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. BELGIUM. (mow oub own* laxd coionasiosBR.) Letteb IT.
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TO THE WOBKESG CLASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN ...
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SPAIN. Barcelona, Sett. 13.—The city con...
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AND NATIONAL TEADES' JQUMAL
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VOL. VIII. NO. -411. LONDON, ' SATURDAY,...
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MESSRS. DOYLE. M'GRATH, AND CLARK S TOUR...
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Death op the Bisuop of Bath asd Wem,s.~-...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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. Belgium. (Mow Oub Own* Laxd Coionasiosbr.) Letteb It.
. BELGIUM . ( mow oub own * laxd coionasiosBR . ) Letteb IT .
To The Wobkesg Classes Of Great Britain ...
TO THE WOBKESG CLASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Mr Veab Fjubsds , —In my last letter you found me at Brussels , the capital of Belgium , a Tery splendid town , snrronnded with beautiful walks called Boulevards , planted with , . trees at either side , and with seats placed at intervals for those who wish to sit down . Attheendofthiswalkis a long avenue , more than a mile long , running a _l ongside of the canal with a row of Tery closely planted trees on either side ofit . It would be impossible to describe the beauty of this avenue and the beauty of the park to you : and as I live in the confident anticipation of _lavins an " excursion trip" of some thousand or two
_thou sand from London-bridge fo Antwerp next year , I shall leave many of the gorgeous sights here nndescri bed _" , and allow yon to judge for yourselves when yoa see them . Some of the _buildings here are truly sp lendid . The Town Hall is Tery much , longer and much more beautiful than Westminster Abbey ; and the hotels , wliich are numerous , are like palaces : and all from the land . On Tuesday morning Iwent to the plain of _Waterloo , twelve miles from Brussels : and all the way the country was a perfect garden . The main roads are all paved , and for thc most part planted on either side . As I did not come to discourse of battles , I shall not trouble yoa with much
upon that subject . Suffice it to say that the country ai around is very beautiful , and highly cultivated _, 'i'hey have erected a very large mound to commemorate thc battle , where the Prince of Orange was wounded . To ciFect this , they dug the land in the neighbourhood to the depth of about nine feet , and made a _niouudSOO feet high , and 1 CS 0 feet in circumfer ence at the base . On the top , is the lion of Belgium , just like all other lions . It cost about £ 10 , 000 Enjluh money . There are two _liundred very x vkJ * steps to mount to the top ; and from it the view is superb . I liad for my guide thc person who gave
Captain Sibornc ( who constructed the celebr ated model of thc battle ) much information . He was with Mm for five _months ; and is a most intelligent man . lie saw all the battle , as far as the smoke would allow hun _, from an adjoining hill . I asked him , and many others , which the people wished to ¦ win the battle , _Ifapoleon or Wellington ? and the answer of one and all was , " 0 , Wellington , Wellington ; for Xapolcon would make tis all pay de tribute . " The Belgians , like other people , have a great hatred of " tribute . " It would appear from thc information of all the guides , that the last day ' s fight was for the possession of the celebrated farm-house
LA HATE SAINTE , a 3 all the walls , and Toofe , and _doora are perfectly riddled with balls . My guide was son of the woman who now occupies this celebrated farm-house ; so I went over every bit of it ; and every inch , from the well where the French soldier was found drowned , to the meanest corner , ias its own history . The yard and garden around was strewn thick with dead men . The heat of the battle was there . The only monument erected to anything English , is one' in a garden , at the Brussels side of Waterloo , to _thetfeceascd leg of the Marquis of Anglesey . In the cottage they show you his boot that the ball went
through , and the table on which the log was cut off . That is all that I mean to tell you now about the battle . I asked my guide what wages men could earn at agricultural work in that neighbourhood . He told me "a franc a day and their diet , by the year , for good men" :---a franc is lOd . English : —two and a half francs "—that is , 2 s . Id . — " in busy times , without diet ; and at piece or job-work as much as six , seven , and even eight francs "—that is Cs . 8 d . a day . He said , "When working job or piece-work they were up at daybreak and worked till dark . " I then questioned him upon the subject of Poor Laws , and I give you thc mode of providing for the poor of
Belgium . " The peasants , " said he , " elect the mayor ; " the mayor then nominates two , -who are called second men ; and also fire other persons . Those five , with the priest , take charge of the poor . The poor have lands which belong to themselves ; and the mayor and the second men receive tenders from persons Who wish to become tenants to the poor ' s land . Li winter Hit priest and five peasants are obliged to visit the sick , akd to pboude them with all TmxGs _xecsssart , if sick at home . They most give all that the doctor orders , and blankets to those who require them . I will now detail for you a con venation that passed between us on the subject of PoorLaws : —
O'Gonnor : Now , are the poor , when old , or out of work , or sick , well cared for ? Guide : 0 yes ; very well . O'Connor : As well as if they could work ? Guide : Yes , yes ; and much better . 0 yes , better O'Connor : Bow is that ? ' Guide : How is that ? why , the people see to it . O'Connor : Well , suppose the priest and the peasants don't do their duty ? Guido : 0 , but they must .
O'Connor : Well , but suppose a man is neglected ? Guide : Well then he or his friends get a second man , and the second man will go and see the doctor , to inquire if he is sick ; or go and visit the house if he is old or has no work ; and if he is neglected , they will tell the mayor ; and . then the mayor will send for the priest and say to him , " Come now , Mr . Priest , you have not done your duty fo this man ;" and then if it is done again , they will be all sent about their business , and the mayor will elect more in their place .
O'Connorj _; Well , suppose anything remains over , after supporting the poor , what _redone with it ? Guide : It goes on always to make more for the
poor . O'Gonnor : Does a man _eyerrsfarre Jiere with you ? Z Guide : Starve ? want food ? 0 no , no—no ; never ; that could not be . O'Connor : Has . there ever been anything wrong about the funds ? Guide : > o ; not in my village : hut over there , in that village , the priest neglected the poor , and kept all the money ; and the mayor and the peasants senthimoff . O'Connor : How do the labourers live here ?
