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FU FU5BBAL OBSEQUIES OF GENERAL JACKSON.
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[Fro [From the Newlbrk Herald of June 25...
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PERSON AND CHARACTER OF GENERAL JACKSON.
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Wb. are naturally Icuriotis to know some...
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PROCEEDINGS AT WASHINGTON. Similar proce...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Fu Fu5bbal Obsequies Of General Jackson.
FU FU 5 _BBAL OBSEQUIES OF GENERAL JACKSON .
[Fro [From The Newlbrk Herald Of June 25...
[ Fro [ From the _Newlbrk Herald of June 25 th , -we give lhe folhe following interesting account of the proceedings m 2 _Cc Me w York on the 2 ith , on the occasion of _coisign-, g to 05 to the tomb the remains of him who was _emphaacallj-ically the " saviour of Ms country . " It was thus 33 iat fiat a free people did honour to the general , the i _& tes & . tesman , and the patriot . ] Th * Tie very leavens appeared to smile on the _endeavours roars of the residents of this city to do honour to him nrlio lirho has recently gone
"T " To that bourne from whence no traveller returns . " ilbe Tbe weather , which for the two previous days Hvassnas somewhat unfavourable , cleared np at daylight _Svesteyesterday morning . The genial showers of the _jprev _^ rev ious day and night made the atmosphere cool _sanded refreshing , and preventing dust to any great ex-ItenLtent The morn was ushered in by the discharge iofa of a piece of ordnance from the battery , which was : ie 5 p _* _responded to by another on the Brooklyn Heights . TheThcse were continued at intervals throughout the mor morning . About eleven o ' clock the troops ordered 1 on don duty assembled on the Battery . They consisted of iof the whole of the force mentioned in the prograi gramme . The field was kept by thc troops of the Gei German legion , while the United States troops
wen went through their exercise . About twelve o ' clock tha these were joined by different companies from Brooklyn lyn , Jersey , AYiUiamsburg , and the parts adjacent , iii in the whole , it was said , amounting to 10 , 000 . At thi' tilts time a _disehaige of minute guns were given , cor corresponding with the & ge of the deceased— " 78 . Al About one o ' clock , when the word was given to fall in , in , we never saw such a mass of persons assembled tog together before—nien , women , and children , of all col colours , grade and character . To such an extent we was the space covered with spectators , that it was wi with difficulty that the troops could form in line to m march to thc Park . This , after some little delay , W Was accomplished , and upon reaching thc last named sj spot , the troops took up their several positions in ft front and around the City Hall . Here the mass was gi greater titan ever .
FIBST _MVISIO * S . A few minutes after tiro o'clock thc city anthoriti ties made their _appeaxanec in front of thc City Hall , v when the discharge of three pieces of ordnance a announced the movement of tho procession . The ( German Legion troop of horse formed the advanced s guard , in open rank three deep , in thc rear of which 1 was General G . Hopkins , accompanied by some s six or eight special aids ; these were brought up by _( CoL J . D . Stevenson . These were succeeded by the _i troops as mentioned in thc programme under the
command of _Jlafor-General ( J . W . Sandfbrd , and 1 olher officers . The troops having fallen in , the corporate body took np theu * position , and the proces sion moved off . The fourth , fifth , and sixth regiments took np the line of march twelve deep , led by the American Brass Band . The -ninth regiment was nine deep . The martial appearance of the German _Fnaleers , ten abreast , bad a very imposing appearance . The first division consisted entirely of military . The rear of the first division was brought up by a body of Dragoons five abreast .
SEC 05 D DIVISION . This division was led by Major General G . H . Striker , and George G . Hopkins , Esq ., aids to the Grand Marshal . The New York Brass Band followed . Then followed some twenty-five open carr iages , in which were the officiating clergyman , orator of the day , ex-President Van Buren , and others according to the programme ; Gen . Scott heading the II . S . troops , seven companies of artillery , and one company of mounted horse artillery . These were followed by about thirty naval veterans in uniform . The Um , covered with crape , was drawn by
fonr beautiful horses , led by able-bodied coloured men , dressed a la Turk . On the Urn were the names of "Washington , Hamilton , Lafayette , Harrison , and Jackson . " These were followed by the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn ; the authorities of Jersey City and Newark ; followed by the common councils of these places as mourners . The Council of this city bore tlieir wands of office covered with crape . This division was closed by the Washington Gre-rs of Jersey City , the authorities , clergy civic societies , and citizens . In the whole of this division there could not be fewer than 5 , 000 persons Inline .
