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TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , ESQ.
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Eldersfield, Worcestershire. 28th May,18...
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TO THE CHURCHWARDENS, OVERSEERS, AND GUA...
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THE RAM OF DERBY. WAR TO EXTERMINATION! ...
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¦' . ' ¦iJ^THE DERBY ELECTION . ILLEGAL ...
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GREAT MEETIKG OP ELECTORS AND N02JELECTO...
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TO THE CHARTISTS OF TI1E UNITED KINGDOM....
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TO THE MEMBERS OP THE NATIONAL LAND COM ...
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emU-avour - things, jindjg^jvgst wtll^( ...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
To Feargus O'Connor , Esq.
TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , ESQ .
Eldersfield, Worcestershire. 28th May,18...
Eldersfield , Worcestershire . 28 th May , 18 _I 7 . Si SiK . -In yenr letter of the 20 th iost . to Lord John usSussell , published in the Northern Star , you state ialtbat " On Tuesday , a labourer , 56 vears of age , _tilted you very imploringly if he might leave work ¦ _fofcfore the usual time , as his wife was not expected to relive , and be had a large family , and several miles to _i-Ulo-lfc Yon told bun to go then , and not stop away enfrom her : and Ue said . ' she won ' t live , tbo doctor ¦ _Jeered her some soup , but the overseer ordered him cai « av , _aadit'ou d not give _ldm _} _my _. _' _,, And then you tv _ av ' the man s name is Richard Curtis , of the _pastriib of Eldersfield . " You then say , " Flour is 18 s . > t * erbuihel , and wages 7 s ., Ss . and in some instances l . £ _ . per week ; and that a man , wife , and family can
esresm naif a _misnelot flour per week , and have notbi !_ bing left for rent , firing , clothini ; . & c . " You also say « sy that " yon give 12 shillings per week wages . " ' 1 ~ So * , sir . we do tbink before any person of re-_ M _ nectat'iIily publishes any statement he ought to be Sfli _sare that it ia true , or he may be charged with wilful fallr _utterins that wbich is false . We do not charge vim _mwith wilful mistake , bnt we do say tbat what you _jj _ , jive said on the matter of Curtis ' s wife , and his , nj _^ plication for relief for her , is _« nrrnc . and vou mi mast have been misled by the man Curtis when he SU jside his statement to you .
Yon st ate tbat Curtis ' s wife was not expected to fit lire on the Tuesday , the I 8 th inst . Now , she was or orettv well on the 17 tb , and settled with her etnl _\ L er for her work , which was hoeing wheat , at 3 s . « _« racre , and at this werk she could get from IOd . to u _£ . per day ; for hoeing vetches she was paid 3 s . 6 J . ' _j __ acre . She was at work the 19 th , 21 st , and 22 nd ; * Sie _thet" she was at work the ISth or no , we cannot U tell ) oat * bc , it ' ve sne was » _** tne W 0 I- k was set by tl Ae ' acre * and she could go to it when she pleased . _Xoav she could not have been , as you stated , " not « _espected to live , " when she could go regularly to « _* QTk _* nd _zet 103 . or is . per Hay . In the next place , you say " the doctor ordered her « some so 0 ? ' but tbe overseer ordered him ( the man ) a _ w a / , anil would not give him any . " . Noav this is _ _caite as false as the rest ef tbe statements you make . ntver _apolied to either of tlte
j ? : _«•& overseers , or to the « fWdian , _rvlievins officer , or any one ot the parish ofi Beers ; neither was there any order from the doctor , . _j _ stated by yon , and if there had , it would have j _ een for meat , and not ft & soap , as the overseers are i not espected to keep soup ready made ; and if the < _doctorhad seen her and ordered anything for her , it , jmst have been their own fault if they did not obtain ! ft immediately , as we can prove that Curtis ' s family lave bad meat many times through the "inter and _. nring of tbis year , by the oider of the medical man ; and , therefure , if he had an order , he knew how to ret meat or any article ordered for himself or family _, fie do think he would . hare needed bat little _assistive if bis wife was ill , ai he was at work for you st 123- V _* _wcek ' anu' as you felt so interested for bim , yon would have given him a part of his wages jihe bad asked for it .
" It _isstated he had several miles ' to walk : the _distance from Lowbands to the man ' s cutta __ e is about _prt _» _tuilas and a half . The test thing U the large family . He has five _( iildren : of these , two are at service some way from fume , and earn wages besides their food . Another , * boy , works for Mr William Hawkins , and gets lor bis work tia . per week . Another , a _eir ! , for Mr Morgan , at " 2 s . Cd . per week ; so there is but one at home unable to get her living , and that six or seven wire of age-* And now , sir , we will take the case of Curtis , as tbat is tbe one you build your arguments upon ; and _avnsay , a man , wife , and family get half a bushel of __ jar per week , and have nothing left for rent , & c . _s . d . _Csrtis , atworkfurMr _O'Cannor . 12 0 per week . Bis avife , at Mr Peusam ' _i , W . t . to Is .
J , C A »» per da . } 5 0 " Hisson _. _atllr Hawkins's , Is . per day ... 6 0 " H : > daughter , at Mr Morgan ' s , ad . per day 2 6 " £ 15 6 So that this family are earning more than 20 b . per veek , and only five to be maintained . You state wages _fc-j be "J * ., Si ., and . in some instances , 9 s . per week . Yoa should remember that farmers give irom 12 to IS quarts of drink to the men per aveek , and 10 s- wages , _ and if you will do the same , we think your men would sooner have it than 12 s . and drink water . You say Sour is 18 s . per bushel , and , a few lines further on , yoa state it to be £ 4 per sack . Now which of these statements are we to believe ?
And we believe that a man with a wife and family can get a little more than half a bushel of flour per week . With 25 s . Gd . per week they can have i . 8 . d . Specks of flour 0 12 0 g __ 5 lb . of meat , 7 d . . 0 2 11 3 ditto of bacon 0 2 6 _Groc-ry . 0 2 6 Tiring . 0 10
1 011 Rent 0 16 Put by for clothes ...... 0 3 0 £ 15 6 So we think , if you will jast look the matter _jver _, jou will see jou bare made % small mistake or two . 1 st . —The woman was not in the state described . -nd . —The doctor never ordered her . any soup . 3 rd . —The man never applied to either Overseer , Guardian , or Relieving Officer at all , and , therefore , auld not be ordered away . 4 th . —The family are not in tbe distress you _tepresent them , when they can earn 20 s . to 25 s . per seek . -5 th . —Curtis has not a large family , nor several _ailes to go to work .
