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    • THE KORTHERN STAR SATURDAY, APRIL 19, 1815.
    • Co fteairei's- # Cotwpitiiente
    • PunLic Meeting at Manchester. — A publie meeting of the. inhabitants of Manchester, was held
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      Central Criminal Court. Aran. 12. —The N...

      CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT . Aran . 12 . —The Noroaions Major _^ _^' - _smajorinihelmy , was indicted j _» _** S _^ " _? ntterlnganorder for the Paymel of ten iiumeas _-wthiittodefrand J . V _™*?*?* _?^ iJ _^? _wpvp fhnr other indictments against tne prisonei , S _^ _lto _^ _a _fmuddently _obtoining _viduable -Dro _& bvmeans of false representations . The rai-SZS _wiftgreat _earnesta-zssthathis tml might KSed tothe May Sessions , but the court Sid not grant the request . It appeared by the See , that the prisSner went to an hotel m llbermaile _^ treet and represented Jiiniselt as Major Harris , the son _of-the Hon . T . C . Harra , and that he had just arrived from India . He _kkewiae said flat his luggage was at the Golden Cross , Charing cro s s whmh he should send for . lie a . tcrwaras

      , drew a cheque for ± , 10 l « _s-, which the proprietor sent to the bankers ' , and on his representation the eash was given to the messenger . A young man proved that he received the order from the prisoner , to take it to the bankers ' . He did not sec liim sign it . Mr . _Houlaton , of 154 , Strand , the publisher of the Horticuttural Magazine , stated that the prisoner honoured him with a visit , when he represented ihat he was the son ofthe Hon . T . C . Harris , and that he had a brother in Somerset House , to whom he -recommended him ( Mr . Houlston ) to send some numhers ofthe new publication , as his brother was partial to horticulture . Witness produced a paper wr itten by the prisoner , in his presence , wliich bore a similar signature to that on the forged bill . The prisoner said thathe was in liquor when he signed the document . Mr . Williams , the first witness , was

      questioned as to that fact , and he said , that the prisoner was not tipsy , but fully conscious of his nets . The jury , without hesitation , found him Guilty , and the court sentenced the " major" to be « ut on duty at a penal settlement for ten years . Fohgery asd Robbee _*! . — John Ashley and William Allen were indicted for feloniously uttering a forged order , with intent to defraud Messrs . Kennard and Co . of six stoves . In this case John Ashley induced William Allen to borrow a truck inhis father ' s name , on the plea of having something to bring home , and also borrowed his coat and hat to go to Greenwich feir in . They both went to the City together , and Ashlev offered a bov ( Henrv Cook ) fourpence if he

      would take an order , and * the truck , and get six stoves from Mr . Kennard , ' and appointed a place of meeting after hts had obtained them . Ashley made the boy put on his apron , that he might look like a "hop-boy . Mr . Kennard ' s managing clerk had had imilar forgeries attempted before , and placed three tores in the truck , sending a clerk after it , who - , * re the prisoners into custody at the place of _ren-•• zvoiis . In the intermediate time Ashley had ' id changed his cap for a hat , and his jacket for the ooat he had borrowed . Thejury acquitted William Allen , upon giving the above satisfactory exp lanation ef his connection with Ashley , but found the latter Guilty . He was sentenced to seven years ' transportation .

      April 14 . _—Charoeof Good Stealing . —Margaret Doolan , a respectably-dressed married woman , aged twenty-eig ht , was indicted for feloniously and knowingly taking and carrying away by fraud one John Swan , a child eleven weeks old , with intent to defraud thereof the parents of . the said child . The second count charged the intent to be to steal the apparel worn by the said child . Caroline Swan , the mother , appeared with the beautiful infant in her arms , and deposed that on the day named in the indictment she had heen walking with her infant , and on her way she went into the Spotted Dog , in Tottenham-eourt-road , to get a glass of ale . The pri-Boner , who was a stranger , was at the bar , and entered into conversation with her , and fondled the child .

      She proposed to treat her with the share of a halfquarteni of rum . She afterwards requested her to go and deliver a message for her at a place where she did not like to go herself . The prisoner said she would wait there and take care ofthe baby while she was gone . When she came back , the prisoner and child were gone . Some time afterwards she met the prisoner in . the street , and accused her of stealing her baby . The prisoner indignantly exclaimed , " You wretch , whatdoyoumean ? Ihaveno child of yours . " "Witness was much flurried , and the prisoner got away . Subsequently she found that the prisoner bred , in Crown-street , St . Giles ' s , and wi t ness went there with a policeman . She knocked at the door , which was opened by the prisoner , and when she urged the restoration ofher cliud , the prisoner said , " "Sou wretch ; what do you want ? I have no child ; " and shut the door in her face . The policeman got in , and then the Drisoner denied that she had any child but

      her own . When witness saw the babe she knew it instantly , and the clothes worn by it on the day it was stolen were found in the room . Is certain as to the babe , and she made the clothes herself . The witness was rigidly _cross-oxamined by Mr . Payne , who claimed the child as belonging to the prisoner . "Mr . Payne addressed the jury , and observed that this was au extraordinary aud difficult case , where two women claimed the same cliild . The difficulty was , it was hard to imagine why a woman in the humble station of the prisoner should claim a child not her own , and he could not suppose that the prosecution was grounded on fraud . It rejninded him oJ the case where two mothers appealed to King Solomon to arbitrate between them . His lordship could not in this court propose a similar _ordtal , but thc case must be decided upon the evidence , as It might preponderate on the one side or the other . He should call witnesses who would swear

      that thc child belonged to the prisoner . —The prosecutor stated , in supplementary evidence , t ha t she haa been a widow three years , and that the child in question is illegitimate . —Mr . Payne then called Margaret Birdseye , who stated tliat she lives in Yorkstreet , Westminster , and is cousin to the prisoner's husband , whose name is Doolan . Saw the prisoner on the 8 th of February , when she was in an advanced state of pregnancy . Saw her a fortnight after this , when she had a baby in her arms . Witness was present at the christening of the child , at St . Patrick's Chapel , on the 9 th of March last . Witness and her husband were sponsors . Could not state the exact age of the child , —By the Recorder : I know the prisoner's husband has been dead three years . I am sure I can't tell who is the father of the child . ( Loud laughter . )—The jury , without a moment's hesitation , declared the prisoner Guilty on both counts in the indictment—The Recorder then pronounced judgment

      against tne prisoner . He said no one could entertain the sli g htest doubt of the propriety of the verdict . The offence of the prisoner was aggravated by the heartless manner in which she had p lanned and executed her stratagem , and the colounngshe gave to it , by thc unblushing declaration that the infant was her own . The court conld not conceive a case of greater cruelty , and it would not be doing its duty to society if it did not inflict the fullest punishment awarded by law . The sentence , therefore , was , that she be transported beyond the seas for the term of seven years . — Theprisoner appeared deadly pale when she heard her doom , and faulteringly expressed a wish that the father of the child might be sent for . —The Recorder intimated that the case had dosed , and his lordshi p ordered the clothes to be given up to Mrs . Swan , and thatthe fullest amount of expenses he allowed for her trouble and conduct to bring the prisoner to the bar of justice .

