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Northern Star (1837-1852), 27th September 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 4

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    • -ROYAL ADELAIDE GALLERY
    • THE NORTHERN STAR. SATVJKDAY , SEPTEMBER, 27, 1845.
    • cq leaiws & comspntient-
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      Nr Landlord His Acts—By His T Have Been ...

      _^•^ _•^ t _omi-n S eptembeb 21 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR , _____ 1 ¦ ¦ /—_ _. " ¦ - — - _~^ == _' - ' ¦ ' lL- _l RECEIPTS OP -WE CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE RECEIPTS OP THE CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE

      -Royal Adelaide Gallery

      -ROYAL ADELAIDE GALLERY

      Ad00410

      -HOVEL _EKTERTAEODENX . ATMOSPHERIC Railway _daUy , with explanatory l _^ _reT-rhe Kew Zealand Chief _Pahe a Range , will 5 v _^ course of lectures on the Manners and _Customs _rfKew Zealand , on the evenings of Monday , Wed , _S _, 2 d . Frid . yhext , Mr Russell continues to deliver hhJim _^ _nmUed lectures on Character , on Tuesday , ¦ _T _hnwdav , and -Saturday evenings . Lectures on Science , ic , dailj , includingMajorBeniowsM ' s Artificial Memory , 3 tal _'« Rotatory Steam Engine , Kollman ' s Locomotive Sngine for ascending inclines on Railways . Every evening a Grand Promenade Concert , supported hy firstrate talent , both vocal and instrumental .

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      COLOSSEUM . PAT _RONISED and visited bj her Most Gracious MAJESTY and his Royal Highness Prince tBERT . OPEN DAILY from Ten till Six . Troonnced hy-the Press , and confirmed hy every visitor the the most perfect triumph of Art in its various _branches , both by Day and Kiglit , that has ever heen achieved . Enual to rax exhibitions . The Glyptotheca , containing worts of the first artists ; Mont Blanc and Mountain Torrents , Superh Conservatories , Gothic Aviary , Classic Ruins and Fountains , Panorama of "London , re-painted hy Mr . Parris , & c . Admittance , 3 s . ChUdren , half-price . The Stalactite Caverns , the most magnificent of all the temples which nature has _Tmili for . lierseli in the regions of night , ls . extra _.

      Ad00412

      WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE . MICHAELMAS SESSIONS . NGTICE is hereby Given , that the Michaelmas General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the WestRiding of the county of York , will be opened at KNARESBOROUGH , on Tuesday , the Mth day of October next , at Ten o ' clock in the forenoon ; and hy adjournment fi-om - thence -will be _holden at LEEDS , on Wednesday , the 15 th day ofthe same month of October , at Ten ofthe clock in the forenoon ;_ and also , by further Adjournment from Ihence , will be holden atDOXCASTER , on Monday , the SOth day of the same month of October , at half-past Ten of the clock in . the forenoon , when all Jurors , Suitors , jPersons bound by .. Recognisance , and others having business at the said several Sessions , are required to attend she Court on the several days , and at the several hours above mentioned .

      Ad00413

      Just published , _. _fortyreight . pages , neatly printed , and sewn in a wrapper , price Cd ., RATIONALISM . —A Treatise for the Times ; respectfully addressed to the Communists of Great Britain . By G . Jacob Hoi , toake . "The national System , in spite of all opposition , ha 6 been making its way ever since it was first started by Rousseau and Trench philosophy . " —Douglas Jerrold ' s Shilling Magazine . _london : . Watson , 5 , Panl ' s-alley ; and . aU hookseUers .

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      PAXELIBA 2 _vOlN IRON WORKS . THE LARGEST STOCK IN EUROPE . —FUENISH ING IRONMONGERY , Stoves , Grates , Kitchen _Hanges , Fenders , _Pire-irons , best Sheffield Plate , ornajnental Iron and Wire Work , Garden Engines , Hollers . & c , Japan Tea _Trays . Eafhs , & c—PANXLIBANON iiON WORKS , adjoining Madame _Tnssand' s , 5 S , Bakerstreet , Poriman . snuare . N . B . —Every article is marked in plain figures at the owest cash prices .

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      HARE ON SPINAL DISEASE . THIS day is published , price 2 s . Cd ., CASES and OBSERVATIONS illustrative of the beneficial results _-shich may he obtained hy close attention and perseverance in some of the most chronic and unpromising instances of spinal _deformity ; - with eighteen engravings on wood . By _Samdel Habe , JLR . C . S . London : John Churchill , Princes-street ; and may be had of nil _hoolcsellerj : -

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      TEETH . MASTICATION and Articulation Improved and Guaranteed . —Messrs . DAYI 9 , Surgeon-Dentists , 323 , PaR-maR , opposite the Haymarket , and 1 , New Bridge-street , corner of Fleet-street , continue to supply teeth , guaranteed never to discolour , break , or decay , and £ seA without springs or wires , without extracting the old stumps , or giving any pain . A single tooth , Ss . ; a set , £ o . Loose teeth fastened . Scurvy in the gums _effectuaRy cured . Stopping decayed teeth . Price 4 s ., Davis ' s Hermastican : all persons can use it themselves , as full directions are enclosed , and can ie sent per post .

      Ad00417

      Ad00418

      INDEPENDENT ORDER OF UNITED BROTHERS ( LEICESTER UNITY ) . IMPORTANT TO WORKING MEN . _SELF-IXTEREST being the first law of nature ( and through life we find this the one grand ruling principle—neither is it wrong , if not carried out to an improper extent } , in these days of incertitude it behoves every man to have a thought for the future—to make some provision for the time of sickness , want of employment , and such like contingencies to which man is liable . The various _societies formedfor this purpose are amongst the foremost , established by the philanthropist of our day ; the greatest good has accrued from them ; but the most prominent stands the various Secret Orders ; the principle on which they are hound gives them a superiority -above all other similar institutions . Various are their titles and sigmfieations , and various are the modes of carrying out their designs ; but perhaps there are none which shine so conspicuous or more beneficial than the

      Ad00419

      TO THE EMBARRASSED .-IMPORTANT . THERE are thousands of persons who have struggled long against the force of misfortune , but few are aware that by a very recent Act all small traders owing debts not exceeding £ 300 , farmers , and all others owing to any amount , can be entirely raised from their difficulties at a small expense , and without imprisonment or bankruptcy . AR such Mr . Weston begs wiU apply to him at Moira-chamhers , 17 , Ironmonger-lane , Cheapside , by letter or personally . Persons summoned for small debts should apply immediately , as they may thereby save themselves from fre _> quent and lengthened commitments to prison .

