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the character *we ventured to JlJXfi 30,...
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. RECEIPTS OF THE NATIONAL LAND COMPANY,...
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| NOTICE. « : ' , ' • M branch secretari...
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LETTERS TO THE WORKING GLASSES. L. ' • -...
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THE CHARTER, Brother Proletarians, On Tu...
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THE PROSCRIBED DEMOCRATS OF FRANCE. TO t...
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THE BOMBARDMENT. OF ROME. TO TUB ED1TOK ...
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SYMPATHY FOB, THE BOilAST REEUBLICASS. -...
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. LOWBANDS. Thc occupants at this place,...
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m an itw, tip f -fe-p Mailr* }>¦ ,, — li...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Parlumentary Re View. Asthe^Sessibn ^ No...
the character * we ventured to give it hp forehand . It might have heen f _^ ~ £ - _£ SSftS _^* - _^ _^&*&* m . < you W yoteoVus piecemeal all tke _Estimates _^ e _JSlS'Sr _^ _^** we _artery much _^ ed to 7 % We _expectIfce _proE ofthe . _taxes this year _. dll be & _lo _* 7 , 3 & _S _awou _* c . iuo , OOOL over that sum . One _lunared thousand _ppundsisaTery small _mSSSl it _a-way before tie year expires . So von * i ma _ke , , the character * we _-ventni-wl + _« „ _*¦ _» .. ' _^ -,
_Sfrrn _™ _™ Caim _^ any reductions , or enter _upon any _^ Y 1 Sion our tem rf _^_ ation this year . " This is the sum and _sub-£ 2 * _* _^ _gbudget of 1849 fo ? _i divested of the cumbrous , confused , and circumlocutory verbiage of Sir Chables Wood It 3 s true that that worth y juggler with figures tried to throw dust in the eyes of the country , _i _> y taking great credit to the Government for having made Tery large savings withhi the * last two years . He "boasts of bavin * effected a retrenchment of 2 , 340 , 15 . 57 . in that penod ; hut "this is mere moonshine . It is
¦ done—as we have said—b y a juggle , Sir _Chak-les compares his present estimate with Jus estimates for former years , and because thc one is lower than the others , cooll y tells us he has economised the difference ! If his Budget he contrasted with those previous to his beiii < _-r made a Chaxceixoh of the Exchequer , by the grace of Earl Gkey , it will he seen that even his present Estimate is nearly 'three millions sterling above the last Bud get of Sir 3 L Peel . _^ The Estimate for 1815-6 was 49 ,-400 , 167 ? . ; and , be it remembered , that -was when Peel lad commenced his far-seein <*
and well-devised measures for meeting the impending famine in Ireland . Li the succeed-Big year , when his policy still influenced the expenditure , and the Whigs had not had time to get into their usual wasteful habits , the Estimate was 51 , 708 , 571 ? ., an increase of more than a million and a quarter Hi round numbers , but still far below what Sir Chaeles Wood boasts of as an economical Budget this year . It is onl y by _romparing it wifli Ms own extravagant expenditure , during the last three years , that he puts a plausible face on this state of _aflau's , and certainly when fifty-two millions is
con-• _faas-U-AwtiiMty-nvennUioHs , in 18 * 17-8 , and the estimated deficiency of two or three millions on a Budget of £ -53 , 287 , 110 , ia 1848-9 , there is room for ccngratolation , but no thanks to the _Ghaxcellor or the Whigs for that The reeuperative . energies of the country have borne it _trough the difficulties into whieh an extravagant and -anbnsiness-luVe set of men lad plunged it , although it will still carry with it a memento of those difficulties in theshape of a permanent addition to that fri ghtful millstone roundits neck—the National Debt . Li one word , with all Sir Charles * s boasting , "wehave to pay as much as ever for beino-¦ wretchedly misgoverned .
The Lords are revenging themselves for being obliged to pass the _I-vavigatfon Bill b y throwing out almost every other important measure sent up to thein hythe Commons . In a very cool aud summaiy manner they have ¦ dispatched four measures on which the Lower House has spent the greater part ofthe session . Two of these had reference to agricultural matters : namely , Mr . Pusey ' s Landlord and Tenants' Bill , which aimed at placin these parties in more equitable relation with each other , and the Eating npon Eack-rents , -which was designed to remedy some injustice in
that respect . Two others were intended to remove civil _disabilities on account of peculiar religious opinions . One Bill proposed to substitute Affirmation for Oaths in aU cases where persons conscientiously objected to take an oath . The other to amend , the form of the Oaths taken by Members of Parliament , and especially to alter them in such a way as to admit Jews into the Legislature . Both of these the Peers rejected , the last for the second , time . It appears , however , as if they would be obliged to swallow the nauseous dose
at last , for Barox Rothschild , by resigning and presenting himself afresh to the citizens of London as a candidate , has appealed from the Peers to the people upon a great constitutional question . We cannot doubt as to thc nature of the response to that appeal . Putting aside the question as to the religious liberty involved in the struggle , there is a very important constitutional privilege at issue , which it concerns the people not to yield to the hereditary and irresponsible branch of the Legislature . It is not to be tolerated that the Peers
shall virtua ll y dictate to the electors who they shall send to Parliament to represent them , and yet this is precisely what they are doing . The electors of thc City of London returned EOTHSCHIED tothe House of Commons ; that Hoase has twice , by large majorities and after full deliberation , declared its readiness to admit him , and all who entertain similar religious opinions , who may be elected by the constituent body . But the Lords step in and say this shall not be . We put our veto upon the exercise of the rights ofthe electoral body and also of the other branch ofthe Legislature .
We set you both at defiance , aud , as far as our power extends , will maintain every shred of intolerance to lie found in our institutions . In like manner , they interpose to prevent the passing of a measure which is obviously just , aud the removal of an evil which shocks the moral sense of the community at large . A person who has a conscience sufficiently flexible and expansive to swallow oaths by the dozen , even where he means to utter falsehoods , is admitted as evidence in cases ofthe utmost importance : hut those who entertain relig ious and conscientious scruples against taking these
oaths are , simply because they are conscientious persons , deprived ofthe power of giving evidence , and may be imprisoned for refusing to violate their honest convictions . No possible defence ,, either in justice or expediency , can be set up for sucli a glaring abuse as this . It is at once a personal hardship to the individuals p laced in suchaposition , and a grievous evil to the community , becausein _caseswlierc the evidence of such persons is necessary to the due enforcement ofthe law and the _administmtion of justice , their exclusion prevents
both . TheirLordslnps , mthusrejectingevei liberal and progressive measure , "which they think they can do with safety , by showing their power of resistance only when they believe the parties to be benefitted are uninfluential or few in nnmbers , and by succumbing , even upon questions to "which they entertain the strongest and most deep-rooted _opposation , are fast producing a conviction on the puullc mind anything but flattering to them , or calculated to maintain tlie continued existence and power of their separate chamber of eg islation .
