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Northern Star (1837-1852), 27th September 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 7, BANKRUPTS. [From the Gazette of Friday, ...

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      V The Asdover: Abominations. Bkbak Vows ...

      THE ANDOVER ABOMINATIONS . ( Continued fremour suxthpage . ) viva voce by the " emment _^ _untot'Vwrai the books before him in open court . But this , though the only right course , would nave been a _uangrf _yuo One , as Mr ? Mitchiner must then have been subjected to the ineonvenienee of a cross _^ sammation , which would have confuted his statements with regard to -Bonres , and stopped his opinions on diet , for which lev / as not asked , but which show how completely he is the creature of the system by which he lives , he being the auditor of sixteen Poor Law unions . Mr . Parker left Andover yesterday morning for London , just beforechurch time ; he has not returned , nut it is expected that he will be hereto-night , and re-open his court to-morrow , for the purpose either of going into the new cases or of stating that no f nrther inquiry will be made , and the reasons why .

      Aspoveb , Sew . 23 . —Contrary to general expectation , Mr . Parker , the Assistant-Commissioner , did not come down here this morning to re-open bis court ; bnt a letter was received from the Poor Law Commissioners by the master , a copy of which was also forwarded to Mr . Lamb , the clerk to the board of guardians . The letter is dated September 22 , 1 S 45 , and states , that the object of the inquiry was to discover the fitness or unfitness of M'Dougal for the office of master of the union workhouse ; and tliat sufficient evidence havin g been brought forward to warrant his

      dismissal , he was thcrctore required to quit the workhouse with thc least possible delay , as the _Commissioners no longer considered him master of the house . They also state that they disapprove of the guardians bavins engaged him to manage thc house for another month . They state further , that Mr . Parker laid befoie them a copy ofthe evidence , wliich would be immediately investigated and reported thereon , as to whether further steps should be taken for an inquiry into tke otlier charges , hinting ' that such inquiry would in some measure depend upon the instant obedience of M'Dougal to their command to leave thc house directly .

      1 do not know who M'Dougal s present advisers are , hut they appear to _bcvciy unwise persons if they have instructed him to pursue thc course which he declares he will take , lie considers tho Poor Law Commissioners arc not his masters , but that the _mardians arc so , and them alone he will obey . He has therefore closed the workhouse door against all comers , and acts as porter himself , keeping a lookout from Lis office above to see who approaches it . lie says that he will not go without a warrant , and that he will admit nobody unless he pleases . His friends should tell Mm to complete his resistance to ihe orders ofthe Poor Law Conimissienere by fortifying the workhouse and arming the male inmates , who , no doubt , from their _greataffectlon for the master , would rather die than suffer him to be compelled to surrender his command over them .

      If any more need be said beyond what has been already stated to show the impropriety of retaining ihe master in full exercise of his powers during the inquiry into his conduct , the following facts are strong illustrations of that opinion : — One of the inmates who was examined as a witness in iavour of M'Dougal , and who swore that she had always duly received her rations , though the contrary was the Ihct , bas ever since evinced great distress of mind , frequently weeping and expressing her sorrow for having told such lies , and her wish that she had an opportunity to recant the falsehood and tell the truth . This shows how much the presence and control ofthe master have influenced those inmates who spoke favourably of Mm .

      The second case is that of violent conduct of the -matron towards one of the inmates , who did not scruple to state the truth boldly , for having done so . She abused the poor woman , whose name is Elizabeth Gate , for having said things against M'Dougal , and ikreatened to throw a pot of hot gruel over Eer , and continued to talk and act in such a manner that the woman became alarmed for ker personal safety , and left the workhouse . AxnovER , Sept . 2 i " Ts lie come ? " " Is Mr . Parker down yet ?"

      "Where is the Assistant-Commissioner ?"—These were tha universal inquiries this morning ; bnt they received no satisfactory answer . As the day wore on ft became known that Mr . Westiake had received a letter from the Poor Law Commissioners , which in some degree accounted for the continued absence of the Assistant-Commissioner , after bis promise on Saturday to be here either on Monday or Tuesday , but at the latest on Tuesday . This is the letter : — " ( 11 , 409 ar-43 . ) " Poor Law Commission-office , Somerset-house , September 23 , 1845 .

      " Sir , —I am directed by the Poor Law Commissioners to inform yon that they yesterday received a report from Mr . Assistant-Commissioner Parker , accompanied by the evidence taken in the recent inquiry , by which the commissioners have been made aware that on the 20 tk instant Mr . M'Dougal placed _iis resignation of the office of master ef the Andover Union workhouse in the hand *? of the board of _guardians , and that bisresignation was then accepted oy the guardians . " Tliis was a step entirely within the discretion of the guardians to take , and , as they have accepted Mr . MDougal ' s resignation , the inquiry by Air . Parker—the object of whieh was to ascertain Mr . M'Dougal ' s fitness for the office which he no longer holds—is necessarily terminated .

      " The commissioners could not now issue an order dismissing Mr . and Mis . M'Dougal , since such an order would be a nullity ; inasmuch as there is no longer any master and matron on whom an order of dismissal could take effect . "What farther proceedings it may be incumbent npon tha commissioners to take in this matter , after a perusal ofthe evidence , now for the first time before ihem in any official shape , they will proceed to consider . "I am , sir , your most obedient servant , " GeohgeCoode , Assistant-Secretary . "

      Thc commissioners do notstate whatlength of time tbey will take to consider what further proceedings it may be incumbent upon them toadopt ; and , there Are , the rate-payers are still in suspense as to whether the master will be criminally prosecuted , or snffered quietly to walk off , being enabled to say wherever he goes that he was not dismissed or uunislied , but that he magnanimously resigned . * The letter is silent also upon another subject upon which Mr . Westiake has for the last three or four days expected a communication from Somerset-house , namely , the personal attacks made npon him in the course ofthe Inquiry by Mr . _AsastMtrCommissioner Parker , and upon which the following correspondence las already taken place : —

      _"Axdover , Sept . IS , 1 S 45 . "Gentlemen , —Upon one passage of your letter of the 16 th instant I beg leave respectfully to make an observation . Tou state that the summonses on the witnesses are to be served by 'persons employed by you or by your assistant-commissioner / "This method of proceeding will cause _ineonve " nience and delay , but nevertheless you are the proper judges to determine upon tho course to be pursued . J must , however , lay before you a complaint not _nncoanected with this subject , against your _assistantcommissioner , Mr- Parker , who has thought fit publicly to state that the summonses served by me and my solicitor , Mr . May , were surreptitiously obtained , by which , as I -was the person by whom they were obtained , Mr . Parker was understood to mean , and mast havo meant , that I had surreptitiously obtained such summonses .

