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Northern Star (1837-1852), 20th September 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 6

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    • SferfraUare auto lurtinittare*
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      " ' Cheers Congratulated That Vast The Y...

      THE _ynpTtncnw star . a- "" " ' _^ - " _iiiiMBiifttM-iiw—mi mill ¦ i i ui ™ ii ii' _ifirrrtn- i ¦ ¦¦ ' - _¦¦*"'•"' """'" _¦» i _iiwrtn _—^——

      Sferfrauare Auto Lurtinittare*

      SferfraUare auto _lurtinittare *

      Field-Garden Operations. For Tlte Ti'ici...

      FIELD-GARDEN _OPERATIONS . For tlte _Ti ' ici commencing Monday , Sept . _2-5 lh , 1 S 43 . 1 Extracted _fromaDwnx of Actual Operations on five _smaliV-ini _:- « n the estates ofthe late -Mrs . D . Gilbert , near _EpxhuuiT-e , in Sussex ; and on several model farms _t-ii iho estates ol the Earl of Dartmouth at _Slaithwaitt _* _. in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Faraley Tyas , near Huddersfieid , in order to guide other possessors of fold gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres _e-ic-ii , conducted by G . Gruttenden and John Harris . "Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : oik . - worked by Jc _« c Piper , thc other by John Dmnure "—she former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaiie . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports v . iiI enable thc curious reader to compare the climate . --. r . d _-ip-icultural value of the south -with the north <> f England . Thc _Diaut is aided by " Notes and _Olswrvations" from thc pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the timo and season , which we subjoin .

      " The _-nisesl mm—the greatest philosophers—after in vain _si-t-kins for happiness in every variety of pursuit , Lave fvuv . il it in lhe cultivation of the ground . " Note . — Tie . _* chool farms are cultivated by toys , w 1 i in _r-: _lt > r . ) for three hours' teaching in the morning give tir- - • hours of tlieir labour in tlie afternoon for tlte muster ' s benefit , which renders tlie schools _selt-Suri-osTi . _^ - . ; . lie believe tliat at Faridy Tyas _sixsevcniLi of the _produce of tlie _scliool farm _tvill be _assifai -1 -j the l _< oys , and one-sevcntli to tlic master , who will _r-sciif-: the usual sclwol fees , help tke boys to _cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , _ctv ., to convert tlieir produce into " bacon , _t-y _Attending to pig-keeping , _ivhich at Christsnas a .- " ? - / be divided , after paying rent and levy , amon >? i - } , aii in proportion to their services , and bemaJiljs indirectly toreacli their parents in a way the _sevst - _'raicful to their feelings . " ]

      SUSSEX . Moxn . _iT—TTiliingdon Sdiool . Boys cai _* rying out liquid _uinaaie fur tares , and making dung heap . Eastdean _.-Ss-Avo ? . Twelve boys digging up potatoes , _gathering ilie haulm , and clearing the ground . Tipcr . i Jigging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , thrashing wheat , carrying dung . 'EvESSAr— ' ilWinydon School . Boys cleaning clover ley for v . heat . Eastdean School . Boys digging groua _* : _A-r wheat , digging up wheat stubble for rye . iV . fr . Preparing dung mixen . Dumbrell . Sowing _iiubhle , digging up oats stubble for rye . _"Wedxesiut— "Willingdon School . Boys cleaning clover ivy for -wheat . Eastdean School . Carrying tha contents of the tanks and privy tubs to the

      wheat stubble . 1 _'iper . Preparing dung heap . Dum-Irdi . . Mowing stubble , digging . _TEunsUii—iVillingdon School . Boys cleaning clover ley fo ? wheat . Eastdean School . Di gging np potatoes , _ele-1 healing up for winter , picking weeds from f _I * .- 3 mangel wurzei . Tiper . Digging potatoes . _Dnm > jx ' J . Winnowing wheat , rakiug stubble . _ITbibat—iViUingdon Sdiool . Boys hoeing white turnips _i-.-jivn after oats . * Eastdean School . Boys sowi _' _- g rye for green food , mowing stubble , and -maiKiru ! _i- - 1 ' jpcr . Digging up potatoes . Xfumbrcll Digging up wheat stubble for rye . _SATUsnAY—Yiillingdon School . Boys sowing rye , and dressing the ground . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the : > rivy pails , and cleaning the school room . _J'ij-er . At- indoor work , the weather being wet . _Duiii j ~ d ' . Digging .

      _COW-fEEWXG . Willmg _:-o 7 i School . Cows living on clover and white _tuviilpi , with chaff . DufRvnWs . One cow grazed in the day , stall-fed morn and even with mangel wurzei leave . Ono cow aad fechi-r stnii-fed with tares till Friday , the _re-SEiinuei _' ef the week staked out on young clover , and feu morn and even with tares . Tv itz . v ; Sowccc Moxra . —Prepare for wheat sowing . Change your seeds if possible , and bring them from a-poorer , colder soil . Let them be free from smut , sua seed ? , and weeds . Also remember , that like _pi-adr . ce of wheat sown in spring acquires the habit of ripening earlier . If , therefore , you iigw select yen ? wheat for spring sowing , let it be thc produce ci' that which was before sown in spring .

      Picst . t _, inn Wheat . —There is none perhaps better than tliis : —Dissolve common salt in mine , in a good large _tctsc-1 , _xiil the solution is strong enough to cany an egg- upon its surface . Then take a hand basket paniy iil ' ed with wheat , which plunge beneath the Hid-: ? , and stir the wheat for ten minutes , not more , the bad _soeds will rise to thc top , and may be skimmed eif , "Withdraw the basket , and let the fluid drain , back again into the vessel , _2-Jix the steeped seed with lime to make it part , or what , perhaps wsaiU be batter , with gypsum , which v _, -i ! l not _espcl the amiuonia from the urine . Sow immediately nml harrow in , or spread it evenly on a boarded lloor , or its-riiaiity may be destroyed .

      _PnE-c-u-rioss cr _Sovosg _WnEir . —Sow fust your clover icy , or rye , or tare stubble ground . Always Jet your _ground he fresh . Turn it over in the morning , aud sou' in the afternoon , but never in wet weather . Thc trite remark of tha geod old _poetfanae _* . * . " Who sowclii in raia J £ -ith weed for hispsia , " will he fwini ! _£ cncra 3 jjti _* ue . _'i'lerfm-iisowin gaftei ' potatoes or turnips will come latest , io allow time for these _i-rovs io became matured . But again the advice < : : ' _Tnsser is sound : — "Jfv- -- .-atlr . -i- will suffer , this counsel I give , lc : rc- oil soivimr wheat before Hallowmas ev : _v"f ii thc _ru-ith cf England this can rarely tc _accomplis ' ieo , especially after a late Lsrvest . But let not a mement be lest in preparing ihe ground and sowing wheat , not on tare or ether sta ' _sbies alone , but after your rocs crops generally .