A DAT AT L OWBANDS AND _SXIG'S EXD . "BROTHER _ISexbebs , —Believing that a . _fouihfiu and disinterested account ofthe progress of the allottees on these estates , and the general appearance S e crops , wiU be acceptable to those members Who have not seen them , I have resolved to give a St of mv day ' s observation , determined nothing SS _uS-ht to _duninish . My first attention w _^ dirS tS t _^ to _£ i oTLTwbands , which is now , occupied by Mr avis
Parker " _orisinally by . Aclam , woo nas . _w _* u * _-under _^ _ltS _^ two having left , on _eafour _^ cre _^ _otte _^ a two-acre the crops on this portion Ot tne estate . _£ _iTSSk _toiant I then , » 2 ? g 3 ig estate ; the south-west side I _^^ SKK wMch seems to require a more stringent SU V . _" _^ IwohoLs on this part of the _^ _^ _fST _« t « _1 th ' flir several occupants haying left , ttie lauer _£ 11 _'S _« _^ 4
Parlumentary Re View. Asthe^Sessibn ^ No...
_aciu allottee , complains of the distance from a _market , a consideration in future purchases wbrtbv to he entertained , hut thinks if the potato crop should remain _unuiseased it will place them in an enviable condition as compared with the past ! ' -a Mr . Bentley , a four-acre allottee , is desirous to sell -he has -four crops of wheat , . clover , potatoes , ' and barley ; he purchased hisfor £ 70 , and now wants £ 130 with the crops ; has a cow and calf remarkably healthy , andhe has . paid aU demands of the Company . _^ It is one ofthe most pleasant situations on the estate . The whole of that portion of the estate , occupied by Messrs . _Ifebster . Clarke , and others , is admirably cultivated , and reflects great credit upon the several occupants . We next visited James Graham ' s four-acre allotment in the centre ot the estate - , the crops bear a most luxuriant aiid „
promising appearance , and , to use his own , words , ne is now confident that he will do well . The most cheering part of his position is , that he worked liarder last year than this , with less , probability of remuneration . ; and here I may remark ; that I feel confident that many who have prematurely left their aUotments will , ere long , regret their hasty retreat . My observation was next directed to the land occupied by the brothers Shuter , who hold , by tho right of purchase , one three acres , and the . other two . Here I observed a mode of potato culture I never before saw ; the potatoes are put in whole , at wide distances from each other ; when up there are several reeds of haulm which are spread out in : a circular direction , and the soil placed in the centre
, which makes a mound similar to a mole-heap , but much larger , under which the potatoes grow ; they have nine pigs of various sizes , excellent piggeries , and he has nearly finished a barn , a most desirable acquisition . He thinks the land Plan capable of yielding the cream of human existence—liberty . Immediately hy is a fonr-acre allotment , lately occupied by Itenham , now vacant , with good crops of wheat and potatoes , but nearly choked with weeds . Here the hand of the Directory should extend its fostering care . Mr . Honeychurch has -fine crops , and was busy turnip sowing ; be had two men digging , and one assisting to drill . My deduction was , that many allottees having more land than tbey can manage , without they have one or
two strong boys , who are good as money , will be more likely to fail than those with less acres . The next visited was an original allottee , named How ; his land is in first-rate condition . In my presence he seld a dealer one-twelfth part of au acre of potatoes , ready for market , for £ i ; ihus the first crop produces at tbe rate of £ 48 per acre , with this additional provision , that the land should be left id a nt state to receive the next crop , which , of Swede turnips , is capable to produce two and half tons as farmers grow them . Mr . Pratt , possessor by purchase , has excellent crops . Gray , an original allottee , has also good crops . Denward , who purchased , has also good crops . Next is a fomvacre allotment , originally occupied by Petit , in ah
excellent situation , immediately behind the" schoolhouse , ' and unoccupied fov twelve months ' . Thus on this estate there are Un acres quite barren and unproductive , and four acres , though cropped , choked with weeds ; consequently on this estate of 160 acres , as originally purchased , there are fourteen acres in a state of sterility . This must not bo allowed to continue . Is there any necessity fov this state of things ? I answer , no ; as there are many members in my district willing to undertake the responsibility of the before-mentioned unoccupied estates . Gilder , from Bradford , occupying three acres , has good crops , with the exception of a small land of peas , which appeared not likely to produce much . This allottee bad a great loss a short time
ago by tbe death of bis son , upon whom he much relied . Mr . Porter , a Worcester man , and recently made parish constable , showed us over his _estate . He bas been most industrious , and says , some pig stock to make manure would cause itto justify his every expectation . Mr . Linneyis a first-rate boothand , and relics as much upoti his trade as the land , he has as much work irom the neighbouring aristocracy as he can perform . Our next visit-was to the _school-honse ; a great contrast was observable , Mr . O'Brien being busy on the land , but I should have been more pleased could I have seen him moulding the mind of animate clay-to the future objects of the Land and the Charter . But , alas I there are few , if any , scholars . In company with Mr . O'Brien
we then proceeded to Snig's End and Moat Farms . Here I cannot particularise ; suffice ifc to say , that it presents an appearance wliich those who saw it twelve months ago can scarcely be prepared to anticipate . There is one allotment on Snig ' s End not occupied . Being much gratified -with what _tve had seen in this _Caluowiian region , we returned to the Lowbands , and wended our way homeward , much pleased with the estates , with the exceptions mentioned . Hoping I shall not be considered to have drawn any offensive invidious distinctionj I beg your acceptance ofthe earnest regards of your devoted brother member , James Hahdixg , Sub-Secretary , " Worcester .
The Character *We Ventured To Jljxfi 30,...
_JlJXfi 30 , 1849 . " THE yORTfrKRN STAT ? _^ 5 - _„ - _= _^ _r _^ _S _* . t —— ¦ - - ¦ - ¦ - ¦ . . . .. - .. .. _ -. ..... ,. _^ , ; , ..,,, _.. ; . ....,..., . ....- ... . . _. ¦¦ . «/ . _.,-.