6 th . —Fanners' men ' s wages are not what you represent them to be . They , the farmers , give as much as you , if yoa will add the value of the drink to the wises . With the other parts of your letter we have nothing to do , and , therefore , shall offer no remarks on that You are quite welcome to your own political (¦ pinions if you will leave other people alone , or if _jen do print let it be the trutft . We should not have itoilkd pou at all if yoa had not stated that which , if true , would have been a disgrace to any parishioner , therefore have written in self-defence .
"To bear an open slander is a crime ; Bat not to find an answer is a worse . " [ Here follow the signatures ofthe churchwardens , overseers , and guardian ot tbe parish . ]
To The Churchwardens, Overseers, And Gua...
TO THE CHURCHWARDENS , OVERSEERS , AND GUARDIAN OF THE PARISH OF ELDERSFIELD . '" To hear an ooen slander is a crime , But not to MAKE an answer is a worse . " _^ Gentlemen , _£ ln the correspondence which you have thought proper to open with me you have a great advantage over me ; you write as a «' _onimunity or body—I as an individual , as
Uisan acknowledged fact that men in their _corporate capacity will commit acts which the basest amongst them would blush to acknowledge as an individual . However ., I shall not shrink from the individual responsibility of what 1 have stated upon my own knoavledge , while J propose to strengthen the statements taaie by Curtis , and published by me upon the evidence of his parishioners and neighbours row working for me .
With this view I shall first repeat what I stated on my oavn authority . I stated that Curtis worked for me ; that he was fifty-six years of age ; that he had a wife and five children ; and lived in the parish of Eldersfield , _having several miles to walk to his work ; that I paid him _tavelve shillings per week ; that he asked me for permission to leave work in the afternoon ,-to see his wife , who was dangerousl y ill ; and that I gave him permission ; that flour was 18 $ . per bushel , and 4 l per sack ; that labouring men in the parish receive Is ., 8 s ., and 9 s . per week ; and that with the hig hest rate of wages a man could only purt 4 ase half a bushel of flour per week . Such ,
gentlemen , were the statements made upon my own authority , and I now reiterate them . When I read your letter in the Gloucester Journal on Sunday morning , I confessed my indignation in believing that I had been so imposed upon bv Curtis . I thoug ht seriously over it upon that day of rest , and retired in the fond hope that I should indulge in tke delicious dream of au Eldersfield labourer s
enviable condition . I pictured to myself the borrid vision of a starving family crying for _ftod to the anxious father , who had toiled through the week in expectation of being able to satisfy their wants—the scenes of woe depicted in the dailv journals vanished from my thoughts , and _Tsaid , 'Here , in Eldersfield , the true standard of Labour ' s comfort lias *> een established ; thank God I live within the _ijihere of so much happiness _!*'
* I longed for daybreak to take vengeance _* poa the ingrate who had so deceived me as to bis condition and your administration of the _kw ; hut , alas ! gentlemen , on Monday morntog , " a _chaDgetcame _o _' erfthe sp irit of taj
To The Churchwardens, Overseers, And Gua...
dream . Upon examining not onlv Curtis but nine or ten of his neighbours who also work tor me and resolved to do vou justice , and to make the amende if I had wronged you , I put them in possession of your statement and of mv own , and asked them which was true , and I will give you now the substan ce , if not the verbatim answers that I received from Curtis , and which was corroborated by all -- — » _^ _T _i d " J your wife worIc on t , ie 18 th _?"' „ _£ . '• I could cive my oath she did not . " . - Uid the doctor order her meat which the relieving otheer refused to cive you an order for ?"
les , sir , butnotthedaythatlcameto you but snme time before , when she was so bad that 1 thought she wouldn ' t live , and the doctor saw her at work in the field and told her that she had no business there , and that he wouldn ' t answer for her ue if she didn ' t stop at home , and two women carried her to the honse . " Ccrtis , mind , you will be punished if you state _lalselioods . so ba on your guard . " _., " J know that , sir , for they ' ve told me alreadv they 11 drive me out of the parish , and I got a lawyer s letter already for £ 10 s . tbat I don't owe . and I hear they ' ve got a warrant for my wife to go to Upton for taking some bon « hs that Mrs Pensnm gave her leave to gather for firinc ; but sure the poor creature will never live to co there . "
" Curtis , can you and yoar family earn 25 s . 6 d . per week ?" " O . Lord ! sir , who says that ?" " Never mind who says it , can vou earn it and your family . < "' "No , sir , not from tbe day I was born , nor a pound a week in harvest , and sometimes without work . " Have you five pounds of meat , three pounds of bacon , three pecks of flour , 2 s . Gi . worth of groceries _, a shiljincs-worth of firing , Is . 6 d . for rent , and 3 _i . for clothing every week ?" " I could give my oath that there hasn't been a pound of any sort of meat in my honso for a week these three or four or five months . I had half a pou nd ot bacon last Sundav , and we ' re _ofrener without that than with it on a Sunday , "
" When your wife is at work does she earn from 10 d . to Is . a day ?" " No , sir ; when she is at work she will cam W . or Sd ., and work hard . " " Does she get constant work at that ?" " God bless you , no . sir ! a day now and then at bean-setting , hoeing , and hnyroaking . " "Is your _daughter working for Mr Morgan at constant work ?" " No , sir . " "Is your son at Mr _Hawkin- _^ s in constant work ?" " He has what be earns himself , sir . "
"Now , _Cuit s , whatare the wages usually given by farmers in your parish ?" ' * Well , 7 s . and 8 * . a week , and 9 s . in busy time " , and sometimes 10 i . ; but when they give 103 . they give no drink , and seme gave Cs- in winter . " " How muck drink do they give you ?" " Whv _, some tavo quart * a dav . " " And what ' s that worth ? " * " Why , fivepencea gallon , if it is good . " " Which would you rather have—my waqes , 12 $ . a week , without drink , or the 9 s . ln \ h drink ?" "Why , the 12 a . a great deal ; it dees me more good and ray family . "
" Now , what can you earn , upon an average , fhronehout the year ?" " Why , with good and bad times we never bring home 9 i . a week the year round . " " Now , what groceries bave you in tbe week ?" " Well , sir , the most we ever bave is an ounce of fourpenny tea , and twopence lor a quarter of sugar . " " What is tbe real state of your wife ' s health ?" "Why , the _neighbours know , sir , and the doctor knows , that she is in a bad and low state , and wasting for want of nourishment , and can only work a day or two now and then . " " Well , but I have beard a mo 3 t excellent character of your medical man from everybody ?"