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      LESSONS IN MILLINERY AND DRESSMAKING . MADAME GALLIOS , 44 , New Bond-street , continues her superior method of teaching the art of Dress-Making . Sheundertakes to make persons ofthe smallest capacity proficient in Cutting , Fitting , and Executing , in the most finished style , in Six Lessons , for One Pound . Her superior method can be fully substantiated by references to pupils , and has never been equalled by any competitor . 45 * Practice hoars from eleven till four .

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      JUST PUBLISHED , In one volume , foolscap Svo ., neat cloth , price 7 s . Cd ., THE PURGATORY OF SUICIDES A Prison Rhyme : in Ten Books : BY THOMAS COOPER THE CHARTIST . J . How , Publisher , 132 , Fleet-street . _CT Orders from the Country to be sent through the Booksellers .

      The Northern Star. Satvjkday , September, 27, 1845.

      THE NORTHERN STAR . _SATVJKDAY , SEPTEMBER , 27 , 1845 .

      The Right Way To "Ruin" Ireland. Poverty...

      THE RIGHT WAY TO "RUIN" IRELAND . POVERTY EXCHANGED FOR PLENTY , WHEN LABOUR HAS FAIR PLAY . Os two former occasions we have enabled the readers ofthe Star to " journey" with the " Commissioner" of the Times office in his peregrinations through Ireland to " see with his own eyes " the real state of the Irish paople , in their "homes" and on their lands ; and to inquire as to the causes that have rendered the working inhabitants of a peculiarly fertile country the most miserably poor and debased in physical condition of any population known , either

      in savage or civilised life . We trust that such "journeyings" have not been without profit : but that each one and all of those that peruse this journal ksows something more of Ireland than he did — is able to divine somewhat of the causes which have reduced its producers to the " very coarsest sort of diet "—and is also able to indicate the measures that must be adopted , both by rulers and ihe people themselves , to raise the Irish toilers to the state and condition befitting MEN—to say nothing of their deserts as laborious tillers of the soil , nor of their right , as such , to be the . « ' FIRST partakers of the fruits !"

      In former journeyings we have seen the actual condition of a large portion of the people fully exposed . We have , with " our commissioner , " been over the apologies for farms ; seen the rude mode of culture ; seen the effect of insecure tenure ; seen the tenant afraid to produce more than the rent and a meagre supply of potatoes for himself ; seen the " middleman" watchingthe poor "holder" of the " bit of land" as a kite watches a sparrow , to know when he can screw the rent up , and thus in _T crease his unholy gains ; we have seen how en . terprise lis crushed — how industry is repressed —how every , inducement to " improve" is withheld ; we have entered the mud cabin , and seen the

      " thokey ( well-off J farmer without other floor than the earth—not the bare earth , bnt earth covered with filth from the animals that necessity obliges him to shelter under the same roof with himself ; we have seen him without furniture , with loose straw for a bed , and with no other food than potatoes eaten with pepper-and-water _; wehave heard this same "thokey " farmer declaring that "not a bit of bread have I eaten since I was lorn ; " and " we never taste meat of any kind , or bacon , unless a pig chances to die of some disorder , and we cannot sell it ; " we have seen and

      heard of all this as THE RESULT of landlordism in one aspect ; as the result of that sortof Landlordism wliich obtains at Glcnties and in the Me of Arran , where the Marquis of Cosyngham exacts the highest rents his impoverished tenantry can be squeezed out of , while he spends his time in " yachting" and in declining all "trouble" and "business . " Wehave now to see the result of another " application of property "—that sort of application which recognises and acts on , the principle that " property has its DUTIES as well as its rights . "

      For this purpose we must again accompany " our Commissioner . " We last left him at the Isle of Arran , on the Marquis of Contngham ' s " estate , " where the "thokey" farmer lived , who "had never tasted bread since he was born : " we must now go with-him to Gweedore , a place in the immediate neighbourhood of Glenties , where he found such utter destitution and abject misery as we formerly described . Both places , Glenties and Gweedore , are in the county of Donegal . "We have now to see what Gweedore teas ; what it now _i «; and what has wrought the woxderful change now observable . "Our Commissioser" commences his " report" as follows : —

      In my lastletter I endeavoured to describe the wetched and depressed condition ofthe people in the districtfrom Glenties to this place , and their utter ignorance ofthe comforts and almost ofthe decencies of life , and attempted to show these facts to he attributable to the manner in which they are left utterly neglected , to the absence of everything like example , and to the system of extracting from them , in the shape of rent , every morsel beyond mere subsistence , wliich their rude cultivation can obtain from theland . To-day I intend describing to you what tow and what is now the condition of the people ofthe district from which I write .

      My objectin doing this is to attempt to prove , hy these patent examples , that the evils which have afflicted this part of Ireland , at least , and which still continue to depress portions of this county , are purely social ; and that when a social remedy has been applied those evils have vanished . That I may avoid even the suspicion of prejudice in laying hare a suhject so painful , let me quote the opinion of Mr . Nicholls , the Poor Law Commissioner , as to the general condition of the Irish , peasantry , and also as to their condition in the county of Donegal . That gen . tleman in his first report to Lord John Russell , in 1836 , says : —

      "Duringmy progress through the country , it was impossible not to notice the depression of feeling , morally and personally , ofthe Irish peasantry , and this to an extent which a stranger could not witness without very painful emotions . It shows itself in their mode of living , in their habitations , in their dress , in the dress of their children , and in their general economy and conduct . They seem to feci no pride , no emulation ; to be hcedleES of the present , and reckless of the future . They do not ( speaking ofthe peasantry asa whole ) strive to improve their appearance , or add to their comforts . Their cabins still continue slovenly , smoky , filthy , almost without furniture , or any article of convenience or decency . On entering a cottage the woman and chUdren are often seen

      seated on the floor , surrounded hy pigs and poultry , in the midst of filth—the man lounging at the door , to approach which itis necessary to wade through mud ; yet he is too indolent to make a dry approach to his dwelling , although there are materials fit for the purpose close at hand ; his wife is too slatternly to sweep the place in which they live , or remove the dirt and offal , however offensive , from the floor . If you point out these circumstances to the peasantry themselves , and endeavour to reason with and show them how easily they might improve their condition ana increase their comforts , you are invariably met