      "Now , I beg to inform you that shortly after the evidence taken by the guardians had been forwarded to you , and you had directed an inquiry should take place , I saw Mr . Lamb , the clerk to the guardians , who apprised me of your determination , and , produc ing a -number of summonses bearing the signature of Mr . Parker , said to me , ' I have received these from Mr . Parker : you are to have as many as you please , reserving a few for Mr . M'Dougal . ' " I bad no kind of desire to be troubled with the service of summonses , nor had I the least notion up to & at moment thatl was to be called upon to take upon mvself the prosecution of the charges which I had _m-eferred ; but considering that Jfr . Lamb was

      acting in pursuance of your instructions , I received from him a number of summonses , which , at great expense and very considerable trouble , I either served or caused to be _' served . And I ask you , gentlemen , whether itis proper that a gentleman clothed with your authority should , nnder these eirenmstances , publicly in the town in which I am living and practisiflgray profession , charge me with surreptitiously obtaining these summonses ? I am in the discharge of _apublicduty , tomeof a very difficult kind , thrust npon me by peculiar circumstances , and Irespectfoliy submitthat I ought not to be grossly and unjustly calumniated by the person appointed by you to bear charges which " I have thus been compelled to support .

      " I think it right also , gentlemen , to bring under your notice a _circumstance which occurred during the inquiry yesterday . _^ " I was sitting on a seat wliich I had occupied on former occasions , and a witness named Amietts was under examination , when Mr . Assistant-Commissioner Parker publicly stated that he saw me looking at the witness in away I ought not . I denied , and J most distinctl y and unequivocally deny , that I was . coking at the witness at all . I was indeed inastate of great bodily suffering at the time , and I am conscious that neither my eyes nor mv thoughts were directed towards the witness ; and 1 can even establish * bat yonr asshtant-commissioner ' s accusation was " tmfoiinded by other unquestionable testimony . Still , the imputation is publicly made , and I am again unjustly calumniated by the person whom you , gentlemen , have appointed to discharge an important _pub"ctrost

      ' _Jhave considered ifa duty both to you , _genfle-Jnen , and myself , to draw your attention to these _^ oatterg , not merely because in prosecuting this _in-Vgry I consider iriyself complying with yonr wishes _•^ d instructions , bnt because I know of _noother _? ° _* er or tribnna ¦ . t < whieh I ean appea _Ifor the protection I need . an t tcwMch Ithink lam entitled .

      V The Asdover: Abominations. Bkbak Vows ...

      " Personally , I care but little for these unjust attacks npon me bnt since they may tend or be intended to prejudice the _inquhy , I feel bound to repel them , and most respectfully to call upon you to prevent a repetition of anything of the kuid . " J am , g entlemen , your most obedient servant , '""""" " _¦ _£ cVWestUKE . '' ( Answer . ) "No . 11 , 299 a-45 . "Poor Law Commission-office , Somerset-house , Sept . 19 , 1845 . __ " Sir , —I am directed by the Poor Law Commissioners to acknowledge the _ receipt of your letter of the 18 th inst ., complaining of the conduct of Mr . Parker , Assistant - Commissioner , in connection with the inquiry now being carried on by him at Andover , and to inform you that the statements which you have submitted to the commissoners will meet with their consideration .

      I am , sir , your most obedient servant , " George _Cooue , Assistant-Secretary . " T . C . Westiake , Esq ., Andover . " There was a pretty full gathering to-day of the friends and admirers of M'Dougal atthe reading-room , over the door of which , singularly ei . ough , is a signboard , bearing the inscription , " Society i ' or Promoting Christian Knowledge . " What connection there is between such an object and the moral , or rather immoral training , which for nearly ten years has been upheld at the workhouse , it is difficult to sny ; but there it is , that the guardians , —not of the poor , but of the master , —lay and clerical , congregated during the inquiry , with a few select friends , to strengthen each other ' s hands in their labour of love

      on behalf of the " most chaste and delicate-minded man" over met with by the schoolmistress , as 3 hc declared upon oath . She bas since resigned her office tobe ' married ; the character which she gave the master , founded as it was npon comparison , must be a great compliment lo the bridegroom . Thero was a great deal of conversation to-day among the " Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , " both sitting in the reading-room and " standing in the streets and in the market-place . " I understand that one topic discussed was thc abrupt Vocal resignation of the Eev . Chairman and others on Saturday last , and the probability , no formal resignation having been made , of their quietly resuming their functions , lest parties whose principles arc the very reverse of those upon which tlicy have hitherto acted should acquire too much influence at tbe board . Another topic was naturally enough the departure of the master . It appears that the

      pro-Poor Law clique regard him as a persecuted man and a martyr ; the victim of wholesale perjury . It is very easv to say that a witness is perjured ; but why not indict the parties for perjury , and prove to the world their guilt , more especially as wrongful damage is pretended to have been done by their evidence ? One legal gentleman , who asserts that all the witnesses against the master were perjured , and that all who spoke in his favour are those only who are worthy of belief , was asked whether the fact that a woman bad at some period of her life had an illegitimate child would disqualify her ever after from speaking the truth ? He replied emphatically in the affirmative . By the same rule , the evidence of one of thc clerical witnesses for the master might be rejected . I spare Mm the publication of his name . The learned clerks can translate " Qui capit ilie facit . " So much for this "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . " Next Saturday will develope their new

      move . The master and matron still remain exercising their functions at the workhouse ; and , strange to say , notwithstanding the letters from the commissioners repudiating them as servants ofthe union , no actual means have been resorted to for causing their removal , or for establishing any otherpersons in their stead pro tempore . The master expresses his willingness to go away as soon as his accounts are made up and his salary paid to bim . It is said he is about to take a public-house in Andover or Stockbridge .

      Sekfembeb 37, 1845. The No»Hi^: Gtar. ;....

      _Sekfembeb 37 , 1845 . THE NO _» Hi _^ : gTAR . ; _..........,.,. _„ .. _^^ _.-t _.-v

      The Corn Trade. Ffrom The Hark Lane Expr...

      THE CORN TRADE . fFrom the Hark Lane Express . J The reports received from the northern parts of the kingdom speak in a very desponding tone of the probable effects of the extremely wet and boisterous weather experienced during the week on that portion ofthe cropsstili outstanding . That injury , to an extent difficult to be remedied at this advanced period ofthe yeanhas been done is greatly to be feared and unless we have an immediate return of dry weather the consequences may be serious . Even if the northern harvest had been got in well the yield of wheat could scarcely have been' expected to prove an average ; and , under existing circumstances , the deficiency in quality , if not in quantity , is likely to

      be much greater than was previously calculated on . Notwithstanding the fine weather experienced i ' or three consecutive weeks , there is still a great quantity of grain abroad south of the river Huniber ; whilst further north much is yet uncut . Of the total produce of the united kingdom probably twothirds may have been saved ; but it is needless to remark , that the manner in which the other third may be secured must greatly influence the whole . Our previous estimates ofthe probable result of the harvest have " therefore , we fear , been too favourable : and we now apprehend that , besides the already admitted deficiency in wheat and potatoes , the crops of barley and oats * , as well as those of beans and peas , ma y prove inferior to what we were induced to nope .