      _Bunuxo Wheat . —Brill all yon can , for there arc few soils where ihe drill cannot be easily employed . There arc two modes of drilling ; the lirst by using a hand drill , like John Dumbrcll , which opens fhe drill , and puts the seed in at the same time ; and like him you may invent , and make such a drill , for jour ensuing -winter evening ' s amusement , the second mode is to upon the drills with a hoe , at sk inches distance from each other , and two and a-half inches deep , while a boy comes after aud drops the seed , walking in the drill line in going back , after whicli a harrow is drawn over it at night . About live or six bushels of mouldy manure per red is put Tjpon Hit ) seed . __ To estimate manure by the bushel , if it n > i = e a smile , may remind us of China , where they kaow its value , and sell it by thc pint .

      _DmnuxG Wheat . —Dibble , also , all you can ; it employs poor neighbours ., and their children , and it is Leiit-vcd that the ? arms in seed is nearly equal to thc additional expense . It is becoming common to do so , even on large farms . The present practice is to plate * the seeds at a distance of six inches everv way from each other , and two or two and a-half inches in depth . They _tilleramasingly , and the ears and grain acquire greaier b : dh . Ii jias liecn calculated _saatau imperial bushel of new redwhe-at , which _wcighc'd _tSl & s ., contained CS _5 . _J _43 frrai > : s , a quantity _sufiicje-nt to plant on this principle , 2 S . _-s . Ir . lp . of land , being alter the rate cf one peek aud _uinc-sixtcentlis oi a pint per acre .

      _Tjiii Potato Disease . — The _Dussefdc-rif Gazette State UiAl a fanner Jiving on one of the estates of the Dahe d'Aremberg , near _Dussehlorf , has _disccvered a mode of preventing the rotting cf potatoes , and _cvc : _i of caring it when it has already commenced . Thc _tallied is very simple ; it consists in merely _han-ewh _:- deeply the earth ia which the tubercles arciilsutc-t _* _, sons lo produce an evaporation , which will S : n « nsa the fermentation caused hy humidity This } -Ian Las proved completely successful .

      The Pbukhtles Of Artificial Xaxuhi£&. (B...

      THE _PBUKHTLES OF ARTIFICIAL xaxuhi £ & . ( bt rnoFESsoa uejiig . ) If v , ecomparotheesperier . ee of farmers regarding thc fertility of the soil and tlie quantity of its productions , we are surprised by a result which surpasses all others in _general application and uniformity . It-Las been observed that in every part ofthe globe where agriculture is carried on , in all varieties of soil , sud will ) lhe most tlifi ' erent plants and modes of cultivation , the produce of a field on which the same or ( _iiiT-rest plants Jiave boon cultivated during a certain number cf years , decreases more or less in quantity , cad that It-again obtains its fertility by a supply of excrements of man and animals , which generally arc called manure ; the produce of tha fields can be increased hy iho same matter . ? , aud tbat the quantity ofthe crop is in direct proportion to thc quantity of ¦ ( he manure .

      traded by experience , which is lhe fundamental basis . u all inductive science , and which leaches ns that for every effect there is a cause—that every quality , as , for instance , the fertility of a field , tho nourishing ouaiity of a _TC _^ etabic , cr the effect oi a manure , is intimately connected with and occasioned _Lysomc-thin-j which can bc ascertained by weight and measure ; modern science has succeeded in enlightening us on . the cause cf thc fertility of the fields and on the effects which , arc exercised on thesi by mnnu _><> .

      Chemistry has shown that these properties are produced by the composition of thc iields ; that their fitness for _pi-cdncing wheat or any other kind of plant bears a direct proportion to certain elements containc . l in lhe soil , whieh are absorbed by the plants Ithas likewise shown that two fields , of _nncoual fer-

      The Pbukhtles Of Artificial Xaxuhi£&. (B...

      tility , contain unequal qualities of these elements ; or that a fertile soil contains them in a different form or state from another , which is lcs 3 fertile . If the elements are contained in thc soil in sufficient cpianti ties , it produces a rich crop ; if it be defective even in one of them only , this is shown very soon , by the impossibility of growing on it certain kinds of plants . Moreover , it has proved with certainty what relations these elements of the soil bear to the _devolopement of thc plants . Chemical analysis has demonstrated that a certain class of these elements is contained in the seeds ; others , in different proportions , in thc leaves , roots , tubers , stalks . They are mineral substances , and , as such , are indestructible by fire , and consequently remain as ashe 3 after the incineration of thc plants or of tlieir parts . Many of these plants are soluble in pure water , others only in water containing _earbonic acid , as rain water ; all were absorbed from the soil by the roots of the plants in a dissolved condition . It has been shown that if

      in a field those , cIements which remain after tho incineration ofthe grain , or seeds , are not present in a sufficient o uantity , no wheat , no barley , no peas—in a word , none of those plants can be cultivated on that field which arc grown on account of their seeds . The plants which grow on such a field produce stalks and leaves ; they blossom , hut do not hear fruit . The same has been observed regarding the development of leaves , roots , and tubere , and the mineral elements which they leave behind after their incineration . If , in a soil in whicli turnips or potatoes are to be cultivated , thc elements ofthe ashes of these roots are wanting , the plants bring forth leaves , stalks ,

      blossoms , and seeds , but the roots and tubercles ave imperfect . Every one ofthe elements which the soil gives up to the plants is in adirect quantitative proportion to the production ofthe separate elements of the plants . Two fields which , under otherwise equal circumstances , are unequally rich in mineral elements of thegrain , produce unequal crops . One containing them in larger quantity produces more than another containing them in less " . In the same manner , thc capacity of a soil to produce tuberculous plants , or such as have many leaves , depends upon its amount of those elements which are found in the ashes of such plants .

      It results from this with certainty , that the mineral substances which are furnished by the soil , and which are found again in the ashes of the plants , are their true food ; that they are the conditions of vegetable life . It is evident , that from a field in which different plants arc cultivated , wc remove with the crop a certain quantity of these elements ; in the seeds those mineral parts which the soil had to provide for their developement , and in the roots , tubercles , stalks and leaves , those elements which are necessary for their production . According to the unequal quantity in which the mineral elements of grain , tuberelcs , " roots , seeds , and leaves are contained in a soil , or according to thc proportions in which they have been removed in tlic

      crop , the iand may haveceased to be fertile for roots and tubercles , bui it may yet produce good crops of wheat . Another may not produce wheat , but potatoes and turnips may thrive well in it . The mineral substances contained in a fertile soil and serving as food to _tltt plants , are taken up by them with the water , in which they are soluble . In a fertile field they are contained in a state which allows cf their beiog absorbed by thc plant and taken up by the roots . There are fields which are rich in these elements , without _l > eing fertile in an equal proportion ; ill the latter case they are united with other elements into chemical compounds which counteract thc dissolving power of water . By thc contemporaneous action of water and air—of thc oxygen and carbonic acid of the atmosphere—these compounds are decomposed , and

      those of their constituent elements , which arc soluble in water , bat which had been insoluble by the chemical afiiuity of other mineral substances , rc-obtain thc property of being absorbed by thc roots of the plants . The duration of the fertility of a field depends on tlie amount ofthe mineral aliments of plants contained in it , and its productive power for a given time being in a direct proportion to that part _ofits composition which possesses the capacity of being taken up by the plant . A number of the most important agricidtural operations , especially the mechanical , exercise an influence on the fertility of the fields only thus far , that they remove the impediments wliich are opposed to ihe assimilation of thc mineral food into the vegetable organism . By ploughing , for instance , the surface of thc fields is made accessible to