"Oh . if they were all like him , sir . the parish would be different ; but they don't give what he orders . Now , gentlemen , I have only to add tbat your description of an Eldersfield labourer ' s condition has been the cause of much laughter and general merriment since you had the foll y to publish it . Still anxious to arrive at tlie truth , I requested Curtis to send his wife to me on the
folloaving morning . She came , and her appearance bespoke her condition , and corroborated her husband ' s statement . However , resolved upon being satisfied , I repeated my questions to her , and she described her state and her family ' s state just as her husband and neighbours did . I asked her "if her husband was a drunken man , or if he wasted their substance ? " and she replied , " No , sir , far from it ; he is only too glad to have it for his famil y . "
Noav , gentlemen , I have rendered you the easy task of dealing with my assertions and Curtis ' s fabrications , and , in order to enable you to deal summarily with them , I repeat them . To my own knowledge the maximum Tate of wages with cyder is 9 s . per week ; that flour was 18 s . per bushel ; that I paid it to Mr Crews that week ; that Mr Richard Aston , my neighbour , paid the same price ; and that 1 had contracted with a Mr Barrett , miller , of Gloucester , for 32 / . a ton , or 41 . a sack , for flour during that week ; that I have his " note in my possession , and here allow me to explain what to you appears a conundrum— --how flour could be 18 s . a bushel , and 4 / . a sack . Now , a sack is five bushels , which at I 8 s . per bushel would
be 41 . 10 s ., leaving the retailer 10 s . profit upon the sack that cost Al . Now , surely there was no great difficulty in solving this riddle , especially as you are aivare that the quarter of a pound of sugar which the huckster sells for twopence , costs him little more than a penny ; so that in the case of flour the retailer has about twelve and a half per cent ., and in the case of sugar nearl y 50 per cent . How could you confess yourselves so ignorant as to require the solution of so understandable an assertion , such an every-day occurrence ? You say , " We do think he would have needed but little assistance if his wife was ill , as he was at work for you at 12 s . per week , and , as you felt so interested for him , you would have given him a part of his wages if he had asked for it . _*
It avas not my business to make a parade of my feelings for the man ; but as you hare indulged in this sympathetic figure , I beg to tell you that I gave him 4 s . of his wages and that 1 did give him a good suppl y of READYMADE SOUP to take home to his wife , although your dignity takes fire at the notion of dealing in such an article . Gentlemen , you do not appear to me to attach the proper meaning to simple terms . I
stated that the man had several miles to walk to and from his work , and you put the distance down at two miles and a half there , and two miles and a half back . Now , that implies a walk of five miles a day or thirty miles a week . It implies two hours' labour of walking each day , which increases the day ' s work to fourteen hours ; and although I would not say that the man who had travelled five miles b y the railroad bad travelled several miles , yet I do say that the _^ term " several miles" is well applied to the man who walks five miles a day to his work .
Now , gentlemen , I have looked the matter ] over , and I find that 1 have not made even a small mistake ; but , perhaps , if in you * calmer judgment you WILL LOOK THE MATTER OVER you will find that you bave , made more than a small mistake or two ; yo \ i will find that not two percent , of-the labo ' jrers of Eldersfield parish earn 10 s . a wee _'/ t throughout the year , while you have _averaged it at 1 / . 5 s . Gd . per week . How could vou be so silly ? how could ycu be so foolish V how could you be so inconsiderate , as to _^ nter into an unpro voked contest with me , wh _*_; n you must have been convinced that every one of your assertions were untenable , and ' merely made-for the purpose of saving _yourstlves / _i'om _ tliat disgrace which
To The Churchwardens, Overseers, And Gua...
you have artfull y distributed ; amongst the parishioners , but avhich solel y attaches to you as administrators of the laav ? Gentlemen , you must have felt mortified that none ofthe dail y papers published your letter , which , to . the Free Trade portion , would have been a Godsend . They did not publish it for this reason—because they felt convinced that the Lord had delivered you into niy hands , and they did not wish to participate in the exposure . When you quoted from my letter to Lord John Russell you should have
published the avhole letter , as I do yours , because in that letter , I have exonerated the farmers from every share in that blame avhieli properly attaches to the law and its administrators ; while , in your reply , you seek to bring me into collision with that class . I know but little of the farmers of the parish of Eldersfield , bat 1 will say of those residing in the parish where I live , that such men as Mr Joseph Stallard , Mr Charles Stokes , and Mr John Beach , are an honour to their country , an ornament to their class , and a credit to
society . Gentlemen , as to your sneers at 12 s . a week and cold water , I think that * you " will find that I should be a large gainer by giving Qs . a week and three gallons of sour cyder worth Is . 3 d . However , if you feel yourselves wronged , or in aught _isisrepresented , I am prepared to afford you every possible facility of proving your innocence and my misrepresentation , and , believe me , that nothing will g ive me greater pleasure than assisting at an inquiry which will enable
you to prove that the labourers of Eldersfield are supplied with three pecks of flour , five pounds of meat , three pounds of bacon , 2 s . 6 d . worth of groceries , Is . worth of fuel , Is . 6 d . for rent , and three shillings for clothing aveeklv- Having got so far I looked for the luxuries : for the ale , the spirits , or , indeed , the wine at least , on Sundays ; and , as you say , that , receiving 12 s . a week from me , Curtis could stand iu little need of parochial assistance , surely , from other sources , drawing 13 s . 6 d . more , he must have been in a most
enviable position . Gentlemen , I have forwarded a copy of this letter to the Gloucester Journal , and I have printed your letter to which this is an answer , at full length , and the only favour that I have to request at your hands is , that when next you do me the honour to address me you avill attach your proper names to the document . During my residence in your neighbourhood
you cannot say that I have joined in any cabal , or attempted to create any schism between the labourers and their employers ; but in the end , as we must be judged by the unerring standard of public opinion , if you again charge , me with falsehood or misTepresentation . j I will call a public meeting in that parish where Labour is so well remunerated , and where the Law is so humanel y administered , and by its verdict you and I must be judged .