Guide ; Well , they all have a pig , and they make that do for week days ; and then on Sunday they will buy two pounds of beef , and make soup with peas and beans , and vegetables , and potatoes ; and they live very well I'll assure you . O'Connor : How are they clothed ? Guide : Well , as you see ; well and warm . The shopkeepers buy the wool from the farmers , and make cloth of it ; and the labourers buy it from the shopkeepers . O'Connor : Well , and when the people are sick ? -Guide : 0 yoa saw one great hospital at one side , as yon came into the village , for that side of the country ; and another on ours there , for this side of the country .
O'Connor : Suppose they were to take the lands fi-om the poor ? Guide : 0 that is nonsense : how could they take the land when I tell you it is the poor ' s own ? No body could take it . No , no ; Hie mayor would not let tion . Now , what think you of that , my friends , who are subjected te the tender mercies of a Poor Law Bastile ?—you whose land ' s have been all stolen . Aye , but yon had no mayor , elected by yourselves !
On Tuesday I went to the country within about ten Jailes of Brussels , to see the small farms . Hal is the nearest torn to the firms I saw , and Lambeg is tte nearest village . In Lambeg * there 13 3 large gin distillery and a larg « sugar manufactory . The walk was splendid , alongthe banks of a canaL with double rows of trees on each side . Here the peasants all speak Flemish ; and my guide was an egregious ass . Hecould speak nothing . The first small farm that I visited-wa 3 held by a young man . It consisted of what they term " a bundle of land . " I measured it ,
and it is about 200 perches . Iu an English acre _ttere are 160 perches . For this he paid 120 francs , _Wf 416 s . 8 d . ayear , _wiflumttheliouse . Thehouse " _*•» his own . He built , or bought it—a practice which I find very general in fhe country districts _, fue land he esteemed very good : it was some distance _& fan his house . He had two good ctm ; and worked _J _^ nself at & eBUgar _man-afeetoryaUthetime hehadto spare ia winter . Hegotonefraneaday . His _potass * ana all in that neighbourhood , had utterly Wiled . _Thenextpe _^ _oalyisited _vraaaTroinaa . who
To The Wobkesg Classes Of Great Britain ...
managed an estaminet ( public-house ) . She was _rery intelligent . She lived more b y the sale of beer than by the land . She showed me a basket of potatoes , the best she had , about the size of very large marbles , and all totally gone . All in the neighbourhood were alike . The land , she said , wa what all ; around looked to and depended on . I next visited a cottage where two sisters had a bundle and a half of land between them . The man of the house had been sick for seven months . They paid 120 francs for their land , or £ 4 16 s . 8 d . a bundle . I next visited the house of a most intelligent woman . She held 11 bundles—not quite two acres . It
wants twenty perches of being two acres . She had three cows and two pigs , and was making cheese . All was beautifully clean and neat . She also paid about £ 1 16 s . Sd . an acre . Her husband had built the house . Her potatoes also were all gone . I next went to a field , where a man and his son and two daughters were preparing the ground for wheat . lie had ] f bundles . For 1 bundle of good he paid 160 francs , or £ G Gs . Sd . a bundle ; and for the 3 of bad land , 26 francs a bundle . Always bear in mind that a bundle is an English acre and a quarter . This was a fine fellow . He had eight children . The wife was at home * , and four children , two sons and two daughters , always worked in the field ; and the youngsters were all playing about them . In winter
he dresses flax and threshes his corn . The young ones go to school from eight till four o ' clock ; aud the eldest son works in the sugar manufactory ; but he had _tlestx or wons TOR TUB _WHOLT * . FIVE m the two acres _DUBixo summer . The women work in the fields in summer without shoes or stockings ; but , going to market , they ai _* e remarkably neat about the feet ; and at all times keep their hair as neat as possible . I asked this man " if many of the peasants purchased their holdings ? " and he told me they did , many of them : and that it sold as high as 5000 , 6000 , and 7000 francs a bundle ; that is , £ 200 , £ 240 , and £ 2 S 0 a bundle : or , from £ 160 an acrenp to £ 244 an acre . And mark ; this is had land , wretched land , compared with what I purpose purchasing for £ 18 15 s . an acre in England .
I must now say a word or two about the management and appearance of those farms . The Belgians ntver lose a morsel of _anytldng tliat ean by possibility be converted into manure . Each has got his liquid manure tank : some covered ; some not . They esteem the urine of the cows as best for forcing one crop ; hut the solid manure for remaining longer in the ground . Tliis is in a great measure OWlng to the fact of their ground being very light and porous the liquid running quickly through , while the heavier substance remains nearer the surface . The appearance of every one of the cottages that I saw was picturesque and beautiful : each surrounded by
trees , and a rivulet generally runs hard by . All the domestic animals are as tame and friendly as they are in Ireland . The young children in the neighbourhood are to be seen lying in groups under the trees for shelter , or playing inthe field : and I have seen many , not move than seven years of age , leading cows with halters on their heads to pick up grass where they could not be safely trusted if loose-One circumstance which makes the peasantry anxious to purchase their plot of ground at a high price in this country is , that the " -tenure" is bad and uncertain . A nine years' lease is the usual tenure ; and the landlord at the end of that time has
the benefit of all the labour that has been expended . This is also a reason for the great anxiety of the people to possess a house of their own , from which tkey cannot be removed . _Besides the great number of small farms in Belgium , there are abo many large ones , as the population is not sufficiently large to occupy the whole country in small farms . Here also the allotment system is carried out properly . Those who work at other trades than that of cultivating the ground have aU small gardens to grow food of different kinds ; but in all cases care of the manure , and constant working of the ground , are the two great objects .
