who perhaps _nnconxoiously _, has done more to revolutionise Europe thaa any other man ) is siok of revolutions , and that Lord John Russell , with the whole power and enemy of the government , has been engaged in putting revolutions down—it may surely now be expected tbat the opinion of the late Earl Eldon will be regarded , and that _tho-e who were most instrumental in passing the revolutionary new Poor Law Act will ( having read ita true character , in the revs _& ha ants
Iuttonary spirit it has created among ' peas' ) be anxious to prove their repentance and their ( aspect for the judgmentof Lord Eldon by instantly adopting measures to repeal the unconstitutional act . With thia hope , I respeetfally , once more , remind them of the sayings of that learned , venerable , and noble constitutional lawyer . May his words find a biding place in year hearts , my fellow-countrymen ! Never forget , that persisting in error oannot change its character—time cannot jastify injustice—neither ean might make wrong right
While the new Poor Lav Bill was under discussion in the House of Lords , I had the honour ef an interview with the noble and learned Earl Eldon . i was exceedingly anxious that his lordship shoald attend the house and give his opposition to that measure . I most respectfully urged him to do so . His Lordship answered me thus—* I have withdrawn from the Honse of Lords . I can do no good n » w . It iB an unconstitutional bill ; but it is sure to pass , Now-a days , they willpau anything . ' Earl _Eldoa also assured me ( and permitted me to nse his name as authority for the opinion ); 'that there was no anthority to empower the legislature to pass such a bill ,
nor , when pa ** , d , any constitutional power to enforce it . ' ' If , ' ( said that truly learned aad constitutional lawyer)— 'If matters have indeed come to this , a National Convention shonld be assembled . ' To bis friend the Earl Stanhope , Earl Eldon styled the sew Poor Law' the most infamous law that ever was enacted in any Christian country . ' Conversing with the same benevolent and truly patriotio nobleman , Earl _Eldenaaid , in reference to the Anti-New Poor Law movement , 'If the parliament will not do its duty , the people most do theirs ! ' and again , ' nothing can be done till the country is ready for it , which it seen will be !'
Surely the conntry has bad enough of that revolutionary edict when ber Majesty ' s commission is dishonoured , and her royal authority is perverted , to violate the law of God—to trample upon the authority ofthe church—to break the sacred union of man and wife ! It is vain , fellow-countrymen , striving to strengthen an edifice when the cement that binds its atones together is removed . It is hopeless to defend _instilutiojswhen tbeir foundation is destroyed . When the life-giving principle is withdrawn , the body must decay ! Onr social edifice did rest securely on the equitable right ofthe poor ; that baa been removed , and since then every class and every interest has been ¦ hakes , to its Tery base , and now totters at every
Ramonr I Depend Upoait, Englishmen, Your...
ramonr I Depend upoait , Englishmen , your Prinoe nBerea a solemn and most important truth , when his Royal Highness declared ' the interests of all - ¦ lasses are the same !' To the royal ocoupant of the throne—to the noble _v Hi . P * 8 a- _«» the landlords , bankers , mer * onanta , manufacturers , farmers , and shopkeepers ( to theolergy _. _IabaUspeakin my next ) , I would respeottally appeal—urging them , as they hope ( amidst the _orumbling of throne ? , thelevelling of distinctions , tne destruction of property , and the wasting away of commerce ) to secure their rights and privileges , by restoring those of the poor !
May they listen tothe voice of Eldon-may oon science speak—justioe prevail—ramembering that Pr'n « ple » are not playthings ! Like water , they will find their level ! Hence the tide ofoalamity Haws upward ! None is secure ! The Throne is now the object of attaok ; it must be weakened when its only props are bayonets and cutlasses ! How firm was tbat Throne—how broad ita basement—when every cottage was a foundation stone ! ' The peasant is no plaj thing , ehlld-Ko , _Godl forbid fawere !' I am , fellow countrymen , yours faithfully , _„ Richard Oastler . _Fulham , Middlesex .
P . S . Would that I could convince every rank of my countrymen ef the immense importance to the prosperity of the nation of the parochial system ! by it , all ranks , from the pear to the peasant , were united ; they were bound together by the cords of sympathy ! The union , or centralising system , makes slaves of them all ; it chains them , peers and peasants , to a despot , who it himself , ia spite of bis kindlier feelings , forced to be a tyrant!—R . O .
Lxrxb IV . _Fsllow _-CorjsTRiMW , —It was my intention that this letter should oontain an earnest appeal to the olergy , with the hope of inducing them to oae tbeir powerful influences to stem the torrent of infidelity whioh , nnder the mask of 'liberal and enlightened prinoiples , ' is impoverishing and demoralising the people committed to their oharge . It is neoessary that I postpone that appeal , in consequence of a most important letter which I have just read , addressed to my esteemed friend , the editor ofthe WiKE _? isi , DJouB ! _tiL , and inserted in that paper on the 27 th alt . —a letter written , not by a blind partisan , an enthusiastic demagogue , or a furious bigot , but tbe produotion of a highly respectable , intelligent , and practical manufacturer of the town of Bradford , in Yorkshire ; the letter is dated Ootober 28 , 1849 . and ia oigned William Rand .