. Receipts Of The National Land Company,...
. RECEIPTS OF THE NATIONAL LAND COMPANY , Fob thb "Week Enbixg TnuRSDAY , Juxe 28 , 1840 . SHARES . £ s . d . £ s . _d . Worcester .. 3 0 8 Leicester , "Jfew-Senton . Ayr .. 011 JO . ton .. 1 5 C Maidstone .. 016 8 Yarmouth .. 115 8 Stratford .. 018 6 Nottingham .. 14 3 Holmfirth .. 113 G Abergavenny .. 310 0 Headless Cross .. 12 4 It . Anthony .. 0 2 0 IMinbm-gh .. 0 5 0 S . Francis .. 0 10 0 . Hyde .. 200 C . Vodboo .. 0 5 C nasling . — _Paoiham , Is . ; _Stoclsport _, Cd .- — Received by J . Absoit .-Tiverton , per Win . Kibbey , 5 s . VICTIM FUN . D v 1 Received hy S . XTOn . - > _ewcastle , Ci _* aig _^ _f _&** ' _^ : i An item _appeared last week , _Rippgnden _, 3 s . Gd ., _itAoiM have _heei 55 . 6 d . —Beceived at Iasd _Omca- _^ Ir . H . Hopkins , Is . W . G ., Gd . ; Lincoln , per Foster , ls . . ; M'DOUAU'S CASE-FOR WRIT OF ERROR ,, ( OB _OIHEBWII 5 E ) . v Beceived "by TV . RmEBk—A Red Ilepuhlican , Is . Gd . ; FOR M RS- JONES . _Eeceived by "ff . ltoER . _-3 ) . M-Iriry _/ _ferAlw-inari-v , 5 s .: J . sSeld , B _^ _aierham , Is . _J _^ - BuUock _, B _^ ar _^ , li : _Spt-Sgham , per J . Sweet , Gd . ; T . Coob 5 yon « ch _, os . __ ; W . and G _-Toomer , J . Gane , and J . Ham , * Wedmore _, Amerset , 2 S ., Sockport _. _afew Frienas , per J . Ward , 7 s . — _-W- _^' _. _•¦•^ _"Wffi—Lincoln , per J . Foster , Is- ; Mr . _Jllana . bu ., J _^ deson ? ls . ; Mr . _Gwige , Gd .: T . _Buckiito ls . ; a _FeSaf 2 d ! * J . ' Crocier , 6 d . ; T . G . Crowther , Is . ; T . J . Crowther , Is . _.- FOR WIVES AND FAMILIES OF VICTIMS ., i _iBeceivea by W . " . RB _> _Ea .-T . Stone , Ifewburjv fd . _^ Xo tikn _& dlende > -yard . proceeds of a shoe , presented by Mr . _fc _^^ fii- "Ditto , PhJlanthrop ic Society , of Ladies ' _ISkS SdatMr _^ _Scotter's , CaHeuderyard _;« . _KinTfiK . _Oiester . per W- Jones , 10 s . ; Mr . Lewis , Queen-NottinshanV , per J . Sweet , Is . , 3 d . ; Todmorden , Y . Committee _, perR . Barker , Ss . ¦ . - ¦¦ ¦ : ¦ NATIONAL VICTIM FUND . ; Received by J : _AiwoiT . _-Wm-v _Minr ond John Chance , Dudley , 10 s . 6 d . ; Six " Old Guards , " . ditto , 3 s . ; Tiverton , _nertlrV _^ Kibbey , 9 s . ; Eniest Jones , Locah _^ , per J . _M'Veigh , _&;;*»• A , Glasgow , * 7 s .: 6 d . i _^ % _?* _?*> . . ' - _"J _^ Stor . fe . ei ; "Hr . -Bider ~ ns per Star , £ 2 0 s . 3 d . ; Crown _^ A _^ r , ' - _*^ r L : _Pelteret 1 3 i _' .--TotaV _* 4 5 s . Id . v
. Receipts Of The National Land Company,...
quarter ending June 24 th , 1819 , must forward to the oEoe __ their returns in the ensuing week . The _^ rste _™ _C _i-Jarterly returns will" in future 6 e dispensed with ; Each remittance _muafc henceforth , be accompanied with a return of the names ofthe memhers who paid it .
| Notice. « : ' , ' • M Branch Secretari...
_| NOTICE . _« _: ' , ' _M branch secretaries who have : sent , monies for any fund to the National land Company duiimg the
Letters To The Working Glasses. L. ' • -...
LETTERS TO THE WORKING GLASSES . L . ' - " "Words are tilings , and a small drop of ink _. Falling—like dew—upon a Uiought , produces ' :. ' That which makes thousands , perhaps millions , think . " * _£ _„«» _, . .
The Charter, Brother Proletarians, On Tu...
THE CHARTER , Brother Proletarians , On Tuesday next , the 3 rd of July , tlie hon . memher for Nottingham -will hring hefore the House of Commons the great question of Parliamentary Reform , in the shape of a SGries of declarations , affirming—severall y and conjointiy—the principles of the Charter . The terms of Mr . O'Connor ' s motion show that he purposes to "base his demand for Justice to the - _^ enfranchised classes not on the paltry ground of financial misgovernment and the necessity of Financial Reform , hut on the broad foundation of the following great principles : — - "That Labour is the source of all wealth . " " Ihat the People are the onl y legitimate source of power . "
"That the labourer ' should be the first partaker of the fruits of his own industry . " " That taxation without representation is tyranny , and should lie resisted . " It would he superfluous to show ( to you , that which you are already -well-informed of : ) the justice and incontrovertible truth of the ahove propositions ; suffice itto say they embrace the entire , groundwork of political and social right . Those propositions may he cavilled at , sneered at , disputed , hut by fair arguments they cannot he opposed ; and if met by unfair arguments :. the " no House" dodge ; or the flippant and arrogant opposition , of the Premier ; they will , nevertheless ,. remain * unshaken ; eternal as Truth itself , of which they are the legitimate offspring .