      an * and moisture , lne nutritious elements contained in the soil in a latent state , acquire by these operations the properties necessary for their transmission into the plants . It is easy to conceive the useful influence which in this respect is exercised on tiie nroduec ofthe fields by thc care and industry of the former . But all these labours and efforts do not increase the amount of mineral elements in thc field ; in rendering soluble in a given time a larger quantity of the insoluble substances , and obtaining by these mean 3 a richer crop , the time is merely hastened in which the soil becomes exhausted . The fabrication of a manure equal in its _coiiipo 3 _iton and effects to thc solid and fluid excrement s of animals and men , seems to me one of thc most essential

      demands of our tunc—mere especially for a country like England , in which , from various circumstances , a rational agriculture without supply cf manure , in some shape or other , from _without , seems nearly impossible . Our reasoning will appear the more correct if we remember how different aro thc results which have been obtained hy thc numerous analyses of thc different sorts of guano—bow little tho farmer can depend upon producing from a given quantity a certain effect , as tho latter naturally varies _aceordin-jto ihe composition of the former . There are scarcely any two samples in the market with the same composition—nay , not even similar . The following salts may lie regarded as the essential constituents of a powerful manure applicable to all descriptions cf

      soil : — Earthy Phosphates . —The most important of these is phosphate of lime , whicli occurs in nature as a mineral called apatite . It is the principal component in bones , whieh , it may be observed , have been found most efficacious if calcined , consequently deprived of their animal matter . Tlie rapidity of the effects ofphosphatcofiinieonthc growth of plants depends upon its greater or lesser solubility . Its amount of glue ( gelatine ) diminishes this solubility if the soil is rich in vegetable matters , which furnish carbonicacid by their decomposition , and which aeid is required for _ver . Cerir _. g the phosphate oi'lime soluble in water , and introducing it into the organism ofthe plants . In the calcined state the bor . e 3 act suiHcicntly quickly ; but in those soils in which this cause of

      solubility is wanting their action is slower . Iu my work 1 had recommended the addition of a certaiu quantity of sulphuric acid , both in Older to render tilC bones more soluble , and to change the neutral phosphate of the bones into gypsum , and into a phosphate which contains more aeid—super phosphate of lime . I have been informed that this advice has _bsen most extensively adopted , that the super-phosphate of lime has been found to bc a most efficacious m . mui'e , and that it forms already amostimportant article of commerce . A second earthy phosphate , not less important , is the phosphate of magnesia , which it is well known enters in a still larger proportion than the phosphate of lime into thc composition of the grain . The Alkaline Phosphates , although not orisiiiallv found " m nature , arc important elements of this seeds

      of grain , of peas , beans , ore . A rational farmer must provide them in _sufficjent quantities to these plants which require them for their development , from knowing mat human excrements increase the produce of grain in a far greater proportion , because tlicy contain alkaline phosphate ? , than tho animal excrements , in which they do not exist . The Alkalies—potash and soda—must bc constituents of every rationally composed manure , because , by them the original fertile condition of the fields i 3 preserved . A soil which contains thc alkalies in too small A quantity is , perhaps , ferule for grain ; but is r . ot necessarily so for turnips or potatoes , which require a great quantity of alkali . By supplying an alkaline manure , fallows , or the cultivation of those plants which arc grown during the time of _falloffillS , become less nccccEai'y .

      Sulphate of Pot ash is a constituent of all plants , although in small quantity , as well as common salt and chloride of potassium , which are found in milk in rather a large proportion . The salts of lime , especially gypsum , arc important nourishment for the leguminous plants . Silica is never wanting in all sorts of soils —it is a constituent of all rocks , by the decomposition of which all productive soils are formed , and the _ccrealia find it everywhere in stiilicient quantity , and in a form capa _' ule of being taken up by thc plants , if the alkalies arc provided wherever they are present in too small quantity . . Salts of Ammonia . —It may he regarded ascertain that the nitrogen ofthe plants is derived either from the ammonia of the atmosphere or from the manure which is provided in the shape of animal fluid and solid _exerements , and that nitrogenous compounds

      exercise an effect on the growth ot plants , only in so far as they give up their nitrogen in the form of ammonia during their decomposition and decay . "We may , therefore , profitably replace all thc nitrogenous substances with compounds of ammonia . Decaying vegetable matters , which contain carbon , arc useful to the fields , in so far as they provide a source of carbonic acid ; but they arc quite dispensable in manure , if it be rationally combined , as the atmospheric air is an inexhaustible source of carbonic acid , from which the plants derive their carbon—i . e ., it m the manure , the mineral substances arc provided which aro neccssarv for the assimilation ofthe

      carbonic aeid . These arc thc substances which together give fertility to the soil ; bnt , although each of them may , under certain circumstances—viz ., where the soil is defective , or where it is not indifferent to the plant to take up cne instead ofthe other , as , for instance , may be the case with sodainstead of potash , —increase the fertility , r . o one of them can be regarded as manure , according to the common meaning of the word , for the simple reason , that only all of them , in certain proportions , will fulfil the purpose for which the common manure is applied . This purpose is the restoration , or an increase of thc original fertility , and by manure we must replace all the constituents of the plants which have been taken away

      The Pbukhtles Of Artificial Xaxuhi£&. (B...

      in the harvest , or whicli are contained in tho plants which we are desirous to cultivate . "What , then , are the constituents ofthe soil which we remove by the straw , seeds , tuberculous roots , stalks , Ac , of our plants of culture ? It is obvious that we must know these first , in order to restore tlicm in sufficient quantities . To this we answer , by giving the analysis of the ashes of plants and their seeds . Hundred weights of the ashes of the following plants contain— Straw of Ashes of Beans . Teas . Potatos . Clover . Hay . Alkaline Carbonates .. 22 . 38 12 . 43 _l _.-Sl 31 . G 3 8-0 Carbonate of Lime .. .. 89 . 50 47 . S _1 43 . GS 41 . 01 C . 9 Phosphate of Lime .. .. G . 43 5 . 15 5 . 73 1 . 180 40 . 8 Phosphate of Magnesia C . CG 4 . 37 7 . 82 0 . 91 .. » Sulphate of Potash or „ „ . Soda .. .. 12 . 40 10 . 15 .. 2 . 23 8 . S 4

      Magnesia .. .. .. 218 Chloride or Sodium or Potassium .. 0 . 2 S 4 . C 3 2 . 8 2 . 27 1 . 2 / Phosphate of Iron \ - _9-Phosphate of Alumina ] " " " " l "' In these analyss csilica is not taken into account , as it is found in all soils , aud need not be supplied . One hundred weight of the ashes of potatoes , and the seeds ofthe following plants , contain—Potatoes . Wheat . Beans ( Vicia faha ) Alkaline Phosphates .. 15 . 77 52 . 9 S C 8 . 59 Phosphate of Lime aud Magnesia .. 9 . 00 33 . 02 28 . 4 G Phosphate of Iron .. 0 . 20 0 . 67 0 . 00 Sulphate of Potash .. 15 . 07 0 . 08 184 Carl * , of Potash and Soda .. .. 51 . 70 o . OO 0 . 00