Mr W . Rand is the employer of many hundreds of workpeople ; he is one of the most eminent msnufao turersin Yorkshire —> a man of high and honourable character , who bas' long had bis attention drawn to the social condition of the working classes ; ' been tirely divests himself of the slightest tincture of partisanship , for he says 'to strengthen the' _Rassell , ' ' Peel . ' or' Stanley' party , or any other party , is as dust in the balance compared with objects of such paramount importance' as thote on whioh be treats . I shall strengthen my intended appeal to the clergy * . _ -. 11 : . 11 i :. _ ... -. _tit-ii : D . _ j ,. iv
_ uy _vaiiing your _nucunoa to xar niuuuu » uuo letter . Mr William Rsnd ii a successful manufacturer , who has been stopped in bis profitable csreer by whit he terms ' a god whiob England has _sst np oalled ' Cheapness ; " and he complains that ' every thing in the shape of industry is to be sacrificed to it . Consumers . 'he adds , 'it seems , must buy ' cheap , ' no matter by wbat means that cheapness is attained . ' He acknowledges that cheapness ' is considered by the political economists an unmixed good ; ' Mr William Rand is , however , now convinced , that' it is a great and serious delasioq . '
I will not at present stop , to ask whether Mr William Rand has not been a very influential coadjutor and supporter of those persons who he now oharges with being nnder' a great aud serious delusion . ' It is enough that he now feels and acknowledges their error . Englishmen ! Ton who have been deluded by the cry of' Cheap bread , high wages , and plenty to do , ' read with solemn attention the description now given ( by one of its most eminent manufacturers—by one ofitsmost talented and honourable inhabitants ) ofthe town of Bradford , a _* town which , before the operation of Free Trade , was noted for its almost uninterrupted prosperity—ay , even when other manufacturing towns were passing under the cloud ' of adversity , the trade of Bradford has been very profitable . Mr William Rsnd describes this epoch
aa—A period wben tha trade of this important part of the kingdom is in a most depressed condition—when social evils of aa extsnsive and _alarmlsg character have , on many occasions , disturbed the publio ptaoe , and put in jeopardy the very safety of society in the manufacturing districts—a period when _aur workhouses are filled with the destitute acd our gaols with the _dlssffected—when thousands are ont of work—when the middle olasses , the tbrpkmperi _, and other traieiaen , are , In addition to the almost entire _abssnee of profit * , absolutely eaten np with poor rates and other local burdens , in addition to tbe general taxatioa of the country . It is very easy to copy that woeful description of poverty aod destitution , but language would fail to describe tbe _at * ooy , remorse , and vexation of spirit endured by a crowded manufacturing population that is reduced to a state of so much ornery . I will not attempt to describe tbat state of _Act-of-Parliament made destitution and anguish .
Mr William Rand says the causes of thiB overwhelming calamity are , first , ' cheapness , ' which , he complains , in almost all the various branches of manufacturing industry , foroes the prices below prime cost ; and , secondly , To that constant strssm of Immigration from tbe rural parts of tha country into the large towns and villages of the manufacturing districts , which has been going on for years , accumulating in such numbers that tt Is totally impossible for t _* * em to find employment , and , as _aneois-¦ try consequence _^ requiring an amount of poor rate for thtir _telUf _absolntily _rulHons .
The first cause of these miseries is fairly attributable to the operation of Free Trade ; for it is an avowed maxim with the friends of Free Trade , that , ' Freedom from restraint is calculated to give the best direotion to thecapital and industry ofthe country —the maxim of buying labour in the cheapest market is the best rale for Che trade of the whole nation . ' And , again , ' The employer of labour is to avail himself of all circumstances by whioh he ean reduce the value of labour . ' Suoh were the lessons dictated by the ' philosophers' of' oommon sense , ' and when any one dared to question their truth , he waa branded with the epithet of' fool , '' _bigat , ' * madman , ' or incendiary . '
_Wbother Mr William Rand may bave assisted by bis influence in and ont oi Parliament to produce the' cheapness' of whioh he complains , and which is now reducing the people of Bradford to poverty , is known to himself ; but certainly the constituency of Bradford—viz ., ' the middle classes , the shopkeepers , and other tradesmen '—are only reaping the harvest they themselves have sown . If the fruit is bitter , they have to blame themselves . Perhaps they fancied it was possible to ' cheapen' oorn and labanr , to * orash the aristocracy' and the peasantry , and still keep np the price of yarn . ' If so , they bave learned a very useful lesson . They bave been onred of that ' ignorance ' of wbioh Prince Albert complainedthey now know' the interest of all daises is the same . '
Mr William Rand ' s second reason fer the calamity which has befallen Bradford requires special remark from me . It is caused , he says , by ' tbat constant stream of immigration from the rural parts of the conntry into the large towns and villages of the manufacturing district * . ' "The middle classes , tbe shopkeepers , anq other tradesmen' of Bradford , with few honourable exceptions , have no claim to pity on that score . They well know that the migration branch of the New Poor Law waa especially invented and established for the benefit of' the large towns and villages of the manufacturing districts , ' and that' the middle classes , the shopkeepers , and other tradesmen' of Bradford be honoured