• . v . Now came the third division , with General _^ Wm . L . Morris , and Benjamin S . Hart , Esq ., as aids to -theGrand Marshal . "The Senate and House of Assembly" of thc State were in full attendance , and presented an imposing appearance . There were also the" Members ef the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States . " The members of the " Society of the . Cincinnati , " composed of venerable and highly esteemed citizens , were out in full _strength , as mourners on tbe occasion . A few " Revolutionary soldiers , " in carriages , were next in order—old men with wounds andscare—deep furrows oa their care-worn brow , and thc silent tear coursing
their manly cheeks , at the thought of him who was also a soldier and a warrior—a nation ' s benefactor , and greatest ornament and pride . "The Grand Lodge of tbe State of New York , " in full dress of the order attracted consideiable attention . The ex-Mayors , ex-Aldermen , and _^ cx-Assistants of the cities of New York and Brooklyn , were all present in car riages . Thc Heads of Departments of the City Government were all in attendance . The Consul Generals and Yiee Consuls forthe Governments ol England , France , Belgium , Bavaria , Holland , Portugal , Saxonv , Nassau , Sweden , and Norway , in the Court dresses of their respective governments , now followed in splendid carriages * Their appearance attracted the attention ofthe ladies on the balconies ,
who waved their _htrndkerchiefe in token of theix admiration . The Judges ofthe United States , State and City Courts , were an imposing and respectable body , _clainuDguniversalattentionandrespect . The were attended by the learned and honourable members ofthe bar . The Sheriffs ofthe city and county ofNew York , and under sheriff and deputies with their stares of office , dressed in mourning , presented a formidable and fine appearance . Next came tha Police Magistrates and Officers , with _, their staves ol office , and the Register , County Clerk , and Coroner . The Collector , Nav . il Officer , and Surveyor of the Port , accompanied by civil oflicers of the United States and State of New York , were also here . The "American Art Union , " "American Academy of Design , " " Chamber of Commerce , " and " Board of Trade , " all furnished members for the procession .
FOCTTn DIVISIOX . Next came the Fourth Division , with Major Gen . F . Pentz and Major G . H . Striker , jun ., as aids to the Grand Marshal . This division consisted of the Fire Department of the City of New York , and Exempt Firemen , and was , perhaps , the largest in the procession . 'ikey were all stalwart manly looking fellows , several thofcand strong . ¦ Finn nmsiox . Sow came the Fifth Division , with Hon . Isaac L . Yarian and Major Bobert B . Boyd , as aids to the Grand Marshal The venerable society of " Tamnany , or Columbian Order , " with banners representing thc thirteen old states of the confederacy with tlie
dashing and efficient corps ofthe " _ludepenaent Tempkln ' s Blues ? ' for an escort , won the praises of all beholders . The "Democratic Republican General Committee" and the " Democratic Young Men ' s General Committee , " accompanied by ward committees and citizens with appropriate banners , also pre sented an imposing appearance . Next came the celebrated "Empire Club , " with Capt . Isiah Rynders at their Lead , and a splendid band of music , followed hj the _magnificat banner , on which were the VWtraits of Washington , Jackson , Jefferson , and Tan Buren , and the grand car and tomb drawn by four elegant horses dressed in mourning , and on which the simple inscription * ' Jacksos" appeared .
sixth * . This Division commenced with Societies of the Odd Fellows , which mustered about six thousand , _CM-li lodge bearing their badges of office . The Merchants' Lodge , which was commanded by Lieut . Colonel Crastoand O . W . FitzRandoIph , aids to the wand Marshal , headed the whole group of the _™* hDivision ; the rear being brought yny by the Grand Lodge . " Each member wore a white scarf , tnmnied with scarlet , to which was attached the _por'put of General Jackson , trimmed round , in rosette _«?«¦ _* , with crape . Several of the lodges had bands attached to them , which now and then played the * _Mml dirge , with great solemnity .