Air . O' _Cgjjijor' s motion will also possess the advantage over _. previous propositions submitted to / Parliament on . the same subject , of setting forth a scheme of Parliamentary Reform at once simple , just , and all-comprehensive . The member for Nottingham and his supporters ( if he finds any ) will not present the spectacle , so cheering to an opponent , of differing with each other as to the meaning and intent of the scheme of reform they severally profess to support . Lord John will have to oppose a principle , not so easy a task as _ju'ofessing his critical inability to understand whether a "householder" means a person holding a
house , or one whom a house holds ! In demanding " Manhood Suflrage" ( I submit to Mr . O'Connor the propriety of throwing overboard the ill-chosen , and now obsolete term "Universal , " as applied to the enfranchisement ofthe adult male population ) , the member for Nottingham -will cut the ground from under tho quibblsrs , who must either remain silent , or otherwise open their mouths to undertake the dishonourable task of proving wrons * right , and usurpation a virtue . Again , Mr . O'Con . vok , by demanding the full and complete powers of citizenship for every man , will escape those damaging charges of ineon sistency levelled bv Whiss and Tories at the
moderate Beformers . These latter have been often , and trul y , told that their arguments and their projects most signally disagreed ; that whilst their speeches denounced class-legislation , their schemes proposed to continue that evil in a modified form . Moreover , tliey have been truly told that their schemes , if adopted , would be stifl regarded by those who remained unenfranchised as no more a settlement of the question , than the _Moderatesthemselves consider the '' Reform Bill" a " settlcment . " The same cannot be said of Mr . O'Conxor ' s propositions . The plan of reform which they represent would emancipate
all , and leave no excluded , branded , pariah class , justly discontented , and , therefore , armed with the best authority to agitate for a new measure of reform to put an end to their political degradation . In whatever light the member for _Notti ngham ' s propositions are contrasted with Mr . Hume ' s recent resolutions , all candid p ersons , whether friends or foes , must be constrained to admit the superior simplicity , comprehensiveness , and legislative wisdom of the former _csmparel with the latter . Should Mr . O'Coxxor fail , it will not be through any flaw in the terms of his motion .
But , my friends , it is too well known to you that a man may have the best of causes , and may submit his views in the most laudable shape , and yet have but small chance of success in the House of Commons . Though he possessed the wisdom of all the seven sages of Greece , and though he had as just a cause as ever martyr died on the scaffold ,. or at the stake to defend ; still he would be powerless , and his efforts would be fruitless , wanting the almighty support of the " pressure from without . " If next Tuesday evening Mr . O'Conxor rises to speak for you , without adequate sustainment on your part , he will speak in vain . lie will he asked " Where are your proofs that you represeht the wishes of the people ? " What shall he answer if you fail to furnish some striking manifestation of your support ?
No one can be more sick of petitioning than I am * _, nevertheless , I give" my advice that you unanimously , and zealously , and immediately respond to Mr . O ' Connor ' s demand for petitions . Either the member for Nottingham should bo strongly sustained by thc unrepresented classes , or he should have heen advised by those classes not to attempt akbour they were not inclined to assist in . 1 believe Mr . O' _Coxxon has not been so advised ; I believe , on the contrary , that he was advised some months ago , by those who spoke in the name of the people , to make the Charter a parliamentary question . Acting on that advice tho member for Nottin-rham "rave notice of his motion for _*\ hc 5 tii of
this month ; but subsequently , at the request of thc Manchester Chartists , he postponed his motion to the 3 rd of July , togivomore time to the friends of Chartist reform to hold public meetings and forward the adoption of petitions in favour of the said motion . Under those circumstances it appears to me to be a matter of honour , as well as of duty , that good-faith should be kept with Mr . _O'Coxxon _, and that he should have that public support he has a right to expect . If you withhold that support , you will place the representative of your principles in a humiliating position , and g ive a triumph to those who oppress you , and who hate every man who has the moral courage and honesty to vindicate your
rights and expose their evil doings . Many friends have written to me , stating that the people ' are so disgusted with the House of Commons that no argument- will avail to induce them to petition that body again . I , too , am disgusted . lam sick and weary of mere petitioning , lecturing , and resolution passing . Without hinting at , or meaning violence ; and without absolutely repudiating petitioning , lecturing , Ac , for the future ; I , neverthelesss , say that—when Mr . O'Coxxor _' s motion is disposed of ( we may anticipate how it will be disposed of)—it Will be necessary to commence a more vigorous course of action than the last twelve months have witnessed , if we mean to ever win the Charter .
Even now—before Mr . O'Conxor ' s motion , I would gladly set my face against petitioning , provided I could advise any other course better calculated to add force to the attempt which will be made on your behalf on Tuesday next . Bnt I do not see the materials for any more , effective manifestation of popular opinion . The question between petitioning and any other mode of action is not before * us . " We must petition or do nothing . Granted , that petitions will ' not furnish the member for Notting ham with the best support ; still , wanting petitions , he will have no support at all . . Should he ( wanting petitions ) be told that he speaks but for himself , or for a mere sect , : to him will hethe annoyance : but to you will he the-injury .
For these reasons I say , both to those -who are too apathetic , and those who are too ardent to Willin ly petition—nevertheless , do so . It is the only mode of procedure open to you at this mmnt . The future ( I . mean the immediate future ) will demand a more energetic course of action ; but in the meantime petition . If you are wise men , and earnest men , you will make of Sunday , the 1 st of July , a day for the assertion of Labour ' s rights and sovereignty . / -. , _* - ¦ __ ¦ , . ¦ .- = , . ' . ¦ _* , ' _¦ - '• ¦ , _* - "•' ¦' _, Thunder in the ears , of your , rulers your . demand for the PEOPLE ' S ( CHARTER . . . ... _- _.- ¦ ' , :- •¦¦ ,- < I will not , on this occasion , say one word to you concerning your political and social wrongs byway of stimulating you to action . ,. ' "Let willing slaves in gallingfctterslie . " ;
If all that- you have . heard and read , arid , still more : felt and * experienced ; has -faded--to satisfy rou Of the abundant necessity for a change ,-alltbat rcbuldatthis _foment write would be of no avail ; _n-iv 1 doubt" ifyou would be persuaded though Sen one "rose from the dead . " Orpheus ; it is true for rather , it is said ) inspired stocks and-stones to _Sior but _* even he could not have reached thedull bSKd _wtUercd he ** ofa wiling slave . Of your
The Charter, Brother Proletarians, On Tu...