In my next letter I shall give you an account of an immense colliery district , stretching from Mons to Genappe , and from thence to the frontiers of France , a distance of more than thirteen miles , where nothing but collieries meet the eye ; but such a thing as an ex plosion is never heard of . A colliery inspector lives here and there , amid the huge piles of long ckimneys ; and in many instances the mines are a mile and a quarter deep ; some coal and some iron . The houses of the peasants are very different from those of the colliers of Northumberland and Durham . In most districts the small farmers work their cows for about four hours a-day . They are harnessed precisely like
horses , with bits in their mouths . They plough , harrow , and draw waggons ; and they say that those at work give more milk than those not worked ; but this is easily accounted for , from the fact of their being better fed . They are kinder at work than horses , and are as gentle as lambs : the objeot of the farmer being to teach them gentleness from the first . The ploughs and harrows , and especially the carts and waggons , as well as all agricultural implements , are ofthe rudest kind , but managed with great skill and dexterity . The wheat throughout Belgium has received a partial blight , and is by no means an average crop : so that npon the whole the people are in very
great tribulation . One thing that must strike a stranger coming to this country very forcibly is , the perfect union of all classes ; that is , in the country districts . Every one appears to be interested in every other person ' s affairs ; and indeed the motto upon their coin is " uxion is strength . " In Ghent , a very large town between Ostend and Brussels , the devil-chimneys are beginning to spread enormously : and I am told that several capitalists are now to be found in that town worth from a mil lion to two millions of money . My hope is , that they never will be able to entice thc virtuous peasantry from their peaceful homes . The people appear to love the country and agricultural pursuits .
On my return from Hal , I went to Antwerp that night , a distance of 20 miles . All along the line the country presented the same enchanting appearance of men and women working , children playing , crops growing , and all appearing thriving and happy and g 3 y . Every one grows as much tobacco as he thinks he will require for the winter ' s smoking ; and the people are very generous with " the weed . " To-day the peasants are all in their holiday clothes , and look remarkably well . Such a thing as sickness in the country districts is rarely heard of : the children are so much in the open air . I am going to Liege to-morrow , which is a kind of highland district ; and in my next I shall tell you more of the small farms , of the manner in which the colliers are treated ,
and what they can earn ; and about the quarry men , of which there are large numbers in this country ; and of the hospitals and institutions for the destitute . I went over a very extensive quarry yesterday , where 650 men are constantly engaged and I was also over the farm of the overseer . One remarkable circumstance which struck me very forcibly , was the difference between an Irish and a Belgian farmer . If you question an Irishman closely , he supposes , and naturally , tbat you want to take advantage of him ; and he looks upon you as an enemy , while the unsuspicious Belgian puts it down to interest in his concerns , and becomes communi cative . This proceeds from the fact of the Irish being brought np under oppression , and the Belgian under kindness .
On the whole , the more I see of this country the more I am in love with it , and the more anxious I become to see the foundation-stone of like happiness laid in old England and ould Ireland . I WOUld in > ploreyon , then , to go on putting your farthings together for the purchase of land , that you and your children may be happy . I remain , yonr faithful friend and servant , Fbarous O'Conxob .
Jtoefjpt Iittelttgttttt*
_Jtoefjpt _iittelttgttttt *
Spain. Barcelona, Sett. 13.—The City Con...
SPAIN . Barcelona , Sett . 13 . —The city continues tranquil , but still a deep excitement pervades the public mind , and everybody asks how long 19 this violent state of things to last ? The Captain-General , in the general order of to-day , again reminds the army of its duty to their sovereign , and forbids officers joining any " casinos , " convivial clubs formed for the sole object of amusement . It would appear his Excellency entertains some apprehensions from the contact of the officers with civilians , even in a social way . Such repeated exhortations to the army induce _roaiiy people to think that the Captain-General doubts their fidelity . The city continues , as I mentioned in a former letter , occupied in a military way , every
post having by them eight days' rations , and 200 round reserve ammunition per man . At the moment of post hour , a bando of the Captain-General has been posted in all public places , directing that everybody shall immediately retire to their houses on the slightest symptoms of alarm , or if found in thc streets shall be treated as if iniplicated . in disturbances . This is a renewal ofthe bando of tho Baron de Mcer last winter , which directed that all lookers-on in any outbreak should be fired on as well as the actual rioters , as their presence in the street should be considered as a connivance at least to the breach of the peace taking place , Madrid , Sept 15 . —The Moderado papers talk of a conspiracy having been discovered at Alicant on the 10 th , and say that several arrcsts had taken place , and that a Colonel Ripoll , a relative of Zurbano _' s , was to have putkimself at the head of the movement . The troops were all under arms at Saragossa on the 7 tll and subsequent days , aud large detachments were
stationed in the principal streets , and three pieces of artillery , with two companies of infantry and some cavalry , occupied Torrero on the 9 th . Some disturbance took place on the night of the 7 th , and stones were thrown at the troops , but it does not appear that anything more serious has occurred . The _Cdstellano publishes an extract from a Lisbon paper , which states that the Spanish Gen . Iriarte liad landed at a small place in thc neighbourhood of Oporto on the 1 st of August , where he put himself in communication with the Spanish emigrants in the quarter , among whom he distributed money and arms . He endeavoured to _procure a passport tor the Spanish frontiers , but failed . His arrival having come to the knowledge of the authorities , steps were taken to arrest him , but he succeeded in getting away , and is supposed to have embarked on board a packet bound for England . Some people supposed , however , that he was still concealed in the neighbour " hood of Oporto .
GERMANi . The religious excitement in Germany continues at its height . The progress of M . Itongc , notwithstanding the attempts of the Government to put down all demonstrations of enthusiasm , Is aspecies of triumph . On the 19 th he left Stutgard for Ulm , and he was accompanied out of the city by a vast crowd of inhabitants . Some of tho most enthusiastic of his admirers accompanied him all the way to Ulm . Letters from Vienna state that the religious excitement has extended to that capital . A German Catholic congregation has been formed , and at its first meeting upwards of 3 , 000 persons attended . The meeting having been called without the leave of the authorities , it was dispersed by a battalion of infantry . YOUNG GERMANY IN SWITZERLAND .