~ . . SEVEXTH DIVISIOX . ibis division was headed bv thc Brooklyn Life _guards , and under the command of Captain C . H . _-Larson , as an escort . General Robert _Mcholls , •• rand -Marshal , having as aids Alexander Bergon , iw . % " D - Mor S _*« E _- " - riske > ll * _RWT ? ud _fMntel Ende , Esquires , which were fol-2 - _& the " Williamsburg Artillery , " the " _Ja-«?« * _V *«* ws . " "Union Blues /' and " Columbian _JWr after vbkh Wowed the Brooklvnshiic _« e _companies , iu the following order , viz * : —The ti' ,, " " . ?* ' , " Fra , lWin . " "Empire , " _"WaskSng-Panv _J _^ _V aad Jacteon . " This latter com * whiii . _^! m d Bicr tri _«*« icd with crape , on . _l _^ . ttslWH _Vahust . thenorti * aitof the late General
hittiW A " _° four o ' clock this division formed _n > ut fiv , _" n . i _r Passing through the prescribed _Uro-lS _M - llaU * en { ered at tte e « d of East of _thoiisacA-1 _fiuiitsof Grand-street Tbe crowd i « it < _rtiier _vi 7 _% tUci » » and _thc-usb . most _excelriwcaion ill f f" ** ' ifc _was with " difficulty the of houses , S _£ _^ Trees > h _& _mues , roofs human fora , C 0 lI i _? . . Hi > in fact , _c- _'erj corner where people , the mot ; , ~ c _* ™ , ne- _>*« was one living mass of to the movi _,, " iX H _Sht well be compared ? utted ofthcirfnir . _« » ' } adowswere completely Soar , _M-esfair-stonfif _^^ orms erected on every flara chance or n ™*; - ?™ those _who were in the the solemn _SaP _** _- _*** * _# _?** * _^ _mcwussk-ipefiom theS _^ P _^>» S ln fo the trees ormw «™ _5 _. _\ lndows in all directions , _iree-, or other supports in front of the houses . n * . . EIGI _*™ DIVISIOX we were led to expect from th » programme , Mtliose
[Fro [From The Newlbrk Herald Of June 25...
that were on the ground were numerously attended , and their banners most tastefully arranged with crape and the various insignia of mourning . —They were marshalled by CoL II . C . Morris and E . Shortil , Esq , The first society was the "Italian Benevolent Society , " bearing their banner representing the landing of Columbus . After them followed the "Hibernian United Benevolent Society , " with banners depicting the same scene , another one of Washington , and a gilt harp wreathed with crape—there were upwards of two hundred members walking . "The Shamrock Benevolent Society" appeared next—one ofthe most prominent of their banners was alaroe
green one edged with gold fringe arid bearing the motto Justice to Ireland . " This society also numbered about twohundred . "The Hibernian Benevolent Society" next followed , and turned out quite strong , there hemg upwards offivehundredmembers ; they were most tastefully _decomted-withgreenscarfs , and their beautiful banners were all emblematical of the character of the society , the visits to the sick and the consolation and . issistance to survivors being all depicted ; Thcsebanners , like those of the other societies , were hung in mourning . _^* The American Institute . " The members of this institute followed in carriages , but there were but few , and with them closed this division .
Kcnn _mvisiox . I This division was under the able charge of Col . , Grant and G . B . King , Esq . The numbers here ' also were somewhat diminished ; the first that led off was the "Journeymen Tailors' United Benevolent Society , " whicli mustered a large force . Their banners contained the appropriate motto of "Ye were naked , and we clothed you , " and several other minor banners . The various literary associations , "The New York Society of Literature , "
"Mercantile Library Association , " "American Society of Young Men , " " New York Metropolitan Association , " "New York Society of Letters ; " shipmasters and mates of vessels in port ; all made a most imposing appearance with their appropriate banners . In thc part of the city where we observed the passage of the procession , some of the societies had fallen off from the plan laid down in the programme , but this was owing , we believe , to the fact that from the intense heat ofthe sun , several of them were obliged to withdraw at Thirteenth-street .