      -with excuses as to their poverty . Are a woman and her children , and her cabin filthy—whilst a stream of water runs gurgling at the very door f—the answer invariably is , — ' Sure , how can we help it ? we are so poor 1 ' With the man it is the same ; you find him idly basking inthe sun or seatedby the fire , whilst his cabin is surrounded by mud , and scarcely approachable from the accumulation of every kind of filth ; and he , too , will exclaim , ' Sure , how can we help it ? we are so poor ! ' Whilst , at the very same time , he is smoking tobacco , and has probably not denied himself the enjoyment of whisky . "

      Such was the description of their condition in 1830 , and I am assured hy gentlemen , ana * by the Roman Catholic priests in this neighbourhood , that that description was literally accurate . In the year 1838 lord G . A . Hill purchased several small properties in this neighbourhood , which , in the aggregate , amounted to upwards of 23 , 000 acres . This large estate borders on the north-west coast or corner of Ireland , and through it runs a small river , the Gweedore , which empties itself into the sea , and which can be entered at its mouth by vessels of 200 tons burden . The neighbourhood abounds with wild and magnificent mountain scenery ; and at the period in question , though flickly peopled in patches , was almost wholly uncultivated _, Yast tracts of land capable of improvement and

      The Right Way To "Ruin" Ireland. Poverty...

      profitable cultivation were mere bog wast « B like many other portions of this county , In 1837 Patrick M'Kye , the schoolmaster ofthe district , memorialized the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in the following terms : — " That the parishioners of this parish of West Tallaghabegley , in the barony of Kilmacrennan , and county of Donegal , are in the most needt , hungry , and naked condition of any people THAT EVER CAME within the precincts of my knowledge , although I have _traveled j part of nine counties in Ireland , also a part of England and Scotland , together with a part of British America ; I have likewise perambulated 2 , 253 miles through seven of the United States , and never witnessed the tenth part of such hunger , hardships , and nakedness . ' *

      _..-This schoolmaster then proceeds to describe the -whole stock and furniture ofthe population , which by the census of 1841 was 9 , 049 . They had among them out one . cart and one plough , _ttoenty _shovelSt _thirty-tuio rakes , two feather beds , and eight chaff beds . They had no clocks ; there was not a looking-glass in the whole parish above 3 d . in price ; they had no garden vegetables or fruits of any kind but potatoes and cabbage . He goes on to say , — " None of their married or unmarried women can afford more than one shift , and some cannot afford any ; more than one half of both men and women cannot afford shoes to their feet , nor can many of them afford a second bed , but whole families of sons and daughters of mature age indiscriminately lie together toith their parents . " They have no means of harrowing their land hut with meadow rakes . Their farms are so small that from four to ten farms can beharrowed in a day with one rake .

      " Their bedsare straw , green and dried rushes , or mountain _6 «» _J ; their bedclothes are either coarse sheets , or no sheets , and ragged filthy blankets ; and worse than all I havementioned , there ' s ageneral prospect of starvation . " He says , further on : — "If any gentleman is sent to investigate this , I will go with him from house to house , where his eyes will fully satisfy and convince him , and where lean show 7 iit » about 140 children bare naked , who were so dobino _winieb , ond some hundreds only covered with filthy rags most disgusting to look at . Also men nnd beast housed together , i e „ the families in one end of the house , and the cattle in the other end of the kitchen . " Some liouses have within their tealls from Icwt . to _SOewt . of dung ; others having from 10 tola tons weight of dung , and only cleanedoutonee a-year . ' "

      The effect of this memorial , which appeared in some of the English newspapers , was to cause a large collection of money in England , which was distributed amongst these people . In fact , "famine was periodical among them , with fever as its attendant , and wretchedness pervaded the district . " " Such a lamentable condition of a people , " says Lord George Hill , in a short account whieh he has published regarding this part of Donegal , under the title of Facts fromGiceedore , "is scarcely * in fairness , to be attributed to individual neglect or apathy . It is rather the result of a system which for ages has held its sway , and which no proprietor could grapple with or obviate unless he wns prepared , resolutely , patiently , and expensively , to introduce and" wort « it a counter system . " But it teas because no individuals were found to do this tliat the system continued . "

      The rents were very small . Amongst eighty tenants on one ofthe properties purchased by this nobleman 10 s , was the highest rent paid , and almost all the rents wereinarrear and had to be collected in trifling payments at fairs . The land was held in rundale , the nature of which I have before described to you ; and in some instances a tenant holding but this small portion of land had his proportion in thirty or forty different places ; and these proportions were often so small , that not more than half a stone of oats would be required to sow them . There were no fences between these small patches of land , belonging to different tenants , and "fights , trespasses , confusion , disputes , assaults , and litigation , were the natural and unavoidable consequences of this system . " Their horses and cows , such as they had , were often held in the same way ; and I _willquote an amusing instance of this from tlie work I have already named : —

      In an adjacent island , belonging to tins estate , three men were concerned in one horse ; but the poor brute was rendered useless , as the unfortunate foot of the supernumerary leg remained unshod , none of them being willing to acknowledge its dependency , and accordingly it became quite lame . There were many intestine rows on thc subject ; at length one of the ' company' came to the mainland and colled on a magistrate for advice , stating tliat the animal was entirely useless now ; that he had not only kept up , decently , his proper hoof , at his own expense , hut had shed this fourth foot twice to boot ; yet the other two proprietors resolutely refused to shoe more than tlieir own foot . "

      There teas no inn , no road , and no market within ( t dom miles . The people , therefore , could not sell their produce , if disposed to do so , for its value , and their only alternative was to distil their grain into whisky . Their corn thus became consumed before their new potatoes came in , and annually they were on the verge of starvation , and compelled to ebtain meal on credit from extor . turners at exorbitant prices . This was the state of the people in the district of Gweedore—a state as miserable and thoroughly debased is it possible to conceive ? Even the condition ofthe misery-steeped tenantiy of the pleasure-loving " business-evading" Marquis of Conyngham was not more degraded . It was " as bad as bad can be . "