_CONSPIRACV AGAINST CHURCH AND STATE ! ( From our German Correspondent . ) The ConstitutionnelNeufckatetois gives a long , apparently official , report on a " vast conspiracy of atheists spread all over Switzerland . " We take irom it the following extracts : — "After the discovery made some time ago ofthe Communistseeretsociety , inthe canton of _Ncufchatel , another far more dangerous association has been discovered—anasociation extending its nets all over the Swiss confederacy , and purposing to overthrow , by means of Atheism , the fundamental principles of morality , and to revolutionize Germany by any mean 3 , _Beghide not excepted . The members of this Association , which is known by the name of Young
Germany , or the Leman Confederacy , are almost without exception German working men , with some of the old political refugees . In consequence of some information at the _head-quarters of the conspiracy , Laosanne , the chiefs of the great club of La Chaux de Fonds were apprehended , and a commission of inquiry appointed , the results of whieh are the following disclosures . This secret society exists since 1838 , and has at its head Messrs . Standau and Doclecke , professors of the German language » Wm . Marr , editor of their paper ; and Hoffman , druggist . Dr . Fein and Dr . Rauschenplatt , German refugees ; the first imprisoned at Lucerne on account of his having taken part in the late civil war—the second at Strasburg , appear also to be connected with this society . The
rules of the association contain the following articles : —The society is essentially and necessarily a secret one , its end being political propaganda . Every member obliges himself to remain within the association until forty years of age , to devote all his powers to the attainment of its aims , and not to stand m fear of any sacrifice . Every member engages himself to destroy an written documents , by which the association or its members might be traced . In Switzerland a central _oifice is formed , corresponding with all those members that are returned to Germany , and leading the whole of the operations . None to be admitted as members who do not profess themselves _atficfsts anu " revolutionists . By the incredible activity of its members among the German working men—of whom
there is a floating population of about 25 , 000 in Switzerland—this society has succeeded in establishing its branch-clubs in 20 towns in Switzerland , viz .: —Carouge , Nyon , Rolle , Aubonne , Morges , Lausanne , Aigle , Vevay , Yverdon , Moudon _. Payerne , Chaux dc Fonds , Fleurier , Berne , Biel , St . Imer , Porentruy _, Burgdorf , Chur , Zug , Zurich , Winterthur , Basel , Lucerne , _Fribui'g , and Geneva , besides two clubs in France , in Strasburg and Marseilles . Every six months the deputies of these clubs assemble in one of the localities , which for the next six months is then charged with the management of the general business . The incredible activity , and the really diabolic means brought into bearing bythesepropagandists for attracting the Germans , are frightful indeed . One of them ,
writing from Zurich to the central office , says : — " We are obliged to use great caution , on account of most of the newly arriving men being frightened by the ordinances and intimidations of the German governments . They will never enter a club unless they are told that it is not a political one . _ThuB we are obliged to treat them very cautiously , to bring them bit by bit into the right road , and the principal thing in this respect is to show them that religion is nothing but a pile of rubbish and dung . The only thing we can do is to prepare them here for the clubs in French Switzerland , and there we send those who intend leaving Zurich . " _^ When the Morges club wanted to get into connection with the whitesmiths of that town , none of whom was a member , thev
instantly wrote to the central office , to send them a whitesmith who might be clever enough to bring those workmen into the society . The clubs were all in correspondence with each other , as well as with the central office . This correspondence has been partly seized , and shows by its contents how much the whole conspiracy was pervaded by a revolutionary spirit . Every club had a committee for preparing the subjects of discussion . The debates extended over all political , social , and religious questions . Some clubs were comparatively rich , and possessed libraries , newsrooms , pianos , & c . ; they were furnished with everything which might attract the workmen . The most powerful clubs were those of Geneva , Berne , Zurich , Lausanne , and La Chaux de
_FondB ; thelast named club numbered ( in averysma . ll town ) 200 members ; and if we consider that in this same town , besides Young Germany , there existed a very numerous Communist club , we may think ourselves entitled to say , that Atheists and Communists in Switzerland are to be numbered bythousands . The association had a secret agitation committee , which was generally not known to the members at large ; but every club contained one or two of those "Propagandists , " whose business it was to keep up the steam , to direct the proceedings , and to develope the spirit of Atheism and revolutionism . Unfortunately , they succeeded but too well in this , as is proved by the fact , that the "infernal" periodical of Young Germany , published by Marr , numbered above 500 subscribers among the working people only . This
paper openly proclaims Atheism as its principle . — " Germany , " says this paper , " wants a political , religious , and social revolution ; and if religion and politics should , during the course of this revolution _; end in smoke , so much the better ; socialised man will come forth purer and better from this purgatory . " Thus far the rep ort , which is altogether written in an infamous and calumniatory style , Young Germany had existedin Switzerland since 1831 , when , in consequence of the many insurrections in Germany , great numbers of young men , students , workmen , 4 c ., were obliged to leave their country . After a period of considerable activity this association collapsed towards 1837 , when the gsneral Bour geoisie Government throughout Europe succeeded in suppressing the spirit of political agitation . Soon afterwards , however , tl _» Communist dub g COM * menoed to form themselves , in the old home of
Spain. Barcelona, Sett. 13.—The City Con...
_I-ming Germany , on the shores of the Leman Lake , and to commence an animated debate with that merely political association . This debate ended in a settled quarrel , and decided enmity of the two parties ; the main result , however , was , that Young Germany was obliged to extend its field of action , and not only to better define their political principles , as those of Radical , Republic , and _Democra-* > P , ,, aIs ° to take up social questions . While the middle classes of Germany kill their time ; with German Catholicity" and " Protestant Reforms " while tkey run after Rouge , and play the " Friends ot Light ; . thus making it their chief business to effect some very little almost
invisiblegood-for-, , nothing ( but a Bourgeois ) reform in religious mat ters , the working people of our country read and digest the writings of the greatest German philosophers ,, such as Feuerbaeh , & e ., and embrace theresuit ot their inquiries , as radical as this result may appear . The people of Germany have no religion _, iiow else would it have . been possible to convert masses of them , not only in Switzerland , but in 1 < ranee , England , and at home , within the short space of a year ? I refer to what I said last week but one on Bourgeoise movements and working-class movements ; 1 think these disclosures are a full confirmation of my statement .