Gentlemen , I have not provoked this contest , nor shall I shrink from any responsibility the result may impose upon me ; but , in the outset , allow me to warn you against the attempt to make the parishioners parties in the cause , as between you and me , and between us alone , the difference exists . I have the honour to remain , Gentlemen , Your obedient servant . Feargus O'Connor .
The Ram Of Derby. War To Extermination! ...
THE RAM OF DERBY . WAR TO EXTERMINATION ! UP , CHARTISTS , AND AT THEM ! TO THE MEN _oTtHE MIDLANDS . March ! March ! Serb ; and Nottingham , Why , my lads , don ' t you march forward in order ! March ! March 1 Leicester and Birmingham , And drive the base _Sloodies over the border , Fkiexiis of the Midlands , I was just about writing a letter of thanks and congratulation to the brave Chartists of Westminster , for having so gloriously rescued our cause , our principles , and our honour , from tbe snares of Faction ; but , as I understand that a vote of censure has been passed upon me by the METROPOLITAN
COMMITTEE for the part I took at tbe late Crown and Anchor Meeting , I shall reserve what I had intended to say till I am in possession of that vote . I defer any further notice of the subject , because I hold myself responsible to public opinion ; and because I may have unintentionally erred , and may consequently be deserving of censure . Having dismissed the subject foi the present , I now turn to the consideration of the most important subject just now to the Chartist body—I mean the treatment of our friend M'Grath , at Derby , by the Mayor of that town .
The conduct of the BASE , BRUTAL , AND BLOODY , was not only illegal , but unconstitutional . He had no right , as Returning Officer , to play the highwayman , and demand of M'Grath , "YOUR MONEY OR YOURL 1 BERTY . " He had no right to forbid the non-electors holding up their handshe had no right to make the payment of fees the condition of opening the poll . The blow thus aimed the _dou'ile blow a t the _ poor privileges of nonelectors and the right of electors , is a blow which , if not resented , would at once crush all hope of liberty . This is the signal of what we are to expect when we next meet the foe in the field . Just when a Minority-Minister is about to appeal to the country , his local coadjutor shows how in-door toleration is to be strengthened by out-door de .
spotism ; Is it not enough that your voices should be stifled , but must your bands _nqw be muffled ? Having starved you into submission , are they afraid to sec the blisters that overtoil bas raised ? Read Doyle ' s true and unadorned description of the BLOODY'S conduct , and ask yourselves then what you have to expect from "Whiggery ? Now , friends , my blood so boils at the recital , that I fear the value of my incarceration to the Whigs at the next contest , were I to give free expression to my feelings .
It is not a usual or a common act of tyranny that J has been committed , it is an atrocious act , for which there is no precedent ; and straightway , and without a moment ' s loss of time , a strong , an indignant , and unmistakeable remonstrance must be sent by the electors and non-electors of Derby to Mr Duneombe No time must be lost , as we must know the terms upon which the approaching battle is to be fought . Let ui have a clear and explicit definition of Whig constitutional liberty from the tools of the constituent body , in order that we may clearly understand our position , and , if the RAM OF DERBY' is rig ht in his constitutional law , " Death to the Liberty Slayers ! " " Death to the Base , Bloody , and Brutals ! " " Death to Whiggery ! " shall be ouj battle-crv and watcb-word at the next conflict .
This atrocious act will raise the pride of ir _^ ilted freemen from John O'Groats to the _Land's End . When our friends nobly step forward , as M'Grath nobly did , to declare our principles '<_ nd our views , arc we to abandon them in the _ho- . _n * of trial ? I _« o » v tell you _. in contradiction of the R . AM'S UNCONSTITUTIONAL DECISION , that . i ., c Whigling Goiter is not the member for _Dcrl > y and if the question was submittod to a _committee , lie must be unseated . I further tell you that the base official has reudcred himself amenable to the law , aud subject to a heavv
The Ram Of Derby. War To Extermination! ...
fine forhis violation of duty . Now , men of Derby , is your tfi pe- _^ _JEnglsnd looks to you—the enemy has given you a glorious opportunity of-testing * - the dying House of Whiggery upon the question " _ofConstitu-• tional Law . This blow _AvilV destroy all hope of Whiggery at the next general election . Our battlecry ' will be , ' DOWN WITH THE BASE ,. _BLOODY AND MU _$ L WJ _^ IGS !" " . Men of Derby , forward your petition at once ; sign it night and day ; state every . grievance , and send it to your constitutional adviser , our friend and champion , T . S . Duneombe . _^ v . Your faithful Friend , .: l ;;; ¦ ¦' * Feargus O'Connor .
¦' . ' ¦Ij^The Derby Election . Illegal ...
_¦' . ' ¦ _iJ _^ THE DERBY ELECTION . _ILLEGAL AND TYRANNICAL CONDUCT OP ; ' _ £ _*/ THE MAYOR , r rni , ' ' _$ ¦' - . DERBY , _WsDSBSBvir _Nionr . . The nomination of candidates to _represent this boroHgB ; in the place of Lord _Duneannon , ( now Ear ] Besbnr ' gugh ) _, , took place this morning . The only candidates were the Hon . Mi * _Goaver , the brother of Lord Qfenville , - . arid Mr M'Grath , President of the _Exe _^^ . tCommittee ! of the : National Charter Association . " " _* _- * " _*^ - ¦ ¦ * ¦ ¦ ¦ - •;¦ - _^ - ¦ _^¦ - ¦ ¦ _^^^ -On the opening ofthe court at 9 o ' clock , the room was speedily densely crowded .
Mr Goaver shortly afterwards entered , supported by Dr Bent , Mr J . Moss , Mr S . Barber , Mr Douglas Fox , Mr Thomas Madeley , Mr 11 . _Moaley , Mr J . E . Mouseley , Mr F . Jcssop , and Mr S . Fox . Mr M'Grath was attended by Mr Gorse , and a number of the most active of the Derby Chartists , and Mi Doyle , from London . The oaths having been administered , and the Bribery Act read , Mr Douglas Fox , in a _slobberins Whig speech , lamenting tlie death of Lord Besborough , and lickin" the " Cavendish family , " proposed Ihe lion . FreJerick Leveson Gower as a fit and proper person to represent the borough of Derby in the Commons Ilonsoof Parliament . Mr Madelev _, who talked a great deal of fudge about Whig reforms , seconded the nomination .