      _Etteksive Robbery by Servants . —George Taylor , aged 48 ; T . Merrell , 19 ; Matthew Hawes , 20 ; Samuel DawMns , 18 ; T . Shep herd , 18 ; T . Sibley , 18 ; and Richard Angle , 44 ; were indicted for stealing ten trusses of clover and meadow hay , value _GOs ., the property of Richard Dixon , their master * , and William Banks , aged 28 , was charged with feloniously receiving the same , well knowing it to have been stolen . The prisoners were arraigned upon five or six ofher indictments , charging like offences on other days named . They all pleaded not guilty . After

      consulting with his client s attorney , Ah * . Clarkson applied to the court to allow Banks to retract his p lea ana confess jud gment , by declaring himself guilty of _alVthe charges . The Recorder saw no objection , and the plea of guilty heing nut on fhe _rceora , that prisoner withdrew from the bar , and the trial of four of the other prisoners— -viz ., Dawkins , Angle , Sibley , and Hawes , proceeded . The jury found Hawes , Daw-Mns , and Sibley Guilty , and acquitted Angle . The jury found Sibley and Angle Guilty on the second indictment , and acquitted the other four prisoners . There heing other charges remaining against them , the Recorder adjourned the court at five o ' clock .

      April 15 . —Felokiooslt Assaultixo . —Samuel _Smithwasfo-undguiltj * of feloniously assaulting Wm . Sparks , a policeman / by throwing a huge stone at ami severely wounding him . The prisoner bore a baH character , had been several times imprisoned , and once transported . The sentence of the Court was that he should he transported for the term of fifteen years . In the evening this prisoner was again placed at the bar , when his Lordship informed him that it was his intention to consult with the other

      Jtfdges to see whether he should be doing right in _leaning the punishment ,, but did not givehimthe slightest hopes that they would alter his decision . Stealkg a Ride . —Two boys , named Callow and _Mp-anf-joy , each about twelve years of age , who were committed by Mr . Broderip for horse-stealing , were placed at the bar to take their trial ; , when , after Bearing thc evidence , his _lordship said that it only went to piw _** * he boys stole a ride , and not a horse . The Jury acquitted * -them ,, without . requiring the evidence to be summed up .

      _Stealtso . Bank of _Ekglasd Notes , —Julia Jesse Payne , a good looking young woman , was indicted for stcalin _** :, on the 3 rd of February , in the dwelling house of Susannah Brown , a desk , three Bank of England dotes for the payment of £ 5 eaeh , and other articles , the goods and moneys of the said Susannah Brown and others ; and John Francis White , a welldressed man , was indicted for receiving the same , knowing tliem to have been stolen ' . The facts proved in evidence were -these , — ' the female prisoner had _l _«? din the service of'the prosecutrix , but had left _*^ _o"cc the commission t _> f the robbery , which had been effected by entering the house ofthe prosecutrix at true nursery _wmaW , near to which a woman ' s footsteps were observed after the property was missed .

      Central Criminal Court. Aran. 12. —The N...

      In the course of a month afterwards one of the stolen notes was traced to have been put in circulation by the female prisoner , who was found living with the prisoner White , near the Hackney-road . The rooms were searched , and in that occupied by the female prisoner other property named in the indictment was found . In White ' s room , however , nothing belonging to the prosecutrix was discovered . It was proved , however , that he had been seen ivith Payne , pledging some of the stolen property . Mr . Doane submitted there was no case against the prisoner White . The Common Serjeant acquiesced , and directed an acquittal with respect to him . The Jury accordingly returned a verdict acquitting White , and finding the female prieoner Guilty . The Common Serjeant sentenced her to be transported for the term of ten years .

      The Korthern Star Saturday, April 19, 1815.

      THE KORTHERN STAR SATURDAY , APRIL 19 , 1815 .

      Maynooth. The "Two Churches." Thk Desper...

      MAYNOOTH . THE " TWO CHURCHES . " Thk desperate tenacity with which thc profligate Whigs clung to power , until they had so far exhausted the national Exchequer as to render its longer possession unprofitable to themselves and dangerous to the nation , rather than an increased affection for or confidence in Conservative policy , or the Tory party , prepared the way for Sir Robert Peel ' s restoration to office . No sooner had the " state physician" who recommended himself to the notice of his patient , been " called in , " than we

      discovered and announced that the Prime Minister was the representative of his party ' s / ears rather than of their affections . The varied shapes in which Whiggery was wont to present itself ; the grotesque forms that it assumed ; its Protean policy ; its liberal theory , but crushing practice , had constituted it a kind of political hobgoblin—the bugaboo of commerce—the spectre that affrighted trade—the bogie that equally alarmed the Protestant baby and the hoary Jew : and to the desire to destroy this enibodynient of everything that was cliildish and feeble , cowardly and bold , concluding and incanclusive , Sir Robert Peel owes his present situation .

      He was perfectly aware tliat the nation would tolerate much in the successor of the Whig leader , but we incline to believe that he has stretched hope in that direction , beyo n d [ t hc na t i o n ' s will to bear it . As long as he dealt with the mere estates of lauded proprietors , or isolated bishopricks , he reconciled thc sufferers to " a choice of evils . " His Church Reform was preferable to Lord Melbourne ' s "heavyblow and sore discouragement " auned at the whole "Establishment ; and his " standard price of grain" was preferable to the " no-protection" to which the easy policy of Lord Melbourne was sure to lead . By these and such like means Sir Robert hung between thc fears and anticipations of _Chm'chmen and

      landlords ; and the Dissenters , the great majority of the nation , applauded him for the boldness of his measures . He had taken no step to marshal the fears of any one class to sueh an extent as would constitute it the opposition of a powerful interest . He might have divided the landed interests into Church preferments— and the pat bulk of the nation would have discovered but little difference between the old title of the deposed squire and the new tenure under wliich his successor held . But the magician has at last gone too far t and although at the time wc write the debate upon the second reading of his " Catholic Church Endowment Bill" is not concluded , we can nevertheless see the future shadow in the past , whate ve r t he P arlia m en t ary resul t may be .