      Absentee landlordism ; middlemen rack-renting ; screwing the last potatoe from the miserable tiller of the soil , to minister to the pleasures of the spendthrift at Vienna or Rome ; all these things had done their work—and made the district as poor as it was possible to be , without actual famine existing . Such was the condition of this district in 1837 , where , amongst 9 , 000 of a population , they "had but ose cabt , one plough , thirty-two rakes , two feather beds , and eight chaff-beds ; " or ten beds for the whole 9 , 000 ! Such was the condition of the people of this district , where ihe three " proprietors" of a poor unfortunate brute could not afford to have the fourth leg shod : such _tvas the condition of this district : let us now see what it is : —

      This was the condition of the estate , and of the people when Lord George Hill purchased it in 1837 . That nobleman determined upon reclaiming it , and , if possible , to put the people in a better way . The people here are for the most part the aboriginal Irish , and speak the Erselanguage . Lord George Hill learned their language , mixed among them , and taught them by example to do what he told them . Near the mouth of the river lie built a corn store to receive all their produce , if they wished to sell it . To meet their numerous wants , and to save them from extortion , _'he built a shop at the store ; and the

      people , having sold their corn at one side can obtain at the other any article of crockery , grocery , saddlery , ironmongery , timber , iron , ropes , meal , leather , woollen goods , or useful medicines , which they may require , at the market prices of Londonderry . This is the only market for . their goods , and the only shop at which they can purchase anything for twenty miles round . A dispensary was also built , and a sessions-house erected . A quay was made for vessels to unload at the store , and a corn-mill erected . Then followed a school , in which I yesterday saw some thirty as neatly dressed and clean-looking children as can be seen in England .

      The land or the tenants was squared into 10-acbe fabms , and they were required each to build his house on his farm . In this they were assisted . Premiums were offered for the neatest and cleanest cottages ; for the best crop of turnips ; for the greatest quantity of land brought into cultivation ; for the best drained farm ; for the best fences ; for the best made stockings , and so on . Roads wore made ; an inn has been built , which rivals in comfort an English hotel , and large tracts of the bog moor have been brought into cultivation . That fs the present condition , of the very district where so much of abject misery and utter prostration of mind and body was exhibited in 1837 . What a change I It behoves us to find out how it has been brought about . What spell has been worked ? What causes have been brought into operation , to work such a wonderful reverse , in so short a time ? Listen : —

      I date my letter from the centre of the hills in the north of Donegal , where , ten years ago , there was not a road , —where scarcely anything hut bogs , and heather , and rocks , were to be seen for miles , —where the people held the land in rundale , and did as they liked , —paid no rent , and lived on potatoes and the produce of illicit distillation . I write from the centre of au estate where the subdivision of farms had gone on to such an extent , that about seven years ago it was sold to its present owner , Lord George Hill , on the advice of the then agent of the late owner , who was my informant as to this fact , because the rents were so small and numerous , and difficult to collect , that they were not worth tlie expense and trouble

      of collecting . Yet I now write from an inn as comfortable as any in England , —comforts the value of which you learn doubly to appreciate from lhe miseries you endure before you arrive here from Donegal , should you be compelled to stop a night on the road . Luxuriant crops surround the inn ; industry and cleanliness begin to mark the people ; each man has his own squared farm and a decent cottage , and there are good roads . All this is lo be attributed to thc public spirit and liberality , and to the individual and personal exertions of the present noble oioner and his aole agent . In fact , a good landlord has effected all this social improvement , and has made glad this " wilderness and solitary place . "

      A good landlord ! " "What a strange sound the words have ! " a good landlord : " dwell on the words again ; and again linger on them , while the imagina . tion tries to figure to itself the sort of being that " a ood landlord" can possibly be . When " our commissioner" was at Glenties and on thc Island of Arran , he ' told us that the "owner , " the Marquis of Conyhoham , " was a , good , easy sort of person ; fond of yachting ; but with a total aversion to trouble or business : " but the condition of his tenantry , screwed down to thc worst of potatoes and pepper-water , and _toolittleeven of fchein , told that though he might be " a good sort of man" he was far from being " a good landlord . " But here we have a good man showing

      The Right Way To "Ruin" Ireland. Poverty...

      himself to be " a good landlord" by his acts—by his persevering endeavours to discharge the DUTIES which devolved on him as " owner" of the property which conferred the right to call it his " own . " And we are here told the nature of the compact by virtue of which " private property in land" is recognised . No man can hold absolutely . The estate he calls his " own" has not been conferred on him by " patent from on high , " nor even by human lair or institute , to do with as he p leases . He only " holds" on certain conditions : one of which conditions is , that he has not absolute dominion over the land he calls " his own . " He cannot use it even .. . „ _ __« _.

      as he may will . The statute book is full of restraints and restrictions on the USE of " property : " because such restraints and restrictions are needed by the common good . In like manner the " owner" of large tracts of land has DUTIES to perform—duties which cannot appertain to him that has no land . One important duty is , to see that injustice be not done to those _tuho by birth and labour have a right to subsist out of the soil of which he is the " owner . " The compact is , that all labouring persons and the really poor shall be maintained out of the land : maintained first : and then his claim , as landlord ,

      comes next in order to he satisfied . If the landlord class either by one species of trick or another ; either by withholding the necessary power to " rate and _HSsess , " for such first maintenance , as for centuries was the case in Ireland ; or by such a paring down of the power , as is now the casein England , Ireland , and Scotland , under the new Poor Laws , which renders the right to a pibst maintenance nugatory ,-THE COMPACT IS BROKEN , and we live in a state where MIGHT alone confers right . Whenever this is the case , the " owners" of property are sure to suffer most in the long run . A contest is

      inevitable , in a state of things where the mass is doomed to " potatoes and pepper-water , " while the racked-rents of a large estate is spent in '' yachting : " and though the power ofthe sword which wealth can hire , may for a time , and a long time too , put down with a strong-hand the " embodied spirit of discon - tent , " yet the cause of the hungry and the wronged will assuredly triumph in the end , and revenge wreak its vengeance on those " owners" of " lands " and wealth who have originally broken faith and shuffled off their duties . The only ground on wliich private property can be at all defended in any state of society , is , that the common wealis thereby promoted , because a class is called into existence who are bound ,

      by compact , to perform certain duties which the niter ests of general society call for : and if the duties , which are the main condition of "holding , " are neglected or abandoned , away goes all argument and all reason for the institution of private property itself . It therefore behoves those who do possess what they call their " own , " that they should , in this mattor , follow the exam ple set them by Lord George Hill at Gweedore : the more especially as the notion is fast setting-in , that private properly of all sorts is an evil—and that a new phase of civilisation is opening on mankind , when the principle will be fully recognised and acted on , that " all the stuff in theivorld belongs to all * the " folk in the world . "