_iBxxn _nmsiox . So early as eleven o ' clock this Division began to assemble at their place of rendezvous , Centre-street The Division was placed under command of Cols . Philbrick and Hough , aids to the Grand Marsha ) The "Ironsides Association , " with Mr . Andrew Thompson in charge , took the lead * , and took up its position immediately in front of Chamber-street , down Centre . "Fourth "Ward Jefferson Association "Mr . James Hagan at the head of this . Association , followed next in order . "Polk-Wright _Association . " The banner of the society , bearing an appropriate device , made expressly' forthe occasion , was hung in deep mourning . Jfr . Joseph Elliott , supported by Mr . J . D . B . Patman , led off the society , who took their place in the regular order in the celebration , such aa was assigned them . The " German Democratic Association" followed . The "ShifilerClub " next followed ; and were succeeded by the "City Watch , " headed by their Grand Marshal ( Miller ) .
¦ EI EVEOTH _DlVISIOJf . The "Journeymen Stone Cutters of New York and Brooklyn / ' in full force , led off this Division , headed by ilr . Mullen . Their banners were beautifully executed , and were hung with crape . The "Journeymen Granite Gutters'Association" next followed , under Messrs . Michael Paige and Jeremiah Leroney . The entire body consists , generally speaking , of stout "Hibernians . " The " Operative Masons "—a good muster—succeeded them . They were followed by the "Labourers'Union Soeiety , " under Air . John O'Leary . The " New York Benevolent Society of Operative Masons" succeeded them in order . They were followed by the "Benevolent Society of Operative Tailors . " The " _Cordwainers ofthe City of New York" next followed . Their banners bore appropriate devices ; and they made a fine appearance in the procession . They were followed by , the "Bookbinders of New York , " wha formed the wind-up of the eleventh Division .
_TWETPTH > 1 VISI 0 X . Major Thomas K . Kellinger , Captain C . S . Storms , aids to thc Grand Marshal , took command of this Division . Long beforo the hour appointed , several ofthe societies had taken up their position at the place of rendezvous in _Pranklln-street , fronting on Centre-street First came the "AncientOrder of Odd Fellows , " headed by John Pickford , Right Worshipful Grand Master . Following these came the "Perseverance Lodge , " No . 3 , 013 , 1 . O . of 0 . F . — Jesse Jackson , Grand Marshal . " Independent Order of Rcchabites , " New York District No . 1-City Tents , 1 to 37—Wm . Jay Hasket , Grand Marshal . The banners of this Society were veiy large and beautiful , with very appropriate devices .
Dmsiojf . John Colge . Ti , Esq ., and Captain H . M . Graham , aids to the Grand Marshal , took command of this division . At about twelve o'clock , the " New Y ork Pilots' Association" were at their place of rendezvous in City Hall-place , fronting on Chamber-street . On one of their banners was " The People , the only competent Pilots to govern the Nation . " Following these came the "New York Watermen's Society , " live abreast . These were followed by the " City Watchmen , " who came marching along six abreast . Next came the "Citizens and _Associntions" ofthe Tenth Ward _. withband playing and banners waiving Next came "The Sons of Herman , " a German society , mourning in common with their fellow-citizens
in tlie loss of the " Old Hero . " Tbey had a fine band Of music , and several beautiful banners . At thc hour previously mentioned the grand procession left the park and moved np Chatham-street , which was thronged with dense masses , all animated with one spirit , and all eager to view the parade in honour ofthe memory of him whoso bravely , so gallantly , and so fearlessl y defended and maintained his country ' s honour and his country ' s rights in the dark hour of danger , peril , and distrust . The balconies and windows in _Chatham-street were filled with lovely and bewitching forms . All was hushed and still , save the low , deep , mournful tones of the muffled drum , and strains of martial music from full and effective bands , which fell like a knell upon the ear .