( may the exceptions ) were resolutely determined to enforce the New Poor Law , in spite of the remonstrance and protest of the working classes . Thete latur were wiser than their employers . True , they were devoid of' oommon _senae , ' so called , but tbey had read in a bcok _, whose contents they reverenced— 'A poor man that _eppresseth the poor is like a sweeping rain which leaveth no food ; ' hence ihey refused to be partiea in _thejoppression of the poor rural labourers . _Fellew-oountrymen , I beg your most attentive perusal of the following unvarnished statement , then yon will form a correct estimate of the unreasonableness of any complaint from' the middle classes , tbe shopkeepers , and other tradesmen' of the town of Bradford , on the score of the immigration of
agricultural labourer * . When the New Poor Law waa in contemplation , a very wealthy manufacturer , Mr Ashworth , wrote to the secretary of the Poor Law Commission , Mr Edwin Chadwick , _nrging him to make the migration system & part of the new measure . A quotation from a letter witten by that person will prove that faot ; it is as follows , dated , Turton , near Bolton , June 9 ,
1834 :-• Full employment In every department was never more easy to be fauna ( than now , _otnstquently wages have advanced iu most operative employments , particularly to in ths least skilful . ' ' _Hondloom weavers have been much wanted , and theJr wages advanced , on an average , tan per cent . This bespeaks a scarcity of _lahourera here ; at the same time , great complaints are made or the _ourplna poputailen of the agricultural counties . ' ' Tae suggestion which Iparticularly w _» h to Amendment
make is , that in the new [ Poor Lsw ] BUI the greatest possible facility shoald be afforded to fami- \ lies of this description rsgrloultural _lsbourew ] _, who should be _williBg or desirous of removing from the agrl cultural _eoantiss , where workls soarce _. to the manufaoturing districts , where Hit _obandant . ' « I am most anxious that every facility , be given to the removal of labourera from one oounty to another , aocord ' ng to the demand for labour ; this wauld have a tendency to equalise wages , aiwrtl ai prevent in a degree eome of the _turt . _outs f hioh haw beta of latt * io prevalent ,
Ramonr I Depend Upoait, Englishmen, Your...
1 m _£ * n » aUstyou with the fraudulent practices used to make the poor agricultural . dupes wdling or desirous' to _exohange their native fields for the dark and gloomy mill * . Suffice it to say , thousands upon thousands of those poor unhappy wretches were cast upon the manafaoturing dUtriots , inconsequence of the suggestions oi Messrs Gregg andAsnwerth- want of space forbids me to quote from Mr Gregg ' s letter to Mr Edwin Chadwick . * t i '' . _° offaTO _*' . bring this subject directly home to the middle classes , the shopkeepers , and other tradesmen' of Bradford , who . through Mr William Rand , are the present oomplainanta _. In spite of every caution from the forking classes , they resolved that they would have that great' boon to the labourers , ' the new Poor Law , immigration and all !
Oa the day when the first meeting of the new Poor Law guardians was fixed , suoh was the hatred of the working classes to that ' most infamous' Aot of Parliament , that a very serious riot wat expeoted ; the town of . Bradford , it was dreaded , would be besieged by 40 , 000 dissatisfied workmen . To meet this vast army of malcontents , ' the middle classes , the _Bhopkeepers _, and other tradesmen' of Bradford enrolled _themselves as speoial constables , and caused the magistrates to send for an army of soldiers , with a general an j his staff to command . Troops ef all grades—font , horse , and artillery—were despatched to Bradford , by lorced marches , from _Iln'l , York , Leeds , Manchester , _BarnBley , £ _* ., not to defend the authority ofthe Crown and ths Constitution , but to farce the working olasses to an unwilling allegiance to three new Kings !
Never shall I forget that day . Tha centre of this vast army ocoupied the town of Btadford-the advanced posts were at _Wiksey Bank Fort-the left wing wa * stationed at Stanningley-the right was posted on Great Horton , with the army of reaerve resting on Keighley , Of course , there was no fight . ' The middle olasses , the shopkeepers , and the tradesmen , ' prevailed . They saddled the working classes with the immigrants , and _themse » _ves with tbe poor-rates . Thus succeeding in * equalising '—reducing wages—driving thousands to pauperism , and now th 9 y complain tbat they have ' to pay for their own whistle . ' There was , at that time , in Bradford , a man of God—His ambassador—the shepherd of Hits Hook . That man wonld have hindered the advance of the devouring wolfl He was always on the watch towerwarning his _floak of their danger—he was 'instant ia season and out of season '—but him , those ' middle
classes , shopkeepers , and other tradesmen , ' would not hear ! Na , tbey resolved to' make _Bradford too hot for him . ' They did so . The Reverend George Stringer Boll wss driven away from Bradford because he was the friend of the poor ! Let it not be thought strange that God has avenged the contempt aad hatred thus shown to his most true and holy word . 1 am , fellow countrymen , Tour faitbful friend , RlCflAHD _Oisstua . Fulbam _. Middlesex .
The Organisation Of Labour, The Minds Of...