own wrongs ,, therefore , I will now say nothing , but let me say a few w ords ' or i the wrongs of others . : _* . _* At this _moq-jerit _: the _Italian and German _2 > _omocrats _^ are engaged -in a . death struggle with their enemies * , the result of which , it is to bo feared , will be the destruction of the defenders of Freedom , and the triumph of Freedom ' s assassins . Another nation—glorious Hungary—is about _-liso to engage in the same kind of struggle ; certainly with better chances of victory ; although the combat will be on a vast scale aiid the odds , against our brothers are frightful . In this state of things the English Government stands with folded arms , and allows the leagued brigands to transform the half of Europe into a hell of horrors indescribable , without making the slightest effort , by deed Or by word , to
arrest the march of the assassins , and prevent the butchery ofthe peoples . Indeed , there is too good reason ibr suspecting that though not openly marching with the tyrants of the Continent , our Government is secretly intriguing on their side , and against the patriots .. The present Government exists because it is : the representative of the usurping classes of the State—landlords and money-lords . The sentiments of those _elapses may begathered from the tone ofthe " respectable" journals , and the transactions in the moneymarket . The masked assassins who write in our " influential" journals proclaim , day after day , their murderous aspirations fur the destruction bf
the continental Democrats and the triumph of their gore-reeking oppressors . Whenever news arrives of a victory gained by the enemies of the people , t ' ie funds rise ;;/ but if news is brought that thc Romans have _rejiulsed . the French , or the Hungarians beaten : the Russians _.-ind Austrians , forthwith the funds fall . ' ' The moment it was known that the Red Republicans were put down in Paris there was a burst of joy amongst our stock-jobbers , and an expression of their hopes that the triumphant _bctrayei'sof the •¦• French Republic would forthwith cut off the ; leaders ¦ of the French democracy . ' The real , though veiled , course of a Government , the creature of such inch , mav be readily and correctly surmised .
But though Lord Palmbrstox and his colleagues were as absolutely neutral in the present European struggle as they profess to be , that neutrality would itself be acrimc . "Sever forget tliat there is but one rule of _jdut-y for nations as for individuals . In both cases it is ' a ' sacred , an indispensiblo duty , to take the side ; of ! the oppressed against the oppressor , Away with the unmanly cant of , " Peace at any price . " Away with the humbug of , "Non-intervention , " and " Non-connexion with foreign struggles . " Peace is not the greatest good . There are worse evils than war . There are worse crimes than those which are punishable in our courts of law ; and one of the greatest of crimes is that of seeing a people condemned to massacre and slavery , without lifting a hand to prevent the triumph of
the murderers andenslavers . Next tothe _eternallyir-famoiis crime committed by France , of dooming her sister Republic to assassination , the crime of England is only secondary—the crime of permitting that enormous assassination . It wa 3 the duty ofthe British Government to havo prevented the attack upon Bome , at any cost . ; Even now , had that Government a sense of duty , it would launch the physical might of England to tho rescue of the Eternal City . . ¦ ¦ - ¦ ¦ - ' You cannot feel surprise at the conduct ofthe British Government ; but I think you will share my disgust at the conduct of the " Friends of Freedom" in the House of Commons ( God save poor Freedom from such friends I ); in consequence ofthe almost utter indifference they have manifested to
the fate of tho glorious Romans . What matters the paltry questions one or two of them have put twice or thrice to Lord Palmerston ? It is true , that on Fridaj night last Mr . Roebuck made a pretty good speech , but the speech was all . Why did he not _^ before Friday night last ) propose active and immediate intervention to save the Romans ? Had he done _^ so , he would have had the support of popular opinion ; for-though pretty far emasculated , the English peoplo aro not yet completely demoralised by prontmongeringandhumbug ; they have yet some sense of honour and justice ; and are not yet absolutely indifferent to tte claims of Humanity . It may be said the Ministry would have
opposed , and the majority of the Commons would not have supported Mr . Roebuck , Very probably ; still tho Member for . Sheffield mi g ht have vindicated _; the national character by testifying to Europe that the people—tlie misrepresented and unrepresented people—of this country do sympathise with the heroic defenders of Rome , and do disavow the inactive , if not positively treacherous , _eonduetofthe British Government . But your sympathies and sentiments arc not . represented in the House of Commons ,. nor will they ever he until that . House is radically reformed _, your duty to Humanity demands that you sieKC upon every opportunity to enforce youv claim to the , rights settorth in the Charter . L'AMI DU PEUPLE . June 28 th . 1 S 49 .
The Proscribed Democrats Of France. To T...
THE PROSCRIBED DEMOCRATS OF FRANCE . TO the EmTOl * . 01 ? THE NORTHER }* STAR . Sm , —Wehave just sent the enclosed note to the journals of France , and not knowing whether our thoughts can be published in our country , from the brutal and shameful suspension of the great number ofthe journals hitherto accustomed to receive our communications , we request of you the hospitality of your columns . V Please to receive sir , the assurance of our homage . "' . '"' . .. ' . In the name of the Association of the Proscribed Democrats of France . ' Louis Bm _*** c . * " _* . While Paris is in a state bf siege , and when most of the journals which represent our opinions arc , by violence , condemned to silence , we believe it tobe a duty owing to our party to convey to it , if possible , * the public expression of our sentiments .
" It is with profound astonishment that we see the organs of the counter revolution triumph over the events of the 13 th of June . Where there has been no contest , how can there have been a victory ? What is then proved by the 13 th of June ? That under the pressure ofa hundred thousand soldiers , Paris is not free in her movements ? We have known this more than enough . That the people at this day , is sufficiently sure of the future , and sufficiently master of itself to calculate its actions—to economise human life , and to deliver itself in full confidence to the power of truth , which battles in its cause . This alone should confound—should strike with stupor , tho enemies of progress . That in France'there will always be men ready to sacrifice , for the sake of that which they believe to be the cause of right , their position , their fortune , their liberty , their life . But in this , _thei-e is nothing , it seems ' to us , which should give to egotists the right of rejoicing . : \ * -
" Tho 13 th of June changes nothing , absolutely nothing , with _regard to the questions which the day before had submitted to the public conscience . " Is it true—yes or no—that the -fifth article of the Constitution is thus laid * down ? The French Republic respects foreign nationalities , as it understands how to make its own respected . It undertakes no wars with views of conquest , and never employs its forces against the liberties of any people . ' : " The 13 th of June does not prevent tbe existence of this article in the Constitution !