      As thrashing is proceeded with , the complaints of the yield of wheat certainly increase ; nor do the accounts of the quality improve . The loss in weight alone is a serious consideration ; supposing the same to be 31 b . per bushel on the entire quantity grown , ¦ which is a moderate computation , and taking the whole produce of wheat ofthe united kingdom , in an average year , at 20 , 000 , 000 quarters , this item alone would make a difference of a million of quarters . Regarding the acreable deficiency little can as yet be authentically known ; but , from the dissatisfaction generaliv expressed by farmers who have put the matter to " the test of thrashing , there is reason to suppose that there will also be a materialfalling off in that respect .

      These considerations have had some influence with holders of wheat , and the disposition to sell at present prices has much diminished . Those parties who have still stocks of old , naturally conclude that the superiority of last year ' s growth over that of the new will cause it to command a ready sale at any period ; aud , though fair supplies of new have been brought forward by the growers , they have refused to sell except at enhanced rates . The increasingly unfavourable reports relative to the potato crop have also had their weight ; and the trade has assumed a decidedly firm tone . Not only is the crop short in this country , but the harvest has been defective over the greater part of continental Europe . In Holland and Belgium the fact is so well ascertained that the government ofthe former country has deemed it prudent to reduce the duties on grain to the minimum point ; whilst all restrictions on the import of corn into Belgium have beenk removed for a given period . . -. » Already numerous orders have been received from Rotterdam , Antwerp , & c .: and the moderate stocks of bonded corn are likely to he shortly reduced into a veiy narrow compass , if not exhausted by shipments to countries whence , in ordinary years , we are in the habit of drawing some portions of our foreign supplies , In the Baltic ports Great Britain must expect to be out-bid by thel ) atch and Belgians ; and in the Black Sea-wheat has been bought up to supply Italy , where the crops are stated to have yielded indifferently _. It seems , therefore , that unless prices advance materially in this country we are not likely to draw any quantity of wheat from abroad . At nearly all the leading provincial markets held since onr last enhanced rates have been obtained for wheat . TJp to Tuesday there-was not much excitement ; but since that period considerable anxiety has been manifested by aa parties to get into stock . The upward movement has not been confined to the large consuming towns , the rise having been quite as great at many of the markets in the agricultural districts as at the places above named ; and , though the inferiority of the quality of the new wheat must tend to keep the averages down , a material reaction in the duty may be expected to occur later in the year . The most important intelligence from Scotland this week is . unquestionably that which relates to potatoes . The samo disease so prevalent in the south has attacked the plant in various parts of Scotland . This discovery , together with the unfavourable change in the weather and the animated accounts from the English markets , had produced much excitement . Some of our letters from Ireland begin to express fears that the crop of potatoes has not escaped in that country ; bur * , the reports thence on the subject are not of so definite a character as from other parts ofthe kingdom ; and we still hope that the failure may be confined to this side of the Channel . _^ The fine weather broke up there about the same time as with us , and all harvest operations had been arrested i ai : _

      We Aw* Io Nireci The Attention Of Our Re...

      We aw * io _niRECi the attention of our readers to the following communication addressed to the proprietor of " Paul ' s Every Man ' s Friend , " whose advertisement appeals in another column : —2 , Craven Buildings , London— " Sir , —The efficacy of your corn and bunion plaister is beyond dispute . I have been troubled ten years with , two hideous bunions , which rendered it impossible for me to get a shoe to fit , and when I did obtain such , I was unable to walk in them , the pain being so acute . Having seen your advertisement in a weekly periodical / to which I am a subscriber , I was induced , from the astonishing testimonials I there saw , to give the p laister a trial ; and my lopes have been fully realized ; lean now walk with tie greatest comfort , in the warmest weather , without the mortifiation of having the deformity of my feet observed . —I shall recommend the plaister to all I may find suffering from bunions , and for the benefit I-have received , pray accept my thanks . _? am , Sir , your grateful servant , Lu « Cole . June U 845 . "

      Fottiwx Mobtmtnte

      _fottiwx _Mobtmtnte

      " And I Will War, At Least In Words, (An...

      " And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , With all who war with Thought !" " I think t heal a little bird , wno _£% * The people by and by will he the stronger . '—Brads

      ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE . ko . vm . We resume our extracts from Mr . Mmm _' s work ; we shall probably bring the subject to a close ( for the present ) next week . In the following extracts Mr . Mazzisi combats the arguments of those who , looking back to the intestinequarrels and divisions wliich rent Italy in the midd e ages , and judging of the present by the past , disbelieve in the possibility of a national organisation and unification of the ( now ) several Italian states . To these doubters and unbelievers Mr . Mazzrxi replies : —

      There is no true period of cessatian for nations , so long as the purpose to wliich their historically-nation . il tondence impels tinem , has not been attained ; SO long ns the faculties and powers whose germ they hear within them have not reached the highest degree of possible development ; so long , in a word—to avail myself of a phrase scarcely current in England , hut that perfectly expresses my view of the subject—so long as tlieir mission in humanity is unaccomplished . To that period Italy has not arrived . What she has ( lone inthe world , once _immaterial force , by conquest—once hy moral force , by the word—she has done iu the name of a city or a man ; iu the name of a power or a principle incarnate in that man or in that city , never in the name of the entire nation . The nation has never vet existed in action . There

      has been a Rome of the _Ctesavs ; there has been a Rome of the Popes j the Rome of tlie Italian people has yet to burst forth . But everything has hitherto converged towards this point . The internal crisis that so long vexed Italy has its meaning , its historical explanation in this : it Was the working of the Italian element , taking up substance by substance , reducing , absorbing , all the foreigii elements , races , and castes , that came from every quarter of Europe to pour like a flood on the Peninsula . An that function of fermentation and ebullition that constitutes ouv Middle age was a work of fusion : it elaborated as it were the medium adapted for the development of that unifyiug Italian germ that still broods under thc accumulated ruin of the Capitol and the Vatican .

      Moreover , this work has never been discontinued . It went ou , less strikingly because less varied , but with twofold efficacy , during the times that followed the fall ofthe latter republics—times that appeared to the eyes of the superficial observer as swallowed up in inertness and insensibility . When civic liberty fell , the work of equalisation progressed the faster : if it were less apparent , it was precisely that it was acting on the nation ' s viscera . Whether before or-during the revolutionary movements that at a later period came from without to agitate Italy , the people gained ground far more than the educated classes : in fact , if from time to time there were manifestations crowned with success , they were popular manifestations , such as those of 174 G at Genoa , such as those , hitherto so misunderstood , of Naples in 1799 a

      This grana general fact of the Italian people becoming by degrees substituted for every partial element , influencing hereafter every question , and forming the necessary and only point of departure for every endeavour at action , has completely escaped all those who have taken up the Italian question . The book of the nation has been sealed to them all—to the historian Bottaj a $ well 08 to the revolutionists Santarosa and Menotti ; toM . _DeSismondi , as well as to the Provisional Governments of 1 S 31 . Among writers , Komagnosi alone has caught it ; but the deduction of all the consequences was beyond him . Among men of action , Napoleon alone , himself an Italian , comprehended it ; -but he did not choose to apply it . _France—pernups because he felt more sure of her obedience—was his lever of action , and he would give her no rival . 'Twas not till St . Helena , when there was no longer a motive for silence , that he could declare" Unity of manners , of language , of literature , must at a future more or lessremote , end in bringing her inhabitants under one government . " Memoirs , Vol . 3 ,