SWITZERLAND . Communism i . v Switzerland . —In a late number ofthe Communist Chronicle we find the following •—In political movement , tho canton Vaud is more interesting than any other canton hi Switzerland . A collision between tho adherents and - adversaries of the principles Of Communism in that canton seems to be near at hand . Communism has enrolled two battalions in Vaud , united in principle , but divided by station , The first is composed of the Radical members of government , some with the deliberative and others with executive power ; the second contains those societies of German workmen , founded by Weitling , and scattered over the country . These societies have latterly gained more influence than could have been expected in a French population 'like the _Vaudoise . Some weeks ago , tlie Algeimcine Zeitung said— " Itis proved by judicial acts , from the discovery of Communist plots , that Western Switzerland is filled with
Communist . Clubs , having their centre of propagandismat Lausanne . The result of the judicial inquiry in the canton of Nurenbuvg will bo published next , and will form a continuation of the inquiry that took place in the canton of Zuriclvivi 194 S . "—¦ _ThisNurenburg inquiry hasconsequented the arbitrary dissolution of all the German Communist societies in that canton , and the imprisonment and banishment of their principal members . The persecution began by the arrest of fourteen Germans who were assembled in a village public-house for the purpose of forming a Communist society . After this example had beeu given by the aristocratic government of JVurenburg , the aristocrats of Vaud , whose government had been succombed by the result of the last election , were anxious to do the same in tlieir canton , and particularly to get back the reins of government . They wentsofaras to present a petition , signed by 1800 , asking-
—1 st , the dissolution of all German Communists ocie ties throughout thc canton ; 2 nd , the banishment of their principal leaders ; 3 rd , the dismissal of the Communist members ofthe Council of State ; 4 th , the submission tore-election of all the Communist members ofthe Grand Council . One member only spoke in favour of this petition . The president of state proposed an examination ofthe Communist societies , and protection for them if they were found progressive ; this , fortunately , was agreed to . The aristocrats of Switzerland , in fear of this Communistically inclined government of the canton Vaud , make use of all possible means to excite public opinion against it . We hare now to introduce to our readers an important communication bearing on the subject above treated of : —
GREECE . It appears that the illustrious General Kalergi has thought it prudent to escape the dangers by which he _ww surrounded , from the gross and violent conduct of the Ministry , by constituting himself a voluntary exile . He embarked at Athens on board an English steamer , in which Sir Edmund Lyons gave him a passage to Zante , and from the latter place he will probably take a passage to Italy or England . _Asii-Rbniism _iif . Greece . -- The Courrier de I'Orient gives an account of a dreadful murder
committed in the province of Lividia . A great proprietor of the name of Agalide 3 had gained a process against the inhabitants of a village , and the _COUl't ordered the villagers to pay eight years' rent , which they were in arrear . This the villagers refused to do , and M . Agalides , 'determined to take possession of his property , but the villagers turned out with guns , and when M . Agalides approached , accompanied by the officers of justice , and some servants , they separated him from his attendants , saying they did Sot wish to shed blood unnecessarily , and then deliberately shot him . .
UNITED STATES . The Anti-Rent Agitation has assumed such an important aspect that Governor Wright baa officially proclaimed Delaware county to be in a state of insurrection . 5 o the first step towards a social revolution has been taken ' . In a week or two we shall give a full history ofthe Anti-Rent movement , and the particulars of the events which have led to Governor Wright ' s extraordinary proclamation . The war between man and property in the States has begun .
THE RIVER PLATE . 1 The Petrel packet , Lieut . Creser , _avriyed at Falmouth on Monday afternoon last with the Brazil mails . This packet brings dates from Buenos Ayres _; to the 11 th July , when all the British and French : Skips of war were preparing for action in consequence of : the British and French ministers having given > Rosas only forty-eight hours to return an answer to the requirements , lie had given a reply to their former communication , but they declined accepting it , and therefore they gave Rosas forty-eight hours as a further time for considering what conclusion he would come to in giving his reply . Tho plenipotentiaries appear determined to _settle'the dispute between Buenos Ayres and Monte Video .
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And National Teades' Jqumal
AND NATIONAL TEADES' JQUMAL
Vol. Viii. No. -411. London, ' Saturday,...
VOL . VIII . NO . -411 . LONDON , ' SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 27 , 1845 . FI „ _. _EZiJSSSZi _5—^^^ _^^^ _" _^^^*^^^* _m _^ m _^ mm _^ mm _**~ m _—* m _*^ _mim _^^^^ Z _~^^^ Z _^ L _^ LLZ _^ J— -: _^ -- _^— _± - _^ _L— — . : .- "'" I " T " ~ i' "/ " i " " - ¦— ' ¦ .- -- —__ - __; ii _ _iiinM _ " " i Ill ___!__ I _ " ' - —' " ' " ' ' * _" — " ¦ _. V . _¦ . ' - ¦ ' ¦'' " "" ~ ' * " _" ¦ _¦ ' - ¦¦ _¦ _' ¦¦ _IJ _* j _* ' _* _^ _**_ _**' lL _^ S
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Messrs. Doyle. M'Grath, And Clark S Tour...
MESSRS . DOYLE . M'GRATH , AND CLARK S TOUR . - ' : , . Hedden Bridge . —Public _Meetiko . — On Monday , Sept . 15 th , one of the largest public meetings that have taken p lace here since 1842 , was held in the _democratic Chapel , when Messrs . P . M Grath , _x . Clark , and C . Doyle attended and delivered instinctive and entertaming addresses on the Charter ana the Land . Tho meeting was not as noisy as those pt a previous date , but much more attention was paia to what fell from the several speakers than has been usual in popular assemblies . The three gentlemen acquitted themselves to the satisfaction of the meeting , and much good is expected to _Wlfit frWB their exertions .
COWfE .,-Public Meetixo _^—The new chapel , a large and commodious building , was well filled on Thurs day evening last , notwithstanding that the rain poured down in torrents , to hear the Chartist Land scheme propounded by three of the directors , Messrs M'Grath , Doyle , and Clark . Mr .. Smith occupied the chair , and after a few preparatory observations introduced the speakers to the meeting . The ' addresses-wei _* e well received , and seemed to- give satis ' faction .
_TODMORDEX . _CiMr Meetisg . —On Sunday last , in the afternoon , a camp meeting was holden about a mile from the town , and had it not been for the very unfavourable state of the weather ,, the muster would have been immense . At the time for commencing business the rain descended rapidly , yet there was a great number of persons present—some from Bacup , llebden-bridge , and Sowerby . A number of friends from Rochdale were at the meeting ,. and lent their vocal assistance ,. which was by no means
contemptible . Messrs . Clark , M'Grath ,. and Doyle were announced on tho bill , but the former wag obliged to go to Leeds to lecture there in the evening . Tho two latter gentlemen were present , and addressed the people for some time in the open air , but the rain falling heavier , the meeting adjourned to a barn in the neighbourhood ,, wllCl'C speeches wore delivered , and a collection made in aid of the Dixon fund . Is the evening Mr . M'Grath lectured in tlic Odd Fellows' Hall , to a " numerous audience , on the "Prospects of the People ' s Cause . "' The lecture , _gove much satisfaction .