      We say whatever the result may be—despite of Sir Robert ' s policy and Mr . 0 ' Cos-sell ' s declaration that "the people of England are opposed to the Irish Catholics . " Had we no other rules to guide our conduct upon this great and momentous question than those furnished by Mr . O'Connell himself , and by the Irish Priesthood and the Irish Catholic laity , we should in them find ample to justify unbending hostility to the proposed measure for the endowment of another Church . We oppose it , not because we are Protestant , and object to Catholicism : but we oppose it because it is Anti-Catholic . In the many

      struggles that thc Irish Catholics have maintained against the Irish Law-Church , no weapon has been so available in their hands as tho " volun tary principle ; " and powerfully have they been enabled to wield it against their opponent . The monastery was dilapidated ; ancient castles were in ruins ; the mansions of Catholic nobility were laid low ; the " round towers , " the ancient watch posts , and all that bespoke a nation ' s former grandeur was tottering ; while the gorgeous spire of each parish State church proclaimed the victory of the armed intruder . But yet that victory uias

      incomplete ! It required legions to perpetuate it ; wnile the annual tribute , paid grudgingly tothe conquerors , required a stringency of the law , the power of the sword , the terror of the transport , and the dread of the scaffold to uphold it . The honored crevice in the venerated rock , wherefrom the outlawed pastor dared , in the midst of persecution , to preach the doctrines of his faith ; the humble , and unostentatious , and oft imroofed chapel ; the modest cottage of the parish priest ; the devotion to his person ; the respect for his word ; the belief in his purity ; the confidence in his rectitude ; the certainty of his protection ; the

      consolation in his intercession ; and the very sanctity of his person , «/« re foils to the conquerors' trophies !! They were standards around which a confiding people in a confiding p riesthood could rally . And itis to strike these down that the Protestant Minister and the Catholic " Liberator" have now consp ired . It is true the priest may be more "fashionably " educated ; it is true that his social position may be improved ; that his house may be larger , and better furnished ; that his living may be more luxurious ; that he may be on more ultimate terms with the rival parson and the unbelieving squire : but

      when Ministerial danger or Protestant fanaticism shall threaten his dock with thc double infliction of supporting two paid ministers , willhe then be a popular leader equally to be relied on ? No . He will be the willing tool of a political Minister , used for the purpose of subduing those passions which he has so often aroused in defence of the Catholic religion . We agree ivith Mr . Gladstone , that this is but "the beginning of the end ; " and we tell Mr . O'Connell , that despite of liis cry of English prejudice , fear lias

      struck him dumb I Ambition and an " itchy palm " have induced him to promise what he hasn't the moral courage to perform : and he _' cheerfully accepts the loop-hole furnished for his escape by the Protestant Prime Minister of England . What place the English Voluntaries may hold iu the " Libehator ' s " esteem , is now of little consequence . They once loved and trusted liim : but the power they gave him has been abused , and they will find ample justification for distrusting and despising him .

      As far as the battle has gone a popular will has been copiously presented to the House of Commons : and Sir Robert Peel may rest assured that whatever the " aye " or " no " fate of his measure may be , thc English people , who are strongly opposed to the endowment of one Church , will not consent to have their industry taxed to furnish another arm to to the State . Let our Irish brethren rave as they may , we wait the slow but sure coming of that day when they will be ab l e t o "judge of the tree by its fruits . " We write for Ireland , and not against Catholicism . We remind them of the immortal Doyle's imperishable words : — " THAT THEIR HATRED OF TITHES

      SHOULD BE AS LASTING AS THEIR LOVE OF JUSTICE . " And how much worse than tithe is the tribute coUected from industry without any account being taken in favour of the labourer ; while , to sav the least of that paid to the Protestant pr iest , it is a charge upon the land . We remind them of the _principFes enunciated during the hot anti-tithe agitation in 1831 and 1832—that the grievance and the insult was as great upon Tim , who only paid a pound , as it was upon Pat who paid forty ; because each equally marked the injustice of a bad principle . We remind them of Mr . _O'ConnWs oft-repeated declaration , that if he wanted a doctor it was very hard to call upon his neighbour to pay the fee . Sowe

      Maynooth. The "Two Churches." Thk Desper...

      say of the present question . If Sir Robert Peel and the " Liberator" have agreed upon some antipolitical nostrum for Ireland , it la hard that the English people should be called upon to pay for the drugs . The debasement of the Irish Catholic mind , achieved through the fears and imbecility of their blustering leader , is Ireland ' s poor share ofthe Ministerial conquest !

      " Voe victis . ' "—( woo to the conqueror )—was the exultation ofthe Irish leader when the abasement of the Protestant Law Church was the prize contended for : and well may Peel now say , "take the prize of victory , but Woe tothe conqueror . " _O'Conkell may boast—but Peel has triumphed ! Ireland may shout—but her people are humbled ! Ireland , " that was to be "for the Irish , " is to undergo a new partition ! A fraternised priesthood of opposing faiths are to have the fat of tiie land , and will equally endure each other ' s peculations—will equally bear and forbear ivith each other ' s caprices , while the one flock of the two shepherds will be lean , and naked , and hungry : and yet , with enfeebled tone and pal . sied hand , will they throw up then * caps , and shout , " God bless the salesman !"

      O'Connell may make merchandise of English hostility as long as he can hold thc Irish mind in debased subserviency : but thc improving genius of the country will teach the Catholic people of Ireland , that the principle of " divide and conquer " is the object for which the English Protestant Minister and the Irish Catholic " Liberator" are mutually contending . The battle of " right against might "—of the voluntary against the compulsory system , has only just begun . It will speedily end , —

      when the Working Classes of England , already taxed beyond endurance , understand that the present question but settles the principle ; that the details will follow in the " ulterior , measures _,- " and that their share will be , no matter under what feasible pretext it may be collected by a " fascinating financier , " the honour of paying tribute to tlte Catholic Church of Ireland , that it may be wielded by a future Minister as a political engine for the destruction of civil rights .

