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Northern Star (1837-1852), 21st June 1845, Edition 3 of 2, Page 7, i-tefcrt Jntellfffett-cet

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      Jjomjosb 2\, 1845. ., — The Northern Sta...

      JJomJosb 2 \ , 1845 . . — THE NORTHERN STAR . 7

      The Land! Tj Witliin That Land Was Aiany...

      THE LAND ! _TJ Witliin that land was _aiany a malcontent , " ? fl "Who _curs'd the tyranny to _' which he bent ; T The soil full many a wringing despot saw , V Who work'd his wantonness in form of law . Byron , «« A pf « A people among whom equality reigned , would nos iiii eves everything they wanted where they possessed the aans ojans ofsubsister . ee . Why should thev pursue additional aalth _tafch or terntorj- ? Ko man can cultivate more thana _rtrtain'rt * _iinpo _** tionoflan « J . » --G _«^ Urin . ™ «« _Ko- « Kooneis able ¦ to _produre a charter from heaven or ?? _-S _^ JSSLl _?^ SSf V _^ cvlar possession than ' his j j jghDOignoon " - _—ratey . ¦¦¦¦ Th .- * . There could he no sneh thing as l _^ ded propertv _ifiginahginally . Man did not make the earth , and , thouch hi icid a nd a natural tight to occui > y it , he had no riofit to locate as j r pros _property , perpetuity any part of it : neither did thi

      _trcioreaior oi me _larmopen a land office , from whence the _s-st titrst title deeds should issue . "— Thomas Paine lue 1 ThelTheland shall not he sold for ever . —Moses ' - ¦ Ih"There is no foundation _s nature or in natural law hhy ahy a set of words _„„„„ _pa _^ _jhment should _eoavev the a _jmnminniion of land . "—Black-stone . . ' . _" ' Ti 'V The J _?? . ea , in any country or neighbourhood , jijtte * _iuievcrj _* Ui * ng in or onthe same , orpertaininsthereto _'I'lon-plongsatallfaniesto the living inhabitants ofthe said ' _iDuntnuntry or neighbourhood in an equal manner For mere here is no living but on land and its productions- come _uucntiiently , what we cannot live without , we have the same r roperoperty m as in our lives . _** _ 27 io » ias Spcnee . " Tl" The land is the * ieople _' s inheritance ; and kings , princes e eers , i * ers , nobles , priests , and commoners , who have stolen it i -oni torn them , held it upon the title of popular _ieawauc'S _il-Uie-ittiW _t-ta-u _;^ or divine "— Fcormt * xreaxreannor . iu . igus

      " M " My reason teaches me that land cannot be sold . Tue i : Ireaireat Spirit gave it to his children to live upon , and _culti-: ate , ate , as far as is necessary for their subsistence : and so a _» ng _ong as tbey occupy and cultivateit , they have the right to the she soil-hut if they voluntarily leave it , then anv other h eopleoplehave a right to settle upon it Nothing can iie sold i « t sat such thuigs as tan be carried awav . "—Black- Hawk ' _* . - _* . _-T l ? "jn 4 *"'* " ! Possesses , _legithnatel _* . - , thc thing i One-Inch his labour , his intelligence lor more ecnerallvl i rhicrhichnis aeiieitu has created . « ' " This principle " us _incontestable , and itis well to remark * T _* £ _? « co " talus expressl y an acknowledgment ofthe right i il all all to the soil . For as the soil has not been created by _i _naunan , it follows from the fundamental principle of pro-; lertjerty , that It canuot belong to any small portion of the t imntmman race , who have createdit by their activity , let us I _ibeiben conclude that the true theory of property is founded ; ia Oa ihe' creation of the tiling possessed . ' "—Fourier .

      " " If man has a right to fight , air , and water , which no aneone will attempt to question , he has a right also to the laniand , which is just as necessary for the maintenance of liis bis subsistence . If every person had an equal share of thethe soil , poverty would be unknown in the world , and -rricrime would disappear with want , "—Mike Wahh . " " As the nature and wants of all men are alike , the wan-rants of all must be equal ; and as human existence is depjependentou thc same contingencies , it follows that the gregreat field for aU exertion , and the raw material of all _jrawealth , _theeertli , is the common property of all its _iuhabiU-aants . "—John Fronds _Braa .

      * _« What monopoly inflicts evils of such magnitude as _ths-that of land t Itis die sole barrier to national prosperity ThThe people , the only creators of wealth , possess knowleffledge ; they possess industry ; and if they possessed land , _tfothey could set all other monopolies at defiance ; they wi wonld then be enabled to employ machinery for their own bebenefi _*"' , and the world would behold with delight and _•^ astonishment the beneficial effects of this mightv engine , _wlwhen properly directed . ** —Author of the " Beproof of B Brutus . "

      Ttue Autocrat Of Sutherlandshire Ujfmask...

      TTUE AUTOCRAT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE UJfMASKED . Ia exposing the tyranny of _the Highland landlords , w we have specially adverted to " lus "Grace" the Dnke _0 of Sutherland , and promised to more folly unveil the _ggnsuing tyranny , fhe wholesale spoliation , and p practical murder , charged to the account of his dukea ship and Ms graceless predecessors . We now come to t the fulfilment of our promise . For centuries Sutherlandshire was divided between t the two great families of Reay and Sutherland . 1 Tinder their influence Sutherlandshire formed an

      ex-( ception to other Highland districts ; Highland feuds t ceased there a mil century before they were _supj pressed elsewhere , and in their place peace and con-1 tentment flourished . The last of " thegoodearls" of ' Sutherland , the seventeenth , -was the father of the late countess . He and his wife had two _daughters , one of whom was suddenly cutoff atDunrobin Castle . Shortly afterwards the earl died of a malignant fever at Bath , and immediately afterwards his wife followed Mm to the grave . Their only surviving daughter was educated bv an ambitious maternal grandmother , ir < r removed from the _inBuence of those sympathies with the people of her clan for wluch her ancestors had been remarkable , and in the f aith of a church not theirs . She married the heir of the English familv of Gower , rich in southern seats , and

      immersed in diplomacy and polities : and now commenced thc horrible system of clearances . Agricultural "improvements" became the order of the dayand men decayed . Sutherlandsliire , that the old lords of Duurobin loved so well , seemed to their daughter a wrUd rude country , -where all was wrong and where all had to be set right . Black cattle , so long the pride of the country , -were made to disap pear , and sheep to roam where they once fed ; for ilb . ofbeef 2 Ib , ofntuttQa _* ffeieprodtteed ; but , alas ! for two ferailies it then supported in comfort , it now supports but one ; aud good store farmers were cou-Terted into unskilful -fishermen . In nine years 15 , 000 persons were either removed from the centre to the sea coast , or had emigrated to America . Inland districts . Ions dotted with cottages and

      reticulated -with the share of the plough , "were transformed into steppes ; the population spread over thc whole county was compressed into a wretched selvage of poverty and suffering—into a fringe of misery . Farms ¦ were consolidated , without a poor law sufficient to mitigate anv of the disastrous results of consolidation The Atlas , " writing the history of these atrocities , says : —" Cobbett saw what was going on , and threatened a visit of inspection . ' I-will , ' said he , ' oo and inquire on the spot whether the natives of _tSe county of Sutherland were driven from thc land of their birth by the countess of that name , and by her husband , the Marquis of Stafford . I wish to possess authentic information relative to _thatdeai--&•' affiur / But Cobbett never went . General Stewart , of Garth , attempted to rouse public