"Is it true—yes or . no—that this article has been violated in senn ' in _*? an army into Italy , and in attacking there the Roman republic without pretext ? Tlie 13 th of Juno does not alter the fact , that there s in this ] both a flagrant violation of , thc constitution anda savage outrage against the rights of nations . s ' . " . "Is it true—yes or no—that tbe power of _majon tics cannot proceed so far as to change the conditions of evidence ? The 13 tlrof June does not prove that there is less force in evidence than there is in a vote . ' - * ... _" ' " _'¦ . ¦ ' " .. "' , _¦; ' : . .- . ' " Now , as it has always been , the question is if by crowding Paris with soldiers and with _cannon , by" stifling with violent hands the' liberty of the , press , by suppressing individual freedom , by invading private domiciles , by _substituting the reign
of terror for that of reason , by unceasingly repressing furious despair , that which there is wanting a capacitv to prevent , the end will be' attained of reanimating confidence , of re-establishing credit , of diminishing taxes , of correcting the vices of tho administration , of chasing away . the spectre of the deficit , of developing industry , of cutting short the disasters attendant npon unlimited competition , 6 f siipprossing those deaf revolts , * which have their source in the deep recesses of human feelings ,, of tranquillisinir resentments , of calming sall hearts . Tho State _ofsiegc of 184 S has engendered that of 1849 ; the question is _^ if the amiable perspective of Paris , in a state ef siege every eight or ten months , willrostorc to commerce its elastic movements , to the industrious tlieir markets , and to > the middle classes tlieir repose . .. " ,. . " ,
" For us , in presence of these insane convulsions of a power , preyed upon by the delirium of its own impotence , wchelievc ' more intensely than ever in the sovereign efficacy of onr doctrines , and of their . approaching fulfilment . ' . n - "That some of us should have fallen for having foiiglit without being assured' of followers , this is , undoubtedly , great _ihisfortaine _j'butif the sadness with which it penetrates us were a _discouragement , wo should-bo little worthy to 'be the servants of truth . Never has the destiny of a noble cause been dependent upon the fatc ( of one or other of its defenders ; To those - . _wlio ai'e borne' ' away hy tho storm others succeedi' and everyjiist' idea , the * hour of which is arrived- ; - creates for its triump b the men of whom ifc has need . Tbe _' excesses committed after the month . of June ; 1848 , produced the Socialist electioris of 1849 . _i This is the fact'to ' which wc recall the attenti 6 n ; oi our friends , as 'well as of our enemies _^ i l - ' . ' •'¦ : ; - ' ' - ¦¦¦' ¦ •¦ _¦ - --- .: _'• _- _, _/ " Serenity , sustained moderation , unflinching
The Proscribed Democrats Of France. To T...
firmness , these are . all that are necessary for us ; and with these we have only to march straight forward , modifying thus a celebrated sentence of Sieyes , ¦ " We Jive more to-day than wo were yesterday . ( Signed ) " Louis Blaxc , President , " _Cazavant , Secretary . / " Caussidierb , Collin , Millakd , Adam , _Boun-i , Louis _Meil-gaud , _D-jpokt , CouRTAir , Members of the Committee . " ¦ ' . v _;? . " London , 22 nd June , 1849 . " . _' .
The Bombardment. Of Rome. To Tub Ed1tok ...
THE BOMBARDMENT . OF ROME . TO TUB ED 1 TOK OF THE _NOHTHEKX STAB . Sin , —Will you allow the insertion in your columns of the enclosed copy of a petition . The original I have forwarded to Colonel Thompson , for the House of " Commons" —not , certainly , with any hope of influencing that corrupt assembly , but none the less as a protest against our foreigu policy of " lon-in _^ _ruentiort , " whicli is nothing more , than a plea fornever helping the right . If French bayonets had gone to help the Romans , by an attack upon Austria ,: or upon King Bombshell , Lord Lansdowne would not have said that . " AVe have nothing to do with it . " The conspiracy against freedom will soon be notorious enough . One never doubted the underhand complicity ofthe Whigs : but we hoped better things , were it only / iw » _t' _-ec _.-cpei _* _ieiiccof even the present shop-keeping ascendancy in France . The price to Louis Napoleon is to be the Imperial
Crown , to which the shopkeepers will not objectfor thepresent . What price may make worth while the infamy of those who follow him in this worst of outrages upon heroic Rome—what gilding shall hide tbe loathsomeness of tbe Cossack ' s accomplices , the Statesmen , generals , soldiers , and people of France , who submit to bo tho tools of the Czar , one is at a loss to know . One thing , at least-is certain—that history chronicles no fouler outrage than this most scoundrelly assault upon the Roman Republic , and that it is the duty of every honest man—the world through—to protest agaiust it , even though lie he not wise enough to see its direct bearing upon his own interests . Be sure they do not tighten the Italian chain without straining ours at home . I am , Sir , your obedient servant , Miteside , Cumberland , W . J . Linton . Juno 19 th , 1849 . ,
TO THE IIONOUBABIiE THE _COJnlOXS OF GEE . _4 T BRITAIN AXD IRELAND _1 > - PABUAMENT ASSEJIULKD . The Petition of the Undersigned , Siiewetii , "'' . " _-. ' That your petitioner , an Englishman , though unrepresented ( being ** disqualified by change of residence ) is not regardless of the honour ofhis country . That your petitioner has heard with indignation and dismay , the assertion of the Trench government , that in their conduct towards the "Roman Republic they have been in accord with England , meaning by England ( your petitioner supposes ) " Her . Majesty ' s Ofhco for Foreign Affairs . " That sueh assertion accuses th- * Foreign Administration of . this country of being an accomplice in a course of policy ( tliat pursued by France towtrds Home ) whose villany is scarcely pnraUeled in history .
That your petitioner cannot hel p calling to mind the foul practices of 1844 , when , the Foreign Office being in accordance with Austria ; English Ministers were employed as informers and tools ofthe Austrian police to track the steps of the brothers Bandcira , and therefore your petitioner fears that such assertion of English complicity with France may be but too generally credited in Europe , more especially as the policy of our Foreign Office bears on it no character of consistency , no impress of any guiding principle sufficient ofitsclf to contradict thc likelihood ot such complicity . . That the effect ofa belief through Europe that ihe English government liave connived at French villany towards Homo , must be to brand England with- dishonour , to damage hcv reputation and destroy hev inttueuce , to damp the hopes of the Liberal party throughout
Europe , and to encourage , and so assist the despotic powers in their endeavours to trample upon right , to prevent the growth and progress of humanity . :. .. , ' ¦ :. That such a belief in English complicity would have the further tendency—by accustoming the minds of Englishmen to sufter dishonour abroad—to lower the standard of honour at home , so demoralising the people , and paving ' an easy descent to the utter degradation and ruin of the British empire . That though the assertion of English complicity with the guilt of France may be false , yet it has gone forth , and needs to be absolutely contradicted , not merely hy . the formal denial of the particular fact , biit hy open manifestation of such principles of policy as shall assure Europe that England cannot , now or evermore , cither aid , abet-. Or permit So gross an outrage upon justice—upon the rights and liberties of nations . .