SEEDS . Mr . J , _R-, if , _BAinsiow and Mr . Thomas Clark addressed the people of this place in the bazaar , ou Sunday evening last . Both gentlemen were attentively listened to—their addresses were warmly applauded .
SALFORD . Tkh Easd !—On Monday evening last a public meeting was held ia the large room of thc Association , to hear thc Land scheme expounded by Messrs . Leach , Itoyle , and M'Grath . All three gentlemen were present , and delivered eloquent and argumentative addresses . _HEYWOOD-. LECtunE . —Mr . Bell delivered two public lectures on Sunday , the 21 st inst ., in the Chartist Schoolroom , Hartley-street ; the first lecture at half-past
two in the afternoon- —subject , " The Constitution and resources ofthe British empire ; " which he treated in a masterly style , Ml " . O'Connor ' s letter was read , and gave great satisfaction . The subject of the second lecture , at half-past six in the evening , waa " The Land . " Thc manner in which Mr . Bell treated this , it being his first lecture on the subject , astonished all who heard him .- His arguments were powerful and unanswerable . A collection was made after each lecture in behalf of Mr . Dixon . Although but few persons were present , 19 s . 3 id . was collected _.
MANCHESTER . Lecture . —Mr . J . Leach lectured on Sunday even ing last , on the Land question , to the instruction and amid the plaudits of those assembled .
OLDHAM . Lecture . —On Sunday last , Mr . Daniel Donovan delivered a very energetic address on the Laud and the Charter , in the Working Man's Hah \ _Horsedgestreet . HALIFAX . A Public Tea Partv , in honour * of tho _Executive Committee ofthe National Charter Association , was held in the Association Room , Bullclose-lane _, on Tuesday evening last . Three members of that body —Messrs . Doyle , M'Grath , and Clark were present . After _discussing the good things of this life , the com- _> pany adjourned to the Odd Fellows' Hall , where a public meeting had been convened , and was addressed by Messrs , Clark , Doyle , and M'Grath . The Land plan was ably expounded by them , and the People's Charter pointed out as the only means of securing happiness to the King and Priest-ridden people ,
KEIGHLEY . Messr 8 . Clark , M'Grath , and Doyle visited this place onWednesday , 17 th inst ., to propound the Land scheme , promulgated by the late Convention held in , London . A meeting , held in the Working Man ' s Hall , and presided over by Mr . Wetherhead , was addressed by the above persons . The capabilities of the soil was shown in a clear and forcible manner . The benefits accruing to members joining the Land Society was ably put forward , and the objeotiona to the plan met and successfully refuted . A branch of the Co-operative Society has been esta-i blishedhere .
SALFORD . Pubuc Meeting . —On Monday night last a gublie meeting took p lace in the large room of the National Charter Association , to hear addresses from Messrs . M'Grath , Doyle , and Leaeh , on the _all-absorbing question of tbe Land . Mr . James Hoyle was called to the chair , who , after a few remarks , introduced tho speakers . The speeches of Messrs . . Doyle and Leach wore excellent / which told well upon the meeting . Several persons enrolled their names , and took up shares in the Land Society . The committee meets every Sunday afternoon for the purpose of enrolling members and receiving instalments , from halfpast two till four o ' clock .
LONDON . Somers Town . —On Sunday evening last , at a members' meeting of this locality , on the motion of Messrs . Edwards and Tucker , itwas agreed that fourteen shillings be sent to . the veteran patriot John , Richards ..
Death Op The Bisuop Of Bath Asd Wem,S.~-...
Death op the Bisuop of Bath asd Wem , s . ~ -This venerable bishop died on Monday , at Weston-super-Mare , Somersetshire , at the advanced age of 85 years . His episcopal duties , on account of his infirmities , have for some time past been performed by the Bishop of Salisbury . His lordship was a doctor of divinity , a visitor of Wadham College , Oxford , P . R . A . S ., die , and uncle to the EarJ ofEUenborough . Dr . Law was consecrated . Bishop of Chester in 1812 , and translated to Bath and Wells in 1824 . Though not of briVnant talents , he was of highly _resectable acquirement , of sound judgment , and through life devoted to the interests of the church , of whicil he was an ornament , —Standard ,
West _BROJiwicu—Exriostos or _Fiue-damp . —On Thursday morning week , about seven o'clock , a dreadful explosion of sulphur took place at Crook Hay Colliery , Heatley-heath , in a pit belonging to Mr . Davis . The way the sulphur became ignited was from the fire drawing down to it , and the explosion shook the whole of the neighbourhood for a mile round , and was felt by several persons in Wedneshury quite distinctly . It exploded fivo distinct times , and the flames blazed above the top of the pit for about thirty yards . The pit is 187 yards
deep , so that thc fire rose about 217 yards in height . At tho time the explosion took place twenty-seven men and boys were in the pit ; and hearing one explosion after another , thc poor fellows thought all hopes of safety at an end . _Fortmjptfely they were in a part of the pit whore the fir » did not enter , which escaped by the shaft instead . Frightful as this explosion was , we are happy to state that only one poor man is burnt , and he was employed at the bottom of the shaft . It is stated that it is many years since there was so serious an explosion in this neighbourhood .
Disease amongst Cattle . —We regret to hear that a disease , epidemic in its nature , and fatal in its results , has broken out amongst cattle in the vicinity of Penrith . Inflammation is its prinoipal characteristic , and its progress is so rapid as in ino 3 t cases to render impotent the skill of the veterinary . It has made fearful ravages among the stock of several agriculturists . Mr . Boustead of Hackthorne Hall , and Mr . Hill of Eden Hall , being amongst the principal sufterera of whom we have heard . _—Carlisle _Journal .
Fire at Hoxto !* . —On Thursday morning an alarming fire broke out , shortly before one o ' clock , upon the premises belonging to Mr . Crafter , ckenmfc and druggist , situate at 171 , High-street , _Hoxton Old Town . It originated in the back parlour , which it completely destroyed , and passed from thence into the shop , which contained a valuable stock in trade . The inmates had a narrow escape , being compelled to get out of one of the windows , with only their nightclothes on . The fire was subdued by the engines , but not until nearly the whole of the stock was consumed .