      attention to the facts , but in vain . _Sismondi , from his Mtir emeflt on ihe Lake of Geneva , protested in the name of law and of humanity against the clearance , saving , * It is by an abuse of legal forms—it is by an unjust usurpation—that the tacksman and tenant of Sutherland arc considered ashaving no right to what they have occupied for so many ages . ' ' If , he added , looking proudly around on his happier mountain home , « the Counts of Kyburgh , of Leuteburgh , of Hapsburgh , and of Gruyeres , had been protected bv English laws , they would find themselves at the present day precisely in the condition in which the Earls of Sutherland were twenty years ago- Some of them would , perhaps , have had the same taste for improvements , and several republics would have been eiDelledfrom the Alps to make room for Hoeks of

      shrep . 'MthecffectthatS _^ ondi'saobledeclamation produced was , a laudatory essay on those very improvements in the Quarterly Review ! " As an instance of the atrocities perpetrated at tbe time described by the Atlas , we finditrecordedin thc Annual Rcaistcr for 1 S 15 , that in the month of May er June 1 S 14 , one _Teteb _Sellahs , an under-factor on the Sutherland estate , took posession of a large farm held by certain tenants of the parish of Far m thc Tale and _district of Strathnavar ; the people were forcibly driven out , and three human beings were _MiitBEBED . When the people refused to leave their houses , having no other places of shelter to go to , tlte horns were itt pre to , and pulled down aboitt their tods To this " horrible death were consigned three human _beings—i-ne womanold and bcd-riddcn , aud

      , two men . Besides these , one woman whose house _waspulleddownj _shebebgfaradvauced inpregnaucy , laiscarried from terror ; and a man , aged upwards of ninety years , whose bouse was indlcddown . had _ an ami fractured while in bed , by the falling roof . But enough of the horrors of the past—let us conic to those of the present time , whieh , though they do not _annear in the shape of burnings and open niurdeis _, nevertheless are more than sufficiently _«**™«« v . Ia the Times of the 28 th ult . appeared a lettei from its " assistant commissioner , " describing the presaisfate _ofSutkerl _Mifc-hiitfatgreat length . The _ete is too lengthy to give entire in our columns . fully satisfy our readers . The letter is dated Lairg , _Sutherlan-ihire , May 24 th . After some few

      observations the writer says : — This vast estate ( the Bute of Sutherland ' s ) , which is nearly co-extensive -with the _county , covers a district _nineti n . _Uesbv seventy in extent . Its rentalisfrom £ o 0 , 000 to i-sr . _, 000 a-vear . Itis managed bv three factors , each _haiing a large _district under his immediate controul : art th . se «? su _^ _rinleuded by Mr . Loch . _U . V . for fl » "P ick boroughs , who is the chief steward or manager ol the estate . The character ofthe country is that ofa _timfinaed succession of rock and heather covered hd . s , intersected with manv straths or glens , containing arobk _* _laiid . The * oil is generally poor . Formerly tliese stratus _a-ri _glM * were thickly peop led . The inhabitants lived vlneflv by rearing cattle and sheep , and as the popu'n . _ic-i _* _intrvased thev spread up the differentremote glens , man } " and orth

      of them , likethe " - squatters" of Australia > _l-werica , building places for themselves _where the . * t *« e , and having no place on the rent-roll- They had «•• _i-mploj-racni whatever beyond the cultivation of _sniaii _F-aehes oi laud where they could find them , and fhetend-*» S of -heir small flocks and herds . Bo doubt this was a Kate of _ftWsnot altogether desirable in a _civdizcu _«« »* 5- and certainly not very profitable to the _lanuloi-d . _** ** _remedv then adopted _** s wholly _unjustifiably Th _^ noi au assertion of right , and a demand ol " •* ¦•• - if their condition was one which , for their own k _****** . it _^ s desirable to alter , it was not for Uiema _tois-M . alteration tobe turned adrift on the world witli-«* t knowled ge , and without prospect , and if driven to '"' ignite , with onlv the hope of establishing themselves _•»*•* _**¦ were before . The arbitral ? exercise of such a

      nSht ,- « hile justlv punished by universal condemnation , " *¦ _•« , in itself , a most narrow-minded and unwise policy . _T- 'irc is no soil so rich , no renUroll so productive , as work of men ' s hands , if they be emp loyed . But the Policy then purened was—not to find employment—not *» crest * "b j wise measnres a population who would find " _"" _wnselves employment , but to drive away the people as a " «* _aspwaible , and to crush those who remained into

      Ttue Autocrat Of Sutherlandshire Ujfmask...

      - _SJlffb ? " _" _^^^ of _narrow-ininded RS * J _?« _apresent difficulty , looks not to _iSreSLlL _^? _** _" * ' wWch tt actfid « Pto . wiU _KtS l _^^ ' a thousaad S * " hence . J « _st what ST " -a barren ' _™ mdx * _sheepitSf _^ liCJ Stm pursued - _Weshallsee . Does wUl Smhi ? rmaiains PoP _^ _tLoainto serfs ! Vie _SiXt-SL _^ i _^ note that _*& _Dolaahfr of butherland is lord of an extent of soil ninety miles in _SLTf _* ' _^^^ _ethethousands Wm lot Z . IE * £ _!*?* _" _*&' almost without _ception , not one foot of their mother-earth they can calf their own . _AVorse than this : the population born on the soil are not allowed to live on it , to say nothing of owning or occupying it . How true , how anpSle the words of the Abbe De la _Mesto . __ iwaMe ' ,

      Go to the north and to the south , to the east and to the « est—m what place soever you may tarry vou will find a man who will drive you thence , saying , This field is _tiuxxe _. And after having travelled through tlic country you n _* ill return knoiring that there is nowhere a miserable spot of earth where your wife may bring forth her firstborn , or where you may repose after the toils of the day or where , arrived at your latter end , your children may bury your bones in a place that may be yours . "This , " as the Abbe adds , "is certainly a great evil . But no matter , Byrou remarked—« Though Ireland starve , great George weighs twenty stone " '

      and although the mauy are denied even a f oot of land , passing through life onperhapsa shilling a day , and in old age enjoying the blessings flowing from _holfacroum a year , it is doubtless a great consolation to them to know that his Lord God-ship of Sutherland isan autocrat of ninety by seventy miles of land , with an income from that land of from thirty to thirty-five thousand pounds a year ! The writer in the Times tells us that Sutherlandshire was formerly "thickly peopled : "how it is peopled now we shall show pr esently . In former timesmany of the inhabitants were what in Australia and North America would be called " squatters , " cultivating small patches of the soil for their own benefit and "havingno place on the rent-roll . " This .

      says the Jtmes correspondent , was " not altogether desirable in a civilised country , and not very profitable to the landlord . " The latter portion of this sentence w _£ _can believe : but not the former . What is civilisation ? We understand bv civilisation , the cultivation of the faculties of mankind and the resources of the earth to the highest possible state of perfection ; together with the so perfecting and securing the individual rights of each member Of tllO community as to ensure the happiness of all . Tried bv this test , we fancy the free " squatters" of former times were much , neater a state of civilisation than the remnant of wretched serfs who now represent them . Before the clearances commenced , according to the evidence of the Rev . Hugh _M'Keszie , " the inhabitants

      of Sutherlandshire used to subsist principally upon flesh , fish , milk , butter , and curds and cream . They used to cat no vegetables . They had a few spots of cats and beans , butthey bought very little meal . Potatoes were only introduced when I was a child ; and now it is their general food . " This was the food tbat made fine men and gallant soldiers . They are not , however , now to be seen . The correspondent of the Times says— " The people now are a thin , meagre ,, _balf-sten-ed-looking , and stunted race . The worst sign they exhibit , however , is their abject apathy . Tie feet is , they are starved down , and kept in such perpetual terror of losing then * crofts , their only livelihood , that they are spiritbroken and hopeless . T saw a . Kflinnl nf crimp fwonfc Miililivn _inJiav