      Where is there a single difference between the Lombard , the Itomagnese , and the Neapolitan , * which is notequally marked in France between the Basque , Breton , and Norman families . The middle age is dead : the Guelphs and ( Jhibellines have passed away with it ; and those who dream of them full of life , and prepared to revive and rekindle bitter dissensions between province and province , deal ir . romance and not in history . The factions have lost their standards : the Pope and the Emperor tore them from their hands on the day they signed their treaty of union . Three centuries of an oppression exercised towards all in the name of the two , have placed the pair on exactly the same footing , and devoted them to the same conditions of- life and death . No more wars ; no more rivalries : as regards the elements of nationality , there exists nolonger Genoese , nor Tuscan , nor Bolognese ,

      nor Roman : there exist—in Italy as everywhere elseelements for the commune , none for the province . By an apparent contradiction that tbe vanity inherent to mediocrity sufficiently explains , it is just among the class of semi-thinkers , of semi-gifted litterateurs , political or professional—the superficial crust thrown over Italy by foreign Influences and foreign schools , offering itself first to the sight , and not worth the probing—it is among that class that the distrusts and jealousies talked of are still exhibited : among that class at least is to be found a disposition to admit and exaggerate these jealousies , little reflected elsewhere . The people , the grand Italian mass , know nothing of them . How should they feel them ? "Wretched slaves that they are , where should they find elements of rivalry , local influences to pander to , vaniti ; s to satisfy ?

      There is enough in the distrustful habits of the Italians of the present day , to render extremely difficult and perilous the understanding that must necessarily precede any movement ; hut that movement successful , there is little or nothing to hinder , the unification of Italy : unification , I say , and not centralization , such as it seems to fee too often understood , pushed to those farthest limits where it passes into despotism , # # # # * Almost all the StateB into whicli Italy is now divided , are not of popular national formation—they have been made what they are by foreign diplomacy or usurpation on the other hand , there is not , there never haB been , historically speaking , a settled , active antipathy of province against province . Scarcely do you find that the boundary of one of those provinces , as now traced , resulted from

      the wars tliat attended the period of Italian vigour . Those war * , when they were not betwem citizens of the eame city— " tra quei che un muro e una fossa _serra , " as Dante expresses it—raged between one city and another : _Pavia , Como , Milan ; Pisa , Sienna , Florence , and so on . But all these rival cities have long since been engulfed into one vortex of power ; their hatreds have been deadened by ages of common slavery . What remains of them —if indeed aught remains—is barely enough to furnish a proverbial expression for household gossip , and is too feeble to reach the forum of national regeneration . Prisoners may sometimes give a turn to sorrow by quarrelling in their chains ; but tbe first grand impulse towards general deliverance will stifle in enthusiasm this relic of the Old leaven , The tocsin of the nation imposes silence on

      the gossip of the household : and she slight differences existing may become , under the hands of able and popular men , an excellent stimulus to emulating efforts . let me not do accused of ntglecting facts , and Of op . posing hasty negatives to the deductions from a calm study of realities and to the lessons of experience : for I should he tempted to reply somewhat tartly to those grave and calm studies that are limited te a given epoch , and to that pretended experience that breaks tradition in place of continuing it , and nullifies the present for a past often _iU-nnderstood . Why should the recent immediate fact always he sacrificed to the ancient ? Why , in favour to the middle ages , are we always to shut our eyes to what the last forty years have been incessantly repeating as to the inevitable effects of the impulse I have heen describing on the Italian masses ? Tf those who nourish these fears

      for onr future had seen , as we did , the wives and daughters of the people at Genoa , who a few days before , in the bitterness of common misery , were singing old snatches of song against the Ptedmonteso , now lavishing flowers and acclamations , as they accompanied them on their route , on regiments of these same _Piedmontese _, that , after having worked out the movement of 1821 , were quitting the city to march—at least so it was thoughtagainst Austria ; if they had seen the spirit of fusion and warm fraternity that actuated the youth of the most rival cities of the Popedom at the time of the insurrection of 1 S 31 ; if they had followed , as we have done , the phases

      of Italian opinion throughout the inconceivable efforts of succeeding years—then they might comprehend what a feeling of country , reduced to a . frank and energetic formula , could accomplish in a land all the districts of which have been cementing their brotherhood for half a century by the blood of martyrs ; they could more easily calculate the progress , what between its consecration on tha battlefield and on the scaffold , that must have been made in Italy hy an idea re-echoed for fifty years , half from conviction half from imitation , by our literature , and diffused , filtered , through all clasBes , by an uninterrupted chain of secret associations .

      And now , ye throned scourgers of nations—ye liberty-hating diplomatists—ye English traitors , base seal-breakers and forgers , tools of foreign tyrants , shameless betrayers of England ' s honour—aU ye hated and detested ones , whom the nations pant to trample down , read the following : list ! to the prophetic voice that foretels—aye , _andforetels truly , too —your discomfiture and Italy ' s regeneration . Read , too , ye patriots , and rejoice at the fast coming of that hour when Ital y shall burst her chains , and become once more

      " Great , glorious , and free . " " Italy , then , wills to be a nation ; and one she must become , happen _^ as it may . As _certain qs I am Writing these words , this age will not pass away ere the proto cols of the treaty of Vienna shall have served for wadding—perhaps on Hie march to Vienna itself—for the muskets of our Italian soldiery . "

      ? The Islands Alone Present A Physiognom...

      ? The islands alone present a physiognomy decidedly peculiar ; and no system of consolidation ever aimed at withholding from them aapecial administration ,

      Agnnuture An* Lottuuiture

      _agnnuture an * lottuuiture

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Oct . 2 nd , 1843 . [ Extracted froni a Durt 0 f Actual Operations oii five smalltans on theestates ofthe late Mrs . D . Gilbert , J " _«; : i _^ 0 um < - ' m Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates _Cj * ue E rl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire * published by Mr . Nowell , or rarnley _lyas , near Huddersfieid , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdeanof

      , five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter . at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of _Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diary is aided bv "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      "Let us ever remember that , in-all our attempts to improve society , we ought to direct our efforts to the young and unsophisticated . By giving them sound mental and physical training , wo may correct the errors and subdue the prejudices of their elders . "—Anon . Note . —The school farms are cultivated bv bovs , who in return for three hours' teaching inthe morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master s benefit , which renders the schools _seli--bufportlvg . We believe that at Farnly Tuas sixsevenths of tlte produce of the school farm will bc assigned ta thc boys , ynd one-seventh t ' o the master who will receive the usual school-fees , help the- boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , ii : c ., to convert their produce into bacon by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after , paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion lo their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . " ]

      SUSSEX . Mosdav—Willingdon School . Boys hoeing white turnips sown after oats . Eastdean School . Fourteen boys digging up potatoes , and clearing ground for wheat . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Digging . Toesday— Willingdon School . Boys turning dung and mould heap , to be ready for wheat . Eastdean School . Digging up potatoes , healing them for winter , and stone picking . Piper , Carrying chalk upon the potatoe ground intended for wheat . Dumbrell . . Digging . _Wednesday— Willingdon School . Digging stubble for winter tares . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the pigstye tank , gathering stones . Piper . Carrying chalk as before . Dumbrell . Digging .