      National Organisation Of Trades. The Con...

      NATIONAL ORGANISATION OF TRADES . The conviction on the minds of the thinking portion of the working many , that the power and means at the disposal of the producers of wealth , have neither been sojudiciously norsosystematicallyapplied as they might have been , " for the _accomplishment of labour ' s redemption from the thraldom to which it is subject , is gaining ground on every hand . The fact , that , in despite of all the isolated efforts and struggles on the part of labour to maintain its position ; thc fact , that in despite of strike after strike ; in despite of the continual spending of thousands upon thousands of pounds ; in despite of the

      cheerful endurance of suffering , hunger , and want of every description : the fact , that , in 'despite of all these efforts , —not to increase the rate of wages , but to maintainthe rate only recently paid , —the object aimed «{ lias been but in Yery slender part accomplished , has led to the entertainment of grave doubts that the mode of warfare hitherto adopted by the Trades , has not been the best calculated to ensure success . Respecting onc fact , there can be no dispute : the progress of the labourer in tho social scale has been a downward one , spite of his every effort to the contrary . His efforts to avert such fate have been unceasing and unending : but the efflux of

      time has found him in a lower position , and inclining lower still . His existence is spent in creating wealth abundant . He helps to create , not only heaps ofthe necessaries , but of all the comforts , the conveniencies , and the luxuries of life . He sees _rtEKir abounding on every hand . He sees the tax-eater wallowing in the fat of the land . He sees the employer make his way rapidly from the cottage to the mansion—from " shank ' s mare" to lolling in- ' * his carriage . " He sees the huckster , —the man who trades in the produce of fas labour , —rise through the several gradations of station , until he " retires" with " a fortune ,. _'„ to spend the evening of his days in ease and comfort . He sees the numb e r of those who _ltve on the

      labourer increase on every hand—and their means of enjoyment seemingly increasing with their number . He sees all this ; and he sees , too , that his own means as constantly diminisltt _^ tl & t his fare as constantly becomes more " hard . " Labour , to liim , instead of being the source of solace and joy , from the means it places at his disposal to bring up his family in credit and respectability , is a burden and a curse . He has to pass through a joyless life , and dies an almost unlamented death . The summons of the " grim king of terrors" is looked on as a happy release from earthly suffering . And this is the lot of the labourer , after all his struggles to secure within his grasp the small amount of means which the system could once " afford" him out of the mass ofwoalth

      that his labour had created . Well might doubt be entertained as to the efficiency of the means hitherto adopted by the Trades for thoir own protection and mutual assistance . Not that those means have been wholly _mejfcaeious .-.. | It is true that they have not succeeded in preventing the downward march of the labourer in thc scale of comfort : but they have , at times , arrested that march , and caused it , for thc time , to come to a "halt . " No one surely would have the hardihood to say that the efforts of the labourers themselves have accelerated their steps on their downward journey

      to poverty ; and though it is impossible to say what the exact position of the producers would at this moment have been , had the operatives been entirely quiescent in [ the hands of Capital , and unresistingly exposed themselves to the forces that have "bowed them down , " stillall must admit that their condition would have been far worse even than i t is , had such a course of conduct been the rule . While there is room , and much room , for doubt as to the efficiency ofthe means employed by Labour to

      secure its due reward , seeing that those means have been , on the whole , attended with but very partial success ; yet it would be unreasoning and unreasonable indeed to deny that they have been of use . Whether the most has been made of the power in the hands ofthe workers is exactly the question : but he who says that all former efforts have been entirely fruitless and unavailing , is hardly in a condition to judge accurately ofthe future mode of proceeding to ensure the success all good men desire .

      To the real question , however , the mind of the workers is being applied . The facts that we have spoken of have induced thought and reflection ; have set examination and inquhy at work ; have produced the conviction that we speak of in the first sentence of these remarks . With that conviction has come action . The recent Conference of Trades ' Delegates was an attempt to give embodimentlife—reality , to that conviction . Knowledge cannot

      be hid under a bushel . Once let man become convinced that his mode of action is not the best suited to liis purpose , and he will instinctively seek for a better . What is true of man as an individual applies to him in liis collective capacity : and thus we see , constantly see , that as knowledge increases , the feelings , the motives , and the prejudices that once held the mind captive give way to others more comprehensive and more Catholic : and with the new views necessarily come in new modes of action .

      So with the Trades' Unions of the present day . Past failures , where they have failed , have excited attention and inquiry as to the cause of such failures . That inquiry has led to the conviction before spoken : and that conviction brought about the meeting of Delegates from various parts of England to devise means by which the efforts of the Trades might be directed to a successful issue . Those Delegates assembled . They wisely contented themselves , —considering the amount of detail

      information they possessed , and the material they had in their hands , —with discussing and agreeing on ohnebal principles , leaving behind them a body to apply details to those principles , and to urge on the Trades ge n era Uy cogent and satisfactory reasons for thc course determined on . At the same time they pro-

      National Organisation Of Trades. The Con...

      vided that the determinations of both bodies , the Conference and the Committee , should not be binding without further and full consideration . They sought rather to initiate measures for consideration , than to determine on actual plans of operation . In this they acted both prudently and wisely . The object sought to be accomplished is a most important one . It can only be compassed by judicious , wise , and effective means . Such means , to be effective , must have general support . To secure that general support , they must appeal to the reason of the parties interested , and

      command their confidence . Without tliis confidence , all efforts must be unavailing ; and even with it , it will be necessaiy that judgment and wisdom guide the councils , and prudence mark the steps of the " new movement . " To secure this , the Delegates provided that the plans of action prepared by the Provisional Committee , should be submitted to the Trades generally for consideration ; and that another Conference , one represe nt ing all t he Tr ade s o f England , if possible , should assemble on the last Monday in July , to consider , adopt , alter , amend , or reject the proposals thus made .