      We have seen _tvhat " a good landlord" can effect , even under the worst of circumstances : but , in order to render the picture complete , we must also see the manner of effecting the change described . And here , if we see cause to be gratified at the result , we shall see more cause to _^ be gratified at the pains taken by the " good landlord" to accomplish his worthy purpose . He entered on his task under the most discouraging circumstances , A stranger ; looked on with suspicion , by a people unused to kindness , only among themselves ; a people knowing not of any relationship between a landlord and his tenantry , but a high aud increasing rental _. exacted at every cost to the

      grounddown tenant ; debased in condition , and habituated to filth and squalor , was it to be wondered at that they should not understand lioiv any man could sympathise with them , or seek to elevate them in the social scale ? They could not understand this . at first . They looked upon the efforts of their new landlord as another engine of that tyranny from wliich they had so severely suffered . They therefore placed every obstacle in his path : and it was only by continued kindness that the way to the hearts of the once abject tenantry was found , and their own efforts for the amelioration of their own condition successfully directed . How that was accomplished , " our Commissioner" shall tell us : —

      Though the improvements effected are trippingly related , nothing but the most persevering determination accomplished them . The people , utterly ignorant and both mentally and physically degraded , resolutely opposed every step t © improvement . " They were not disposed to abandon the rundale system . " says the book on these improvements already quoted , " and did not seem to have a taste for simple plain dealing , or that matters should be put straight or made easy of apprehension . " " The first year not a single individual could be induced to compete for the premiums , the people thinking it all a hoax , and that it was only an attempt 'to humbug' them , being convinced that no gentleman would be so great a fool as to give his money merely to benefit others . "

      They suspeotedeverythvngfhat was attempted , and opposed it , thinking it was intended for their injury and the landlord's benefit ; and by harassing and vexatious opposition hoped , as they expressed it , "in the end , to tire out Lord George Hill , prevent the divisions from being occupied , and thus defeat the new plans altogether . " Nothing would tempt them to make the fences ofthe new farms , though they were offered to be well paid for it ; and when at length a stranger was got to begin the ditching , to set them an example , they attempted " to frighten him from his work by throwing sods at him . " When he had completed the first fence , the people assembled at night and destroyed it . Whilst they were thus engaged a prisoner was taken by the police , and they were so frightened at

      this that the improvements were allowed to proceed quietly . Scarcely a man among them knew how to handle a spade , or could or would work . When the foundation of the hotel in which I am writing was commenced , one ofthe peasantry who was absolutely starving was induced by the offer of wages to begin it . A wheelbarrow , a pickaxe , and spade , were provided for him , as he had no tools , and the people were so enraged at him that his tools were all stolen that night . The agent , Mr . Forster , determinedly persevered . He went with the man next day into one of their best fields , and began marking out with his own hand the foundation for the hotel . The people came to him in a great fright to know what he was about to do on their best land , lie coolly

      told them , that " as they had stolen his man's tools so that he could not quarry stones for the hotel , he was going to build it there , as there were plenty of stones in their ditches . " They promised him , if he would not build there , the tools should be found ; next morning they were left at the labourer ' s door . At length example prevailed , and two or three of them came and offered to work j and finally , all eagerly sought work . But they could not come to work till ten in the morning , after breakfast , as " they wern ' tusedto work before breakfast , and didn't like it . " When they began to feel the benefits o _' . employment , they were told that they must begin work at five o clock in the morning ; some two or three only came . The rest , after being warned , when they again neglected to come to work at that hour , were quietly

      paid off , and told , that " as they had occupation at home , they had better stay away , as there were plenty willing to work . " This gradually had the desired effect ; and they began to work like other labourers . The land all round the hotel was then trenched , drained , and gravelled , and sown with potatoes . The labourers , as they did the work under the agent ' s superintendence , laughed at him ; saying , " they did not care about working , as they were paid for it , but it was the greatest folly in the world , as nothing would ever grow there . " The hotel is now surrounded with a broad belt of potatoes and cats as fine as any I have seen in Ireland . The tenants , seeing this , have begun ( urged on hy the premiums ) to gravel and drain their own lands in the samo way ,, and everywhere patches of well-cultivated land and plentiful crops are to be seen .

      In 1840 some of the tenants , seeing that every promise to them was strictly fulfilled , thought tlicy would at least try for the premiums , and there were thirty-six competitors , and premiums amounting to £ 40 were so fairly awarded by tlic judges that they caused general satisfaction . Last year thc number of competitors had increased to 239 , and the premiums to £ C 0 . I yesterday went through some of the cottages the tenants of which had won premiums _, for them . There was no dirt , no filth . They were well built and whitewashed . The crockery ( they never had _anythiog beyond an iron pot before ) was there

      neatly arranged ; was no smoke in the houses ; and , what was worth more than all , the women showed their houses with pride , and were deli ghted at the _commenda-T _nZTZZ ' _" i i raen _seemed n 0 less Proul 1 of _T- _™ _T V ? ; ° 1 Tea _^ eir crops of turnips , oats , _" _^ "SS IT ? _% , VUh , evM _«* Pl _^ _- _'e . Two year and a half ago £ 500 worth of oats were sold by the tenants at the markc price at . the store ; last year Il _, 300 worth was sold ; and this year there is a vastly increased produce . Large quantities of kelp have also been bought from them , to encourage their industry From the 1 st of _Marcir , 1844 , to the 1 st of March , 1845 ( I are it from the age _^ s books ) , 16 , 090 days' employ-

      The Right Way To "Ruin" Ireland. Poverty...