THE ORGANISATION OF LABOUR , The minds of thinking men throughout Europe and America , are now directed to the solution of the important problem ofthe Organisation of Labour ; and tbe amount of study and discussion devoted to it will constantly inorease _, as the nations of Europe became possessed of politioal power , until it beoemes tbe paramount question ot the age . I stated in a former _oommunication on this subjeot , that the _indus _' _-rial organisation whioh is now required—and which shonld be the first question agitated by the working classes of this country , when tbey have obtained the franchise—should be such as would secure to the ions and daughters sf labour , all that labour produces , without requiring for its _actualisation
the adoption of the unitary manaion-the oommon family , and the _communisation of labour and property — those grand theories for which society is not yet prepared . The restriction of the hours ef labour to eight per day , and the employment of the able-bodied poor in spade husbandry , as is done in Holland , are propositions whioh , as approximations to a more just system than at present prevails , deserve the support of every friend of labour . But their adoption would be inadequate te the extent of the evil to be removed , and the plan whiob I shall propose in this article for the organisation of the induetrial army of this country , would obviate the necessity of the first measure by abolishing the existing relations of employer and employed ; and render the second unnecessary , by securing to every ono willing to avail himself of tbe advantages of the _svstem . the full value and benefit ef his labour .
In proposing a plan of industrial organisation , which shall attain such a desirable consummation withont interfering with private property , individual labour , and familiar isolation , a direotion is given to the future aims of the democratic party , which must have for tbeir objeot lomething more tban the mere employment of the people as the Berfs of capital . The various plans proposed for employing the people and ameliorating their condition , are all inadequate to the purpose , or applicable only to a section of tbe people . That which I shall propose , on the contrary , while it presents advantages unattainable by any other plan , is as applicable to one section of the working community as to another . It comprehends an improved _aspcot of tbe small farm system , co-operative manufactories , and associations of artisans ; it also combines with the two former , the advantages of co operative stores _.
1 . —Agricultural Associations . —Aa these remarks will be read by most ef the sixty thousand members ofthe National Land Compsny , I need not expatiate npon the advantages derivable from such an institution by those whose industry is applied to the cultivation of the soil . But believing tbat no plan of social amelioration can be reduced to praotice until the people _arepossetsed of politioal power , my object is to suggest the means by which a government , based noon universal suffrage , might mako the Small Farm Plan of Mr O'Connor , available as a branch of such an organisation of labour as is here proposed . This could be done by legislative enactments to legalise the ballot , ( unless the rapidity ef looation enabled the directors to locate the members by
rotation , ) and to confer upon the oompany the power now given to railway companies of appropriating for its purpose suoh lands as might be deemed eligible upon paying the proprietor the fair value thereof . In order to expedite the location , so that the hopes of the members might be realised as speedily as possible , a bill should also be obtained for granting loans of money to the company , nnd leases of the Crown lands . The loans should be issued under the authority of a board appointed for that purpose , and should bear interest at the rate of four per cent . Tbe lands should be leased in perpetuity to the company's truatees at a low rent , with a power of purchase at a stipulated pride proportionate to the rent ; snd this sum should be payable by instalments , such instalments
to bear a given rate of interest , and to be deducted from the annual rent , on Ml the whole of the purohaie-money was paid . The existing relations be . tween the directors and the located members might be adhered to , with _auoh improvements as the experience of the future nay suggest . The allottees would find it greatly to their advantage to carry the co-operative prinoiple into all their dealings , and particularly in the joint purchase of ooale , grocery , & o „ by whioh the expenses of management consequent npon the co-operative store system wonld be avoided . All expensive maohinery and implements might likewise be the common property of all the allottees upon eaoh estate . In the course of time , as experience teaches the allottees the increased
benefit- to be derived from the communisation of their labour , and as improved mental and moral culture draws closer the bonds of fraternity , these co-operative villages will become the agricultural communities of the future social commonwealth . 2 . —Manufacturing Associations . —There can be no reason demonstrated wby the oo operative prinoiple should not be applied to manufactures , and in fact to every department ot mechanical indnstry , aB well as to agriculture . Mr Kydd took a prospective glance in the right direction , when he said that co-operation conld build manufactories and workshops , as well as it purchases land and ereota cottages . It is indeed only by this application ofthe co-operative principle that machinery osn be made beneficial to the
labouring classes , by becoming their servant instead of their destroyer . Manufactures would then be conducted by labouring capitalists for the mutual benefit of all concerned , and not by monopolising capitalists holding the labourers in as veritable a state of serfdom , as ever existed in the days of Norman feudalism . The same means which have brought into existence the National Land Company , and enabled it to purchase land and erect cottages thereon , wonld suffice fer the establishment of manufacturing _aBtooiatioas . Muoh less land would be requited for these , but tbe cost ofthe factory buildings and maohinery , would probably make the shares of equal value with those in the Land Company . The Bame powers should bo to the
given Company of manufacturing industrials , as I have proposed for the National Land Companyboth as to the Ballot and the power of purchasing eligible premises already ereoted , and the grant of money from tha national treasury for the purpose . Io this respect the white slaves of Britain may take a lesson from the emancipated negroes of Deraerara , who , by means of dubbing the savings of their slender wages , have purohaseda number ef _ettates in that colony , whioh the English proprietors declared ; _themselves unable tooultivate with profit without slave labour . On moat of these _estatas the negro cultivators have communised their labour and produoe , thus showing themselves to be in advanoe of the proletarians of Europe .