      What is wanting in thc 100 ofthe above analysis is sand , coal , or loss . From these researches it appears , that for stalks and leaves we require other elements than fur seeds . Tho former contain no alkaline phosphates , but they require for tlieir development and growth a rich supply of alkaline carbonates and sulphates . On thc other hand , the carbonates are entirely wanting in thc seeds , which , however , are very rich in phosphates . It is sufficiently obvious that a rational farmer must supply both , as well as all the others . If he supplies only phosphates , and docs not restore the alkaline carbonates , his soil will

      become gradually barren—it will bc exhausted in those necessary elements for the development of stalks and seeds , without which no formation of seed can be expected . If ho supplies the alkalies , lime , and suiphates alono , in a given time he will get no more grain . All constituents of thc manure , if they are supplied alone , have this great defect , that by them the « oil is impoverished in other equally important substances . No one of itself can maintain the fertility . Keeping this in view , wc may easily judge ofthe comparative . valuo of artificial and natural manures , and all the various arcana ivhich have been praised as panaceas for exhausted soils .

      It is not less easy to understand why the farmers have such different opinions on the relative value of the constituents of manures—why one , whoso fawn is licit in phosphates , produces au uncommon fertility by thc application of nitrate of soda , or the supply of alkalies , while another does not see any favourable effect at all—why bones—phosphates of lime—produce in many fields wonders , and are not of tlic slightest benefit to others , which arc deficient in alkalies or alkaline salts . From the composition of animal manures , it results with certainty , that by applying tlie

      latter—solid and fluid excrements of men and animals —we supply to the soil not one but all the elements which have boon taken away in the harvest . Fertility is perfectly restored to the field by a corresponding supply of this manure , and it may be increased by it to a certain limit . This will be tlic more intelligible , if we compare the mineral elements of the urine ot iiorse 3 and cattle with the mineral elements of herbs , straw , roots , & c , of our cultivated plants . It will be found that in their _qualit y they are perfectly identical .

      Urine of a ITorse . Of Another . Of Oxen . Carhonatc of Lime .. 12 . 50 31 . 00 1 . 07 Do . of Magnesia .. 9 . 4 G 13 . 07 6 . 93 Do . of Potash .. 4 G . G 91 _, „< . < . 77 -o Do . of Soda .. 10 . 38 . ; * ° _' _" "" Sulphate of Potash .. 13 . 34 9 . 02 13 . 30 Chloride of Sodium .. 0 . 53 ¦ 0 . 8 o These salts in the urine of horses amount to nearly & per cent .: in that of oxen to 21 per cent , of their weights . If we comparo the composition of these different _sovtsjof urine with thc composition of the straw of peas , beans , and potatoes , of clover and hay , it will at once be obvious , that in stable dung we replace by thc urine the alkaline carbonates whicli we have removed in harvest . What in this urine is wanting in phosphates and carbonate of lime and phosphate of

      magnesia , forms the principal constituents of thc solid excrements of animals : both together—solid excrements and urine—restore to the field its original composition , and thus a new generation of cultivated plants meet wilh the mineral ingredients necessary for their development . If wc further compare thc guano and thc faces of men with the composition of the animal urine , the analysis shows ( sec my book on Agriculture ) that both are entirely defective in alkaline carbonates—they contain phosphates and _sulpliatcs as well as" chloride of sodium , but no free alkali—thoy contain phosphate of lime and phosphate of magnesia , in short , their elements ave in quality identical wiih the important mineral elements ofthe seeds of wheat , peas , and beans ( sec the analysis . ) Tiic urine of swine is in its composition intermediate between the urine of man and horses .

      Analysis of the Urine of Swine . Carbonate of Potash 12 . 11 Phosphate of Soda .. 10 . 0 Chloride of Sodium .. * ! ,. __„ „ Thc solid excrements of Do . of Potassium .. ; * - ' - i _Sivine contain principally Phosphate of Lime .. ) „ phosphate of Lime . Bo . of Magnesia .. / b _' Traces of Iron ,. [ What the practical results of a knowledge of tho composition of these manures are , is clear . ' If it were possible to provide our iields with thc dung of swine in _suSicient quantity , wc would replace by it , in a soil which contains silica and lime , all the remaining element of thc plants—the field might be made fertile for all kinds of plants—wc havo in it not only alkaline phosphates , the principal elements

      of the seeds , but also alkaline carbonates , whieh are required by the leaves , stalks , and roots . This purpose cannot be attained , however , by manuring or human excrements a _' . oue , but perfectly so by stable manure , from its containing alkaline carbonates . If I have said that stable manure contains the mineral elements of tho nature of thc plants , exactly ill il state and condition in which they arc furnished by nature—that a field manured by it resembles the primitive state of America , and Hungary , this assertion will not be found exaggerated . It is certain that stable dung contains no alkaline phosphates , but nature docs not furnish these to the plants even ill the most fertile soil , although we find them in largo quantity in all the seeds of wild plants . It is obvious , that , notwithstanding their absence from thc

      soil , the phosphates are formed in tho organism of the plants , and they are nroi ' uccd from the phosphate of lime and magnesia and thc supplied alkalies , by an exchange of the elements of each . The alkalies ave necessary for forming alkaline phosphates , which cannot originate in the phosphate of lime alone . Both together are present in stable dung . In human excrements , and in guano , the alkaline carbonates are entirely wanting-. The practice of the farmer , in somo places , of supplying to thc field not pure guano , but a mixture of it with gvpstim , shows clearly that thc phosphates of alkaline bases arc really formed in tlio organism ofthe phosphate of lime and magnesia , because this mixture ( guano and gypsum ) contains less phosphate of potash or soda than the guano itself ; or , in certain proportions of gvpsmn ,

      no alkaline phosphates at all ; " tlic soluble phosphates in the guano decomposing the gypsum into phosphate of lime and magnesia , and into sulphate of potash . I am far from asserting- that wc sliould not provide the fields with alkaline phosphates ; the excellent effect ofthe guano , and of the human excrements , is too well known to question it , and wc perceive , from this fact , that plants are in this respect like domestic animals which , with a normal food , are healthy and strong , but do not fatten . On tlie contrary , wo know that If wc prepare , tho food of these animals artificially , so as to render it moro easily digested and assimilated , they arc enabled to consume , in a given time , a greater quantity ofit , by which all their parts increase in weight . Thc same happens with plants—if we give them their nourishment in a state most appropriated for assimilation , tlieir capability to attract tho gaseous elements from the atmosphere increases , and their development is accelerated . If we recollect that the favourable effect of the

      guano upon our fields depends on its amount of animoniaeal salts , of alkaline phosphates , and the other mineral constituents of the seeds , but that it is deficient in alkalies , the principal constituents of the kerbs , straw , and roots , it is easily understood why thc opinions of fanners , on the value of guano , as a manure , arc so very different . On a soil , which is defective in alkalies , its effect is small ; on a soil , rich in them , it increases the produce in a remarkable degree * , but , as I have already observed , the continued application of guano must gradually diminish the fertilit y of our fields for a number of plants , because the elements of tliosc organs , aa tlie leaves , stalks , roots , < fec , without which the plants cannot bc developed aud cannot produce seeds , are taken off in tlio harvest without any restoration of them . I think it , therefore , certain , that the stable dung can replace the guano to a certain degree , but uot nice versa , A rational agriculturist , in using guano , cannot dispense with stable dung .