      ment have been given to labourers on the estate . The wages _giv _« n are 8 d . and lOd . a-day . Taking the average at 9 d „ -6626 9 s . have been paid among them in wages . Working at six days in the week , throughout the year , this would give employment to fifty-three men and eleven days over . In reality , however , this great amount of labour has been spread ot «* a much larger number of men , and perhaps 100 men may be taken as the number generally employed ; though this , I am informed , is below the mark , as it does not include men engaged in making the roads on the estate , who were paid by the piece . l _^» _., _» - _ii _ _i » labourers on the estate . The

      At tne rivor-side facing the hotel I saw about thirty men at work , lowering the bed of the river . The men , gen « rally , are small in stature ; hut I never saw more diligent labourers . These men , who , four years ago , did not know how to use a spade , and neither could nor would work except in their own way , and who were annually starving , are now working well , doing their best , and receiving good wages . Of the nature of " tenant-right" I shall take a future opportunity of writing , and respecting it now I do not wish even to hint an opinion . Bu t was it the " tenantright" which converted this former desert and bleak wilderness—this example of barbarism and starvation , into fertile corn fields , the seat of industry and content , and into a humanised abode ? In this instance at least

      it is a fact that the existence of the custom of tenantright was the greatest possible obstacle to improvement . For every squared farm there were twenty claimants for compensation , though each tenant got a squared farm to himself in place of his former rundale fragments of land ; and the opposition , and discontents , and arbitrations , on this score were enough to have conquered patience . Did converting the Roman Catholic population to Protestantism effect this change ? They are Roman Catholics yet . Did Saxonising them and making them Orangemen effect it _? They are all Celts . Did the getting up o monster meetings and talking nonsense about" repeal" effect it ? No . The remedy was a social one . The people were justly dealt with , taught , shown

      by example , encouraged , employed . A community the most hopeless and desperate in condition and circumstances has by these means been reclaimed , and smiling content and the rewards of industry are everywhere to be seen . A barren waste h * s been converted into a fine property , which will eventually amply reward its present owner for his great exertions . A starving , and desperate , and degraded peasantry are rapidly becoming comfortable small farmers . The country is improved , and that district , the people of which formerly depended on the charity of England to save them from starvation , now adds to the wealth of the empire by its productiveness . This is the work of one man ; and that man is one of the resident landlords of Ireland .

      This is the mode to " ruin" Ireland ! Ibis is something like the small farm system which we wish to see extensively introduced in England , and not the system of Glenties and Arran , to which we are referred as " an example of what the small-farm system will do for any country . " Still even this , excellent as it is compared with what formerly prevailed , is not all we need . It will be seen that the good effects that have followed on Lord George Hill ' s praiseworthy and persevering exertions , depend os HIMSELF , as a good landlord . " The tenantry have no security that "a bad landlord" shall not follow , when the connection between them and their present "lord " shall cease . The Marquis of Conyngham , for

      instance , may succeed , either by purchase , marriage , or otherwise ; and Gweedore become again a second Glenties . There is no averting this danger , or mode of remedying this evil , but in SECURITY of TENURE ! That tenure must necessarily be bad , which operates on the condition of the occupiers , so as to make it bearable or miserable , according to the whims , caprice , feeling , or inclination of their landlord . Let the tenure be a SECURE one , and it will matter little whether the landlord be a "bad" ova " good" one , farther than the social example set to tlie community . At all events , a secure tenure ivill greatly abridge the power for mischief a " bad" land ' lord possesses . Suppose that Lord George Hill was to give his ten-acre farmers leases in perpetuity at a corn rent , would the farmers be any worse off ? Would not the security

      add to their confidence f Would they not in such case know that they were armed against the worst landlord that could succeed , if they kept the simple covenants of thc lease ? Would they not also have every spur to exertion , inasmuch as all the improvements they effected would be their own ? Is there any danger , now that they have tasted the sweets of a well-built white-washed comfortable cottage , and a food befitting comfortable small-farmers ; is there any fear of their degenerating again to the mud-hovel with its dirt and filth ? —with its diet of " potatoes and pepper-water" ? Would not the pride of the women , which induced them to show their houses with their crockery neatly arranged ; and the prate of the men on their farms , with their crops of turnips and oats , impel them onwards to a higher degree of subtantiality still ? We trust that Lord George Hill will try .

      Cq Leaiws & Comspntient-

      _cq _leaiws & _comspntient-

      To Agents, Subscribers, And Readers.—For...

      To Agents , Subscribers , and Readers . —For some time after our location in the metropolis , we were inconvenienced by having the paper machined away from the printing-office where it was " set . " This arose from the machines we had at Leeds having to be removed and _re-erected . Much disappointment to the readers was the consequence , both in bad printing and late arrivals . Another cause of delay was in having the printing and publishing office so wide apart . Letters intended for one place were constantly sent to the other ; and all the arrangements we could make did not prevent mistakes arising from this source . This has determined ns to concentrate our opera-* _tions . The printing machine is now at work in

      our own office ; and we have further determined to publish there also . In future , therefore , the " setting , " printing , and publishing of the Star will Be done under one roof . This will involve no change to the agents and subscribers , only in the addressing of their communications , and tlie greater punctuality with which their orders can be attended to . All communications must , therefore , in future ; be addressed as follows : — Orders for the paper and advertisements , to F . O'Connor , Esq ., 17 , Great Windmill-street , Haymarket , London . Communications for the paper , to Mr . Joshua Hobson ,

      Editor Northern Star , Office , 17 , Great Windmill-street , Haymarket , London . Ml orders for money must be made payable to Mr . O'Connor , at the Charing-cross Post-office ,

      ^ Rode»T Wamon, Preston. —We Thank Him F...