      Thursday—Willingdon School . Boys digging for winter tares . Eastdean School . Boys digging potatoe ground , and picking up the haulm . Rper . Sowing rye . Dumbrell , Digging , hoeing turnips , thrashing tares ; applied 24 gallons of liquid manure to one rod of ground , for r 3 e . Friday—Willingdon School , Boys digging for winter tares . Eastdean School . Wet weather , boys in the school all day . Piper . Digging wheat stubble for tares . Dumbrell . Sowing rye , thrashing barley . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys thrashing barley , the weather being wet . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable tubs and tank , cleaning styes and school room . Piper . The same as before . Dumbrell . Winnowing barley , tares , thrashing oats , and harrowing .

      COW-FEEIJING . Willingdon . School . Cows feeding on white turnips and a little chaff . Piper ' s . In the morning a little clean straw while cleaned out , while milking , a gallon of potatoes mixed with chaff , afterwards turnips or tares . Dumbrell ' s . One co _** y stall-fed with Italian rye grass , and white turnips till Tuesday night , afterwards with Italian rye grass and lucerne . One cow and heifer staked out on the young clover , and fed morn and even with tares , potatoes , and wheat chaff till Friday night . On Saturday , stall-fed with turnips , potatoes , carrots , and barley chaff .

      Composting- Manure . —In every moment of leisure attend to your mixens , compost mould and dung together in the mixens . Some one may say , " Where is the mould to be procured ? " You may reply , " Every one that has land is not without mould of some sort or other . "—Then again it may be said , " Where are we to get dung ? " And your answer at once may be , " By growing plenty ot food for cattle . " It may be said that there is an immense deal of trouble with those dung mixens . This is very true , * but we can get nothing . in this world without trouble . The real _questStm is this , not whether you have great trouble from ia but whether it will pay you for your trouble . Be njot afraid of getting "too much manure ; for if you neglect the chief object , your farm will be

      a failure , * while with plenty ol manure , you can double crop and double your stock . Method op _CoMrosm-a . —Spread equally , and cover the whole of each mixen floor with a layer of cow dung , horse litter , & c ., to the thickness of eight or ten inches , and keep the Jong straw nearest the floor . Then for every cart load of fresh dung , take 10 or 12 lbs . ol gypsum pounded from the rock , which will cost you from 2 s . Gd .- to 3 s . per cwt . Sprinkle it over , the surface of the layer of dung . Bring in a load of mould from headlands , decayed roots , scouring of ditches , road scrapings , stubble , saw dust , nothing can come amiss , and leaving it on tbe composting yard pavement , the cart . may pass through the caw-lodge without the trouble of turning round . Let the rubbish , so left , be handed to either mixen , and spread oyer the surface , and when you can obtain a load 01 'two more at intervals , you may spread it npon the other . In this state let it remain until vou

      have a fresh supply of dung under the manure doors , then fork the first layer well over , and proceed just as before , careful neither to omit the gypsum nor mould , in forming your second layer . Previous to forming a new one , always fork over tbe last layer , and after a few repetitions , pump and _diffifse over the whole surface as much tank liquid as will completely saturate the manure heap , and any excess will fall back again into the tank and this repeat , from time to time , when it may be deemed necessary to do so . With plenty of cattle in the byres , and plenty of space in the yard , you may thus create an enormous bulk of manure , rich , and well mixed . Further Means of Enriching tub _Mixt . n . —Your pigs must be continually supplied with fresh mould . They will tread it and make it into the richest compost . It may then be handed over to , and compounded into the mixen , The night-soil compost may be also used in the same manner .

      Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...

      AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from the Northern Star ofAngusi 19 . J

      ASHES . 92 . We have already alluded , incidentally , to tho existence of ashes in the residual matters of all organized substances , when the volatile matter nnd the carbon have been burnt away . It would tend only to protract and perplex our inquiries , should we attempt even to enumerate all the residual substances wliich ingenious persons have seen or imagined in the ashes of organised beings . Gold , for instance , has been discovered in tamarind stones ; ' copper in coffee , to a large amount ; and arsenic in thie remains not merely of poor Madame Laffarge , but of many other nersons less unfortunate , it may be hoDed . in

      their domestic relations .- Much more useful was the observation of Sir H . Davy , that flint , or silex , exists in the stems of wheat , oats , and other grasses ; and it is perhaps by a continued investigation of the influences exercised by even minute portions of some inorganic or mineral substances upon the growth of certain plants , that we can hope to establish the practice of agriculture on a truly rational basis . Our countrymen _haye contributed little to promote such inquiries since the time of Sir 11 . Davy , but continental chemists have done more ; of this the pages of Professor Johnston , Liebig , Graham , < fcc , bear abundant testimony .

      93 . About four years ago , Mr . Rigg published the veanltaot some mtevesting experiments " ofthe influence of nitrogen on the growth of plants . " ( Phil . Trans . 1838 , p . 395-403 J lie notices the remarkable connection between thenitrogen and theresidual , as he calls _it—e . e ., between the nitrogen and the ashes . lie points out the influence of both upon the growth ol plants .- He observes , "that in that part of . the seed where germination ( 84 ) takes place , nitrogen preponderates , when compared with its quantity inother parts ofthe seed ; " " that those seeds of the same kind which contain the largest quantity of nitrogen , germinate the earliest ; " " that the quantity of nitrogen is largest in the spring , and diminishes with the season . " He finds more nitrogen in the roots than m the stems and trunks of different plants and then makes this important observation : — "Not only is the nitrogen more abundant in the roots of plants and trees ; the residualalsowhen compared

      , , with the quantity in the trunks , will be found inexcess in the roots . " " Now , if we admit the principle that nitrogen is a powerful agent in favouring chemical action upon vegetable and animal matter , and that this residual is essential to the healthy performance oi every function ofthe roots , as well as every other part oi the plant , andforms , asit were a most perfect skeleton of the whole , we have in these roots that which will favour such action in an eminent _, _? _^^^^• _pv _" _? _; _F _? _fi _witll _the other part of the r _" _+ Kn _™/ _? " _5 ood M very differently constituted from the more perfect part , the heart-wood , an excess ot nitrogen-being invariably found in the former . " ' The sap-wood more readily passes into a state of decay than the heart-wood . Here , again , thenitrogen and theresidual being present ' in larger quantities m the mrmerthan in the latter , we have them exertmgthe ) _j influence asi promoters of decomposition . " - .- - ¦ -. - r ¦

      Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...