      In the spirit that animated the Conference in such decision have the Provisional Committee since acted . They have entered on their onerous duties with a full sense of the important and sacred interests entrusted to their charge . They feel that a heavy responsibility is imposed on them . They seek t o discharge t heir du t y in all faithful n e s s t o t hose who have confided in them . To do so effectually , they must have the co-operation and aid of the Trades themselves . Information on the subjects that most

      engage their attention will be needed , and ought to be cheerfully and freely supplied . Suggestions for practice , either in mere Trade regulations , or in the new direction sought to be given to the efforts of the producers for their own salvation , through the alloca t ion of t he " surplus labour" on the Land , will be of incalculable benefit : it will , therefore , be the duty of all who can so aid the Committee to impart their views without reserve . The task imposed on such Committee is a gigantic one * . it is to prepare plans

      FOR CONSOLIDATING THE POWER , AND DIRECTING THE ENERGIES OF THE TRADES TO CERTAIN GENERAL AND individual benefit : and for the speedy procurement of Land whereon to erect "homes of the free" for the disp laced " hands" in the machine-aided Labour market , where they shall enjoy independence , and , " living by the labour of their hands , " create a more " active demand " for the productions of their manufacturing operative brethren , and thus enable them to secure remunerative wages . This is what the Committee have to , do : and to enable them to doit well , should be the determination of all who can in anywise aid them .

      Such aid is sought for by the Committee . Con _scious of the deep responsibility that rests on them , they are wishful to prepare themselves ivith facts for their guidance . To this end they have issued the following Address _: and we hope and trust that the spirit therein manifest will diffuse itself far and wide , and actuate all concerned to a proper discharge of their duty . 1 . 0 THE _TttiDES UNIONS AND WORKING ! C & ASSES OF - _GHEAT BRITAIN AND IBELANB , Feienps , —Your attention is earnestly requested to a few plain statements of the utmost importance to you individually and collectively . Labour is the source of all wealth ; yet the labourers , as a body , are the least wealthy—the most destitute portion of the community .

      Why is this l . From the want of wealth , or the want of _poiver to produce * it in abundance for all ? From neither . In the history of man never did there oidst a nation richer than Great Britain at the present moment—either as to the real property it possesses in comparison with its population , or the scientific , mechanical , and industrial powers at its command . Yet , with this unexampled amount of accumulated wealth , and of powers for producing more , poverty is the lot ofthe working man through life . Numerous have been the attempts to amend this lamentable state of things , but in vain ,

      Political agitations , trades' unions and strikes , have hitherto failed to remove this anomaly , or to arrest the downward career of the producing classes . Is the evil therefore irremediable , or hare the means heretofore adopted been inadequate for the object in view ? We believe the latter to be the true solution of the difficulty . New and more comprehensive measures are imperatively re-mired , based on sound principles—on a full understanding of the evils to be removed , and the causes ivhieh generate them . With these views ' , a National Conference of the Trades assembled in Loudon on Easter-Monday , presided over b y X . S , Duuc 9 Wb e > _BstJ'i _tf . P ., and composed of ninety-seven Delegates from all parts of England ,

      After a full and deliberate consideration of the grave and important matters laid before it , that Conference agreed to form a new association , to be called " The Association of United Trades for the Protection of Industry ; " and to the principles and objects of that Association your most serious attention is requested . The Conference agreed , that "the great cause of theeontinuous decline ofthe wages of labour is , a redundance of workers compared with tho existing demand for their labour ; that until this discrepancy cau be removed , its effects cannot be averted ; that the means formerly employed have faUed ; and that some other mode must be devised and adopted by which the surplus labour shall be absorbed , or kept out of the market , and an equality be maintained between the work to be done , and the number of those required to do it . "

      The Conference also agreed , "that the new circumstances created by the introduction of machinery demands a new course of action on the part of the operative classes . " It was seen and avowed that" while capital possesses the unlimited power of creating automaton workers , it is utterly impossible for manual tABOUB , in its present position , to maintain a successful struggle against its aggressions ; " and it was therefore agreed , that " the working classes must , in future , summon to their aid those powers which have hitherto been principally employed against them ; that they must expend their funds in the erection of machines that will work for and not against them , and in the purchase or rental of l and , whereon they can set to profitable employment the redundant hands , who , if suffered to remain in the labour

      market , would reduce the wages of the whole trade to which they belong . " These measures are proposed not to supersede , but to aid those already adopted by organised trades . It is proposed to render tliem more effective by extending their sphere and operation . A general Uuion of Trades , for the purpose of regulating trades' matters and trades' strikes ; for collecting information and funds to one common centre , and thence distributing them effectually , was also resolved upon by the Conference . By means of this Union the united strength of the whole Association would be enjoyed by every individual trade in any case of strike or dispute with employersi An organisatiou so general aud powerful would not only in the majority of cases prevent the commission of injustice and the occurrence of strikes , but when they did unavoidably take place , would bring them to a speedy aud successful

      termination . The Conference did not , however , wholly confine its attention to the measures which might be adopted by the Trades themselves ; the all-pervading influence of legislation on their condition was taken into consideration , and the turning of that iufluence in a beneficial direction was decided to be one of the principal objects of the new Association . Aware , however , that success in any attempt of so comprehensive a description , depends mainly on the degree in which it is understood and sympathised in by the masses ; aware , also , that much loss and disappointment have been experienced in consequence of crude , ill digested , and hasty measures , the Conference determined , that beyond the enunciation of these leading objects , it would not proceed .

      A Committee was therefore appointed , consisting cf persons ' who have long : laboured for the elevation of the working classes , with Mr . Duncombe president . To this Committee the Conference has assigned the duty of making known to the producers generally th * objects of the new Association , and of receiving from all bodies of working men such information as to their position , wants , and opinions , as may enable It to devise practical and effective plans to be submitted to another Conference to be held in London ou the last Monday in July next .

      For tins purpose we now address you . We call upon all organised Trades' Unions to forward copies of their rules , and such other information as may be of service to the Committee in the performance of its onerous duties To the trades not now organised , it is earnestly _recomi mended that they take immediate steps to effect that purpose , and put themselves in communication with the committee . . Mere local or sectional efforts will not lift the produfers from their present inferior position . The attempt must be made on an extensive scale . The principle of Union must be more generally acted upon . We must have " a loxuj pxitt , a strong vnU , and apull _altogeHier » Never before did any attempt of this descri ption commence under more favourable auspices .

      Labour will m future , have a fearless and wellinstructed exponent of its wrongs audits _wani _« in _** - _» 1 _^ 1— - * W ** a and e _, pe rienc eV uide _t Site peaceful and legal efforts . b ul ul us _Workingmen ! Are you prepared to take advantage of these new and powerful _wearies to your _eausf WUl you be true to yourselves , and as one man Sy round the new standard thus erected ? It requires _VniV an enlightened united , and practical _eflbrTShteS your emancipation _^ Are you read y to make it t

      National Organisation Of Trades. The Con...