      _^ Rode » t _Wamon _, Preston . —We thank him for the paper . We shall not forget the article—though it may he some time ere we notice it . Geobge Waltebs , Swanwick . —We have tried three several times since the former notice appeared to get a copy ofthe Field Gardens' Act ; hut the answer in each case at the Queen ' s Printing-house was , " not reailv yet , " Alexander Kennedy , Glasgow , shall have due attention . James Butterworth , Heywood . —Never mind the poor daft man , or his ravings . " They that sow the wind shall reap the whirlwind . " L . w . —We have no room this week . P . M'Grath . —We cannot find room . The MS . shall be sent to those it is addressed to . Mr . _Goodfellow , Liverpool . — Mr . Hobson would be obli ged to Mr . Goodfcllow if he would communicate Mr . w . Jones ' s _present address . Mr . Hobson wrote some time ago to the old address about a matter Mr . Goodfellow is privy to ; and as his letter has not even been noticed , Mr . Hobson thinks Mr . Jones has remm-pri -

      Mr . Thomas Cooper ' s address is , 134 , Blackfriars-road London . Mr . G . Hotchin-gs , _Westmihsteb , asks — " Will n Public-house or Beer-shop license legalise skittle-playing , quoits , & c . ? " No ; decidedly not . A publican ' s license authorises the sale of ale , beer , wine , and spirits ; and a beer-house license authorises the sale of ale and beer only . If games of skittles or quoits arc played in licensed houses , or on the premises , for money , or money ' s worth , the landlord is liable to prosecution , J . Shaw . —Press of matter compels us to exclude his address , but it shaU appear next week .

      _ Wno Wants A Wife?—A Correspondent, Who...

      _ _Wno Wants a Wife ?—A correspondent , who visited lurby Stephen last week , says that he was intorniedthat in that small town there were about one hundred and fifty of the softer sex in want of ' partners tor life , and , according to a rough calculation , the widows numbered ninety-five , the " untried ' uns " _fifty-nve ! "What a field , " he emphatically adds , for the' lords ofth e creation' to speculate in !"Westmorland Gazette .

      Receipts Op -We Chartist Co-Operative Re...

      LAND SOCIETY . PEB mi , O ' COMHOH _. £ s . d Halifax , per C . W . Smith 7 5 8 Wigan , per N . Canning < j 9 2 Manchester , per J . Murray .. » .. 12 0 o Sowerby , per W . Woodhouse .. .. .. 2 0 o Ilolbeck , per Vf . Sykes .. .. » .. 2 0 o Iloinmrth , per J . Clegg .. .. .. » i 5 t Burnley , per J . Gray .. » « b 0 o Leeds , per Vf . Brook •• *• « j 0 _o Barnsley , per J . Ward .. _^ " 0 Cheltenham , per Vf . Milton .. .. .. ¦ 1 15 11 A female friend , _BubvelJ , Notts , per J . Sweet .. 2 12 9 Preston , per J . Brown . •¦ •• >• W 12 o Oldham , per Wm . Hamer 2 o o Sheffield , per G . Cavill .. 3 3 « Todmorden , per S . Witham 4 0 0 Wakefield , per T . Lazenby 2 0 0 Sowerby Longroyd , per J . Wilson .. .. 1 15 0 Kidderminster , per G . Holloway .. .. .. 2 0 o Hadcliffe , per T . Bowker .. .. .. .. 200 Bolton-le-Moors , per A . Stevenson .. -. 200 Ashton-under-Lyue , per E . Hobson .. .. 3 10 0 Mr . Tordoft ; of Waterloo , New Bradford .. 2 C 9 Bradford , per J . Alderson 113 3 PEK GENERAL SECRETARY . _INSTALMENTS . £ s . d . £ s . d . Barnoldswick .. 054 Mr . Fidge .. .. 0 1 t Wheatley-lane .. 010 8 Mr . Nudgloy .. o 1 o Mr . Parker .. .. 0 1 4 SHARES . T . E . C . and Sons 8 0 0 Whittington A-. Cat 0 15 C Jlr Dickson .. 0 6 0 E . Wright , _JJnr-Lambeth .. .. 400 noldswiclc .. 011 o Greenwich .. .. 200 Bath ' 118 Westminster .. 0 5 10 Leicester .. .. 1 lo 0 Mr . Davis .. .. 02 . 0 CARDS AND RULES . Camberwell .. .. 0 2 O Colne 0 12 Mr . Dear .. .. 016 Todmordon .. 0 010 _Hcbden-bridge .. 0 4 2 Radc'iffe .. .. 020 Ovendcn .. ., 014 Greenwich .. .. 070 Halifax .. .. 0 2 0 Sowerby Helm * .. 048 Keighley .. .. 0 11 0 # This sum has bean previously announced as for Cards of the National Charter Association . TnoMAS Mabtin _Wheeier , Secretary , NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . EXECUTIVE . PER MR . O ' CONNOR , £ 8 . d .. York , per G . Jefferson .. .. .. .. 0 10 O Sowerby Longroyd , per J . Wilson .. .. 050 PER GESERAL SECRETARY , SUBSCRIPTIONS . Keighley .. .. » 0 13 o Mr . Whiting , Tower Hamlets o 1 o _* DIXON FOND , Camberwell .. .. •• _« . .. 0 5 3 YICTIMFCND . Mr . Downing , Westminster .. .. .. 0 0 C _DONCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . Mr . Tobin ' s book , from a few Slop Cutters .. o 12 6 Thomas Martin Wheeler .

      To The Members Of Tiie Ciiartist Coopera...

      TO THE MEMBERS OF TIIE CIIARTIST COOPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY . Respected Friends , —As the provisional directors of your society , we deem it our duty to address you briefl y on the progress , present position , and future prospects of our movement . Four months have now elapsed since the society was ushered into existence , during which period the most signal success has marked its career . Its _progress in popular estimation has been so rapid as to elicit the surprise of many of its most ardent admirers , while it lias excited tlie chagrin and envy of its foes . Every project or measure designed to benefit the people seems fated to receive the opposition of the ignorant , the envious , and die

      corrupt . Such has been the lot of our Land project . Its promulgation was the signal for a portion of the ' tactions , subservient , and unprincipled press to yell forth its brutal opposition ; while many cantankerous individuals , pretending that their hostility sprung from tlieir devotion to Democracy , have laboured obstinately and _perscveringi y to crush the movement in tlie hud . The principles of our society have been misrepresented ; its objects distorted and derided , and its promoters vilified and abused . Nevertheless , it has progressed with a celerity ' exceeding outmost sanguine expectations . Surmounting the obstacles by which envy and ignorance would arrest it * progress , it has attained a position wliich cheeringly auguYs its siii ' e arrival at that goal which is the object of all human exertion—the goal of success .