      I do not think in any by-alley in London , in the most impure and confined atmosphere , you could see twenty children with such pallid faces and thin , halffed forms , as these poor children , living on the hillside facing the sea . " * We dare say there will not be much difference of opinion amongst onr readers as to which , the former or the present state of the people of Sutherlandshire , is the most like a state of civilisation . The world has seen , and yetsees , a select band of vegetable-eating philosophers , who have written , said , and sung a vast deal of nonsense respecting the virtues of vegetable aa opposed to _s-opimal diet ; but , with all deference to these gentlemen , we think the state of the people of Sutherlandshire , past and

      present , is a " settler" tor their theory . At all events , wc have no hesitation in giving our vote for the " barbarous" time when men eat no vegetables , in preference to thc present " civilised" state of tilings when pigmy slaves revel in the luxury of potatoes . Really , when -wesee what the "accursedroot" has helped to do in the Highlands , as well as in too many other places , to bring the masses into degradation , we can hardly hold back from imitating the great Wilua . ii Cobbett m bestowing upon it oar anathema . As to the unprofitableness ofthe " squatting system" to the landlord , we deny his right to the land ,

      and , consequently , his right to receive rent , or interfere with the " squatters . " As Lord Jeffrey says , "We don't go Into that now ; " but their lord-godships , the landlords , need not fear that wc shall forget their "rights . " They shall have ample justice before we have done with them . Thesystem pursued towards the " squatters , " and rural inhabitants generally—the " weedings , " the burnings , and the murders , are sufficiently described above . The result has been the making of Sutherlandshire " a barren , unpopulated sheep-walk . " Come we now to the policy at present pursued in that devoted , region * . —

      Nearly the whole county has been parcelled out into vast sheep walks , held by a few individuals . The place from which I now write is Lairg j miles and miles in its neighbourhood are rented by one person for £ 1500 a year . By the evidence given before the Poor Law Commissioners of "faquiry ( Scotland ) , I see that another person near here , _Jfr . _DonaldMacdonald , oflochinver , rents " 80 , 000 acres of land , the whole a pasture farm . " For the management of this vast tract of country , Mr . Macdonald says "Ihave eleven shepherds under me . " Here then , 30 , 000 awes Of laud Only give employment _andsutsistence to eleven families . This is merely an example of what is the rule thronghont the country . The population that still remains—the highland cotters—by this parcelling out ofthe country , are driven into corners , and ou to barrm hill sides here and there , to make fertile a desert spot

      for some future sheep-walk . Thirty thousand acres of land giving employment and subsistence to eleven families , and such subsis tence as shepherds are allotted ! We must have a word respectinff this Dosau > MlteusD , the monopolist of thirty thousand acres : not content with defrauding hundr eds ofhis fellow-creatures of their fair right to the means of existence—not content with reducing them to a state of hopelcssmisery , he has thc astounding impudence to slander his fellow countrymen , accusing them of " idleness . " In his evidence before the Commissioners of Poor Law Inquiry he is reported tohave said— " From the apathy which now prevails here , if a boat were to go outand come home laden with a quantitv offish , the people would not go out again , but would live upon the fish till it was all consumed . I would certainly not advise granting

      able-bodied persons relief from an assessment . 1 think that the effect of it would be to encourage idleness : and we have too much idleness already . ' flow like is this to the ravings of the Scotch" feelosofer , BnouoiuM , against the English working classes , and the canting lie about "Idleness and her sister Guilt stalking through the laud . " This same _Donald _M-Dosald , in another part of his evidence , speaking of the food of the people , acknowledges that thenusual food is potatoes , and occasionally salt herrings . They have no milk . They likewise eat shelf-fish , such _asinusclesand cockles . " This is surely the diet of apathy ; and this wretched food , together with the want of any remunerative employment , -would satisfactorily account fbr the " apathy " and " indolence of the ' Highlanders , even was the charge true , but plenty of evidence exists that the charge is as false as it is unjust . We request particular attention to the next extract .

      It is a rule on the estate , that as far as possible no new cottage shall be allowed to be built . If the population increases , it must be driven out as it increases . This is effected in the following manner : —if a small cotter with a croft of three or four acres , on which he contrives to live has . a family , they may live with him , but they cannot marry till the death of the old people . It is a role on the estate , and apparently a very proper one , that not more than one familv shall inhabit a cottage , and a son or a daughter arc not allowed to marry and reside in the same cottage with their father or mother . But can the young couple get another cottage ? No . Tlicy may travel the length and breadth of Sutherlandshire , but not a cottage wilt tliey find , or a place where they will be sut-Wrl to remain . They may go to " the south ; " that is

      their onlv chance ofa home . Ifthe young men or womeu remain ivith tlieir parents till fhe old people die , and the cotfi « e or "bothie , " and land becomes vacant , they are ¦ suffered to remain , and may then mam * . If thc young i _, eoi'le will not wait , but marry , and " go south , " and take Iheir chance , ar _. dtlie old people die , the "bothie and croft do not become a vacant tenement for any young couple the rule is that it shall then be added to the next croft ir the tenant will have it , and the cottage is pulled down . This , no doubt , improves the condition of the eottaUho reni ., in , b « titis as apparent that it graduaUy _extermim-tes them , till another sheep-walk is created , or one already large enoug h is made larger .

      When I speak of these rules 1 do no tall _ude to apowcrles _< principle . If there is any infraction of them , the kdorof the district learns it from one of he ass _« an , s or officers under him , stationed at the-place « H e 6 la « _sr < , _und officer . " Every tenant is a tenant at « iU , ana an _Action of the rules is fo » o _* red Vf the _ccrtmn « _qnfl-Am of the ™ t from bis holding , _wrttort _t the _s % _btcst possibility of his getting another in sutherlandshire . . _fhorefore The old policy of depopulating is stdl , therctore , pursued by slow and gradual , but not less certain

      measures . . After reading the above , who will say _^^ X inn no longer exists amongst us ? The lords of the

      This Is Probably One Of The Schools For ...

      This is probably one of the schools for the estabhshing , or aiding in the estabUsbing of which the Dnke of Sutherland has been lately lauded in the General _Assembhr of ihe Church of Scotland ( not the Free Church ) . Behold the blessings of "heddikashun ! " » . _ v ... _ — -

      This Is Probably One Of The Schools For ...

      ; 5 _* murder their vassals , and no man call _dolfnotCf _TbeDukc _ofSutherland , howm , _SteanniLnn _^* _^ V . < - _*<*«* _«*<« e who _toSbKtffl _^ J _- _^ eyes : _discontent simply _ffft _* 0 death-to drive all but a remnant dn _^ Jl _^ i _^ _1- that remnant are gradually _Aw && w _» ri ? _* S of thc _-heUish policy above _? hT _± av a 8 ce _. rtam . «» dnal _^ termination as are _£ rS of A Ar _? cau tribe ? of India _^ <* _«» _SreShL _^ _^* * 0 nc ethe lorda of thc so * _SS ? Sr P ° - Wer of _S mn ein _damage or denying _wS _^ _atSSf ; i _* "/ _Ightdivine" to _vfokte women at their pleasure ; and it was thc lord ' s Decuhusband and compel her to lie with him the first mght of her marriage ! These were the " JnoH n