      Working men ! Thiuk well before you rep ly to these questions . Those of you who may answer in the affirmative , must make up their minds to patient , persevering , and long-con tinued efforts . The effects of oppression , and unfavourable social conditions , are not to be removed in . a day . A spirit of determined and unshrinking perseverance is essential to its accomplishment . "Working men ! In the Union to which wc iuviteyou there is nothing of a class , or sectional nature , Wc desire to create no inridious _. or antagonistic spirit in society ; but simply to pursue , by fair , open , and peaceable means , a course which shall give to the operative classes a fair participation in the wealth they assist to create . "With politics , as party politics , we do not meddle . The social and industrial position ofthe labourer , and the means by which it may be improved , are the great objec ts at which we aim ; and we invite the co-operation of good men and true , not only among the working , but all other classes of

      S Sigiied , on behalf of the Central Committee of the Association of United Trades for the Protection of In . US ry ' T . S . _Duncomde , President . April 12 th , 1815 . T . _Babbatt , Secretary . N B . —Communications to be addressed to Mr . Barratt , Office of the Central Committee of United Tiades , 30 , Hyde-street , Bloomsbury . Now , then , with the Trades the matter for the present rests . There is in the above Address matter for much thought and deep deliberation . Let the Trades seo to it . Let them examine the whole question thus placed before them , in a calm and forbearing spirit . The days of passion and rant are gone by : the days for practice have come : sober , sure , hoxest

      practice . This alone can be of service . It is the interest of the Trades to see that safe and efficient plans for such practice are prepared . To this end they should address themselves . Let them do so without delay , and aid the Committee with all information . Then may we hope for the success of au effort for the _Regekeratioj-of Labour .

      Co Fteairei's- # Cotwpitiiente

      Co _fteairei's- _# _Cotwpitiiente

      John Wild, Hirer.—We Have Been Pained, A...

      John Wild , Hirer . —We have been pained , at seeing the effort made by some party or other to embroil the Northern Star with the Trades now on strike at Bury . Hitherto we have refrained from speaking on the subject , from a fear that we might possibly do harm to the cause of the turn-outs : but the importuuities are so pressing that wa are , in amanner , obliged to explain our actual position in relation to the turn-outs . It is not true , then , that we have re / used to insert the statements of the turn-outs , or to aid them to the best of the means at our command . So far from this being the case , we have gladly inserted all that our arrangements

      would enable us to do . It is true that on one occasion our Reporter , Mr . Wm . Dixon , who is regularly engaged to attend meetings of working mon , sent us a report of a delegate meeting at Bury , which lie had attended and taken but it came to hand so late iu the week that the paper was just ready for press , aud it was impossible for us to insert it at length . We did with the report all that we could—inserted from it what appeared to us material to serve the men , The report came to us in two batches ; and with the second came a note from Mr . Dixon , written in Manchester , saying that he had heard that oue of the strikes was all but over , and that a considerable number of the hands had returned to work on reasonable terms . This note we also inserted . It turns out that the information conveyed to Mr . Dixon was not correct :

      the strike was not over , This circumstance is the only hhige that we know of , on which the party publishing circulars have hung their charge , that " not even the celebrated Star" has " represented them faifly "—which statement W 9 beg to tell them is not fair to us . If we have not "fairly represented" thein , it has not been our fault . We had and have every disposition to aid them by the publication of all the facts we can collect : and we did so , as we invariably do in every such case . We are at the expense of a reporter to attend meetings of the trades that desire publicity ; and we have inserted reports of hundreds of meetings that nobody else would mention . How then , co u ld the parties in Bury , who have published as above , get it into their heads that we were disposed to " weekly mis-represent" them ; and why did they designate tho Star " a

      hireling press V The Sfat * may not have been able to do them all tiie good it could have wished : but it has done its best . It has inserted of their proceedings whatever it could : it will still continue to do so , notwithstanding the little exhibition of petulance with which its efforts to serve have been met . A Worker at Mr . Gardner ' s , Preston . — We are obliged by his attention . The report he named we have looked out for , but have not seen . Perhaps it may have appeared in some of the local papers . If it has , we shall be glad to receive a copy . If not , we shall be glad to publish any report that can be furnished . Chaw . es Pox , Sutton . —The process is very summary if he does not quit after receiving , legal notice , Thc magistrates can order forcible possession to be taken . J . Wild , Middleton . —Unless there be a special agreement to the contrary , six months' notice must be given

      to quit a yearly tenant ; and the notice must expire on the day of the month on which be took possession . If there be no such special agreement in his case , the notice he speaks of is not sufficient . Matthew-Scott . —We fear his letter would do little good if published , _"hord Londonderry is fo be _t'eached only through the pocket . "When we ' get the " Reckoning Commission " sent forth by authority , to know why and how the lands and the minerals have got into so few hands , there maybe a chance of " making our own " of Lord Dunderhead . Till then he will be but an unprofitable subject . John Kemp , Folkstone . —The advertisement iu thc last

      Star showed where the " Lectures to Farmers on Practical Chemistry " was published , as well as the price . The publishers are Taylor and "Walton , 22 , Upper Gowerstreet , London ; the price is 7 s . 6 d . J . Elks , Newton Abbot . — If he has had his papers direct from the office in question , and they have neglected to forward to him the plates , he will be justified in refusing to pay till his claim for the number he speaks of is satisfied . J . Rodney , _Droylsden . —The complaints he makes are not fit for the columns of a newspaper . They relate to points of practice in a society of which he is a member ; let him there try to get the alterations he suggests

      introduced . J . N _* . _Daventrt . —We think not , but are not over confident . D . C . _Gregort , Carbinoton . —The first "" thing in instituting au action for slander is to employ an * attorney . The cost of such a proceeding no man can calculate . It will mainly depend on the amount either party , or both , to the action have to lose . As long as there is a *¦ shot in the locker" the lawyers will fire ; when the _amnwinition is spent "justice" is soon _satisfied . J . P . Collinoton . —We cannot advise him . We know nothing of the Venezuelian Emigration project that would induce us to recommend it . We advise all to "look before they leap" into any emigration project whatever .