      During my excursions in England I have repeatedly directed the attention of thc agriculturists , as Mc « rs Pusey and Miles will , perhaps , recollect , to the necessity of supplying the alkalies , and not merely the phosphates and otlier salts ; b y a partial supply , the equilibrium ot fertilit y is not restored , and it we supply guano alone , we do not act wiselv , becauso we consume our capital by rich interests / and leave to our children an exhausted soil . And now , tha principles above-mentioned must guide us m the manufacture of an artificial manure . It they are ncglected-if the artificial manure is detective in one or two of the necessary ingredients —the farmer , in making use ofit , _vt _' ill , in a very

      The Pbukhtles Of Artificial Xaxuhi£&. (B...

      short time , discover the fact , by the injury he will h & vo sustained . In the manufacture of an artificial manure , it must be kept in view , that the application of stable dung , of human excrements , and of guano , is attended with great loss , in consequence of the too _fi-eat solubility of their most efficacious constituents ; and tin s must be prevented by artificial means . This is evident , if we remember thoso countries whence guano is derived . It is known that the collection and preservation of the excrements on the African islands , and tho coasts of Peru and Chili , depend upon the scarcity of rain in those countries . The best sorts of guano contain , in fact , more than

      one half of their weight of soluble salts , whicli , if exposed to the rain , are in exactly the same condition , as under similar conditions , a heap of salt . They dissolve in water , and ave removed . Some months of rain would deprive those countries of all their riches . __ The remainder would have lost the greater part of its fertilizing power . Such effects , however , take place upon the guano with which our fields arc manured . Only a small portion of its efficacious salts produce thc beneficial effect they are capable of doing , the greater part being carried off by the rain . The _atablc dung ia , in this respect , in the same condition as guano * , indeed , its principal compounds are already in a dissolved state , and , therefore , are carried off more easily than those of guano .

      A covering for those places in which stable dung is preserved , in order to shelter it from the effects of the rain , has teen regarded in Germany as essential for preserving its manuring power . Inconsequence of the experience , that the soluble elements of stable dung are the most efficacious , it has , in some cases , been drawn out with water , and it has been found advantageous to carry only this fluid to the fields . I need only refer to the foregoing analyses of the urine of animals , in order to see upon wliich elements of it this effect depends . The reason why , in certain years , thc influence of

      the best and most plentiful manuring is scarcely perceptible , is , that during themoist and rainy springs and summers , the phesphates and other salts with alkaline ba 3 es , as _ah . c the soluble animoniaeal salts , are entirely or partly removed . A great amount of rain and moisture cmoves , in thc greatest quantity , the very _substance which aro most indispensable to the plants at tho time that they hegin to form and mature seeds . The ' system of draining , which the soluble alkalies are drawn off in consequence ofthe rain , and it must , therefore , become more deficient in its soluble efficacious elements .

      Attentive farmers must have observed that after a certain time tho quality of the grain on land laid dry according to this principle , deteriorates ; that the produce of the- grain bears no due proportion to the produce of straw . What is more evident , after those remarks , than that intelligent farmers must strive to give to tho soil the manuring substances in such a state , as to render possible their , acting favorably on the plants during the whole time of their growth ! Art must find out tho means of reducing , the solubility of tlic manuring substances to a certain limit , in a word , of bringing them into tho same state in which they exist in a most fertile virgin soil , and in whicli they

      can be best assimilated by the virgin plants . The attention whicli I have paid to this subject has been crowned with success . I have succeeded in combining thc efficacious elements of manure in such a manner as that thev will ' not ba washed away , and thus their efficacy will be doubled . Owing to this the injurious consequences of the present s . vstem of draining are removed , agriculture is placed upon as certain principles as well arranged manufactories , and instead of the uncertainty of mere empiricism , the operations of agriculture may be carried on with securily , and in place of waiting the results of our labours with _anxiety and doubt , our minds will be filled with patience and confidence .

      A Poor Farter I Fmf Tamps Wll He Too Exi...

      a poor _farter i _fmf tamps wll he too exi . er . sive for just _^ k _Ssf _&^ _JLS- en _* ou " *>* _a-y-bo-Jy say tl * . crop » d Sore mannr ? . _^ f . _? _^ _*? t 0 1 ,: iTe a good P _^ _Syourlanil _iv _^ Inanu re - _*™ i _douhle crop-11 st _JToveinber ,

      Opposition To Tiie New Poor Law At Rochd...

      OPPOSITION TO TIIE NEW POOR LAW AT ROCHDALE . ( From the Times . ) On Saturday evening a public meeting of ratepayers and inhabitants of Rochdale took place in a large open space called " The Butts , " to hear from the late guardians , who liad been prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners for refusing to act under the new law , an account of their proceedings and thc present position of the union with reference to that measure . The speakers spoke from a waggon placed at the upper end of the vacant ground . Sir . J . Fielden , M . P ., was expected to have taken part in the proceedings , but could not attend in consequence of tlie state cf his health . At six o ' clock ,

      Mr . J " . _Wiiitakek _, chief constable of the borough , having been unanimously called to thc chair , read the requisition in pursuance of which the meeting had been called , and briefly stated its object—to enable those who had been denominated guardians of the poor , and as such prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners for refusing to introduce the _ Poor Law Amendment Act into that extensive parish , to explain to their fellow-townsmen the precise position in which the district now stood . He would not call it a union , for he maintained that a union had never been legally formed ; and if the Poor Law Commissioners had had the manliness to carry out the prosecution they bad commenced against thc guardians of that union as they pleased to call it , tlicy would long ago have amply demonstrated the fact that the union had never been formed in a legal manner , or in accordance with the act of Parliament . ( Cheers . ) Proceedings had been commenced in the Court ef Queen ' s Bench in London , and they were then removed to thc Liverpool assizes in Marck last , when a nominal verdict of ls . damages was taken for the Crown . The proceedings were then removed back into the Court of Queen ' s Bench in London , where they still lay , and to the present hour nothing more had been heard of them ; but if the Poor Law Commissioners entertained a well-grounded opinion that their proceedings were strictly in accordance with the act of Parliament , would they have consented to forego thc great expenses they had been put to in that prosecution against those whom they designated the guardians of that union ? They chose , however , to pursue quite an opposite course , and sent down fresh orders to thc clerk of the union , directing that there should bo another election of guardians . Another nomination and appointment had consequently taken place , and it was certainly a great consolation to know that only three individuals could be found in tho whole parish of Rochdale who would suffer themselves to bc appointed guardians , with the view of carrying out the provisions of the New Poor Law ia that _' district . ( Cheers . ) lie would now calf on Mr . Livsey , one of those who had been prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners , to address the mooting . ( Cheers . )