      coXt t-f _«„ i i » A the Duke of Sutherland . * content to " check" the progress of population by what amounts nearly to a total _abrogation of _mar riage , and the compelling men and women to live in a state ot forced celibacy . We have called this Sl n r , ut _V" hard _* y correct . Feudalism , with all ite abominations , at any rate bound thc lord to the serf-it compelled the former to take care that the latter was _wetffed-thatthe serf , in his social condition , should feel he had an interest infighting fcr his chief , rather than for any other cliief-and it was absolutely necessaiy for the lord that Ue should excite and Keep aliVG that interest - otherwise , in the nourof danger , he might find his vassals unfitted or unwilling to combat for him . It strikes us , therefore , that even the serfs' feudalism was a better system than that which now exists . True , they were slaves ; but is not the same class slaves still ? The

      branded arm , the brazen collar , and such like badges ot slavery have gone out-hut with small benefit to themany . _tfotonlyin Sutherlandshire , but throughout Great Britain and Ireland , slavery continuesthc slavery of wages . The emancipation of the masses is ideal , not real . In the language of Carlyle— " Gurth-born thrall of Ccdric , the Saxon , with the brass collar round his luck , tending Cedric's pigs in the glades of the wood , is not what I call an exemplar of human felicity ; but Gurth to me seems happy , in . comparison with many a Lancashire and Buckmghavnshvreman of these days—not born to the thrall of any body . The pigs were Cedric ' s ; but Gurth , too , would get his parings of them . Gurth ia . now emancipated long since—has what we call hberty . Liberty , I am told , is a divine thing . Liberty , when it becomes the 'libertv' to die by starvation , is not so divine . _' "

      The Duke of Sutherland ' s system is despotism rather than feudalism—a despotism of the most atrocious character . The priests tell us that niarriace is an institution of the Deity ' s . They hand us a book which they assure us is a revelation from heaven . In that book i t is stated that God found it was not good for man to be _aloHe , therefore was woman made to be a help meet unto , or helpmate for him ; and in uniting them together God bade them " be fruitful and multiply , and replenish thc earth . " So much for revelation . Our own natural instincts need not be stated ; and our reason confirms what we are told revelation commands . But his Lord-Godship of Sutherlandshire—the autocrat of ninetv miles hv

      I seventy oi land—the petty imitator of the imperial 'desolafor Nicholas—ne daringly and impiously sets I himsel f above nature , reason , and revelation , and , defying God and man , conYmands that there shall be neither marrying nor giving in marriage I Is is not time that the reign of these inhuman , _unnaturallandplunderers was brought to an end ? The Times' ' s correspondent gives a series of " returns" taken from the evidence of the three factors on the estate—Mr . Gkorgb Guns , Mr . Robert _HonsEDDHon , and Mr . Robert Sinclair , showing the different classes of tenants on the estate . For these " returns" we have not room , but we give the Times ' s correspondent ' s summary : —

      What , then , do these returns show ? That throughout the whole of Sutherlandshire there are , including the people who live in towns , and rent houses at comparatively higher rents , only 82 tenants above £ 10 and under £ 200 —that is , of the class of yeomen . Of large sheep farmers , employing only a few shepherds , at rentals of from £ 200 to £ 2 , 000 a-year , there are 44 ; whilst the great mass of thepeople are tenants under £ 10 rent , and scarcely a remove from "beggary . Out of a total number of 2 , 837 tenants , 2 , 712 pay less than £ 10 rent—that is , they can scarcely live . They are tenants at will ; they have , therefore , no incitement to improve even their poor

      estate ; being wholly dependent on the will of the factor , they dare not act independently , or project or do any one thing without his sanction , for fear of being turned out . Their absolute poverty renders it impossible for thein to attempt any sort of enterprise , even if , living in such a condition , they could have tho disposition . They , therefore , of themselves , never can improve . Of the class of yeomen—the men who create capital by their ingenuity , their diligence , and their skill—of tliis class , c » nfined to 82 individuals in the whole county , can much be expected in the way of improvement % Thc class of large sheep farmers are mere wealth amassers , satisfied with things as they are .

      Does not , then , the system of management which has been pursued crush down the population into mere serfs , from whom nothing can be hoped 1 I think the above facts prove that it does ; and so long as this system shall be pursued , so long will Sutherlandshire be a barren wild , and its population a race of unimprovable and povertystricken men—always complaining , always declining , as they grow old , into paupers . _What i then , is the remedy ? Employment ! Give employment to thepeople . Create employment . Pursue a course directly the opposite in its tendencies to that pursued . Do not make employment more scarce by turning the hills and glens into sheep-wilds . Create the class of yeomen , and they will create employment . Hake many _veonien out of one sheep farmer . A people , the mass of

      whom it is evident can now only just live , cannot create employment . That is a duty which his Grace of Sutherland _otioftt to perform . There is an inexhaustible store of fish—haddocks , cod , herrings , lobsters—round the coast , promote fisheries on a large scale for employment , not for profit ; the profit Will _rdtum tO the landowner in many other ways . Enormous quantities of fine wool are grown on the hills . "Why send it to Yorkshire to make cloth *? At high elevations among the hills are large lakespvoviuinganinexhaustiblestoreof water-power , Promote factories ; surely with water-power costing nothing , and wool at your doors , you can make cloth as cheaply as it can be made in Yorkshire , with expensive steam powerand 300 to 400 milescarriagcofyourwool . Tliis will emplov your population instead of driving tliem to Canada ,

      Employment will bring wealth , lour western coast has some of the finest harbours in Britain . "Wealth will bring commerce to your shores , and commerce will again engender wealth . And what will the process effect on fhe estate of Sutherlandshire 1 It will make barren acres which now are not worth Gd . a-year return bulky rents , and thus will his Grace , andhis children after him , be repaid for blessing his countrymen with employment , and for creating a class who of themselves will do it . But the very first step to create that class is to create independence of spirit iu the place of serfage . Abandon the " -mant-at-will system ; give leases , or make such agreement as shall secure the tenant as well as the landlord ; aud independence of spirit , and improvement , and enterprise , will rapidly follow .

      And what if his Lord-Godship of Sutherlandshire wUl not do what the writer in the Times says he " ought" to do ? What if hc curls his aristocratic % cocks his aristocratic nose , bids such " _vilefek lows" as he of the Times not to come "betwixt thc wind and his nobility , " declares he will " stand by his order , " and , setting at defiance newspaper men and " allother anarchists and levellers , " shall proclaim that hc will continue to " do what he likes with his own ? " If he will so do , as he will do , what then , good Times ? Shall you and we , lovingly yoked together , set about inquiring if the ninety miles by seventy of land be his own ? But , perhaps , like Lord _jEFFKEr _. you "don't go into that" just yet . Sorry for it . As vou arc the " leadingjournal , " we should have been happy to have allowed you the post of honour . But if you decline , so be it ; with you or _withoutyoutheinquirynuist be made . The " Reckokivo Commissio . v" must be opened .