      John Shaw , of Gloucester-street , Commercial-road East , London , would be glad of a communication from Mr . Bernard M'Cartney , late of Liverpool . A Poob Subscbibeb , Newcastle . —His "long residence " has not gained him a settlement . He is liable to be removed to his parish—aud most probably will be , if he is " chargeable . " Mr . Stobbs , Macclesfield . —We thank him for his communication . Mb . West and Mb , _Bentote , Macclesfield . — Mr . Hobson fully expected to hear from these gentlemen on Tuesday last , in accordance with their engagement . They kuow that Mr . H . went out of his way to serve them ; and their part of the engagement should have been fulfilled . Mr . II . expects to hear from them

      without further delay . To Agents . —If our agents would attend to their business a little better , they would greatly facilitate ours . We generall y get more letters from them on the Friday than on the Thursday . Those agents who do not post their letters , so as to arrive here on the Thursday , must take all consequeuces of delay , or wrong numbers being sent . This is particularly the case with our _Scotch agents' orders , most of whioh arrive after their papers have left the office , and then , the following week , we receive a host of letters from them about not attending to their orders , while the neglect is their own—and letters from subscribers , disappointed at not being able to receive their papers in proper time . ALL LETTERS , TO ENSUltE ATTENTION MUS T BE

      , HERE ON _n « iI _^ * Parttos , Seuding P ° st-oflice orders , or cash , o this office , ought to be careful to write someand « hat they intend us to do with the money . We have four or five agents who never write a word more Sr _wR " _!*? offiCG oa the _-wS _^ _S _teis of b 2 L « _TS Sh 0 rt Ietters _> whc « o « _battels Of business : but these are rather too short If Sk a _? d 0 , YH dWU _*„ 0 nly SlSn ** " _- _^ itls all _ii tha L ? ' u thCy WlU Uot d 0 lhat - _* r »™ t expect that _thecash willsometimes be credited to the _wrongagenS _writing S n Ch er _- ° _afto _*«* ards takes much time in _imtiug for all particulars , besides the risk of the person sending the money losing it altogether . From a

      recent alteration , n the post-office order department , it is impossible to ascertain the name of the person sending , without writing to the post-office where the order was first obtained , or to the general office . Several oiom * agents do not care to make their oiders payable at 180 , Strand . We have this week received orders payable at the General Post-office from Arthur Carlisle ; Woodburn , Chorley * Traverse , p _^ _SS _* . Thompson and Co ., Darlington . If they wouldbut ask to have their orders made payable at 180 , Strand thev would oblige . Several of our agents address their orders to Mr . Hobson . They would save us much S and themselves disappointment if they _adore _^ _ed them to the proper person . . __

      T . Ooora , KETTEBiNQ .-The agent has got into ouv debt and will not pay . ' Ma . Tosh , Abbroath , must send his order to Mr Mv 1 p « of Dundee . As Mr . M _yles has to pay , he _he _S son to receive the order , and send it to this officehe wdl then know what papers are being sent ou _hb ac- '

      John Wild, Hirer.—We Have Been Pained, A...

      Ma . J . R . H . Baibstow , Leicester . —iiu lctter just been handed to Mr . Hobson , by Mr . Wheeler k was but just then that he had laid down , after per _Jj _- t _,. for the first time , the letter from Stafford to which an ? B ' s communication refers . Mr . Hobson has been abseat from London a considerable portion of the last three weeks - , at Leeds , Huddersfield , Manchester and _Aslitoa During his absence the letter in question wa received ' and it was put into his hands for the first time this ( Thursday ) forenoon . He has seen nothing of the former letter , which Mr . Bairstow says has been sent to

      him ; and if he had , the request was one that he could not have complied with . Though he does not deem it necessary to publish the letter from Staf . ford—( having given publicity to all that was sen ' in explanation of a statement that appeared in the Star —and this letter opening up » l « t « ground of quarrel in volving other parties)—he cannot accede to the request made by him to " send the original" or even a copy to Leicester . Such a course of conduct would be utterl ? indefensible , unless those making such request Were by bothparties , constituted a tribunal to hear and decide on the matters in dispute .

      3 , It . Thorp , Walworth . —The /' members of the locality " have no cause to be " dissatisfied " with the _Qmjc Sion of the object of their meeting , unless tliey wish t _^ subject us to the payment of advertisement duty while we have cause to be "dissatified" with _tlieoior him in not sending their notices in time , according t » the notice we have inserted so often .

      Monies Received By Me. O'Connor. Fob The...

      MONIES RECEIVED BY ME . O'CONNOR . FOB THE SXECUTIV £ . £ s > _, ) From Coventry 0 2 _•* ' SUBSCRIPTIONS . From Kilmarnock .. .. 0 3 a From Carrington .. .. 0 2 2 From Arnold _.. .. .. .. 0 1 3 VICTIM FOND . From Carrington 0 j 0 DUNCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . A Wigan operative , per T . H .. 0 I 1 MBS . DUNCAN . From a few persons at Mouline-a-Vapeur , per David Reid II . » FOB MESSRS . PATEBSON AND ROBINSON . Antony Armstead and Richard Troudlove _, Blackburn 0 V ) i

      RECEIPTS PER GENERAL SECRETARY . SUBSCRIPTIONS . s . d . s , d , Clock-house , West- Northampton , old minster .. .. 30 locale 2 S Camberwell .. .. 3 0 Halifax 1 9 Penzance .. .. 2 10 Dewsbury .. .. IS Hayle 2 0 Littletown .. .. 16 Marylebone .. .. 4 0 Birstall 0 7 Bloomsbury , J . North 1 0 Hebden-bridge .. 4 3 J Do ., C . Page .. ,. 10 Bradford .. ., 8 t Do ., T . Corfield .. 06 Sowerbv Helm .. 2 3 * Brighton 3 0 Lower Warley .. 2 3 Trowbridge .. .. 4 * Coalsnaughton .. 3 0 Alexandria , Vale of Tillicoultry .. .. 18 Leven 10 0 Southampton .. .. 3 J

      LEVY . Southaniptoii _, G . Gouk 0 6 Coalsnaughton .. .. 6 0 Brighton TO Tillicoultry .. .. 55 Hebden-bridge .. .. 15 5 Somers Town .. „ is g Lower Warley .. .. 2 9 Rufly Ridley .. .. 0 6 _DONATIONS . Brighton _t 0 Ashton-under-Lyne , J . Wilcox { 9 ACCOUNT BOOKS , Ac . Wakefield , account-book _± 9 Hebden-bridge .. I 0 Delegates to the ensuing Chartist Convention are hereby informed that it will assemble on Monday , April 21 st , at the Parthenium Assembl y Rooms , St . Martin ' s-lane , ' at ten o ' clock precisely . All localities not able to be represented by Delegates , are requested to send their views and sentiments , addressed to the President of the Convention at Mr . Wheeler ' s , 243 i , Strand . THOMAS MARTIN WHEELER , Secretary .