The procession again moved np East Broadway . The balconies , windows , and even tbe tops of bouses in this highly-fashionable street , were full of ladies and gentlemen , who waved their handkerchiefs as the procession passed along . Wreaths of fresh and beautiful flowers , wound into garlands , were from time to time thrown by lovely bands to the weary troops who , by looks , at least , thanked the givers for this mark of their approbation . All "the pride , pomp , and circumstance of glorious war , " was here . With such a ceremony for a closing scene , who would not live , fight , and die for his country— -who would not serve long years of toil and hardship if such a fate might be the reward . Never have we witnessed so imposing , brilliant , and solemna spectacle . The
appearance of the Bowery and Union-square was most lively . All along the line of march the windows and streets were crowded with people , who took np their position at an early hour . The mansions in the square presented a most animated sight . This spot was decidedly the most favourable one for witnessing the procession as it passed round and defiled down Broadway . For upwards of three hours one continuous march of military and societies , with their banners , was kept up . lit was the most impressive and grand display that has ever taken place in New York . The procession then reached Broadway . The appearance in this vast thoroughfare , from Union Park to Canal-street , and down to the City Hall , so early as half-past three o ' clock , baffles description Every window—every step—every nook from whence
could be caught a glimpse , were literally jammed up to suffocation . The intense heat was almost intolerable , yet it did not keep thc anxious crowds , who _floefced from the adjoining streets , from blocking up the sidewalks at either sfde . Thc coup d ' oeil , as the two first divisions had passed down Broadway , from Union Park , was trulv imposing—animating—when viewed from an elevated spot . There was _»¦ ** * «» - mense concourse of people of both sexes , and all classes , assembled along Broadway on both sides , and it was utterly impossible for any person to cross some of tlie street ? . There was not one political banner in the whole procession . One spirit appeared to pervade the mass , to sink all political feeling and aid m doing justice to the memory of one who had served long and faithfully for his country ' swea
THE OBATION . Shorflv after seven o ' clock , the Hon . B . F . BirTi .-eK mounted ' thc platform , and after silence had been obtained , pronounced a most eloquent oration , wbicli was listened to with the most marked attention , and at the conclusion there was a strong but solemn tone of approbation from _fhoso around . _Pi-avci- was now offered up ; and when concfmled , the New York Musical Society gave a piece of music in honour ofthe departed , which was ably executcu . Thc choir consisted of upwards of fifty female and maie porforniers .
_BEXEMCnOX . , The Bcv . Mr . _Wakwmihit then appeared on the front of the platform and said— , " The Uessbs of tlie Father , of tlie Son , and ot the Holy Ghost _' _lie with you , and all the Israel ot God . _& a-en and amen . " _mWsLZZ _^ _-. _*^
[Fro [From The Newlbrk Herald Of June 25...
The different military and _^ civic companies then Sled off in regular order / and in a few minutes afterwards the whole scene in front of the City Hall was changed . __ ___
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Person And Character Of General Jackson.
PERSON AND CHARACTER OF GENERAL JACKSON .
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Wb. Are Naturally Icuriotis To Know Some...
Wb . are naturally _Icuriotis to know something about the mere person of a . man who has performed wonderful exploits .- Philosophers may say what they will alout : the man consisting solelyof the mind . Human natnre will not lave it so . It will , in _spiteof philosophers , give a good deal of weight to the person by whom a , thing is done . Jackson had this advantage . His friend and brother senator , and neighbour , Mr . Eaton , tells us that he had nothing of the robust or the elegant ; that he was six feet and an inch high ; that he was remarkably straight and spar *; that he weighed not more than a hundred and forty-five pounds ( what a . poor thing compared to our George the Fourth !); that bis conformation appeared to disqualify him for hardship ; that , however , accustomed to it from early life , few , were capable of enduring so much fatigue , or > itu so litfle injury ; ihat his dark-blue eyes , beneath his high and broad forehead , and loaded with brows somewhat heavy , when excited by any cause , sparkled with peculiar lustre of penetration ; that in his manners he was pleasing , while his address was commanding ; that in his deportment he was easy , affable , and familiar ; that during his whole life it had been his study to honour « terit , find it in whom he might ; that honest poverty had always been respected by him , while he had turned his back on dishonest wealth ; that he was never known to discover tho existence of distress without seeking to assist and tb relievo it ; that no man ever saw him irritated on _aeconnt of a selfish purpose ; and that ho man ever saw ' his . bosom swell with rage or with anger , except against the enemies of his country , open or secret .
Proceedings At Washington. Similar Proce...
PROCEEDINGS AT WASHINGTON . Similar proceedings to those at New York , were engaged in by the citizens of Washington . In the Capital ofthe States countless thousands assembled to do honour to the memory of the departed Hero and Patriot—the Hero , because he was a Patriot With , breathless attention did they listen to the following oration , pronounced by Air . Secretary Bancroft . Its natural , forcibhvand unaffected eloquence won on every ear ; and it will be read with deep and abiding interest by thousands and thousands into whose hands this journal finds its way .