      On the occasion of the second reading of the ivew Scotch Poor Law on Friday , thc 13 th inst ,, reference was made to the extraordinary statements of thc Times " commissioner , " by Mr . Shaiuus Ciuwford _, This called up Mr . Loch , the agent-in-cliief and deput v-autocrat ofthe Duke , who denounced tlic reports in the Times as " _amazing mis-statements . " Hc did not , however , condescend to go into particulars in refutation of the statements of thc r _« Bes correspondent , with thc exception of one particular instance : — It has been said that thc contribution of the heritor to one Kirk Session for the poor was but £ G . Now , in the eight parishes which are properly called Sutherlandshire the amount of thc contribution of the Duke of

      Sutherland to the Kirk Session is £ 42 a-year . That is a * . cr \ small sum : but that sum merely is so given because the landlord thinks thathe can distribute his charity in a way more beneficial to thc people ; and the amount of charity which he gives ( and which is , I may say , settled on them , for it is given regularly ) is above £ 400 a-year . Tliis certainly presents the Duke's character in a somewhat improved light . He gets , it appears , from thirty to thirty-five thousand pounds a year from the estate , and returns to the poor—at least so Mr . Loch avers—four hundred and fifty pounds , im Ti » u * s remarks * . —

      Mr . Loch here shows a wish to refute where he can . Why , then , does hc not show , for instance , that in the palish of Fan * . Ann "Si'DonaM , a deformed and crippled dwarf , receives more than two shillings in the name of aliment for a year ! "Why does Mr . Loch not come fo rward to declare , that at Lickvouvn a helpless woman , named Campbell , who has been bed-ridden for six years , has a larger allowance than 4 s . a-year from the Kirk Session ? Why does he not make it apparent that it is all a mistake to believe that Ann Maekie , in the parish of Tongue , has only 2 s . 6 d . a-year allowed , and lives by begging ? But , instead o f meeting these and other issuable and triable f acts , Mr . Loch made the astounding statement : —

      That from the year 1311 to the year 1839 not one sixpence of rent has been received from the county of Sutherland , but , on the contrary , there has been sent there for the improvement aud benefit of the people ft sum ex-

      This Is Probably One Of The Schools For ...

      ceeding £ 60 , 000 , being in addition to the entire rental laid out there . On tliis the Tixrm remarks : — If Mr . _Losh here absolves his principal from all charge of oppression , what an amount of censure does he heap on hmi who has the outlaying of the Duke ' s bounty ! If Mr . Loch ' s statement be true , that during twenty-eight years not one farthing of the rental of _butlverlaiids'i - iire has been sent out of the comity , and it , besides this , a sura exceeding £ 60 , 000 has been laid out there , making at thc lowest calculation in twentvei § _liyears a sura of £ 900 , 000 expended on the estate , au i truc ' slloul (! * ike t 0 kn < w w _* 10 uas benefitted by this enormous sum of monev ? Cevtnh-. lv

      not the poor ! Theirstate is most wretched—and be it remembered that their wretchedness is vouched for , not only by tlic correspondent of tho Times , as liis statements are fully borne out by the evidence given on oath before the Commissioners of Poor Law Inquiry ; and Mr . E . Eluce , jun ., contradicted point blank all tliat Mr . Locit had said as to thc comfortable and contented state of the people in the Highlands . Mr . Ellice declared that" tho state of tilings in the north of Scotland was a perfect disi / racc to a civilised country . * * * * The state ' of the population was wretched- in the extreme ; ho had witnessedit , and he _kneto it . " To this Mr , Locn mado no rcnlv .

      Tl e give a few brief extracts from letters wluch have appeared in tho Times subsequent to the one quoted t _» _o-u _* _T * _? lcttev l ! ated _Lah'S _> Sutherlandshire , May Zoth , the writer quotes the following from the evidence ol the Rev . Mr . _M'Kenao , of Tongue :-I would wish to remark , that an erroneous inference , as to the state of this country , might he drawn from the fact that the cottages built within tiie last twenty vears are superior to the cottages formerly iuhabitcd by tenants in this country . The cottages are certainl y now far superior _. i / you look to the outside only ; but if you consider what the old cottages contained inside , as compared with the new cottages , the advantages in favour of tlio old cottages is great . Tliey used to be well supplied with articles of bed-furniture ; they used to have chests full of blankets ; and no Highland gentleman would have been afraid formerly to sleep in onc of those tenants' houses . That is not the case now . Tenants are very ill supplied with bedding , and the blankets which they have they keep so long that they are frequently very filthy .

      In a letter dated Tongue , Sutherlandshire , Mav 30 th , the writer says : — From Lairg to thisplaco is about forty miles due north . The road passes over wild barren heaths . The glens were formerly peopled . All have been " cleared" out , In that forty miles of Country I did not see six houses , and not six people , There was scarcely a tree , or a stone wall , or anything to see on all sides as far as the eye could reach but the barren heath , over wliich sheep and lambs were running about . Its loneliness may be judged of from the fact that I saw about twenty wild red deer in the course of the day . The land , formerly arable and green pasture from the labour of small tenants , is now rapidly getting like the adjacent heath—full of bogs and wire grass , and is scarcely now distinguishable from the heath . This is the result of " clearance" improvements . Speaking of Tongue , the writer says : —

      This is one ofthe places to which the people from the interior of the country have been driven to get a living on the coast as they can . Tbe best off among the cotters have five acres of land , part of it arable , and a right of common on the adjacent hiH . Ihe tenants houses arc small stone-built cottages , and much superior in appearance outside to the mud huts ofthe country . Inside , however , they are quite as filthy and as wretched as the mud huts . A mud floor '; a peat fire upon it , a table , a rush chair , and a bed , with two or three plates , form their usual appearance and furniture ; all within looking poverty-stricken , wretched , and filthy . Thepeople seem too _broken-spirited and abject to be clean . I went into two or three of the tenant ' s houses , and this is a fair description of the best of them . They usually pay 2 i guineas rent for their five acres _.

      In a letter dated Farr , Sutherlandshire , June 3 rd , The inhabitants of this parish formerly occupied thc interior , and were driven out to thc coast to make way for sheep farmers . They had generally moss allotments given them to take in , or render arable , hut insufficient to support them , and they were expected to get their living by fishing . They were without boats , without nets or lines , and without the knowledge or experience of fishers , as well as without their training and daring . In some cases boats bave been provided for them by the Duke of Sutherland . If , then , they got a boat-load of fish , they had no market for it , but distributed it amongst themselves as long as it lasted , And this , without any natural encouragement from a middle class ( which does not here exist ) ,

      they were without the inducements which led to success . * # * * The late minister of-the parish in his evidence before the commissioners speaks strongly of the "deterioration , " both in food and in clothing , of the people from being cleared out of the interior , and being driven to the coast . The Free Cliurcn minister ' s son here told me , as sad evidence of a change of spirit for «•« worse also among them , resulting from abject poverty , that "the people are now anxious to grasp at anything in the way of charity . Formerly they thought it a disgrace to be on the poor-roll , but it is not so now . I perhaps cannot more exactly describe their whole position and feeling , than by concluding with the pithy sentence of one poor fellow to me— " Give us work , and we don't want the * Poor _Ljiw .

      In a letter dated Scowrie , Sutherlandshire , June 5 th , the writer says t—From the Kyleof _Tougua the road passes over a barren and bleak hill . This is part of an extensive sheep farm . Regarding its " population , " with the exception of a solitary house on the hill-top for the accomodation of wayfarers , and in whieh I was told a shepherd lived , I did not see a hut or a house of any kind on either the hills or in the glens till I arrived at Loch Eribol—a distance of 12 miles . On the banks of this loch resides the sheep farmer , who rents the whole country for a dozen miles round him—a gentleman of much _intellijjcBce and tiie magistrate of the district , In fact , besides tho shepherd s and the cotters , he is the only resident in a district oi

      some 40 miles in extent . * * * * If you ask where is the former population , you are told , they are driven out . Some have gone " south , " others are starving at Melness—a " comfortable fishing village ; " others , the best of the population , have omigrated to Canada . # * Nature has done much for this place ; man , nothing : indeed , worse than nothing for this locality , which only wants man ' s industry , had a population ready for use and proper direction , and man drove them out . It is now desolate—terribly desolate—for miles and miles you drive over barren hills , so barren that the greater part of them have a face of rock , on which only here and there a patch of heather can be seen , and ( as the people here express it ) there is " not a smoke" in the once popular valleys _.