The proposed plan of manufacturing companies would combine such portions of the various systems of individualism , association , and Communism , as the present generation of workmen may be deemed prepared to adopt . The factory buildings and machinery _shonkt be held in common—the raw material woald be purchased by co-operation—and eaoh man would labour individually for bis own benefit . Ihe last , however , is a matter * wbioh mi ght be well left to i the members tbo _-Awholdugoi _-nQntutoryidopt _*
The Organisation Of Labour, The Minds Of...
ing suoh * formula of distribution as might be most suitable to the nature ofthe manufacture and the aggregate opinion of the memb » w . In some , perhaps , the members would divide themselves into _SSSIliSL _"T / ° f _^ « reat er convenience both of _ISmuS »? d distribution ; and in others they rill ?• , ' " * _ST- *' hold the _P'oduoa ¦*»• _IiS '? e _, rt to ?* * shared either equally or ac nature of the manufacture made one or the other mostpraeticabI * aBdjust . Each cottage should h » V 9 attachedto * _UphUf ground _sufficient to produce llili I c rS " . a * Ion ° ? «>•» garden plots would S . _ei " _* VMiety ef em P 1 _&» to the
The _manafaotonng system of the present day _reduc-Mthelabo-tfertoa _maohioe-makVethousands of human bemgathe virtual _sla : _es _ofmill-owners-consigns other thousands to destitution and mendicancy and yet _overatocka all the markets of the world The new system here proposed , on the contrary , would unite the labourer and the capitalist in the same person-would afford the workers ,- leisure and means for intellectual improvement—would restore woman to her proper social position , and children to home and childhood ' s artless joys ; production would be regulated by the actual demand , and exports would _ooBsist only of the surplus remaining after the home demand had been fully supplied . Instead of the squalor , misery , and _diaoontent of our manufaotuting towns , these co-operative factories would present pictures of competence , happiness , and contentment .
3 . —Associations of Artisans . —la these I propose to provide for those departments of industry not comprehended in the plans of the agricultural and manufacturing associations . Justioe requiring for labour auoh an organisation as will assure everyone willing to avail himself of its advantages the full valne of his labour , it is obvious tbat this csn only be done by the union and co-operation of workmen for their mutual advantage , instead of hiring their labour to a master . These associations could be best carried out locally , ' _nnder the _sanotion and protection of an aot of parliament , for I mnst suppose the entire people possessed of politioal influence before suoh changes can be practicable . Iu each town the workmen of each branch of mechanioal and manual _industry would'form thefle associations '; tbe building trades the
forming one , clothing trade another , and so on through every department . Contracts and jobs could be as easily undertakes by these associations of working men as by masters , and with advantage to both the publio snd the men in union , The suggestions given in referenoe to the manufacturing associations , as to co-operation in the purchase of materials , mode of < verkiug , acd division of profits , will apply with * tqual force to theee associations . Some modification of Fourier ' s plan would probably be adopted in most cases , and under the arrangements here proposed , would give to au , ashore of comfort and prosperity now enjoyed by comparatively few . Positive equality of remuneration , however , can only be attained by Communism ; bat that grand ideal of sooiety must be reserved for some future generation _.
It may ba objeoted that these associations would not be countenanced by the _noa-produoing classes ; but to this I reply , firstly , that patronage wonld flow to them on account of the advantages whioh they would be enabled by oo-operation to offer to the pnblio ; and secondly , that when the prosperity of the working olasses is seemed through _theBe associations , the patronage ofthe non-producers will be a matter of no consequence . While class legislation prevails , every attempt of the working classes to ameliorate their condition
will be vain , or its utmost success will only show a miniature of tbe picture wbioh will be presented when they obtain tbeir political right ? , and know bow to nse them . I trust that this consideration , and my humble endeavour to demonstrate what may be done by the working classes when tbey bave their affairs in their own hand ? , will inspire them with _reiolution to oommence another campaign of the war of right against might , by renewing the agitation for the People ' s Charter , Croydon Common . T . Frost .
The Royal C0l0s8eum. Io Attempt A Descri...
THE ROYAL C 0 L 0 S 8 EUM . Io attempt a description of this amphitheatre of art and beauty , would be indeed a task . The multiplicity of _orj-cts , their conception and execution—each of which demands more tban a formal _no'ioe— would be a work of study and labour beyond our power and means . We must therefore invite our readers to go and sse for themselves , and rest contented with a few general remarks by way of introduction to their visit . The museum of sculpture contains statues of the most celebrated men of ancient and modern times , also historical _soeneB of interest—among which may bs ob ' served ' Canute rebuking hts flatterers . ' The figures in tbis group are executed with effeot , and are a credit to the artist , R . 0 . _Luoas . They ate worthy the * tUn . tion of the King cf Prussia , snd other monarebs who vainly attempt to stem tbe _ungovernable tide of human progression ; and . if widely studied by kings generally , would Bave their subjects the shedding of much blood , and themselves a few heads . ' The _Houseless Wan .