      We have also the greatest quantities of nitrogen and residual in those . timbers which grow the quickest ; andfurther than this—for directl y as is _] the quantity of nitrogen and residual , taken collectivelv , so do we appear to havethe decay of timber , all other circumstances being equal . " In Dantzic and English oak , the quantity of nitrogen and residual are both very small . In American birch , the nitrogen and residual are in large quantities , and , as is well known , tins _wiiiorr ue < Jo _* . ' S very quickly . " "But it is not enough for us to find a difference ill tlie _proportionate quantity of nitrogen in the _UiiTc' rent parts or * the Same plant or tree ; wemustalsoobserve , that the quantity appears to be proportional to the functions which the parts of the plants have to perform in vegetation . For instance , if the agency of any part of the nlant

      be great in the scale of vegetable physiology , so is the quantity of nitrogen , and vice versa . So apparent is this , and so universal is the operation of this law over the whole sphere of inquiry in which I havo been engaged , that WO might almost consider tins element , when coupled with the residual , to be the moving agent , acting under ihe influence of the living principles of the plant , and moulding into shape the other elements . 95 . " Throughout the whole course of my experimental inquiry , " says Mr . Mr . Rigg in another place , " 1 have not met with one instance wherein we have a large proportion of nitrogen and residual , that we have not violent chemical action , and quick growth of thc plant , all other circumstances being favourable . " "I have not analysed any product in a

      natural state wherein I have not found both nitrogen and residual . " Mr . Rigg concludes his most valuable remarks , of which the preceding extracts form only a small part by stating his object to be , '' to draw attention to an element which , comparatively spcaking _. has escaped unnoticed , and to vindicate the necessity of a most scrupulous attention to those products which , though so minute in quantity as to be with difficulty detected in our balances , have , nevertheless , been wisely designed to discharge the most important functions . " 00 . It " , for the sake of experiment , we burn wood , peat , or wood charcoal , and collect the ashes thev

      afford , we shall be very much surprised to find them so light and so few . If wo ( ill a wide-mouthed bottle with the dry ash thus obtained , we shall find _tfoifc it will afterwards receive a -considerable quantity ot water . Wc pour in water until it rises to tlio bottle ' s neck , and set it aside i ' or a day or two , shaking it now and then . We can then pour offa clear liquid from the dregs at the bottom , can fill the bottle with more water , and again pour it oft" clear , once or twice . Wc shall thus divide tho ashes into two portions , the one soluble in water , constituting the clear liquid , the otlier remaining as dregs at the bottom of the bottle , undissolved or insoluble _.

      97 . The clear liquid will be found to contain alkaline salts ; the dregs , or insoluble part to consist of earthy matters . The clear liquid obtained in . this way from the burning ol ' sbrubs and trees , is , in some countries , especially in America , boiled down until all the water is driven away from tho alkaline salts , which are converted into potash ; if prepared in another way , they are called peat-lash . Wormwood is a weed abounding in potash , and was formerly much employed as a source of the alkali , especially for medicinal uses , and was termed salt of wormwood . 98 . Plants growing near the sea , and all kinds of sea-weed , when burnt to ashes , yield alkali called soda . ( Potash is sometimes called vegetable alkali—soda , mineral alkali . ) Soda is the alkaline basis of common salt ; and most part of the soda so extensively employed ill the arte is now obtained from tlte chemical decomposition of common salt , by processes , frequently "" injurious to vegetation and _prejudieal to health .

      99 . Peaty lands are pared and burnt with considerable advantage . In this process many ashes are produced which , if left exposed in heaps to tiie weather , resolve themselves into a soluble and an insoluble portion , as described above ( 96 ); the consequence of which is , that the soluble portion sinks into the soil , and produces burnt and barren patches in some places , in others rank and luxurious growth , instead of impartimg uniform fertility , which it would do if evenly spread over the field at an early period . 100 . A very large consumption of peat and firewood is effected daily in many rural districts , and a

      corresponding production of ashes is the result . These arc too little attended to ; they are heaped up , generally near some open ditch or drain , into which the soluble portion , by far the more valuable , as far as it goes , is washed away by the rain . There , meeting with decayed vegetable , perhaps , also , animal matter , it hastens their unprofitable and deleterious composition . The very property which gives value to the soluble portion of peat ashes , when judiciously applied to the soil , renders them , in this way , active instruments of mischief . Peat ashes ought to be protected from the rain , whenever they are found to afford much soluble matter .

      101 . According to tho views entertained b y the most eminent chemical authorities , it is the loss of what constitutes the ashes of plants , and not , as was believed by the best authorities , down to a very re cent period , the loss of carbonaceous matter , that impoverishes the field from whence a scourging crop has been taken ; and , of the ashes , the vegetable alkali potash , it is contended , is the substance most usuall y carried away , and the one whieh is most slowly returned to the soil . It is an opinion very prevalent with thc owners of land , that the way in which the farmer disposes of the produce ofhis fields , whether by consuming it upon the * premises , by _selling off hay , milk , straw , grain , potatoes , & c . & c , will , at the expiration of the lease , tell heavily in one way or another , according as the conduct of the tenant is fair

      and prudent , or the reverse . There are various svs terns established by usage in ' 'different parts of the country , mostly founded on experience , which ought not to be lightly unsettled on theoretical grounds . Yet it is obvious , that when the tenant can fully restore _^ to the land in one form those elements of fertility which he has carried off in another , he will at least maintain its condition unimpaired , whatever may be his system ; and if he attend diligently to the mechanical state of his soil , he may perhaps effect some improvement . But in every district , perhaps in every field of every farm , there is an excess of one , and a deficiency in another , element of fertility . This holds especially truo of the numerous substances constituting the ashes of plants , and those _azotised matters whicli go to modify the juices of vegetables . 102 . Carbon , after all , is the staple of every organised matter . In' 1000 parts of heart-wood of English

      oak , there are 424 parts of carbon , 507 oi water , nitrogen 2 , ashes 8 . Wheat consists of carbon 410 , water 500 , nitrogen 20 , ashes 8 . . If the clement of water be left out of calculation , the relative proportions of nitrogen and ashes to 1000 of carbon were found by Mr . Rigg to be as follows : —Young English oaknitrogen 13 , ashes 3 ; heart-wood of oak—nitrogen 4 . ashes 2 ; barley—nitrogen 46 , ashes 30 , - wheat—nitrogen 45 , ashes 30 . These instances are adduced to show the immense disproportion in quantity between the carbonaceous and other ingredients of vegetable substances ; not the disproportion in value—far from it . The object of agriculture is to produce ai * otised carbonaceous matters . Carbon _foi'ms the mass , nitrogen thc quality ; the ashes—the saline matters—seem necessary accompaniments to the nitrogen . Carbon constitutes the bulk , nitrogen the valuable ingredient , in all vegetable substances .