      In a letter dated Lairg , Sutherlandshire , June 7 th , the writer says : — Passing on through Assynt , I had pointed out to me valley after valley from which hundreds of people had been cleared . From one valley sixty tenants were " cleared out , " all of them comfortably off , and , excepting a large space of ground encircled by a wall , and which had formerly been an arable field , there was not a trace of the former tenants . Thc site of the former blacksmith's forge was shown to me , and the former blacksmith ' s potato land beside it . Thc potato ridges are now

      grown over with heather , and there is now nothing to distinguish this former seat of industry from the brown hill of whicli it forms a part . There is not a cottage to he seen where formerly there was a contented population . I was told , that for some thirty miles in extent the country hereabouts belongs to one sheep farmer , who employs only a few shepherds . Thc letters frem which we have quoted the above , abound with tiie most harrowing descriptions of the misery of the " pauperised" portion of the population : some of these we may transfer to our columns on a future occasion .

      The reader has now before him both sides of thc question—the liberality ofthe Duke of Sutherland as vouched for by his interested apologist , Mr Lock , and the actual condition of the country and its people , of which the Duke is lord and master , as described by the correspondent of the "Times , backed by the testimony of Mr . Ellice , one of the Highland representatives . On thc evidence of tbe contending parties the reader will reflect and decide for himself . So much for Sutherland !

      This Is Probably One Of The Schools For ...

      "MOKE _"CLEAUINGS "—MORE _"WEBDKGS . " Uossshiue , —Depopulation ok Estates , —The number of tenants warned out this year , at the instance of proprietors , is—in Wester Ross , 253 ; in Easter Koss , 51 ; in Cromartyshire , 32—336 . And of sub-tenants , at the instance of tacksmen and of occupants of glebe lands , tlte number is—in Wester Koss , S 2 ; in Easter Koss , about 10 ; in Cromarty , 2—04 . In all , 430 . _—Wxxburgli Weekly _Itegisltr . Ireland . —VfiwiESAixz Extermination * . —( From the Dublin Evening Post ) . —In the Kilkenny Journal we Rwd a list of two hundred and fifty-five persons , victims ofthe Extermination System in the County of Carlow . Most of those have already beeu sent adrift upon the world , in order that what is termed a "Protestant Colony" should be established , and the remainder , nineteen families , consisting of one hundred human beings , have been noticed to quit at November .

      In referring to those nineteen families , the Kilkenny _Jbiiwml describes them as industrious , improving tenants , who had built good slated houses , and paid their rent with regularity . Carton-, the sc- ' " - ' of those wholesale evictions , is one or the most peaceful counties iu the _eiwinre . Hut those tenants , ive are told , bad " given offence by conscientiously voting for the Liberal jcandidates at the last Carlow election , " aud tlieir eviction , as houseless wanderers , is thc punishment inflicted by the landlord . Our Kilkenny contemporary adds the following _statement - _*•

      Vt o have further heard that some of the oldest and most respectable inhabitants of _. the town of Bovris , whose leases have expired , and who have always paid their rents well , are named off—one in particular , it is said , was told tlwi hc s _' wuW expect no Quarter , « s his son was seen to wear a Bepeal button ! Here , too , must be established a little Protestant colony . To the credit of Lord Courtown , who has considerable property in this persecuted district , he and his ageut treated aU tenants alike who voted at different sides * . not the least distinction has been made ,

      This Is Probably One Of The Schools For ...

      Though some who voted for the Liberal candidates were heavily iu arrear , tliey received the same indulgence as those who voted at the other side . In another part of the country , more remarkable than any other for agrarian crime , the system of eviction is also in active operation . From the estates of ono noble _, man in that county two hundred and forty-three families have already been evicted , and we learn that he has given orders for the turning out of more ! In the county of Limerick , also , thc system of eviction is carried on with unabated vigour . We copy the following harrowing statement from the Limerick Re * porter : —

      A few days ago a heart-rending scene took place at Buukey , in the neighbourhood of Castleconnell . The High Sheriff dispossessed the ten following families : — Matt Fan-ell , three in family ; John llyan , eight in family ; l _' Tracy ( aged 70 ) , three in family ; Matt O'hreen , four in family ; l _' nt Kelly , six in family ; Thomas Bradshaw , one ; Morty Gleeson , one ; Dennis Ryan , seven in in family ; Michael Kelly , eight in family . Thus fortyeight human beings , in order to make room for a middleman ( for only two or three , we understand , owed any rent ) were thrown upon the road-side , where they had to remain ( or ten or twelve days and nights , exposed to the elements , there being no room for them ill the neighbouring houses . Tiic old man ( Tracy ) became paralysed ; and another of the unfortunate creatures is also despaired of . —The Slieriii ; we anderstand , entreated permission to leave them in possession ten days , and that he would be accountable ; but entreaty was useless—five of the houses were levelled , and care-takers placed in the rest . "

      Tiie "Amended" Scotch Poor Law Has Passe...

      TIIE "AMENDED" SCOTCH POOR LAW Has passed the second reading in the llouse of Commons , and will go into committee on Monday next . The bill is a bad bill . A worse could hardly have been conceived . But it is sure to nass . and we

      fear—thanks to the apathy with which the measure appears to be generally viewed in Scotland—tliat it will pass with but few alterations for thc better . True , some ofthe Scotch members are active in their opposition to what tliey conceive to be the bad points of the bill : but their own views of the question appear in the main to be but little superior to those of the Lord Advocate and his colleagues . Most of them , for instance , profess the utmost horror at the idea of giving relief to thc " able-bodied pauper . " Even where the Scotch members arc right in thoir objections , and in the views tlicy put forth , they apnear to stand almost alone , unsupported by the petitions of their countrymen . Mr . 1 . M . Stewart denounced the measure ( on Friday night ) as " a bill for thc lairds and heritors , not for the poor . Thc bill gave power to thc powerful , and threw additional burdens

      ou thc oppressed poor . And Mr . Fox Maule described it as " a bill not for the benefit ofthe poor , but to protect the rich from contributing too much to tlieir maintenance . " But denunciations by iiulh'iduals , even though tliey be members of thc legislature , will not do much unless backed by a strongly organised public opinion . Why the masses of Glasgow , Edinburgh , Dundee , Aberdeen , and thc rest of the towns where united and simultaneous action is easy , and where their influence is not slight ; why they—the class whom this bill will most materially affect—should remain quiescent while it is manufactured into law , does pass oar comprehension . Surely the questions of "settlement "—" relief to ' ablebodied paupers' "— "workhouses" — and " assessments , " are questions which are of thc utmost importance to the Scottish working-men ; and of their ability to discuss them when once furnished with the requisite information , tliere can be no doubt ; for

      the " intelligence" of the Scottish working classes is a " great fact , " not to be disputed . Wc would say , therefore , to the working men of Dumfries , Kilmarnock , Paisley , Greenock , Glasgow , Edinburgh , Perth , Dundee , Forfar , Aberdeen , Elgin , and all other p laces where persons can be found to take the initiative , get _togetlier ; appoint a committee ; or , to save time , let a provisional committee appoint themselves * , let that committee correspond with the member or members for the town or district ; obtain from those members copies of thc Lord Advocate's "Bill ; " then summon public meetings of all the inhabitants for thc discussion of the measure , the provisional committeo preparing the resolutions beforehand ; send up the resolutions adopted by the _lueetinga to the members for tlic town or district , and petitions to both houses as extensively signed as possiblc _. _' setting forth wherein the petitioners disagree with the bill , and the amendments they desire to be introduced into it . This o _* i

      before this time . There ought to have been a national delegate meeting sitting in Edinburgh to harmonize the objections to the bill , concentrate thc opposition , and unite in onc consistent whole the amendments suggested by the vox populi . This ought to have been done : but wc fear our Scottish friends arc rather contented with the pi'OSOllt gleam of " prosperity , " than watchful of the adversity which we fear tlio future ivill disclose to them . However , all is not yet lost ; and some good may be effected , provided prompt action takes the place of present apathy . Tliis is a matter in which the Trades should be thc first to move ; but if they are supine , let the Scotch Chartists , wherever they have an active committee , at once set about rousing public attention to this subject . Remember the bill goes into committee ou Monday next . Wc append a few extracts from the evidence given before the Commissioners of Poor Law Inquiry , and from other sources , showing thc workings ofthe present Scottish Poor Law System - . —