      Friends , we have cause for mutual congratulation in the fact , that the roll of the society exhibits the names of nearly three thousand shareholders ; many of whom , in their anxiety to witness the first allocation and to convince the sceptical of the practicability of the project , have , in one payment , made good the amount of their shares . We have likewise cause for felicitation in the circumstance , that already upwards of £ 1500 are deposited in the treasury of the society . Such , friends , is the present position of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . To us it appears a proud , a cheering one—one creating strong hopes of that bright future of success whicli the lapse of a short time will develope to tlie world . No efforts of which our humble abilities are capable , shall be deemed irksome or laborious in the good cause . Since the promulgation of the plan we may presume to say , without incurring thc charge of egotism , that our labours have been most intense , but our reward is ample in having given the first impulse to a movement which must eventuate in securing happiness to myriads of our enslaved and impoverished fellow-creatures .

      We have received communications from various parts of the west of England and from Scotland , representing the necessity of lecturers visiting those places to expound the Land plan . Believing that the agitation of the Land question in those quarters would result in adding considerably to the strength of our society , we have resolved that one of our body shall proceed to the west of England , and another to Scotland , with the least possible delay . And we anticipate as the consequence of our labours the increasing of our society hy Christmas uext to at least 5000 members . We must now , friends , proceed to call your attention to the duties the performance of which the interest ofthe society requires upon your parts . The rules require revision . At the time of their promulgation we told yon such would be the case : for we are not of that school oi

      philosophers that pretend to infallibility of judgment . We perceive that the rules are susceptible of improvement , and that additional ones are required . We were anxious to accomplish the revision of the rules in a way the least expensive . To tliat end wc requested , through thc Star , the members to hold meetings to discuss the rules , anil that they sliould forward to us their opinions , that we might shape the society ' s laws in conformity thererrith . Experience soon taught us that this plan would not succeed . We have , therefore , resolved upon the holding uf a Conference for the purpose of completely revising tlie rules , and taking the whole subject of the Land into consideration . This we think the most efficient and satisfactory course that can be adopted . The expense of tlie Conference will be light—light when compared with its importance , and the benefits that must accrue from it to the movement . We have considered the time and the

      place for the _meeting of the Conference : we have also received communications from various parts of the country upon the subject , and have concluded that it shall meet in Manchester , on the first Monday in February uext , by which time we trust to have sufficient funds in hand to he able to deliberate respecting commencing practical operations . The division of the branches into districts , arranging the scale of _repvesentatvon , and raising the means of defraying the expenses of the Conference , shall be laid beta you in future addresses . In the interim you must nut neglect your duty . Remember that Universal Suffrage is tho basis of our society . Hold your meetings in your respective localities ; discuss the rules calmly , so that when you elect your delegate you may instruct him with your views , and thus send him to the Conference the veritable representative of your sentiments and wishes . We do not expect that each delegate will be instructed upon every improvement essential to the perfection ofthe plan . _"H as in duty bound , shall be prepared to lay before the Conwith

      ference a digest of the rules amended in conformity the suggestions ofthe localities , and our _ow _expcriHiw upon the working of the plan . There are , however , two subjects upon which an unequivocal expression of your opinion will be vwuiireu uy us and your delegates . In the rules provision is made lor giving only two acre allotments to thc members . aw ; many individuals have taken out two shares , with a > i _< j to obtain four acres . To this we see nothing objectionab le * However , it is for you to decide the question . On tne drawing of the lot shall the successful holder of two shares be entitled to a four acre allotment 1 A desire tor « ie enrolment of the society has been expressed by ninny members , while others say that legal security is _uiinecessaryto the conducting of its affairs . For our parts , » f are in favour of enrolment ; believing that it will n ' _' _Z effect of increasing public confidence by adding to UUi moral responsibility of the officers secured by the rui » i the responsibility provided by the laws of the land . _| C ' question you will discuss and decide , and _accorJing'i" '"' struct your delegate .

      Friends , iu conclusion , we beg to assure you of ° _>* " tiring energy in the prosecution of the plan . _M * { iaa . * r , on as hitherto , turning neither to tlie right or the ' from tlie pursuit of our object . The confidence you 1 _>& reposed in us shall ever bc respected . On your own w nimity and kindly feeling much depends . Guardscrui " lously against dissension ; heed not the gloomy _pwjnof cations of our enemies ; let energy , firmness , anil u « i characterise your movements , and , depend upon lli '"' success will be the inevitable reward of your labour ? . Thomas Clark . Philip _Jl'GBATll , _CamsTornEK _Uol ; ; ilI P . S . —The balance sheet for tlie past four months _«*¦ appear in the ensuing number of the Northern s _' to '' _-

      The Will Fougeus.—A Letter . Has Been La...

      The Will _Fougeus . —A letter . has been lately r _£ ceiveil from Barber , in which , he states that- his llc ! U is bad , and that his rations and labour are pad ' 1 B wretched . He devotes his time to gathering l _^* j graphical and historical information of tiie islai «| i -V is writing the biography of extraordinary * crmiu _»* _-i although his leisure time is small , as he has to geu l to work every morning at four o ' clock . He is e ployed giving instruction to the sons of a clei'svin * and is also engaged to conduct the defence ol sw prisoners who attempted to escape from the boats the ship Agincourt , by suddenly seizing tuC J fL . . ind throwing them overboard . Barber stui i severes in liis declaration of innocence , and lifts 'V . forwarded a memorial for a remission of pu « I 5 llU 1 —Globe . . ...

      Sudden Death . —On Monday a shocking _instant of the uncertainty of life occurred to a J' 0 " 11 _" ., ' _, named Daniel Brown , of Crown-court , " _?{!• ' , _i . road , Camberwell . It appears that he was siU' » = ¦ ' the breakfast table , and whilst speaking to _tiia * he suddenly fell backwards to the ground . A sui =, was called with promptitude , but the ui _uoru-- " man had ceased to exist . . flT Fire and Loss of Life . —Cowes , Isle Of " * j —On _> Yednesday about two o ' clock , tl'e . '' iirc Groom public house was discovered to be " ¦ The landlord ( J . Keats ) , his wife , and hve cluw * » escaped in their bed-clothes , as did the other 1 "" ' rirI with the exception of two of Keats' eluIl , _'„ ' , _Jlio aged 13 years , and a boy 8 jcars _, who slept . second floor . All attempts to save tliemin t , vain . Thc poor children were found as soon n _ fire was extini £ ui a liRd * . they had died / row _*" '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_27091845/page/4/