_derer , ' by J . H . Falley , a single figure , must oause the most careless of admirtrs to nfl ct on the outer world , 1 Shepherd Boy' by Tborstialsden ; Study of a Child , 'by _Lsgrsw ; ' Tbe Flower Girl ; ' and a hundred others we could name , are works of genius , and indicate the true espretslon of nature . If art be nature in miniature , this ball of sculpture is a world worthy of its creators . Io ths list of great names represented In figures , we have the truly great—witbout distinction ef creed or party—from Cbaueer , tbe rich aud quaint old father of English peetry ; Bacon , the great inductor of the world ' s philosophy , down to Sir Walter Scott , the novelist and poet of the north ; Benjamin _D'laraull , famed amidst 'the curiosities of literature ; ' whilst two fine n-ures of' Conrad and _lledors , * ooncelved from Byron ' s tola of tbo * Corsair , ' adm _' nister a silent , bat severs _ftproof to that spirit of Intolerant bigotry , that prevents his famed statue finding its proper place among tbt monuments of the ' mighty dead' in West _, minster Abbsy .
The Swiss oottsge , to eminently simple , and forming so msrked a contrast with the Gothic aviary and exten * sive promenade , will always be interesting to visitors of tait * _. As we look on its _spaolous hearth aud simple walls , and seo tho apparently simple cottage girl plying needle and thread right busily , we think at onc « of tbe isdus . trious citizens ef the Swiss cantons , whilst adjoining rolls tho tumbling _eaturaot _orer rock and promontory , _| and the _troubled waters setm to rest iu the still gulf below . We have visited most ot the glens and dens of Scotland , and unhesitatingly pronounce this attempt to imitate mountain scenery , at once picturesque and complete . The panoramic view of the sunny City of Paris , with Its ine walks , extended landBotpe , graceful monuments , splendid fountains , sparkling riv < . r , gay Bhops , and lumbering cabs , has been criticised by tbe most intelligent foreigners in this metropolis ; aud , as a werk of art , they pronounoo it nn > quailed .
The whole arrangements of the O losieum ate oioellent , the music is well seleeted and executed ; and If wetho poorer » odb of Adam—cannot afford to travel to tcenea far renowned from historical asBoelatiou , and _oUbbIo grandtur and _beauty , we can feast oa the rioh frui ' B gathered from varied _sonroes , aud brought wltbiu the reach ofthe citizens and visitors of smoky London . To atl who wish to leave the filth and tnrmotl of tbe crowd , the din and craft of the street , the bustle and mammon gathering of the shop , and seek for enjoyment and relief among the beautiful in nature , and the seleot In art , and feel once more a man , wesay , ' Go and see the Colosseum ;' Us recks and flowers , mountains and Indescribable caverns , its sculpture and paintings , its promenades and panorama , its mutio and cottage , will repay you fer time and meney a hundred-fold _.
Polytechnic Instiiuho**.—On Monday Some ...
_Polytechnic Instiiuho _** . —On Monday some experiments on steam propellers were exhibited in the presence ef the Earl of Auckland , and several officers connected with the steam branch of the naval service . The objeot in view was to test the powers of a new application of the screw . The novelty consists in placing a propeller under eaoh quarter , and not as now , immediately before the rudder . Experience as as well as theory have demonstrated that when the screw propeller is placed at the stern of the vessel it works at a -very great disadvantage . The vessel whioh is propelled by it displaces the whole body of water through whioh it moves , and consequently the Borew haa little or no resisting medium to work upon , for the water has not had time to rush into the
vaouum created by the passage of the vessel bo as to offer any resistance , and moreover tbo current flows with the ship , and not in a oontrary direction , ao that nnder these two conditions the rate achieved by the screw propeller , aBnow applied , can never reaoh the maximum speed whioh paddle-wheel steamers have attained . The objections to paddle-wheels are too well known to require detail here . Captain Carpenter , the inventor ot this new application of propelling power , ia a practical seaman , having eerved many years in tho navy , five of which hd was in command of the Geyser steamer , in the Mediterranean fleet _. The experiments gave great satisfaction to the Admiralty authorities present , and particularly elicited the approbation of Mr Loydd , Mr Edie , snd Captain Ellice , all of whom are practically conneoted with the steam department of the service .
Firh . — On Saturday morning , between bix and _sevaa a fire broke out in Mark ' s Auotion Mart , situate in Oxford Street , within a few doors of the Regent Circus . The flames , when first perceived were raging in a long range of warehouses at the rear of the dwelling , and so strong a hold had they obtained , that it Boon became apparent these premises would be consumed . Engines _qiickly arrived * , not a moment was lost in setting them to work , and by perseverance the firemen at length succeeded in getting the mastery of the Aunt * , but not beforo Mr Math ' s warehouses and stores were totally consumed , the front premises very extensively damaged , and buildings belonging to several other parties more or less injured by fire , water , and removal . A wheat stack that was built f wteen yean _rinetiaBOWiUsdiDg . at _Unohtaieri in Durt & mi
Wmttits,
_Wmttits ,
It Is Said That An Immense Number Of Cou...