      Parish or Dubor . — -The minister writes— "Thc poor obtain tlieir additional support by begging from door to door . Such of tho paupers as have humane relatives get some pecuniary relief from them ; but such as have not , and are unable to beg , an _ItieraHi * s ( ai _* i ) iii (* , or next thing to it . Slavery is condemned , and justly condemned ; but I am persuaded that thc slaves arc far better off than our paupers , 1 trust , therefore , that prompt measures will forthwith be adopted to ameliorate their wretched condition . " Rev . James Macdonald , minister of _CTrray , — "The

      allowances in our parish to tho aged and infirm are from 3 s . to ios . annuaUy . indeed , I am ashamed to toll it , tliey are so for below what tliey should be . f have often spoken to some of the heritors on the subject . I have only one resident out of thirteen heritors , and one besides who comes here every year for a short time . The heritors , when I hare spoken to them , have always admitted that the funds wcre very low , and that we should certainly require more ; but , with one exception , they _xxever sent donations . They arc not in the habit of sending money to me in aid of the church collections . The exception I allude to was a donation only for one year . "

      Edinburgh . —Sir William Drysdale , treasurer of the city of Edinburgh , examined : — You are a member of the town-council , and treasurer of the city ?—I am . Have you had opportunities of judging of the Poor Laws?—I have paid considerable attention to thc subject _. It has frequently been represented to the town-council that the allowance for the poor was inadequate ?—Certainly . What has been the consequence ; has the legal assessment been increased?—No ; the general anxiety of tiie I town-council is to keep down rates . Do you think it possible that the frequent refusals of the town-council to raise an assessment may account for the managers not having applied lately for an increaso f—Oh , I have no doubt they knew perfectly what answer they would get . Have you any knowledge of the condition of the poor in Edinburgh ?—There is great destitution .

      Do you conceive their allowances are sufficient I—Quite inadequate , in my opinion . Mr . George Small , treasurer of the Edinburgh Charity Workhouse , examined : — I see that there is a debt owing by the Charity Workhouse , amounting t * £ 16 , 794 . How was that debt contracted "i—There was no debt contracted for a great many years ; but in the celebrated year of the cholera the institution got into debt by the extraordinary expenses . They applied to the then town-council xjear after year , when they found they were getting into debt , for an additional assessment to defray the extraordinary expenses as thoy occurred ; but the town-council declined giving move thaw C _yvt cent . ; and in consequence the debt had accumulated till it reached the amount stated . * # * # I may mention , that three years successively some of the rates have been arrested in the hands of the ratepayers by the isanks , to whieh a considerable debt is due , and thereby Tintnh _niistfuptlon and inconvenience is caused .

      Glasgow . —The following communication is from a " _Kil'k Treasurer , " produced by Captain Miller , Superintendent of the Glasgow Police , before the Commissioners , and to be fouud in page 4 . G 3 of the Appendix , to their Report , numbered 1 . Captain Miller stated to tho Commissioners , among other cases , the following : — On the afternoon of Vf eancsday last , an old man , in a very feeble state , was brought to the Police-office , having been found lying in the street , by one of the officers . The surgeon of the establishment visited hhn , and his case was brought under the notice of the proper officer at the town ' s hospital . In the course of yesterday afternoon , he ivas taken away to tangloatt , Old _Moii'dand , in a cart sent from the hospital , on wliich parish he was supposed tohave a legal claim . The poor man died before reaching _Lnnglonii , andhis body was returned to Glasgow with the following letter from Old Monklaod parish : — " Langloan , Old _Moiikland , April 20 , 1843 .

      "Sir , —I have returned the man , James Dick , _beixxg dead when brought here , axxd 1 hope you will not send axnj wove iu sucft a _sfaf ; . I do not tliink you are justified in so Joing . me man , if it is really James Dick , did get fl temporary relief of 4 s ., but being just a travelling beggar , although once belonging to tbis parish , but being long out of it , he has no legal claim ; but you can please get the man interred , and I will pay the expense , if this be found his proper parish . "I am , sir , yours truly , " Wuuam Johnstone , Kirk Treasurer . " To Mr . Robert Koss , Town ' s Hospital . " Captain Mimer stated , that ,-

      —In the very centre ofthe city ot Glasgow , there was an accumulated mass of squalid wretchedness , whieh was probably unequalled in any other town in the British dominions ; that in the interior part of the square bounded by Salt-market , Trongate and Stockwell streets , and by the river Clyde , as well as in certain parts of the east side of High-street , including the Vcnnels , Ilavaniiah _, and Burnsidc , there was concentrated everything wretched , dissolute , loathsome , and pestilential . These places are filled by a population of many thousands of miserable creatures , Thc bouses in whicli they live arc altogether unfit for human beings , and every apartment is filled with a promiscuous crowd of men , women , and children , in a state of filth and misery . In many of the houses there is scarcelr any ventilation . Dunghills lie in the vicinity of the dwellings , and , from the extremely defective sewerage , filth of every kind constantly accumulates . In tliese horrid dens the most abandoned characters of the

      city are collected , from whence they nightly issue to disseminate disease , aud to pou . " upon the town every species of abomination and crime . In such receptacles , so long as tlicy are permitted to remain , crime of every sort may lie expected to abound ; and unless the evil is speedily and vigorously checked , it must , of necessity , increase . The people who dwell ii \ those quarters ofthe city arc sunk to the lowest possible state of personal degradation , in whom no elevated idea can be expected to arise , and who regard themselves , from the hopelessness of their condition , as doomed to a life of wretchedness and crime . # # The fact ennnot be concealed that hundreds of persons die annually in Glasgow from diseases brought on by want of proper nourishment , & c ; and from what lias conic under my own personal observation , I am convinced ofthe fact that many persons die in consequence ofbeing treated in their own houses , where they have neither food , fuel , nor clothing , wliile labouring under fever , and other infections disease .

      On such facts as these , Captain Milieu arrived at the conclusion , that some better provision for the poor is imperatively necessary , not merely on thc ground of humanity , but also as a means of repressing crime .

      I-Tefcrt Jntellfffett-Cet

      i-tefcrt _Jntellfffett-cet

      Loxnoj* Cons Exchange, Monday, Juxe 10.—...

      Loxnoj * Cons _Exchange , Monday , Juxe 10 . — The arrivals of wheat and Hour were very liberal during tlic past week , and a i ' air quantity of malt came to hand ; but with oats , beans , and peas , the market was very scantily supplied . From aoroad the receipts were moderate of most articles . This morning there was a small show of wheat by land-carriage samples from the home counties , and scarcely any spring corn fresh up . Thc weather has continued very favourable for thc growing crops , and the accounts from tlio country arc much more cheering than was thc case in the early part of thc month . Holders of wheat nevertheless remained firm , and with rather a slow demand to-day full prices wcre realised . White wheat was , if anything , the turn dearer , and red certainly not cheaper . In _ij-ceforeign

      wheat there was not much passing , but _pi'CV'lOUS rates were maintained . In bond nothing of interest transpired , The principal millers continue to demand 453 . per sack for the best marks of Hour , and ship samples were not lower this morning . English barley was very scarce , but thc enquiry was f ar from lively , and last Monday ' s currency could not be exceeded . In foreign there was little passing . Malt , without being in much request , firmly supported its former value , The dealers were not generally inclined to buy oats freely ; having , however , a tolerable country demand , factors succeeded in realising quite as high terms as those current on this day week . Beans and peas wcre extremely scarce , and commanded fully as much money . There was a fair quantity of canarysecd on sale , and late rates were barely obtainable . In prices of other sorts of seeds no change requiring notice took place .