Mr Gohsk _, in rising to propose Mr M'Grath , was received with vehement cheers . He was , lie said , a Chartist , and Mr Douglas Fox , who proposed Mr Goaver , was a finality Whig . _( Cheera . ) He ( Mr Gorse ) had had enough of Whiggery . Mr Fox said Mr Gower avas a lawyer . Now , they wanted less Jaw and morejustice . ( Cheers . ) Mr " Fox said , that Toryism avas nearly done away with ; in his ( Mr Gorse ' s ) opinion Whiggery was upon its last legs . ( Cheers . ) Mr M'Grath , the candidate he avas about to propose , was a public man of unblemished private character , and well qualified to represent the avorking men ot England in Parliament . lie begged leave , therefore , to propose Mr M'Grath as a ( it and proper person to represent them in the Commons House of Parliament .
The nomination ol * Mr M'Grath waa seconded , says the reporter of the Times , by a Derby elector , whose name did hot transpire , lie was apparently a humble avorking man . The Hon . F . L . Goivek , who was received with clieera from the Whigs , said the firsfc claim ha put foravard to their favour was , that he was a friend to civil and religious liberty . He maintained that no man should be denied the exercise of any civil right on account of tlie opinions which he conscientiously holds , ilc considered it unjust to tax one man for thosupportof the religion of another . He was a member ofthe Church of England , but he was opposed to the oppressive and unjust tax imposed upon Dissenters , in the t ' orm ' of Church-rates . Ileadmitted
the grievance of the Irish Church , which avas not a national institution , but the Church of a small Protestant minority of the people , anl _avliose surplus revenues ought , in his opinion , to be applied for the education nnd benefit of all . Objecting as he did to taxation of the Irish Roman Catholics , he equally objected , on principle , to taxing Protestants for the endowment ot the Roman Catholic priesthood . With regard to the _important question of Free Trade , both reason and experience taught him that Free Trade was wise and politic , and that it would ultimately benefit those who were protected as well as those who were consumers—the people at large . Passing on to the question of __ shorter Parliaments , he expressed his decided opinion that the present term ol
seven years was too long ; and that the protection of the ballot ought to be conceded to the elector . His opinion on the question of the franchise avas , that the extension ofthe franchise should be coequal with the extension of education . He avould not deny that many persons were excluded from the franchise avhosc intelligence nnd position qualified them for it . He held that a certain amount of intelligence was necessary to qualify a man for the proper discharge of electoral duties ; and whilst he retained that opinion , by conceding Universal Suffrage under the present state of _things , he should be conferring a curse rather than a blessing . The g « vernment measure of education certainly did not go as far as ho could desire—but what was this much-abused
measure ? It was intended to aid voluntary efforts in dispelling ignorance and vice , and elevating the morals and intellects of the rising generation of the working-classes . It avas not designed to interfere with the religious instruction of Dissenters , avho would have an equal advantage with other sects , provided they subscribed their quota to meet the government grant . He did not say but that he might have preferred secular education , but a barrier to such a scheme would he erected by the religious public . The measure was framed in a spirit of religious equality , and it avas not just to say that he avas nothing better than a Tory , because he was favourable to it . Their opponents , the Tories , avere powerful , and if division prevailed in the Liberal ranks , tin-Tories avould profit by it .
Mr M'Grath , on coming forward , was received in the most enthusiastic manner , lie said Mr Mayor , Electors and non-Electors of Derby , —You are called upon this morning to exercise one of the most important functions that can devolve upon the denizens of a civiliscd state . The purpose of your assembling here to-day is to make your election of a competent individual to represent the interests of this borough in Parliament . Your character as friends of progress and promoters of your country ' s welfare is involved in the manner in avhich you discharge your duty this morning . ( Hear . ) The cun-equencesofyour procecdings here to-day will nut be confined to Derby , tliey are destined to ail ' ect , however remotely , nn empire which extends over a seventh of the globe's
surface , and avhich comprises a population or more than otic hundred millions of human beings . Gentlemen , these circumstances calmly considered will imbue your minds with the momentous responsibilities of the work you are about to perform . ( Hear . ) The duty of the candidates at this moeting isa disingenuous exposition of their principles ,-yours is the calm investigation of such principles , that the candidate- of your choice may be a aviso selection . ( Cheers . ) We live in an era which demands now principles of legislation . Whig and Tory politics are far in the rear of the spirit of the age , and the sooner they sink together into one com mon grave the better for the best interests ofthe human race . ( Cheers . ) Gontlemen , I am persuaded that tho man who aspires to the
honour of being a legislator , wbo is unprepared to j sail on with the current of popular improvement , should be at onco pronounced by the people wholly unfit for the office avhich he solicits . I trust , gentlemen , that the exposition oi' my political principles , which I shall presently I ' etj ' i it my duty to submit to your consideration , will evidence in me a solicitude to place my humble sb / _iulder to the wheel of Progression . ( Cheers . ) With much of what has been said by the proposer and sewndor of my _opponent in this contest , I fully agree ; at tho same time , from much of avhat _hsv _, been advanced , I in tola dissent . Mr Goaver ' s seconder has thought proper to pour his laudation profusely on the Whig plan of education . In doing so , however , he has slipped into a strange
solecism , be has arrived at his conclusion by a logical process , to my mind , wholly incomprehensible . He boldly _assures us that schools aro unnatural institutions ; und , in proof of his position , he calls our attention to the roaming American savage , who instructs his children without the aid of schools . Ilolikewise tells us that in his opinion Heaven ' s will is , that the parents should be the tutor of their offspring . This _^ htleman , however , inlhc same breath professes his unqualified admiration of tho Whig educational ¦ scheme ! In other words , according to his own showing , he magnanimously relinquishes the plan aDnroved by God and Nature , and tenaciously clings
to the unnatural project of the Whigs ! ( Loud cheers . ) To the education of tho peop le I attach paramount importance . I hold the fullest development of the national mind to be a primary duty el' a good government . The mind is the noblest part of man s organisation : it is susceptible of continuous improvement and expansion ; it can circumnavigate the extensive world of art and science ; it can explore the darkest caverns of earth , and there enrich itself with gems of rarest knoavledge ; it can soar aloft on the pinions of astronomy , survey tho immense realms of Nature , and calculate with tho nicest accuracy the celerity with which the hoavenly bodies swim tho oceanofspa . ee . Any _goyei'iinicflt . I say , neglecting
¦' . ' ¦Ij^The Derby Election . Illegal ...