It is said that an immense number of counterfeit fourpenny pieces are in circulation in London . The total number of sheep in New South Wales in 181 _T , exceeded 10 000 , 000 . , _, , _Tnsjpsa » NCB Maxim—The msn who pledges hia health too often will soon be left with nothing else to plod s ' ' _» . ,. _Chloroform . —An inhabitant of Preston bas discovered that chloroform prevents or retards the noxious notion of certain kinds ef _poison . Mr R . _O'GenuAN . —The Paris correspondent of the Frbeu & n states that this gentleman got on board a vessel bound for Algiers , where he lately arrived , and is now on his way to Paris . A Naw Work . —Mr Whiteside , Q . P ., who defended Mr Smith O'Brien , is the author ot the work now making a great sesj > ati' > _: ° ia ths Jiterirr world , _entiU ) d ' Italy in the _Nim-tuenth Century . '
A Climax . —An editor out west , _wisVing to give some faint idea of a contemporary's meanness , Bays that his soul ia so small that it might canoe a horn * pipe in a _musquito's watch fob . Bath Sp . ii . _nos . —Carbenio acid gas , which Is emitted from the mineral springs in the city of Bath , is , in the opinion of eminent medioal men , an absolute protection from cholera . Th * Gaol versus the Bastilb . —Tha coat of each prisoner in the county gaol of Cariale _, is stated to be 5 _< . Ci . per week the weekly cost of paupers in tho same locality only 2 s . 61 . Thb _EMLiGHiKNBn _Miodlb _Clabs . —At the Rutland quarter sessions last week , the forerun of the grand jury handed in a bill thus eruditely endorsed : -- Knots bill on the first count ; a true bill on tha last count . '
It is said tbat the consumption of porter and ale in Glasgow is this year only about one-half of the quantity consumed in 1849 . The total number of horned oatt ' e annually sent to England , from Dumfriesshire , Kircudbright " shire , and _Wigtonshire , is estimated to amount to 30 , 000 . CoMrjieoBUH —Why is a pawnbroker like the Devil ? Because he claims the unredeemed . Dsap , Dumb , and _Bu * d . — - In the four northern English counties—Durham , Northumberland , Cumberland _, and Wesmoreland—there are no fewer than 550 deaf and dumb , and 600 blind persons . Old Coma . —a labourer , a few days ago , fonnd in the Perry Wood , Krnt . about five pounds weight of silver coins of Ilenry VIII . and Edward VI . They had teen concealed in a orock just below tbe surfaoeand it » supposed tbat tbe late heavy rains had washed the earth from them .
A Civil _Aciios . —A woman had a man arraigned for coming into her house , and putting her in fear of some outrage . ' Besides , ' said she , ' he called me out of my name . ' ' But that ' s a civil action , madam , ' said the counsel for the defendant . ' Ns ! itis not a civil action ! ' cried the _indignant lady ; ' and nobody but a lawyer would _asy so !' A flixT . —An American editor thus logically nudges hit delinquent subscribers— 'We don't want money desperately bad , but our creditors do ; and no doubt they owe you . If you pay ns , we'll pay them , and they'll pay you . ' A fine stormy petrel , or * Mother Carey ' s chicken , ' was found a few days since at _Sacristonnear
_Dur-, ham , whither it had probably been driven by a storm , as those birds are very seldom seen _inland , and it appeared completely exhausted by a long fl . gat . Railway Calls . —The calls on all olasses of railway shares , including En lieb . Irish nnd continental , amount , for the month of November , to £ 1 , 175 362 , being £ 867 , 356 Jess than the correspond _, ing month of last year , when there were £ 2 , 042 , 718 . Tbo _Mansbester , Sheffield , and Lincolnshire alone , _whesB works are proceeding vigorously , calls up £ 300 000 of tbis sum .
According to the Kgliwcbe Zeitu . < g . the total population of the Austrian empire is 37 , 060 , 000 , thus divided-Sclavenians , 17 , 033 , 000 ; Germans , 7 . 285 , 000 ; Italians , 6 . 183 000 ; Magyars . 4 800 , 000 ; Wallachians , 2 , 158 , 000 ; Jews , 475 . 000 ; and Gipsys _, 128 , 000 . ' In the list of grand jury , whose names were called over for the purpose of serving at the late Middlesex sessions , was that of Mr Macready , who , however , stood excused npon the Deputy Cletkof the Peace expressing a belief that he was now upon a professional tour in the United States .
A Nbw Rkmsdt for Cholbba . —The Belgian _papersspeak of a new remedy for the cholera having been discovered by a young physician , employed in the hospital at Berlin , where its effects , it is said , bave been astonishing . The agent employed is the trichloure of carbon ; and M . } Dumas , the celebrated Frenoh chemist , is mentioned aB being engaged in investigating its effects . Tanacre , a Neapolitan phyaican , sta ' _ei that the human body oan be rendered insensible to fire by the following embrocation : —One ounce and a half o £ alum , dissolved in four ounces ot hot water : to thia must be added one ounce of glue , and half of an ounce of gum arable
A Yaskke— You can always tell a Yankee by the jack knife in his band , or the cigar in his mouth . The Yankees are cut ' iodb characters . To-day they are _swapping horses , snd to-morrow building railroads ; this hour in the gutter , and the next seated _inapalaee . Their eneri-y knows no bounds . This month you may find a Yankee on tbe waters of the _Ponobscot , heart and soul engaged in the logging business ; and a quarter of a year hence you will hear cf him navigating the Ohio . Let a year pass , and you may learn of him at Constantinople . How to m Rent im _Tippbrart . —On the night of tbe 3 rd instant twenty men assembled on tbe lands of _Knokinglaea , n ? ar _Toomavara , and carried away twenty-seven bags of oats and a stack of wheat , under _seizure of rent due to Henry Cole Browen , Esq . The keeper on the property was 1 > ck'd up whilst a number of boreeB and cars- were _enjsg id in removing the corn .