      I CURRENT PRICES OP GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL i QUARTER ,-British . s s s « Wheat , Essex , Si Kent , new & old red 43 49 "Whit * 80 Si I Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 44 48 Ditto 49 82 Northum . and Scotch white 43 48 Fine 48 62 ¦ . Irish red old 0 0 Red 43 45 "Whito 47 48 % e Old 30 31 New 28 30 _Brank 34 3 * Barley Grinding . . 24 26 Distil . 27 80 Malt . 30 35 Malt Brown .... 02 54 Pale So 59 Ware GO ti Beans Ticks old & new 35 37 Harrow _* 37 39 Pigeon 41 ii Peas Grey 35 36 Maple 37 38 White 38 40 Oats Lincolns Si Yorkshire Feed 22 24 Poland 24 26 Scotch Angus 23 25 Potato 26 29 Irish White 21 28 Black 21 23 Pcr 280 lb . net . s s Per 2801 b . net . s a Town-made Flour ... 43 45 Norfolk & Stoekton 83 M Essex and Kent .... 33 36 Irish SB 36

      Free . Bond * Foreign . a a » Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , < tc 53 57 38 42 Marks , Mecklenburg 51 52 33 3 $ Danish , llolstein , and Friesland red 43 45 28 30 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 46 28 29 Italian , Red . . 47 48 White ... 51 52 32 35 Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft . .,. 48 52 31 34 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 28 30 Undricd ,, 2630 22 24 Barley , Grinding . 24 26 Malting . . 28 32 19 3 * Beans , Ticks . . 34 30 " Egyptian . 34 35 28 32 l ' eas , White . . 37 33 Maple . . 36 37 28 3 » Oats , Dutch , Brew aud Thick 25 26 21 22 llussiaufccd , 21 22 15 18 Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , ner barrel 24 26 19 21

      Loxdox Smithfield Cattle Market , Monday , June IC— -In the port of London thc imports of live stock from abroad , during the past week , have been . again extensive , viz ., ISO oxen and cows , 3 calves , i 3 sheep , ami 4 lambs from tlic Giraffe , Batavier , and Ocean steamers , from Rotterdam ; together with 26 sheep per the Caledonia from Hamburg . At Hull , upwards of 20 ( 1 beasts have been received from Holland in excellent condition . We had on sale this morning 97 Dutch oxen and cows , thc quality of which , though good , was not quite equal to that of some previous importations . Hence they commanded much less attention than those exhibited on Monday last , yet nearly thc whole found buyers , at prices varying from £ 16 to £ 21 per head . The high prices obtained for beef on this day se'nnight , together with

      the prevailing warm weather , caused thc butchers , notwithstanding the bullock supply was comparatively small , to be very cautious in their operations to-day . Hence we have to report a dull inquiry for beef , at a decline , on last Monday's quotations , of from 4 d to Od per 8 lb—the very highest figure not exceeding 4 s 4 d per 8 lb ; and nt which great difficulty was experienced in effecting a clearance . Thelarge arrivals of Scotch meat up in Newgate and _LCttdCnhaU _maricets operated to some extent upon our trade today . We regret to observe that the arrivals from the north have mostly sold at a ruinous sacrifice . Thc droves from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridge _, shire , comprised 1200 shorthorns , Scots , and homebreds . From thc western , midland , and northern counties , we received 400 Ilercfords _, Devons , runts ,

      shorthorns , Ac . ; from other parts of England 300 of various breeds ; and from Scotland 400 horned and polled Scots , _l- ' or the time of year , the numbers oi sheep on of f er were small , they f alling short of an average by upwards of nine thousand . The primest old Downs commanded a steady , though not to say brisk , inquiry , at last week ' s currencies ; but the demand for all other kinds was somewhat inactive , at barelystationary prices . The supply of lambs wa » small ; while the lamb trade may be considered steady , at previous quotations . From the Isle of Wight the numbers did not exceed 80 . Calves , the supply or which was good , moved off heavily , at a reduction in value of from 2 d to 4 d per 8 lb . In pigs , little was doing , at late rates . By tho quantities of 8 Ib „ sinking the offal .

      s , _u , s . ? . Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 10 3 4 Second quality .... 3 fl 3 8 Prime large oxen .... 3 10 4 0 Prime Scots , & e 4 2 4 4 Coarse inferior sheep . . . 3 4 3 8 Second quality 3 lfl 4 4-Prime coarse woolled ... 4 6 4 8 Prime Southdown . . , 4 10 5 0 Lambs 5 0 6 0 Large coarse calves .... 3 8 4 4 Prime small ..... 4 6 4 8 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 29 0 Large hogs 3 0 3 8 Neat small porkers ... 3 10 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 16 0 19 0

      UBAD _OF CATT 1 E ON SALE , ( From thc Books ofthe Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 2 , _395-Sliecp and Lambs , 25 , 570—Calves , 1-33 Pigs , 320 .

      Richmond Conx Market , Satouhy , Ju _** _*** - 14 . — - We had a tolerable supply of grain in our market to day . Wheat sold from 0 s . to Is . Od . , * oats 2 s . Od . to 3 s . 3 d . ; barley 3 s . 9 d . to 4 s . ; beans 4 s . Od . to 4 s . 9 d . per bushel . Liverpool Conx Market , Mo . vday , Juxe 16 . — With tho exception of about 7000 sacks of Irish flour , the supplies of grain and meal , cither from our own coast or from abroad , have been light . The duty ou beans and peas declined on Thursday to 5 s . Gd . per quarter , which forms thc only alteration this week . Under the influence of fine growing weather , and more favourable accounts from the agricultural

      districts , there has not been much animation m the corn trade during thc past week ; holders of wheat , however , have not evinced any disposition to force , and thc few sales of this article have been without anv material variation from thc prices last quoted . Oats have been held for late rates , but few have been wanted : 3 s is an extreme value for the best Irish , fair runs of which may be bought at 2 s . 10 ld . to 2 s . lid . per 45 lbs . The Hour and meal trade has ruled exceedingly dull , aud late prices have been barely supported . In barley , beans , peas , or Indian corn , there is little to observe as regards demand , and our last quotations are continued .

      Maxciiestek Coux Market , _Sati-iiday _, Juxe 14 . —Throughout thc week thc weather lias continued as f avourable as could be wished , and reports from all quarters speak ofthe promising appearance of the growing crop . The trade , as is usual under such circumstances at this season of the year , has been generally ofa lifeless character , witliout anypcrccD . tible alteration in prices . At our market this morning every article of the trade mot an exceedingly limited retail demand ; but , in the absence of any anxiety on thc part of holders to press sales , wc repeat the quotations of this day se ' nnight . Lkeds Coitx Market , Tuesday , Juxk IT . *—Wo have very moderate supplies of all gaain this week . There is little change in the wheat trade to-day ; the demand for fresh qualities is just sufficient to meet the urgent want of our millers , who manifest no disposition to hold large stocks . In prices , there is no variation , and in chambered wheats extremely little is doing . Barley nominal . Oats and beans are firm , with a good demand for the latter

      Maltox Cobs Market , Juke H . — "We have a short supply of all kinds of grain offering to this dav _' s market , and no alteration in the price of any article . Wheat , red , 47 s . to 51 s . ; white ditto , 50 s . tool _, per qr . of 40 stones , Oats , Ud . to II d . per stone

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 21, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_21061845/page/7/