to foster and strengthen this mighty _agenfrof human happiness _neglects-the moat important function that falls within its province . If , gentlemen , you wish to produce in aburidanee the fruit- * of morality , patriotism and philanthropy , the soil you roust cultivate is tho nations ! mind . ( Cheers . ) I an * opposed to government interference with the religious education of the people . Government can , _hovTcver , promote both religious and secular eduentien without vexatious intermeddling . There seems _to-me to be nothing inconsistent with sound principle in _oarliament appropriating every year a sum for educational purposes , in _whiolbthe whole community , without distinction of sect or party , may participate . Let every sect , in everyitoavn or village , appoint its own schoolmaster , who can teach its peculiar tenetsin
, addition to a sound * secular education , and-government aid be ren _e-, _* ed in proportion to the number of children educated * .. By this plan the double object of mundane and religious instruction may be secured ; government _aiding aad aisi-ting , without annoying interference . ( Cheers . ) Such a scheme of education shall have my _irearty concurrence and support . ( Lond cheers . ) _© entlcmen , ourattention has been directed to the great changes that have taken place within the last half century , and the credit of all good measures has been claimed exclusively for the Whigs . This is nn eimr avhich . 1 will very- speedily dispel . I hate alike Whiggery and Toryism _r-both are the enemies of national improvement , and will never yield but to intense popular ' _-pressure Mj » sincere aspiration is , that tbe day may Soon come avhen the
eternal requiem _oftheso two destructive faotions may be sung by the people of this country . But to the point at issue . Whieh were the tavo greatest measures of the past twenty-five years ? Catholic Emancipation and Free Trade . Who pushed Catholic Emancipation through the Legislature ? ' A Tory Cabinet , led by Wellington and Peel . Who gave us a greater measure o f Free Trade than was ever sought for by Cob-ten or Bright ? A Tory administration led by Sir R . Peel , and opposed with relentless pertinacity by the old Whig and Tory _rumns of the Church and Queen genus . ( Loudchcors . ) Thus , gentlemen , have 1 stripped the Whigs of a little of _thesewgaw frippery in which tliey were- dressed up for exhibiting before you this day . ( Cheers . ) ( Mr M'Grath here ran through the catalogue of Whig criminality , commenting on each malefaction
in a manner tbat elicited the most enthusiastic peals of applause from the great majority of the meeting J Mr _M'Graih next proceeded to the great question of the franchise , lie said : I do not think my honourable opponent has been sufficiently definite upon this vital , this all-engrossing topic . He professes his . readiness to make the elective right co-extensive with popular education . He should inform us what lie _msans by education ; the word means , according tomy acceptance of it , the educing of the powers of man ' s mental an d corporeal nature . If this be a correct definition , where is the working man avho is uneducated ? Tlie working men cannot boast an acquaintance witb the learned languages , neither are tbey deeply read in abstract science : indeed , we know that " There are bookful blockheads ignorantly read
, With lots of learned lumber in their head . " In the absence , however , of polished , attainments , the working men Df England have strong common sense , avhich constitutes tbe polar star that will enable thera to steer their course with safety through the stormy ocean of politics . { Loud cheers . ) I am for the extension of the franchise , and I will tell you in understandable language the length 1 am prepared to go , I will vote that every male Britifh subject of full age , of sound mind , and not suffering the penalty of crime , shall participate in the election of members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament . ( Loud and continued cheering . ) Mr M'Grath then entered upon a most conclusive litie of argument , demonstrative of the justice and necessity of the principles of tho People ' s Charter , which
_waslistcned to with the deepest attention . He adver ted next to the fallen condition of Ireland , and instanced several measures which he contended were necessary for its improvement . On the question as to tha mitigation ofthe criminal codo , Mr M'Grath said that his opponent was not sufficiently clear . Mr Goaver tells us that his mitigatory career shall be regulated by a "regard for the public safety . " This promise has a kindred affinity to his promise of the franchise to tbe people , when they are intelligent enough . Promises are the stock-in-trade avith which the Whigs have ever purchased popularity—but if the people on this occasion , after years of experience , are not , resolved to demand something more _sabstantial , they justly merit deeeptionas the penalty of their gullibility . ( Loud cheers . ) There are same who cling
to the sanguinary gibbet as an instrument of moral poaver ; there are some who , in the plenitude of their stupidity , deem the existence of the gallows necessary to awe human depravity into innocuousness . Let experience correct the errors of those timid persona who , in tho disuse of the horrible machine , see murder stalking unrestrained _throueh the land . Certain crimes have diminished with thedisuse of the hangman ' s vocation . I think , then , ave may safely conclude from analogy , that a similar result would attend its utter annihilation . ( Cheers . ) ( The Mayor here exclaimed : " But what says Holy Writ ?"] To which Mr M'Grath immediately said ' . 1 am asked by the Mayor , " What says Holy Writ ? " It says you must love and forgive your enemies , but 1 believe you do rot require my
attention to the parts of Holy Writ that breathe charity , but those that enjoin vengeance . You wish our attention to the passage that says , " Whoso she < _2-deth man ' s blood by man shall _uis blond be shed . ' I believe this to be one of the ancient ordinances set aside by the Christian dispensation . The Scriptaro _contains other ordinances that it would be neisher wise nor politic to enforce in the year 1 & 17 . It ava 3 an ancient Iaar that the Sabbath-breaker should be taken ' to the confines of the camp and stoned to death . ' Would the avorthy chief magistrate _justify such a horrible proceeding , on the ground that scriptural warranty could be produced in support of it ? ( Cheers . ) With this question there _should bo no paltering—no delay . Judicial murder 13 regularly committed by strangulation , in the _presense of collected thousands . Such _atrociousspectaclesde-ecrate