Emigration or Capita * , asd _Indurti-t —Within tha last twenty-three years 1 , 737 , 597 persons have emigrated from the British dominions ; 480 , 000 within the last three years . During the last year 142 154 persons emigrated to the United States , and 109 , 688 to the North American colonies . An ex-Member of Parliament a protestant clergyman , and a physician , head a colony of Wexford farmers , who embark this month for Texas , to locate there as settler * . Tbey carry with thea £ 50 , 000 in specie . _Cosbumpiioh cf _Opiru in _Esgland —Aocording
to commercial statements it appears tbat the quantity of opium imported into this _c-vntry is on the _inoreane . Tako the month of Mav , for instance . In 1847 , during this month , 3 . 083 p ' _ounds were admitted , whilst during the same month of the present year the quantity amounted to 7 , 029 pounds . We trust that the progress made among tbe 1 _'iwer classes in habits of temperance , in a great met sure owing to the valuable abstinence societies , is not counterba ! anO ' . d by an _incteiso in the number of persons addicted to that worst of vices , o & _iura-pating . This matter deserves _invMtigation . —Medical Tims .
The 'Golden Aqb' Illusion . —The Illusion of a past golden age is one of the greatest hinderances to the approach of the golden age that Bhould come . If the golden age is past it was not _gi nuine . Gild cannot rust nor deoay ; it comes out of all admixtures and _decompositions pure and indestructible . It the golden age will not endure it had better never arise , for it can produce nothing but elegies on its loaa . — ( A . W . v . _SeHegel . ) Hints to Lovers or Flowers —A most beautiful and easily attained show of evergreen may be had by
a very simple plan , which haa been found to answer remarkably well on a amall scale . If geranium branches taken from luxuriant and healthy trees just before the winter sots in be cut as for slips and immersed in soap-water , they will , after drooping for a few days , shed tbeir leaves , pnt forth fresh ones , and continue inthe finest vigonr nil winter . By plaoing a number of bottles thus filled in a flower basket , with moss to conceal the bottles , a Bhow of evergreens is easily insured for the whole season . They require no fresh water .
A Ccmous Fact in Buttbb _Maki > g —According * to Professor Johnstone , the time and frequency of f milking bave a great influence on tbe amount of but- - ter yielded by milk . If . a cow be only milked odco a a day , he says , the milk will yield only a seventh patt t mere butter than an equal quantity of that wbich is is obtained by two _milkings a day . Wben the milk ia ia drawn three times a day , itis more abundant , but it still less rioh . It has also been remarked that the ie morning's milk is of better quality than that obtained id in the evening .
Impomamt to Pubucans— A point of ouch _im-nparlance to publicans was lately decided at the Lon-odon Sessions , with regard to' Derby sweeps . ' It ap- _ppears that Sir Peter Laurie and Alderman _Wilaonan had convicted the proprietor of a pub . _io-house of of ; having acted against the _teras of bis license , andod ' . contrary to the provisions of an act of parliament , in in permitting a lottery called a ' Derby sweep , ' to be be played and drawn by lot in hia house . An appeal al was argued at the London _Sessionn , Cor the purpose of of ' having this important question legally decided , when en ¦ the Reoorder confirmed tke conviction of the _msgig-is- ' trateB , and intimated it would be dangernuB for ; or licensed victuallers to continue lotteries of thia kindedi in their _honues > , as the magistrates would _mques-estionably stop the licenses if there waa any viohuionioni af _thelaw .
_Shmp Wohried _ny a Hobsb . —On tbe 25 _* . h of off Ootober , a young horse , out at grass , belonging to to ) Mr _Ashburner , Pennington , near _Ulverstos , waaraa * discovered making a furious attack on a « heep . It Itt soiEedthe Bhcepwith iti teeth and to _« ed it -i _consiosi-i . derable height tbree or four times , tben _kneelinj-ini *" upon it worried aud tore with the ferocity of a _bullnlU do ; . The sbeep , a large fat one of twenty poundmdu per quarter , when , with difficulty , reBeveJ from th « th _« savage attack of the horse , _was ' _noi quite dead , _bulbuU ao mangled and torn that it waa killed imratiiiatelyely " there being no hopes whatever of its _recovery . _AbouMu _*' a fortnight before a shoep was di-covered ia the _samamai field woreied to death jh a frightful matntr , and _threhreui others very _muchrolnsjed , -- there , _jj flg _^ M _MMl _ww ft ? waik of tho _»•}!? horse ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 18, 1848, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_18111848/page/3/
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