      Mr . I . Livsey commenced his speech by expressing thc regret he felt that iiis fellow-townsmen should have had occasion to hold another meeting on this question . He had hoped that when the Poor Law Commissioners thought proper to take those whom tbey denominated Poor Law guardians into the Court of Queen ' s Bench , they woukl have hud the fairness , receiving such large salaries as they did , to conduct their business in a regular manner , and leavo it to that Court to decide whether or not tlieir proceedings were in conformity with tlie law . Instead of doing so , they had resorted to the strong arm of power—having threatened the guardians , and coaxed the magistrates , they resorted to every means but what were fair and honourable for the purpose of forcing their obnoxious law upon that district . ( Cries of " Wo won't have it though . " ) Haying been one of those who wero prosecuted by tho Poor Law _Cotnmissioncrs , lie appeared before them to explain the proceedings which had taken place during the struggle they had been engaged in ; but , before doing so , he would remind them of the position in whicli they stood previous to the interference of the commissioners _, lie defied any one to point out a better system of administering relief to the poor than had prevailed in Rochdale through the overseers , churchwardens , and vestrymen , elected by thc ratepayers themselves ; when , if the funds were squandered , or any harsh or tyrannical proceedings adopted , thc _guiltv parties might be sent adrift at the end of 12 months . But it was now sought to deprive the ratepayers of all power over tho levy and distribution of their own money , and vest it in the hands ofthe commissioners at Sonicreet-hqiisc . This was only part of that system of centralization whieh the Government were , " it seemed , determined to carry out , whatever opposition it might meet with ou the part of thc people . If it were not so , how could they account for the strange anomaly which had recently been presented ill that very town ? After the whole district

      had been canvassed , every ratepayer Having been waited on , 11 , 111 ratepayers declared themselves opposed to thc introduction of the New Poor Law , while only 10 could be found in favour of it I Surely this was sufficient to show that the Government did not act in this case towards those they ruled In the spirit of charity and good faith , but that they were determined , whatever might be the opposition of the people , to persevere in their despotic attempts to put doivn every vestige of popular freedom ; and if tlie example of Rochdale wore not more generally followed , the Government would soon Ijo successful . Why should they persist in attempting still to thrust this obnoxious law on that district after the public declaration ofthe Ministers who passed it into a law , that such places as Rochdale , where tho ratepayers managed their own affairs well—where the system of relief administered to the poor had been conducted in a satisfactory manner—should not be interfered with , but rather become examples to be followed in other districts ? Even their kccn-sccnted clerk to thc guardians , who was poking his ncso into every corner , doing all he could , had been unable to bring forward , during the last seven or eight years since the passing of the law , a single case of misappropriation of funds or great hardship to the poor in that extensive district . ( Cheers . ) When they were entitled to take credit to themselves for that state of things , why should such persevering efforts be made to introduce- a new and hateful system ? But tlieir opponents would stand at nothing ; there wero men base enough , for the sake of filth y lucre , to lend themselves to any cause , however despicable it might ibe . The ratepayers aa a body bad stood manfully

      Opposition To Tiie New Poor Law At Rochd...

      forward to resist the introduction of theNewPoor Law and handsomely supported the guardians in resistin" the mandamus of tho Poor Law Comnnssioner 5 . ° rhe guardians had met them boldly and manfully ; they did not go round about tho question ; they at least were guilty of no shuffling ; they boldly met and defied the commissioners , declaring that they would not introduce the law . Gentlemen were then found holding her Majesty ' s commission of the peace who lent their assistance to thc guardians , and , m reply to the mandamus , stated that they did not think fit to act ex officio . These they called " gentlemen" in society , but the sooner that designation was dropped the better , when they found thoso who had declared that they would sooner throw up her Majesty ' s commission altogether than become tho means

      of introducing this law , afterwards condescending , to sit at a board of guardians and issuing orders , with their names att & chcd , to facilitate the introduction of the New Poor Law . ( Loud cheers . ) The ratepayers , at all events , might take credit to themselves for what they had done . They had acted consistently . They had said they would oppose the law , and they had done so . ( Cheers . ) Ho had to thank them for tne funds thev had p laced at tho disposal of the guardians to put them in a position to defend themselves against the commissioners . He had just been told that there was a policeman present taking notes . He had no doubt he was a worthy tool of a bad cause . ( Groans . ) He carod nothing for policemen ( shouts of execration)—lie cared not for all they could do . The policeman was welcome to put down all he said .

      Thc CiiAiitMAx invited the policeman , who was furtively taking notes at a corner of the hustings where he could least be observed , to ascend the waggon , and a seat with every convenience would be afforded him at the reporters' table . ( Loud cries of "No , no ,, " "Turn him out , " " i \ o spies . " ) He hoped , whatever the _people did , no violence would be shown . Anything of that sort would just suit those who placed that person there . ( Cheers . ) The crowd must keep order , and to the policeman he would again say , " Have the goodness to walk up , * we will give you every accommodation in our power . " ( Thc amateur reporter amidst loud , but good-humoured , though somewhat tantalizing shouts of " Lift him up , " "Lift him up , " dccliuod the proffered _elevation , and , wo believe , soon found it convenient to shift his ground . )

      Mr . Livsey resumed . —Nothing would _ploaso their enemies better than a breach of the peace . That man , in whatever guise , was an enemy to the cause who allowed himself to lose his temper . ( Cheers . ) All he requested ofthe policeman was , that he would put down what he really did say . What did he care if lie told the magistrates what lie said of them ? Ho had acted consistently ; thc magistrates had not ( loud cheers ); and at them the finger of public reprobation would bo pointed for what they had done . ( Cheers . ) But to return to the question . They proved in court that the commissioners had not acted in conformity with the law . They proved that the three commissioners , who were receiving some 2 , 000 / . a year each , were in the habit of leaving London , and transacting business separately in the country ,

      which the act required should bc done conjointly at a board . They proved , in fact , that the order calling on thc guardians of the Rochdale Union to assume thc administration of relief , had only been signed by one of tlie commissioners , one of the others being on the continent at the time , though still receiving his salary , while the third had actually gone into the _country to be married ! Only think of such a thing !¦—a Poor Law Commissioner getting married —one who was in the habit of making regulations , with thc force of law , to separate husband from wife , and children from parents ! How would he like to have such a rule applied to himself ! ( Cheers , and a cry " 'Twould servo them all right , —commissioners

      and Sir James too . " ) These parties being absent from Somerset-house when the order was signed , rendered it illegal ; and thai was the reply the guardians made . They proved that thc order , being in this respect informal , was _illegal and inoperative . But to come to another peint . TVho wore best qualified to administer relief to the poor ? Those who knew them , who knew their character and conduct , who regularly mixed with them , who had local knowledge affecting their circumstances and wants , to be sure . ( Cheers . ) But thc Rochdale district , with its vestrymen , overseers , and guardians , to the number of 150 , was to have only IS guardians in future . Tlic means which had been resorted to to force the New Poor Law on the district were most diseraceful to all

      concerned ; but after every exertion , in a district with a population of 70 , 000 , and out of 32 individuals who liad been named for tlie office of guardians , only three individuals would allow themselves to become candidates ; and yet the law was to be forced upon them . Was this the way to make the people respect power ? It appeared as if everything which savoured of local liberty was to ho put down by the strong arm of authority . Could they ever hope that much respect would bo paid to a law whieh had been introduced by such means ? Three persons had allowed themselves to bc nominated as guardians for the purpose of introducing the law ; but ho was happy to inform his fellow-townsmen , that he had that very morning met one of the three nominated guardians , who had so felt the compunctions of conscience that he had tendered his resignation . ( Cheers . ) The