Yourpetitioner , therefore , ; prays your "honourable" House that , in order so far as possible , to prevent any future doubt ov mistake as to the rectitude of . England , your " honourable" Ilouse will forthwith assume the control ot ' the Foreign OiHce , and that , irrespective of precedents , you will assert , and cause everywhere to be asserted , such a course ot foreign policy as shall be consistent with the high mission of England—with her duty to humanity , and in accordance witli those principles of freedom and progress which , until the late Act of Lord John Itussell "to suppress felonious speaking , " were ever upon the lips of English patriois , and the most time-serving of diplomatists . and statesmen . And your petitioner , so far as in duty bound , will evel pray . ¦ ( Signed ) W . J . _LWTQX .
Sympathy Fob, The Boilast Reeublicass. -...
SYMPATHY FOB , THE _BOilAST _REEUBLICASS . -A WORTHY EXAMPLE . TO TnE ED 1 T 0 S OF TUE - S 0 RT 1 I 15 II **; STAB . ' Sm , —It probably may be unnecessary for me to wish to take up a small space in your paper in stating the amount collected among the Wost-end Men ' s * Men Boot and Shoemakers' Society of London , on behalf of thc Romans , to assist them in their- present struggle fot the thorough independence of their famous and beautiful country . Mr . Holyoake , on thc occasion of the late public meeting held at tlie Institution in John-street , mentions the fact of a certain sum having been handed
over to the proper receiving parties , and that , too , in a way highly complimentary to the trade in question . However , as one of the two individuals on whom the pleasing duty devolved of paying over the amount collected ( £ 5 3 s . 7 d . ) , perhaps you will allow me the opportunity , both for the satisfaction of the subscribers ; and as an example to other trades or bodies of the industrious classes , to see tho sura so paid acknowledged in the Star—a journal which is so extensively circulated amongst working men , and , indeed , the chief advocate of their rights . Yours truly , June 21 st , 1849 . . John _M-Veicu .
. Lowbands. Thc Occupants At This Place,...
. LOWBANDS . Thc occupants at this place , have for some time past , been exerting themselves to send theproduee of tlieir little farms to the Birmingham market , and have almost completed the arrangements for that purpose . The want of a good market has been sorely felt by the people here since their location , but it is hoped that in future this will be remedied , as the cost of carriage will not be so much as wc have formerly paid to send our things t © Ledbury , a distance of only six miles . After the business connected with the above subject had been disposed of by thc occupants , at a
meeting held in the school on the 19 th inst ,, the case of James Driver was taken up , andthe strongest feeling of indignation expressed at his' conduct . The occupants were unanimous in condemning his false testimony , and after the matter had been fully discussed , the following resolution was unanimously agreed to : That a committee of three persons be appointed to write a letter in answer to the evidence of James Driver , on the trial of Gubbins against Feargus O'Connor , and that the letter be signed by the occupants . "
TO FEARGUS O CONNOR , ESQ ., M . P . • * ¦ Lowbands , Redmarley , June 19 th , 1849 . Respected Sir , Truth and justice call on us to address this letter to you , for the purpose of exposing the false statements made by James Driver , on thc trial at Northampton . What he states with respect to us is false . 'Ho says , " The generality of the tenants wore not satisfied ; the last report I had from them was very bad . " The _fact-is , that the man has had no report from « s at all , nor did we hear anything of him till we read his false testimony in the newspaper . Itis equally false , that the " generality " were not satisfied . Tliere were a few dissatisfied , but . like Driver , they went away . ** Again , he sa s ,
" I haye . heard that all . the tenants wanted to sell , but could not get customers . They-wished they could have got out as well as I did . " Now with what he '! heard , " we have nothing whatever to do , but deny the truth of . the assertion . According to the report he seems to say , of Ms own knowledge , that we-wished to " get out , " as well as he , did . Driver must have _Jfnown at the , time tl at he was uttering a- falsehood ,- : for , there was no wish on our part to sell . We . are astonished Jit this man ' s evidence ,-especially w . hon _^ _^ e consider the true cause ofhis leaying . ; lie . left : entirely on . his wife ' s account , and not because he thought , he could not get a living from . the land .: During the ; twelve aionth s that he was . here his wife made him as miserable as possible , by her opposition to his wishes , and was always- at him to _^ eaye the place , until she succeeded , ; _Jf he thought , lie could not Succeed ' here , why did ho express so much ' regret
at leaving , and even cry'lili ' ca child'because '( iishe said himself ) " his wife compelled hini to leave ?" -At one time he was so' incensed against his wife , because she would not ' remain _Tiere , that he _iiii'eatcned to leave her and go to _America-by , himself . Thiswc had from Driver , ' and that , " w ' e think , explains _thecause of his leaving . As ' to what he says about " doing well , " we do not profess to understand che meaning' of the words . We ¦' lento to Mr . Driver and the _ivell-pdid shoemakers of Northampton the definition of them . You are at liherty _tomakewhatuseyou please of this . * ,. - - '" - ¦¦ Yours respectfully * - ¦ ' : ;) * ... ; Stephen . Clark , : ' _- - W . A ; How _^ lScc ., ¦ - II . T ; HAs _* uRi > , ¦ _* - ¦ - ; - •* : ' I Thomas Leej ! . V ; Wm . Addison , - ' Edward Gray , • H . Porter , Wm . Pratt , _*• _* - . _-..-. John Linnet , James . Graham ; ' ! ¦ . * Henri Tanner , * ¦ ' Jon * Geldaiu _* - , .. ¦ _„' .- ; James Smith , '* . ' . ' . 0 . Paxse , _-- ; . ' Joseph Dbnsis _, James' HellewiiJu "
. Lowbands. Thc Occupants At This Place,...