      _LiuaT . _Atf $ > dauksess . 103 . Light and Darkness act in a manner totally opposite one to tlie otlier upon organised matter , animal _ann vegetable , living or dead . The modern art ofphotogenic drawing affords a remarkable illustration of the chemical effects of light , and has led to the observation of a singular fact—that the green leaves of vegetables give no image on the daguerrotype , the chemical rays of light being entirely absorbed by the green leaves—an extraordinary circumstance , but one which easily explains the enormous expenditure of chemical power required for the decomposition of a compoundsostable as carbonic acid . Itisonlyunder the influence of light that vegetables exercise their reducing or deoxidating powers , already referred to ( 88 , 90)—that they decompose carbonic acid ,

      retaining its carbon for their own use , and returning oxygen to the atmosphere . Plants , then , possess energetic means of reduction which we cannot imitate ( 88 ); for chemists have no method of decomposing carbonic acid at ordinary temperatures . 104 . In mines and other gloomy subterraneous caverns , there is either no vegetation at all , or it is confined to a few species of fungi , & c . The shade is always injurious to vegetation . Green colouring matter , the most abundantl y diffused of vegetable products , cannot be formed without the influence of light . In the dark , vegetables are etiolated - , they are not merely blanched , deprived of colour , but altered in taste and form , insomuch that they cannot be recognised , and acquire properties that do not belong to their natural state . An acute French

      philosopher has drawn a useful practical distinction between nocturnal and diurnal vegetation—the vegetation of light and the vegetation ofthe shade ( Raspail , Physiol . _Vegetalo , ke . ); observing , however , tbat there is no vegetable absolutely diurnal or absolutely nocturnal—that the more elaborate plants are nocturnal in their roots , diurnal in their leaves , stems , and flowers ; and the most minute and simple fungi require light to perfect their flowers and seeds . 105 . The great character of diurnal vegetation is the green colouring matter of the leaf , and a firmer , more fibrous or woody structure ; nocturnal vegetables are pale , soft , and pasty . Night and shadecheck the growth of the former , daylight that of the latter . In a warm and moist atmosphere the advance of diurnal

      vegetation , and the depth of its green colour , are proportioned to the brightness of tlie sun ; influenced by the same warmth and moisture , but shrouded m the darkness ofthe night , and under the thick clouds ot autumnal weather , the vegetation of the shade is so sudden and so notorious , that the vulgar , who transmit the results of their experience m proverbs , say of u pstart men tbat they spring forth like muBhrooms . The mushroom tribe , and many minute vegetations , such as those wMch cause blight , mildew , lc „ are nocturnal plants , m dry rot tf dark cellars , and various species of mouldmess , derive as much of their destructive agency from darkness as from damp . Whilst diurnal vegetation , under the influenc e of light , tends to restore oxygen to ' . he air ,

      Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...

      it is found that mushrooms absorb oxygen , and disengage carbonic acid gas . - .... t . _„ 100 . The germination of seeds proceeds best in the dark , beneath the surface of the ground ; the seed soon establishes a diurnal vegetation in the leaf , whilst the opposite function is performed by the root . Skilful gardeners know the mischievous effects resulting from injudicious burying the stems of trees and shrubs beneath a heap of mould , and from the opposite error of laying bare the roots . They also know howto profit by nocturnal vegetation , iii the blanching of celery , Bale ; c _^ c . The cabbage-head is a good specimen of diurnal vegetation in its external green leaves that have been exposed to tbe light , and the nocturnal growth of tha soft , watery , white internal portion to which the sun ' s rays could not penetrate .

      107 . The chemical influence of light upon dead organised matter , upon the remains of animals and plants mingled with the soil , has not been much attended to . The subject is not attractive , yet must not be passed over entirel y without notice . We will atleast briefly advert to some . singnlar effects of light in promoting the combination and combustion of certain inorganic gaseous matter . It has been stated already that the decomposition Of organised substance is in reality a sort of combustion—a combustion , too , of substances inrapid progress from a solid or fluid to a gaseous state—from the organic to the inorganic kingdom . Wo may also , refer again to tho daguerreotype , as an instance of tbe chemical agency of light in effecting decomposition and _I'Ciiill'tioi ) .

      108 . When tlio water of the river Thames , w _.-.: contains no small portion of organic matter , is put into casks , nnd of course excluded from the light , it soon undergoes a kind of fermentation , emitting a disagreeable _lltirrowgato sincll _, until all the organic matter is dissolved into volatile gases which escape into the air , and black insoluble carbonaceous powder which subsides lo the bottom of the cask , leaving the water purified , clear , and wholesome . If a glass decanter filled with Thames water , or any such compound , be placed in the sunshine , and continue exposed to the daylight , no such change as the one

      above described takes place ; on the contrary a quantity of * green matter soon forms inside the glass , and increases tiny by day , for a certain time , during which period the green matter , under the influence of light , goes on purifying the wafc . T in its peculiar manner , with this marked difference , that the gas emitted is pure oxygen . So that what we may term tlio diurnal ' decomposition tends to purify ihe airnocturnal decomposition to vitiate and pollute it . The mixture of water and organic matter is supposed tobe thc same—the temperature the same—everything the same , except that light is admitted in tlte one case and excluded in the other .

      109 . The green matter ofthe vegetable leaf appears to be at once a product of light , and a chemical agent , which , under the influence of light , effects the reducing process so often mentioned ( 103 ) . Chemists , as is their custom , have bestowed many names upon the green colouring mat tor—cliromnle , _chromnlitc , chlorophyll , thloi ophillitc _, vegetable , chameleon , & e , & c . So excessive is the colouring power of this substance , that scarcely ten grains arc reported to be contained in tbe entire mass of leaves of a large trie . 100 . It were foreign to . nnr purpose to discuss at length , and yet it were cruel not to mention at all , the salutary iniluencc ot * light -upon animals as well as vegetables . There ear . !; - . uo doubt whatever but light—sunshine—is essential not merely to the

      maintenance and renovation oi * health—to the beauty of complexion in the human species—but even to the development of form and beauty in the lower animals . The very tadpoles , it is said , will live and grow in the dark , but without light they are unable to acquire the perfection of their nature , * they cannot become complete frogs . ' 111 . The salutary influence of light in purifying the air of the atmosphere , and in decomposing unwholesome gaseous matters of inhabited apartments , will not bc doubted by any one acquainted with the rudiments of chemistry , though wc cannot adduce rigorous proof of * the fact ; for we know little of such emanations , except their effects . It seems , however , that nitrogen and hydrogen aro the gases most remarkably affected by light in their _compositions and

      decompositions . In many cases , bodies which in obscurity remain totally without action on one another , are brought into combination by exposure to light , and the rapidity of their action is proportional to the brilliancy of the light . Thus chlorine and hydrogen mixed , remain unaltered for any period in the dark ; if exposed to the diffuse daylight , they silently combine , bnt explode suddenly if a direct ray of sunshine fall upon the mixture . There are some chemical experiments for whicli . only a few days in summer were found bright enough in Dublin ; others for which the sunshine of Dublin was totally inadequate , yet which succeeded perfectly at Paris . 112 . It was time , rather than air or light , that gave rise to the sudden and remarkable effects about