the sanctity of human life—vitiate the head , ami obdurate the keavt—and I from my inmost soul say Godspeed the efforts ofthe humane to-accomplish the speedy abolition of the horrific practice ol " launching criminals into eternity ! " ( Loud cheers . ) iVr M'Grath next took up the question of severing the Church from the State . He said , I have a _ _-aia to complain of Mr Goaver's ambiguL'ty and arant of precision . He says , ho avili vote for the abolition of " Church Rates , " ¦ but he says not a syllable about _*> Tithes . " Now , if Church rates are oppressive , tithes aro much more so . _Ileuce the same reason that would induce a right-minded man to vot * for the abolition of the rates , would act with double force in impelling him to struggle for the abolition of tithes . Mr M'Grath entered ably into this-subject ,
and evidently imbued tho assembly wit ) i > a sense of the truth and justice of the course h © said he avas resolved to pursue ia the event cf being returned . He concluded this topic by . 3 aying that the taking by the _Churca of pans , pots , saucepans , tea , sugar , soap , and eandle < for _cuer-oii-rates is a course which does not redound to tbo honour ofthe Establishment . _Thia , system of publio seizure mighi become the tyrant ci some oriental state , but it _harmonised very badly with the _chartviter of the _succsssors of the humble fishermen eS Galilee . ( Lpud elisors . ) I am in favour of the _isuuediate _sepavaiion ot * Church and State , thereby' unshackling
conscience , and _freeing from the manacles of human despotism the adoration of Almighty God . ( Cheers . ) I noav . gentlemen , leave the business of tab day in your hands . 1 wait with auxicty for yourselection . Your wretched countrymen and _avonien iu the Whig made bastiles look to yon for justice . Seven millions of English call aloud to- you this day for justice . Gentlemen , I implore > qu concede theiv prayer . Yon can do your share in the good work , and then y . ou can walk proudly from this place _wiljh the pleasing consciousness ot * having discharged your duty to yourselves , your country , and your-God . ( Immense _cheerinsi . ) We take tho following account from the Times : —
The * Mayor , before putting the nomination to a show of hands , observed , that no person had a right to be present unless he waa aa elector ; he therefore hoped that , now they were going to the vote , none but electors would hold up their hands . Mr M'Gbatu was about to _mufcesome observation , but the Mayor refused to hear him . Tlie Matob then put the names of the two candidates to the vote , and declared thu majority to ba in favour of Mr Gower . Mr M'Grath and Mr Gobse protested against th ? decision . The MAvon . —Do you demand a poll ? Mr _M'Giiath . —I do . '
'Ihe Akron — Let me have your raonev _, then . ( Cheers und disapprobation . ) Tarn entit l ed in fees for your share to tho amount of £ ' 23 103 . ; let me have yonr money beforo _n-o proceed . Mi * M'Grath and his friends looked extremely downcast , asd were evidently not prepared for this " untoward event . " ,. , The MAMB .-WM you pay me the fees to which I am entitled ? 1 want £ 23 . 10 * . __ __ . ' Mv _M'Gsath nnd his ' friend- } intimated-that
¦' . ' ¦Ij^The Derby Election . Illegal ...
j s e _^ hou , d not , or were not prepared / ( Great con-Tbe MAron .-inasmuch as Mr M'Grath has not _otftred 0 pay fce 3 and expenses , I declare that no poll has been demanded , and that the Honourable Frederick Leveson Goaver is duly returned as member tor this borough . ( Greatcon ' - fu . s _.-on _* . _) The Honourable Mr _Goweu returned ' thanks ; and a me ot than its , amidst considerable disorder , ' having been voted to the Mayor , the court broke ap . In addition to the fees of £ 23 10 a ., the half of the _¦* election expenses in booths would have amounted to £ 150 more .
We have been supplied by our own correspondent ; with the following account of these extraordinary _¦* ,. ' _" . proceedings : — » ' . _, '" ' ¦'¦ _^ When the tremendous applause which greeted th e > termination of Mr M ' . Grath's truly ! , , eloquent and powerful speech had subsided , the Mayor rose , as we thought , _n-ith the intention of putting each candidate to the meeting for approval or disapproval , but aa _* e were doomed to disappointment . Never , in our _K _/ . lives , did we either hear or read snch a declaration as _^ that _made by "his worship , " ere ha took the show of - V N hands , lie said that no manprescnt should raise his * _^ _k
hand in flavour of cither candidates , unless he waa ; an eleotor of the borough , w e believe such a course j to be unprecedented in tho annals of previous elections , as at is certainly grossly unconstitutional . The ' j Mayor then called upon such of the electors as wero favourable to Mr Goaver to hold up their hands , when 1 about fifty out of an assemblage comprising fourteea hundred persons , avere raised in favour of this preciousscion of the houseof Cavendish . He next called for a show of hands for Mr M'Grath , when there waa an overwhelming majority in that gentleman ' s ) favour .
Upon the Mayor seeing this manifestation of popular strength in support of just _principles , he cried out , " Let none but electors hold up their hands : noneleetois . put down yours , " und , that the despotic mandate should be earned into effect , policemen were stationed ' . - ; in _diff-ivnt parts ofthe Hall , several of whom absolutely put their hands to the uplifted arms of many individuals , and forced down their hands . This _illenal mode of procedure , together with / the Mayor ' s _fiirHier annduncemerit r that persons , not being electors , ' were liable to imprisonment if they voted , had the effect of intimidating a considerable number of individuals , who had held their hands up at first ; but- even then there was a clear majority of at least two to one ; and yet , to our utter astonishment , this local niib-b declared there was a majority of electors in favour of Mr Gower !
Mr M'Grath immediately rose and _protected against the decision of" his worship , " up » n which the latter hnsti / y rose up from the seat of justice lie had desecrated by his mendacious dicHon , and poured a torrent of vulgar and brutal abu * e upon the former , and in the ciurse of his Billingsjate effusion said , — " If you doti ' r , _def-ist sneaking ' I shall bo under the necessity of _takiuu ' notice of vou , " meaning thereby , that he would hand Mr M Gratli over to the " tender mercies" ofthe gentlemen bedecked in blue . " You have said a git at deal that was beside the purpose , much that avas unconstitutional , and many things that the Jaw of the land
would not permit ; " adding , — " a great deal of what you said was rubbish , " During this time the vast majority of the moeting did not tail to exhibit their heartv disapprobation of the unfair course pursued by "liis worshipful" the Mayor , whereupon he ordered the police force " , to take any person into custody who would dare , to make a noise , and added , " If 1 have not enough of fo rce present , I can very soon get it . " However , this threat had not the effect desired , for when a vote of thanks avas put ; by Mr Goaver , the opposing candidate , for the impartial conduct of his Mayorship , there avere only a few who responded to it ; \ ahile a forest of hands avere held up against it .