ExrLOBiOK . —Loss of Two Livks . —Between eleven and twelve o ' clock on Thursday forenoon an explosion took place at Harlow West Marsh , in a house situated in the " back row . " It occurred in a room on the second story , carrying away the greater portion ofthe roof and demolishing the wall separating tha two rooms of which the floor consisted . The two rooms presented a scene of complete _destruction , the furniture and other fittings being , shatte _^ _intb-innumerable fragments . Doubled ( ij > - ' in- ; $ _hfc _0 rider _#£ the room lay the body of a youth ; a _^ _dfuUy-cirnsieol and quite dead . It appears _tbAt _M _^ nt _^ _hdusa was rented by a man named _Jai _*^ _s < fe ; _% hose ' ren _^ _iha were discovered on the _OUtaWoioStKe _p-ffijh _& _a' ! _^ ahd who , assisted by his son ( the _Ml _% _* fftel » ay \ fa 8 found in the room ) , cwri « 4 _tm | flte _tmns _^ _-of _rfirfri _woAmanu & eturer , _'fa \ W . ¦ _¦* _$ _&& Wis- _< - . _v-K ' i ; _- ; -. _; . ' - _' * . _- ' . _;*;* Y-
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To The Editor Op The Northl'bx Stab. Sin...
ODD FELLOWSHIP . ( Concluded from our eighth page . ) TO THE EDITOa OF IHE NOBTHERN STAB . Sir , —Having seen in your paper of Saturday last a letter from Mr . Ratcliftij , in which he has thought proper to mention my name , and in such a manner as might have a tendency to mislead those who are unacquainted with me , I trust you will allow- me a small space to reply . I shall pass over the first part of lus letter , and the resolution of the auditors as to the gentlemanly way in which he discharges the duties of his office ; and proceed to Iris remarks with regard to the Resolution of the Bradford A . M . C . In respect to his betting transactions , Mr . Ratcliffe says , " I do not deny being at Newton Races , and by the
resolution of the Bradford A . M . C , am not prevented attending such places , if I think proper . " Certainly that resolution , dees , not prevent him attending such places : but pray what was the reason it was passed ? Was it not thought by his frequenting race-grounds , and betting such tremendous sums of money there and elsewhere , that he could not attend to the duties of his office in the manner he ought to do ? Was not that the reason why they wished him to discontinue the practice _« The construction Mr . Ratcliffe puts on the wordiim of that resolution is not an honest one . I think it very clearly expresses the opinion of the A . M . C . as to his conduct at that time not being in accordance with their wishes . The resolution in question is a ' s
follows : — f hat this committee disapprove of the C . S . of the order taking any part in general betting transactions , being of opinion that such transactions are inconsistent with the duties to be performed by the corresponding secretary ; andC . S . Ratchtfe , having intimated his intention of discontinuing them , so long as he may hold the office of Corresponding Secretary , this committee therefore most explicitly state that the confidence of the order iB still continued in him . And furthermore , that tbe person holding the office of Corresponding Secretary to the order ought to devote the whole of his time to the business connected with the institution . " Now does Mr . Ratcliffe devote the " whole of his time " to the business of the institution , when he is attending ; the different races in the country ? It appears that
Mr . Katchtte iound that he could not adhere to the " intimation' he gave at Bradford , and consequently attempts to defend his conduct by assertions which he knows are not correct . For instance , he says that more than one half of those who were formerly members ot the Manchester District are gamblers on horse _^ i _!? ' _Jjr aU this assertion pass for what it is worth ; but I would ask him , even supposing it to be true , whether it justifies him in violating his promises ? H V 5 i _?^ i ? c , ° _^ cioua , _Promised to leave off betting * , and that he left Bradford and went to London for the purpose ( as one of his friends there asserted on his behalf ) , to make such arrangements as would enable S _? J £ ,. !!? _mL- accor nce wita the wishes of the annual meeting . The result of that visit has been strongly commented oa in ta _« _pubUfj Mum and _lS / _Aqwn _toalmost every on _^ _SncEr : but I do not wwa he K to repeat their opinion of his
To The Editor Op The Northl'bx Stab. Sin...
conduct on that occasion . In concluding his letter , he treats his readers to a few remarks , again trying to justify his gambling propensities , by stating that the first bet he ever made on a horse race was at my instigation .- The statement , puerile as it is , requires a few words from me , as it might possibly cause _* ome parties to think that I am in the habit of gambling . I can state without fear of _contradiction , that no person can say that I ever bet twenty shillings on horse racing in my life . I believe I once did bet with ¦ Mr . R . half a crown , or a crown ; but that was
nil ; and if he had never bet more , there never would have been this commotion in Odd Fellowship . Perhaps Mr . llatcliffe will inform your readers atiohose instigation he betted upivards of -ES 50 against one horse for tinsDerby THIS YEAR ? Assuredly it was not at mine . If he had always been so willing to adopt my advice , as he says he was in respect to his first bet , he would certainly havo now occupied a more enviable position in the Order than he now does , in the office he professes to fill in so " gentlemanlike" a manner . I remain your obsdient servant ,
_Josehi IIakm 9 , Tluide Hill , Manchester .
TO TIIK EDITOK OF TnE NORTHKRX STAK . Sin , —In your paper of the 30 th ult . there is a letter Signed " Henry Balmforth , " intended as a reply to some remarks' of mine-which appeared in a previous number ; but , like all that have appeared on the same side of the question , it loses sight of the real points at issue . In his first paragraph , he mentions the fact ot the Board of Directors having suspended some lodges for not furnishing them with an account of their private funds , and calls this " an illegal assumption of power ; " and yet , he says , the A . U . 0 . did not censure , but justified them . The A . M . C . is the highest tribunal of the order ; and as tlie twentysixth resolution of the Newcastle A . M . C . ( page 7 of Annual Report ) made it imperative upon every lodge
in the unity to furnish such lntormatio' * , to be laid before the Glasgow A . M . C , it was a glaring violation of the aforesaid resolution in not doingso . The number of lodges which refused to comply were very few ; and the readiness with whicli an overwhelming majority of the order complied with the resolution of the Newcastle A . M . C , shows that they were right in demanding such information : and thc fact of thc Glasgow A . U . C . justifying the Board of Directors in suspending thc non-complying lodges _. shows that there was an '' illegal assumption of power" in having done so—but , on the contrary , that they were acting in conformity with , the opinion of tlio highest tribunal ofthe order , and which tribunal every lodge at its opening pledges itself to obey and abide by .