      to bc noticed , bnt they belong to our subject , and will not be misplaced here , In the year 181 . 5 the leaden . coffin of King Charlc 3 I . was op _' oned in the _presence of the Prince Regent , - afterwards King George IV . An account of the appearances then observed was drawn up for publication by Sir Henry Halford , and countersigned by his Royal Highness . We shall only quote one sentence— " The left eye , in the first moment of exposure , was open and full , though it vanished- almost immediately , " . The unfortunate Charles had not been interred ' quite 200 years . The following i *> a still more remarkable instance of the

      effect of time upon organic matter , _iheuonlaloniere Avolta of Corneto discovered , in Tarquinai , the body itself of an Etruscan chief , though he was only permitted one rapid glance before the appearance was mingled with its mother earth , from wliicb it had been so strangely kept' apart for thousands of years . " He saw him crowned with gold , covered with armour , with a slu eW , spears , and arrows by his side _,, and extended on his stone bier .. But a change soon came over the figure—it trembled , crumbled , and vanished away , and by the time an entrance wag effected , all that remained was the golden crown _,, and a handful of dust , with SOBie fragments _oftllO ' arms . _"—JEdvt . Review , _Ixxviii ., 127 . . ( Tobe continued . )

      Mrnvxttittf Ftt*

      _mrnvxttittf _ftt *

      Bankrupts. [From The Gazette Of Friday, ...

      _BANKRUPTS . [ From the Gazette of Friday , September _1-9 . J William Mills Kobinson , of Buviiliam , Buckinghamshire ,. draper—George _Fordjinm Blow , of 21 , Great Dover-street , Kcwington _, currier—ltobert I / uugiitc Harness , of Dulvcrton , Somersetshire , spirit-dealer—James Fleetwood Cannell , of Liverpool , bookseller—James Meek , of Ruaruean , Gloucestershire , coal-proprietor . BANKRUPTS . / ( "From Tuesday's Gazette , Sept . 23 , 1843 , _^ Theodore Lochhavt aud Charles Lockhart , of l-5 G , Cheapside , and of Pulham , Middlesex , florists—James Gale , of Little Albany-street , Regent ' s Park , candle manufacturer —Charles Best , of 5 , St . James ' s-walk _, Clerkenwell , printer—Thomas Sanderson , of Liverpool , coal-merchant .

      _DIVIDETSBS TO BE _TECI . AREO . In the Country , William Bowen , of . Merthyr Tydvil , Glamorganshire , grocer , October 14 , at twelve , nt thc Court of Bankruptcy , Bristol—George Bj ford . of Liverpool , wholesale grocer , October 14 , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—Wilson _Torster , of Liverpool , tailor , October 14 , at half-past twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—Henry Cook , of Liverpool , painter , - October 14 , af halfpast twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool-John James Brez , of Chester , tailor , October 14 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—John Milne , of High Crompton , Lancashire , dealer , October 14 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester—James _Ilaselden , of BoIton-le-Moors , cotton-r-pinncr , October 14 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester—TVilJiam Hell , of Ardwick and Manchester , common brewer , October 22 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester . _Cebtificates to be granted , unless cause be shown to tbe contrary on the day of meeting .

      Peter Walker , of _Quickset-row , New-road , builder ,. October 10—Thomas Sims , 285 , Whitecbapel-road _, victualler , October IC—John Caim , of Woolwich , bricklayer aud builder , October 16—Francis Harrington Church , of Southampton , surgeon and apothecary , October 15—Henry Prior , of _SiseJane , London , stationer and wine merchant , October 14—James Young , of Bury St . Edmund ' s , tobacconist aud tea dealer , October U—Thomas Foot Piper , of 94 , Cheapside , 4 , Bishopsgate-street Without , and 2 , Thomas-place , _Korth-street , Whitechapel , and of Union-road , Landport , Hants , wholesale stay manufacturer , October 14—James Warren , of Bristol , merchant , October 15—James Bryan , of Bristol , chemist and druggist and tobacconist , October IG . Certificates to be granted by tke Court of Review , unless cause be shown to the contrary , on or before October 14 .

      John Crautree and William Burnley , of Tunstead , m the Forest of Rossendale , Lancaster , woollen manufacturers-David Parry , of Hut ' iin , Denbighshire , currier and leather seller—James Meakin Gardner , of Liverpool , wine and brandy merchant — Edmund Smith , Kobcrt Smith , and Joseph Swann , of Woodhead , Chester , provision 4 ' aaleus and beef sellers—William Hay ward Hawe of Portsoa , Hants , currier and leather seller-Louis Leplestrier of 50 , Alfred-street , River-terrace , Islington , watch _, maker—William Johnson , of S 6 , West SmitMek ' , wine merchant—William Walters , late of 23 , Crawfordistreet , _- Marylebone , silk mercer , now of 14 , _Uarcourt-street Mar ylebone . assistant _warehousemani _MBTiYERSHlPS DISSOLVED . Henry Morson and Thomas Winston , of . _Copthall-chambers , City , West India merchants—Henry Morson , Thomas Winston , and James Udall , of St . Christopher ' s , West Indies , merchants—Richard , Kendall and Rowland Hill , of Nottingham , brown net . commission agents—Henry Thompson and . Edward Richardson , of 2 , CowperVcourt , Cornhill , and of Southampton , ship brokers—Dorothy

      Higginbottom and Sarah Housley , of Chesterfield , Derbyshire , mUuners—Russell Taylor and William Aburrow , of 2 , Idol-lane ,: City , druggists—Thomas Smith 'Parker and Peter Taylor , of Birkenhead , Cheshire , . veterinary-sur-. geons—Joseph _Appletonand Richard Holland Brad ey , of Greenwich , Kent , su 'geons-Joseph ' -Edmund Pool and Charles Stevens , of 3 Furnival _' _a-inn , -City , attorneys-Thomas _Chedwick am .. William Ga ' skUl _. of Manchester _,, cotton dealers—William Lea " arid , _Benjamin Coley , of Birmingham , architects —Charles Anstice and . Benjamin _GruzeUer , of Plymouth , soda water manufacturers—Benjamin _Higga and Thomas Wright , of _Birkenbeadj Gtwdun ironmongers-John Alcock and : JamM _. _MWOwn , of Liverpool , fruit merchants—Edward Smith and _WuUiam-Smith _, of _Newark-upon-Trent , Nottinghamshire , grocers-Charles Long and Ford Hale , jun ., of St . John-street , iWest Smith _, field , oil merchants—John Simpson and _, WBliam Simpson , of Market Weighton , Yorkshire , _innTteeperB-John . _Ealet and Isabella Bales , of West Auckland , Durham / propriei tors of a lunatic _asylum—Elias Dyer and George Dyer . rQf Bath , corn factors—Charles Appleton ' aiid Horatio Neliaon —Samuel _Astley _Weetoh and Reginald Jennings , of rj _*" ford , chemists _.

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_27091845/page/7/