3 S A T 10 N A LASSO 01 A TI ON OF UNITED ; TRADES . Tho Central Committee of the above institution , availing tkeihselves of the renewed permission of the editor of the ' - * Northern Star , ' ' propose to resume their " Reports of Progress " from time to time , for the information of its meiribers , and for that numerous class who still watch with interest the proceedings of an Association , which , from various causes , they have hitherto stood aloof from .. There are strong reasons for thinking that this ?
class of -vvavcrcrs will rapidly diminish , and that the growing prestige in favour of the _Natioiia- Association is attributable to the fact' of its having maintained its position in despite of the causes .-whieh have proved fatal to so many other movements equally well-intentioned towards tho working classes , and conducted witli at least equal zeal and _dovotedness , and possibly a much larger amount of active individual talent . When a ship successfully survives the _buffefcings and perils ofa continued series of storms and hurricanes , with her timbers aud framework substantiall y unimpaired , there is in that fact strong presumptive evidence of her seaworthiness , and she takes her position A 1 on Lloyds'Book . In like manner the
National Association , just emerging from the unexampled aud unanticipated difficulties which have attended and materially obstructed its progress during the last two years—but particularly during the past year—appears before the public but little damaged from the perilous struggle it has passed through , but rather seasoned aud strengthened by the severe tests and trials its principles and p olicy have been subjected to , under a combination of the most discouraging circumstances . That the National Association should then assume the rank A 1 . amongst existing institutions having claims upon the confidence of the working classes , will not excite surprise , and it is presumed fe \ will bs disposed to dispute the justness of claims .
Among the " groat facts ' which the experience of the past lias demonstrated is , first—th « inefficacy of previous Trades Unions to maintain their position as protectors of the wages of their members in the face of any severe depression in trade . Second—that the strike system is an unalloyed evil to all parties concerned in it , and that the sooner some more rational and more economical mode of dealing with Trades disputes can be devised , the better for both employer and employed , but more particularly the latter .
It is a most pleasing feature in the experience of the National Association , that in many instances the wages of its members have been maintained intact , while the wages in similar trades , in the same locality , of persons not being members of the National Association have suffered serious diminution . Other instances—and important ones—are on record , where Trades have not only maintained their wages , but absolutely obtained an advance while known to be connected with the National Association ; but whether from apathy , or a mistaken estimate of their own strength .
having withdrawn from its ranks , not only has the advance previously obtained been lost to them , but they have Deen preci pitated into a protracted and unavailing struggle , to prevent a further serious reduction . Can' tliere bo stronger evidence of the salutary influence which the very name curries with it ? And is it ii" t desirable that a movement , having so powerful a prestige with the employers , should receive all the aid and strength that numbers can impart to it —and that its protective powers be reduced from a possible speculative theory to an undisputed demonstrative r eality ?
The successful efforts wliich have been made to supersede the strike system , by a policy more consonant with reason , and more in harmony with the advancing march -of intelligence ) is another distinctive feature in its princi ple , "which lias a strong tendency to neutralise the natural repugnance of the employing class to everything bearing the name of union , in connexion with Labour . Tlie testimony borne by some of the most respectable employers to the efficacy and superiority of the mediatorial systcm oftheNational Association , which has terminated successfully for Labour , in a proportion of more than seventy-five per cent ., is another fact unexampled in the history of Trades combinations . The Central
Committee point with confidence to these facts , upon which they are content to rest their claims for the support and confidence of their order ; they will not condescend to appeal to the prejudices or the passions of tlieir fellowworkmen , still less will they attempt to deceive them by coloured statements , or exaggerated boasts of advantages which may not - be realised ; but referring them to established proofs of what has been accomplished by comparatively very limited resources , they leave them to solve the problem for themselves , what great and glorious results mi ght be achieved by such a multiplication of its powers as' the working classes might accomplish , without any personal sacrifice .
The late Conference at Liverpool was an epoch in the Association ' s career , which was looked to with deep interest by- numerous bodies of working men . The Central Committee felt that ; upon tho issue of that Conference hung thc existence , perhaps , ofthe Association . They had the most unbounded faith in the elasticity of the Association , and its ability from the excellence of its principles , to adjust itself to the varying and irregular _mik-suces which all popular movements are subject to . They were prepared to hear from the assembled delegates , doubtsand fears for the future—and to combat them ; hut they were not prepared for the -magnificent display
of unanimous , unimpaired confidence , which the delegates vied with each other in recording as to the ultimate and speedy resuscitation of this important movement . Their generousminded prophecies are being realised . The preliminary measures , such as reprinting the rules , getting out the report of Conference , & C , has prevented the Central Committee from giving that quick response to the numerous invitations .... they ., have received from various parts of the country _^ , whi ch their own inclinations would have prompted . But this necessary business being" now' nearly completed , ina fewdaya two members of the Committee will leave town . One direct for
Newcastle , where the miners of Durham and Northumberland , and other trades , are waiting for that full information which an experienced member of the Central Committee is best adapted to impart . The other will proceed first to the Midland Counties , and thence to the metropolis of labour , the city of Manchester , where a p halanx of the most enlightened and faithful ofthe sons of Labour are prepared . to assist in a thorough agitation of that important district . Other localities _Avill lie attended to in turn , and every effort will be _mide by the Central Committee , at home aiid . abroad , to , give effect tothere « action which is now manifesting itself throughout the kingdom . ' . _*'" ¦ .
An old lady , who was very anxious respecting a favourite nephew , a student at Catherine Hall , enquired ofhis tutor how he conducted -himself . ''Oh , " ' - replied the latter , " very well * indebdj madam , , * he sticks to Catherine Hall . " " Sticks to Catherine Hall , does he ? the young rep * robate—but his father was just like him , always fond of the girls !" - * ' - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ •' . . ¦ "• • - _*> ' The French _Fagin . —Louis Philippe has not been talked of much lately . You have heard ofhis poverty and his debts . - ; Ihave now in my possession ' the most _indisputable-evidencethat-hei" * still ; the richest-private 'individual in theknowa wowd . •• Ins agentinNcwYork _. MMafarg , hasbought foi * him houses ,- stocks , shares , . fee ., property ' prodncinff annual income of a bove ten millionof francs . ¦ : perfectly useless for any of his friends to deny fact , _perfectly-well known on the Sew-iork chan _*** e .--i' ««* Correspondent ef the Glasgow
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 30, 1849, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_30061849/page/5/
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