      remaining two were James Iloltand Samuel Brierly . ( Groans . ) He hoped they would not lift up their lingers against them , but their very names would beebir . e terms of reproach , infamy , and contempt . ( Cheers . ) What was the intention of the New Poor Law ? It had been very ably exposed by Mr . * Walter , the late member for Nottingham , when he dragged to light that infamous document in the House of Commons , which first shadowed out the intentions of the Government in preparing thc measure : tho object was to manage the system so that ultimately all relief should be denied to thc poor . ( Cheers . ) And when they saw what was daily coming to light _untlci- its harsh operation , when they became acquainted with the horrible conduct pursued in the workhouses , why , he again asked , should they tacitly submit to such a law ? ( Cheers . ) Thc revelations within the last few days

      of the system carried on in the Andover Union were such as to make every one with a spark of humanity shudder . ( Cheers . ) There were men coming forward to declare , and declaring on oath , that both they and their companions , pressed by hunger , had fought for bones which were in thc boncliousc for weeks , and gnawed tho foul gristle , and ate the stinking mar-vow . ( Cheers . ) Would they consent to hand over their poor neighbours , themselves , their wives and children perhaps , to the merciful treatment of such a system as this ? ( Cheers . ) It might bc said , this would never be the ease in the llochdale Union under the new law ; but it would bo so everywhere if the people would not look after themseives . Thc tendency of the system was thc same in everv case . Why , thc first thing tho Poor Law Commissioners did was to send down a dictarv

      which tlio guardians might diminish , but wliich they could not in any instance increase . In tho present state of affairs tbey could not form a legal board of guardians . Whether they would resort to illegal measures for the purpose of carrying out this detestable measure , ho did not know ; if they proceeded now , they must do so illegally , and , if so , he relied on the energy and determination of the men of llochdale to oppose and carry on another successful campaign against them . ( Loud cheers . ) Ambrose Hurst , a young man from Oldham , next addressed tho meeting in a speech of some energy and power . Mr . J . _Wmtixsox moved the following resolution ;—

      " That lumng heard the statement of _tiu _^ l _.-i _' . o guardians relative to their conduct in _maintainm , ' _Upright of local government in opposition to the system of centralisation inculcated by the New 1 _'oor Law , aud their determined stand against the illegal persecution of them hy the Poor Law Commissioners , this meeting is of opinion that the late guardians are entitled to the warmest gratitude of their fellow-parishioners . ' * ( Cheers . ) With respect to the late guardians , he must say their conduct throughout thc arduous struggle tlicy had maintained so successfully had been distinguished by a vigour and a manly firmness which entitled them to thc esteem and thanks of their fellow-townsmen ; and as to thc atrocities of that system against wliich tlicy had warred , they had often canvassed them together , and publicly denounced them iu detail . They knew

      well thc nature and the tendency of that law which most improperly had been called the Poor Law Amendment Act . It was intended to supersede everything in any way favourable to the interests and comforts of tho unfortunate labourers of this country . It was designed not merel y to punish misfortune as a crime , but to destroy the last remnant of liberty possessed by tho labouring classes in the local management ot their own affairs ; it was intended not only to prevent them from exercising any control over the money they laboured _l _iartl to get , and which they subscribed towards the relief of their more necessitous brethren , but it placed them in a nosition of complete helplessness , exposed to all those " wicked and base attempts which were made to crush the labourers to the lowest possible degree of wretchedness , for it

      deprived them of the power to fall back on the land-the real constitutional relief and first principle ot the social campact ; it disinherited them of all claim to relief from the land on which they were born , and which they were still suffered to tread . And what then was their position ? They were completely helpless in the hamlsof the oppressor . It was a strange anomaly in tho legislation of this country that everything should bc done by way of givin" additional securities to property , while _everything was done , on tho other hand , to rob the labourin _g man of his rights and immunities . The New Poor Law had done much to widen the chasm that already existed between the labourer and his emplovei" and ° he trusted , as a friend of justice and humanity , it would long bc kept out of that district . ( Cheers . )

      _A _' 1 ** _Tl'i . _w % _^ _v _*« _«> f _** _. . l - . l ll . . * . __ / Mr Malaiieu seconded the resolution , which was carried by acclamation . The Rev . John Taylor _movod tlic second resolution : — " That this meeting do tender their sincere and hearty thanks to the late guardians for their mauly aud patriotic opposition to the introduction of the New Poor Law into this district /'

      Opposition To Tiie New Poor Law At Rochd...

      ( Cheers . ) He congratulated that vast assembly on the unanimity and cordiality with which they had resisted the introduction of that cruel measure bu « they had been betrayed—betrayed by their ' own townsmen , and they must now do what they could fop _thcmselves . They must resist its full operation b ? every legal means in their power ; and they had such means still . Though betrayed , cruelly betrayed , tho power of public opinion \ vas __ mighty on tlieir sidg The people of Rochdale had it yet in their hands to * resist this law . They must make the administration of it as troublesome to those who condescended to administer it as possible . Despots never liked to bo troubled ; but that was the very reason wliv they should be troubled . Because " tlicy neither fca ' i- God / riK—« - \ TTn _nn * nfTi ' _'l + _illnforl + Tinf vnef _«~ i .

      nor regard man , " therefore the people should never let them alone till they had their rights . ( Cheers ) A great deal had been' said of late on the duty or instructing the people and thc best kinds and modes of instruction ; but in sowing the seed , they should consider not only of what sort it was , but wliat soil It it was to be put in . So that instruction should bo successful , it was not only necessary that it should bo good and administered in tho best manner—thero should be an aptitude for receiving it . But a people degraded and pauperized could not be properly instructed . If a people wa 3 to be made intellectual , they must first be fed and clothed ; the foundation must bo laid before the superstructure . Their governors must not begin at the wrong end , as if the people had no animal nature about them . According to the doctrine now too generally propagated , they would make them into a kind of lantern , witli a light inside and nothing scarcely without . ( A

      laugh . ) Tlie doctrine he held was , first to teed and clothe , ' then educate tho people , or put them in a position to do it for themselves . ( Loud cheers . ) IIq opposed the New Poor Law , because it was _calcu . lated to take away from the people the necessaries and comforts of life ; and while that was the case all attempts to educate tho people would bo vain and futile . Again , there must be not merely individual capacity for instruction , but a moral aptitudo to receive it , aud where could such a disposition be found in a man who knew that his right had been taken from him—who knew that he had not what ho ought to have—who , producing everything , scarcely had possession of anything . ( Cheers . ) This was truo even with regard to religious instruction , for , in tho language of thc great and good Hooker , " Before God required of Adam any religious service he placed him in a Paradise where he had something to live upon . ' * ( Cheers . )