We have only time to add , as we are in haste for post , that the general opinion ofthe inhabitants of the toavn , whether for or against our principles , is that the conduct of the Mayor was partial in the extreme , and many of the toavn councillors who were present at the meeting , distinctly declare that the Chartist candidate had the show of hands .
Great Meetikg Op Electors And N02jelecto...
GREAT MEETIKG OP ELECTORS AND N 02 JELECTORS AT HALIFAX . The _Odd-felloiv _.- , ' Hall avas croavdeil on Mnu . iay night last , for the purpose of t _. akin _^ thc sense ol' the electors ami non-olectors as to the _prineiples avhieli should i _* uide them at tbe approaching election . Mr _Warrington avas called to the ctuiir , and a resolution avas c _.-ti riud unani . mously , declaratory that a candidate shouH have tbe upproval of the non-electors as avell as the _voti-s of the electors . Mr Ernest Jones avas then _proposed as a fitting candidate tu represent this borough , and that a nqiiisition Bbould be _signtd by ihe chairman , riquestin _*; him to become so . This resoluaion avas cavrieil wiih p _* reat enthusiasm , only two bands being held up against it out of the vast assemblage . The requisition was accordingly prepared , and the meeting separated highly ih lighted aviih die triumph an * ticipated over the monopolising Whigs .
To The Chartists Of Ti1e United Kingdom....
TO THE CHARTISTS OF TI 1 E UNITED KINGDOM . BnoinEK Democrats , A General Election is at hand ; wc must endeavour , by all the legal means avithin our power , to secure the return of a few _sterling patriots io the next parliament , who will aid our own Duneombe in making the popular voice heard in the House of Commons . To effect this desirable object , it is _necr-ssary to raise funds wherewith to pay the expenses liltdy to be incurred . Nottingham haviiii been selected as one borough for trying the experiment , avill brim * foravard a candidate , take him to the poll , and , if possible , return liim , in tbe person of ti / C _avwJ > ii )> r man ' s friend and the oppressor ' s foe , Feargus O'Connor , Esq . We call upon you to rally around us , and fotavard your subscriptions at once , in postage stamps or post-office orders , every farthing of avliich shall be duly accounted for in my balance sheet . Onward and we con ( _ uer ! Iremain , yours truly . James SavEET .
To The Members Op The National Land Com ...
TO THE MEMBERS OP THE NATIONAL LAND COM PAN 1 ' . Emends , --- You must , no doubt , have observed my route announced in the Northern Stwr for the purpose of agitating the important interests ot your Society . I now proceed , in accordance with the usual practice of lecturers , to give a brief summary of my prucceding _& lra-ving it to the local secretaries to send a mora enlarged report , should they think proper to do so . 1 attended at Winlaton and North ShieMs _. where excellent branches we ' re formed . Winlaton has been lon » tamed for _hs _ijood and true- men , but the opmiing effected in North Shields is something unex-• _oected , new and _clieerinii . I also made a promisingt _* i _> iumencemer , t at Windy Nook and _Wreek-iigtoii , although the holidays were certainly a drawback . I left the Newcastle branch in a most flourishing conditionand only felt sorry in consequence of the large
, influx of new members , that the avhole stock'of rules liad been appropriated , so that 1 eould not take one copy into the neav district of the Wear . 1 proceeded to Shine . t Row , whore I addressed a goodly meeting : the result of which will be developed in time . At _Easingt-an Lane I found an activo co-operator in the person of Mr John Hunte . _* .. We had a spirited meeting , attended by some of She principal inhabitants . *; at the conclusion of avhich severnl new _niembersannounced themselves . . ! walked on to _Thorniey , and bad to regret missing many populous places , in avhieli considerable good might have been done . We hrjd a capital meeting at this colliery , composed _ckietly of miners . 1 opened the branch avith eleven aames—all of whom-made their appearance at tho society ' s meeting in a chapel on Saturday folloaving , to elect olUeers , pay coiilribul ' _wns , and _regularly
proceed to business . On tho 3 rd of June I visited Cassop , avhere wc had a most excellent meeting , the schoolmaster of the place _aincialiiiK as chairman . Some of iho overmen were present , and expresed their approbation of tho plan . I enrolled seven members as a start . In Tliwiiley and _ti'issop we are likely to havo a very considerable influx of members . The colliers merely wiint to understand the plan to take it up with their _ciat-acteristis enthusiasm . From Thprnlcy 1 walked on to Durham , and from thence , on Monday , June 7 th , I marched on through as a delightful . country ( the crop looking magnificent ) far as _Bishop Auckland . No arrangement had been made here for a meeting , but 1 made arrangements for one at a future date , when , 1 hope , the carpet weavers will come out and assist me .
On JuneSth I had a line meeting in Old Shildon . Many took the rules , _announcing their intention to join and pay their sub _3 cri _ stion _ _at the first numbers meeting . ¦ " . 7 . I will hold a meeting to night , June 9 th , in _Darlington . , r > 1 „ lavish some one atlteilear , Hartlepool , D" _**' nm _Chestcr-le-street _, and Birtley , _would _cominiin . c . ito wiih me assoon as possible at the 1 _ost-otuw , - ¦ .-... _ton-on-Tees to whioh p lace they can direct their etteis Any locality desirous of my services near i 0 Se _Toavns 1 nwi through . , as announced in my \ V lilUSV m . V " 1 _IW .- _— - — , 111 ¦ to
_„«„ -. > , viil hive their request attendetl . ' t Ca _'VSbmn ' h will be « ood enough to make _arrai-cmenta l _* , _a * me in ami around their town ami district the route to begin on Monday , June 2-bui . I feel much pleasure in announcing the existence ot a sound and Iriendly feeling towards the cause ' wherever I have been—an anxious desire to become acquainted with the principles of the society , and an honest , earnest enthusiasm for its prosperity and advancement . It will be my duty to _& im prove this favourable state of locf . _Uties which 1 havo visited testimony to my sincere exertions . 1 remain ,, friends ,. 10 eiiuiaviiur iir
Emu-Avour - Things, Jindjg^Jvgst Wtll^( ...
_emU-avour - things , _jindjg _^ _jvgst _wtll _^( 6 _cU _^ 0 o __^_ , j * \& _pd _> . _ti _^ faithfl j _^ _fM _' # : . i _- _ij ; » _- _lings . _^ _WTON . 'N .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 19, 1847, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_19061847/page/1/
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