      Punlic Meeting At Manchester. — A Publie Meeting Of The. Inhabitants Of Manchester, Was Held

      PunLic Meeting at Manchester . — A publie meeting of the . inhabitants of Manchester , was held

      Iu The Carpenters Hall, Uarret-Road, On ...

      iu the Carpenters Hall , Uarret-road , on Tuesda _; evening , April loth , 1845 _,-ibr the purpose of considering the grievances under which the Tailors , as a body , at present labour . And also to petition Parlia . ment for a Select Committee to examine into the sanatory condition ot * the Tailoring trade . The spaci ous hall was well filled with a highly respectable audience . At eight o ' clock Mr . Alex . Lewese was _unaniraously called to the chair . He briefly addressed the as . sembly upon the importance of the subject whicli they had m e t t o disc u ss , and introduced to themeeting Mr , J . Clark , to move the first resolution . Mr . Clark said , the resolution which he had been called

      on to move was to thc following effect : — " That in the opinion of this meeting the alarming state of the Tailoring trade , brought about by unprincipled competition , is such as demands the immediate attention of the public ; inasmuch as certain master tailors have departed from the orig ina l mode o f employi n g their workmen on premises under then * immediate direction : instead of which , clothes are now made up in the humble habitations of the workmen , wno are compelled , from the low wages they receive , to live in the most densely populated and ill-ventilated districts , exposed to all the contagion and ravages of disease . The meeting

      therefore earnestly appealed to the public at . largc , to give their support to those employers onl y wh o ha v e all their work done on the premises , as a safeguard against the contingencies that arise from the present system of out-door labour . " Mr . Clark , in a neat speech , seconded the resolution . Mr . Munden , from . Jersey , in an eloquent and able speech , supported tha _resolution , Mi ' , Eames followed , _delivering an _aWe address , in which he exposed the horrors of unprincipled competition . The _cbainnaii then put" { he * resolution , wliich was earned by acclamation . Mr . Steward moved the adoption of the following petition , and that the chairman sign it on behalf of the meeting . Mr . Leach , of Hyde , in an able speech , seconded the motion : —

      To tiie Honourable the Convmons of the United Kinadom of Great Britain and Ireland in Parliment assembled , Humbly Sheweth . —We the undersigned , being journeymen Tailors of , are desirous of laying before your honourable house a statement of the sanatory condition of our trade , and its consequent effects upon public hoalth and morals . Your petitioners beg to inform your honourable house , that originally it was the custom of master tailors to employ all their men on their own premises : but of late years a great portion of them haye departed therefrom , and now * give their work out to be made in the humble habitations of their workmen , whereby the health of those so eniploved is greatly impaired , their morals affected , and the lives of her _Majcatv ' _a

      subjects placed in great jeopardy , through _diseaacs arising from this source , which spreads contagion to a most appalling extent . The above system of out-door labour has called into existence a certain class of persons who act as middle men , and arc vulgarly denominated Sweaters , wlio take out large quantities of work , and in order to secure a large per centage , eniploypereons in the last stage of destitution , at the lowest possible wages , lrom which the employer or the public at large receive no advantage . The invariable practice of these middle men is to obtain the cheapest habitations in the lowest neighbourhoods , generally crowded and unventilated , and employ men and women in the

      same room . Your petitioners are prepared to prove before a committee of your honourable house , that ladies ' and gentlemen ' s garments are made in rooms that art neither clean or wholesome ; the said rooms being used as a work-shop , bed-room , hospital , and kitchen ; neither is there anything more common amongst this claaa of homo-workers , than to see the mother Mid children confined to their beds with fever , cholera _, small-pox , or other infectious diseases . lour petitioners venture to affirm that garments made in such places cannot escape infection , thereby directl y transferring the disease to the bod y ofthe wearer who would never suppose for onc moment that contagion might possibly be carried into the most fashionable boudoirs from thc most squalid ot garrets .

      Another serious and most appalling evil , _wluw a tlic inevitable result of this svstem of homc-wo _* 'f is its immoral tendency , as from the indiscriiru"i _*** employment of young ' men and women on the _sM _® garment , and in tho same room , their habits _ta"wll'i degenerated . This system also creates a nio _« flagrant violation ofthe laws , both of God and manby causing a profanation of the Sabbath day ; _« there is nothing more common , from tfic fafiutie _^ whicli home-working supp l i es , than for PW _^* employed to work as regular on Sundays as othei days . .. As it would be impossible inthispetitioiitode- M even a fraction ofthe miseries produced by tlus sy-. tein of homc-workine . vour netitimiers conclude by statin-,

      tuat they have no desire to dictate to _employee *• to the manner thev shall carrv on their l ) usmc « . many of whom , though respectable , arc i gnorant ; » to the " way in whicli their work is made up , . tliio « B the instrumentality of tlieir middle men and otnei * - , but your petitioners iiumblv conceive tliat any _" _» . _* " - ter tliat affects the health aiid morals should receive due consideration from the legislature , with a view to an alteration of the present baneful system , 07 which your petitioners and the public at large are great sufferers . Your petltioneis therefore humblr pray that your honourable house will be pleased to grant a committee to inquire into the sanatorv condition ot tue trade , and its effects UDon imblic health aud morals ;

      the same to be reported to your honourable house with a view to devise such means as vour honourable house in its wisdom may deem necessary tothe provision of clean and wholesome workshops , by _tw master tailors of the United Kingdom , thereby securiug her Majesty ' s subjects from the dangers arising from the present system , and your petitioners as hi duty bound will ever pray . , The petition was carriedunanimouslv . Mr . Par *" - ** moved , and Mr . Shaw seconded , " That M _« Philli ps , Esq ., and Milner Gibson , Esq ., the members for the borough , he requested to present ana support the prayer of the petition . " The motion _, with the addition of Mr . Brotherton _, was earned unanimously . The thanks of the meeting were then given to Mr . Parker and the Executive . The thanks of themeeting tothe chairman closed the proceedings .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 19, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_19041845/page/4/