      The resolution having been seconded was carried unanimously . A vote of thanks was then given to The _Chaikmas , who declared it to bo his deliberate opinion , after the experience of sixteen years , during which he filled the offices of churchwarden , overseer and vestryman , that the administration of relief under _Sturges _Boiirnt ' s Act was decidedly supoiw to that under the New Poor Law . He felt thoroughly persuaded in his own mind , and that was one great reason why he consented to preside at such a meeting , that the old law was much better adapted to tho state of society now than tho new law could ever bo made to bc . ( Cheers . ) It had given him great pleasure to see tho whole proceedings of the meeting so orderly and unanimous , and he hoped they would

      now quietly separate and go home . ( Cheers . ) The meeting , which at one period numbered not less , we should think , than G , 000 or T , 000 , then peaceably dispersed , Shortly afterwards a band of music paraded the principal streets , followed by largo numbers of the factory operatives . Preparations were made for burning in cih ' gy the two newly elected guardians , but the design was fortunately abandoned , considerable apprehension being entertained from the great influx of constabulary that a collision with that force might take place . Wc are happy to state that no breach of thc public peace took place during tho night . _PiOcuDALE , Tuesday Monxixo . The opposition to the introduction of this law into the borough of Rochdale continued unabated , and

      the cxcitcmcntcveatcd last week by the extraordinary attempt ofthe Commissioners to iorcc it on the district has been increased , in consequence of the sum . mary proceedings whicli have just been adopted _. Yesterday Messrs . S . Deardcn , J . Sclolfield , and Vf . Mallilicu , overseers of the township of _Castlcton , were summoned before the magistrates to show cause why they refused to pay over to the treasurer of tho union the sum of £ 353 Ss ., tho amount in which that township was assessed . The case created considerable interest in this town , and thc court was thcrcforo crowded by the ratepayers . The magistrates on the

      bench were Mr . J . Taylor , of Todmordcn ( a gentleman who distinguished himself by introducing tlio measure into that locality , and who , it is stated , had his house set on fire and his furniture broken by tlio mob on that occasion ); Mr . G . Asliivoi'th , of Rochdale ; Mr . W . Chailwiek , at whoso instance ( lie sum . moi \ s was issued ; and Mr . Clement Royds , who acted as chairman—one of those gentlemen who recently declared from the bench that he would sooner throw up his commission than become thc instrument of introducing the New Poor Law into the district , Mr . Twisilcton , tho Assistant Poor Law Commissioner , was also on the bench .

      Mr . Roberts , clerk to the union , appeared in support of the summons , and Mr . John Cobbett , barrister , for the overseer . ? . When tho ease was called Mr . Chadwiek withdrew from tlie bench . Mr . Roberts put iu the order from the Poor Law Commissioners , directing thc magistrates to form the union , dated J uly 22 , 1 SJ 5 ; also the minutes ot a meeting of magistrates held on the li 5 ih of August , when an order was made on the three overseers for tho sum of oool , Ss . ; and proved that on Friday last , at a meeting of magistrates , when there were present Mr . Chailwiek , Mr . Kelsall , and tho Rev . T . S . Mills , Mr . Chadwiek was ordered to take out the summons which they wore then hearing . Mr , Royds then said , Mr . Deardon , are you inclined to pay this money ? Mr . Cobbett . —Mr . Deardcn has left his case in mv

      hands , and therefore I hope you will allow nie to show cause why he should not be called upon i ' or this money . Mr . Royds . —I don't care about that . Deardcn , will you pay the money ? Mr . Deardcn . —I shall when 1 get it , if I find I am compelled to pay . Not otherwise . Mr . Royds . —Scholfield , will you pay the money ? Mr . Scholfield . —I shall leave the _' mattci * in tho hands of my legal adviser-. Mr , Cobbett . —I hope , sir . you will allow mc to _siy a few words on behalf of my clients . They have intrusted ( heir case to mo ; aiid I think I can show you that they ought not now to bc called upon to pay this

      money . Aftci' a short pause , Mr . Royds _nedtkil assent , and Mr . Cobbett proceeded to address the bench . Ho did not mean to question the validity of tho union , nor thu power of the board of guardians ; he * ubmittcd , however , with reference to the conduct of the Poor Law Commissioners , and tho mode ill which tlicy were attempting to enforce the law , that pending the decision of thc Court of Queen ' s _TJenfli the hearing of this case should not bo proceeded " - "if ''' lie insisted that thc proceedings of the _Goniaife- ' _*" crs were most irregular , and was proceeding irt c 0 . * ment on the peculiar position ofthe cause— " _Hcgina v . tlic Guardians of llochdale "—in the _oouvUbovCi when he was again interrupted by the cliairniKii . . .

      __ Mr . Royds . —Mr . Cobbett , we arc aware of ail that ; it s no use to repeat it hero ; you had better conic to the point at once , and we shall feel obliged . Mr . Cobbett . —I assure you , sir , 1 am uot coins to make a lor , g speech . _Air . ltoyds . —I shall feci obliged if vou will como to the point at once . Mr . Cobbett again proceeded . —Tlic bench wax aware that shortly after thc original order was issued by tho Poor Law Commissioners , a question TO 3 raised . 13 to its legality , and _proceedings wero taken for the purpose of ' determining that point . lne cause was removed from the Queen ' s llench 1 ° Liverpool assizes , where it was tried before Mr . _Justice Wightman in April last , ami a nominal verdict taken for tlio Crown , with several points reserved for the consideration of the _judges . Now , if is _ivivncd out that the decision of the . " Court above should ho

      against thc Commissioners , everv act of t ' guardians , and every payment made to the union , would bo illegal ; and as " ths decision of tho judges would be given at the latest now within two months , he submitted the magistrates should suspend tho adjudication of this matter till that time . It his clients wero compelled now to pay the money , and the union were declared by thc Court above to be illegal , they might be sued for tlie recovery of what moncv they had paid to tlio treasurer of the union , f Ic did not mean to say that his clients refused to pay thc moncv on this ground alone ; on thc contrary , he was instructed to say that they would resist the introduction of tlic lav bv every , legal means in tlieir power ; but while tho _locality ol the union was matter of dispute , pending the decision ot thc Court above , he thought he was justilied in asking the bench to dismiss , or at least nostponc tho hearing of thc case .

      Mr . Ashworth said , tbat , on Mr . Cobbctt ' s own showing , tho magistrates had no choice but to enforce payment . The Chairman . —Mr . Roberts , arc vou instructed to press the case , and take out a warrant of distraint against the parties ? Mr . Roberts—lam , sir . The moncv must be paw ; The Chairman . —Then take out your warrant , aiiu cxecuteit assoon aspossible—thisafternoon _. ifyou can . A warrant of distraint was then granted , and tho parties left the court .

      Dropsies Curablb By Hollow's Pills. —Kx ...

      Dropsies Curablb by Hollow ' s Pills . —Kx traordinakt Case . '—Mrs . Charlotte Digglo , residing aB one of thc aim-houses at Chapel-street , Westminster , was , by the watery dropsy , so dreadfully swollen in body and legs , as to bo increased to double her usualsize . Medical wen had declared her past all cure , indeed her death was daily expected ; yet , however extraordinary it may appear , she was ml need several inches in bulk , after taking only a few doses <> t " - above extraordinary medicine . This wonderful remedy may bo considered aa a perfect cure for w kind of dropsy , however long standing or . dangcWW tho case may be ,

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 20, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_20091845/page/6/