.... .. "With regard to the meetings held for considering thc changes made in the scale of payments and benefits , a great deal more may be said than I am at present disposed to say . Suffice it , for the present , to state that the conduct pursued by the opponents of the Board of Directors has been altogether illegal and unconstitutional , and of such an extraordinary kind that it was quite necessanj the Board of Directors should take some immediate and decisive steps to put a stop to such proceedings . If tbey had not done so , they would have proved themselves unequal to the task of governing the affairs of the institution . This society has laws and rules for the government of its affairs , and which for nearly half a century have proved quite efficient for that purpose : but _theproceedintis ofthe members of the Manchester and
Salford districts were calculated , if suffered to pass unnoticed , to subvert the laws andusages ofthe institution , and consequently , peril its existence . Its laws afford ample means for remedying any grievance that may arise ; but in this disgraceful ahair all law and order was set at defiance , and the walls of Manchester disgraced with scurrilous songs and placards denouncing thc Executive of the order , in a manner that reflects anything but credit upon the parties so doing . Sir , I am a hater of tyranny in any shape , come from whence it may ; and I cannot but look unon the whole proceedings of those who are such zealous declaimers against what tlicy call the " tyranny of the board , " as an attempt at tyranny of the woret kind , because calculated to create distrust and dissention among the whole body , and in a short time to have overturn the labour of years , and reduce to a state of chaos the whole society .
" H . B . " says , "tlvejdji _' ectots are determined , at all hazards , to enforce the obnoxious resolutions ; " but if a majority , of the order disapproved oi them , and could show by facts that the alterations were unnecessary , I have no doubt but that the Board of Directors would suspend the operation of the " obnoxious resolutions" until the next A . M . C , when the question could be settled upon its merits . But no ! this would be too tedious and slow a process , and the " tyrants" could not be so easily denounced . It sometimes happens that the principles of liberty are sullied and retarded by the imprudence aHd folly of its advoeate 3 . The fact of two lodges in the Liverpool district , " having pronounced in favour of separation , " need not be wondered at , when we know the potency of bad example , but I am glad to find that out of upwards of one hukdbed lodges only two have been misled .
I have read attentively all that has appeared in the Star , and need not " re-read it : " and I again say that the points at issue are overlooked , and that the controversy is a personal one , and not one of principle . The question is , was it necessary to come to some regular and uniform method of conducting the financial affairs of the order , or not ? On turning to the quarterly report for July , 1844 , page 4 , 1 find the alarming fact that , during the year 1843 , Two Hl / _JfDBED AND _TwESTY-FIVE LODGES WERE _CLOSEO eob wa _* s _* i ov euhds * _, and in addition to this , a great number of lodees applied for relief . This conviuccd
the directors that something must be done to procure the stability of the order . Hence the resolution of the Newcastle A . M . C . making it imperative upon every lodge in the Unity to furnish the board with a statement of their financial affairs , blank forms being sent to every lodge for that purpose . Could all this be done without the members supposing somo great change was at hand ? And what change ? Why , to make the income and expenditure not only equal , but to have something in reserve to prevent the _vecurrense of the above-named calamities ; and also that large promises should not be held out , witl _\ o \ it a good prospect of their _Ibeir" i ' eaiized .
as to the representation , I need say little on that head : for nothing can be moreperfeclly a representation of tke whole order than it is . As to the "tradesmen becoming raging despots , " it is all nonsense - for the lodges can elect whom they please for the quarterly committees ; and the quarterly committees _ehct the deputies to the A . M . C .: therefore the lodges have full power to keep the tradesmen out of both committees , if they thinkproper . But one word upon this . During my experience in the order about nine years , I have almost invariably found the most important offices in
lodges ( secretary , for instance ) filled by tradesmen _.-the working classes , I am sorry to say , as a body , not being prepared for keeping complicated accounts , or conducting the continual correspondence arising between the lodges . In my capacity of C . S . of this district I have had abundant opportunities of seeing the difficulties under which the order laboured in this respect ; and when I came to Ireland , I rejoined the order , and accepted laborious duties—laborious , because they interfered with my business and private pursuits , simply because I knew I could be of use to them in such matters .
The statements in the quar _' crly reports may be slanders for aught I know . I have not a copy by me : but if my memory serves me aright , it is there stated that the election of Mr . Ratcliffe as C . S . of the order was one cause of offence , he not being atthe time a member of the Manchester district . This was under the old system , when the Manchester district had far more than its proper influence in the A . M . C . I thereforetake itfor granted that hiselection waaaconsequenceof his superior qualifications for the office ! iSince he has been in office he has detected , and prevonted from imposing upon the order ( by giving goods of an inferior description to samples estimated forVseveral of the leading persons in the " new move . " This is a serious charge , if true : and puts the parties against whom they are made in a position not to be envied . I know nothing of the matter . The thing is stated in the report of the Executive ; and if untrue , it is easy for the parties concerned to exonerate themselves from such odium .
If this can be done , let it be done at once , instead of making assertions ; and then the charges would stand as false acoHsations , and we should know the degree of credit to givo the parties making them . As 1 may expect to have the " cudgels" again applied , it might perhaps have been better , as far as I am concerned , to have been silent ; but I feel it a matter oi Importance , and as I have long been accustomed to differ with the majority of mankind in opinion , 1 am very indifferent as to a cudgelling occasionally _* _--however , as my time is very scarce , I do not wish to prolone this controversy , unless absolutely necessary for th » cause of truth and the interest of tho order * , _and I would advise "H . B . " to keep the same object in view , and do what he can to reBtore nmty in the order , and thus enable it to maintain that j > roud position it has so long held over all other benefit societies . , lours truly , W . s-, G . M , audP . PrOY . £ . S . Belfast , Sept . 8 th , IMS .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_27091845/page/1/
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