MB . BANCROFT'S ORATIOiV . Tbe men of the American revolution are no more . That age of creative power has passed away . The last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence has long since left the earth . Washington lies near bis own Potomac , surrounded by bis family and his servants , Adams , tbe colossu * of Independence , reposes in the modest grave-yard of his native region . Jefferson sleeps on the heights of his own _Monticello , whence his eye overlooked Ms beloved Yirginia . Madison , the last survivor ofthe men who made onr constitution , lives only in our hearts . But who shall say that the heroes , in whom the image of God shone most brightly , do not live forever ? They were filled with the vast conceptions which called America into being ; they lived for those conceptions ; and their deeds praise them . We are met to commemorate the virtues of one who
shed Lis blood tor onr Independence , took part in forming the early institutions of the . West , and was imbued with all the great ideas which constitute the moral force ofour country . On the spot where lie gave bis solemn fealty to the people— -here , where be pledged himself beforo the world to freedom , to tho constitution and to the laws—we meet to pay our tribute to tiie memory of the last great name , which gathers round itself all the associations that form the glory of America . South Carolina gate _ablrth-plnce to Andrew Jackson . On its remote frontier , far up on tbe forest-clad banks of the Catawba , in a region where the settlers were just beginning to cluster , his eye first saw the light . There
his infancy sported in tbe ancient forests , and his mind was nursed to freedom by tbeir influence . He was the youngest son of an Irish emigrant , of Scottish origin , who , two years after the great war of Frederick of Prussia , Hed to America for relief from _indigence and Oppression . _IflS birth was in 1767 , at a _< _une when the people Of our land were but a body of dependent colonists , scarcely more than two millions in number , scattered along an immense coast , with no army , or navy , or unien—and exposed to the attempts of England to control America by the aid of military force . His boyhood grew up in the midst ot the contest with Great Britain . Thc first great political truth that reached his heart , was that aU men are free _woA -equal " , too first great fact that beamed on his understanding , was his country ' s independence .
The strife , as it increased , came near the shades ofhis own upland residence . As a boy of thirteen , he witnessed the scenes of horror tbat accompany civil war ; and when but a year older , with an elder brother , he shouldered his musket , and went forth to strike a biow for his country . Joyous era for America and for humanity ! But for him , the orphan boy , the events were full of agony aud grief . His father was no more , nis eldest brother fell a victim to the war of the revolution ; another ( his companion in arms ) died of wounds received in their joint captivity ; his mother went down tothe grave a victim to grief and efforts to rescue her sons ; and when peace came , he was _aloue in the world , with no kindred to cherish him , and little inheritance but his own untried powers .
The nation which emancipated itself from British rule organises itself : * thc confederation gives way to thc constitution : the perfecting of that constitution—tbat grand event of the thousand years of modern , history—is ao . complished : America exists as a people , gains unity as a government , and takes its place as a nation among the powers of the earth . The next great office to be performed by America , is the taking possession of the wilderness . The magnificent western valley cried out to the civilisation of popular power , that it must be occupied by cultivated man . Behold , then , our orphan hero , sternly earnest , consecrated to humanity from childhood by sorrow , having neither father , nor mother , nor sister , nor surviving brother , so young and yet so solitary , and , therefore , bound the more closely to collective man—behold him elect for hi 3 lot to go forth and assist in laying thc foundations of society in the great valley of the Mississippi .
At the very time when Washington was pledging his oira and future generations to the support of the popular institutions which were to be tho light of the human race—at the time when the institutions of tho Old World were rocking to tlieir centre , aud the mighty fabric that had come down from the middle ages was falling in—tlie adventurous Jackson , in the radiant glory and boundless hope and confident intrepidity of twentyone , plunged into the wilderness , crossed the gveatmouutain-barritt- that divided the western waters from the Atlantic , foUowed the paths of the early hunters and fugitives , and , not content with the nearer neig hbourhood to bis parent State , went still further and further to the west , till he found his home in the most beautiful region on the Cumberland . There , from the first , he was recognised as the great pioneer ; under his courage , the coming emigrants were sure to find a shield .
The lovers of adventure began to pour themselves into the territory , whose delicious climate and fertile soil invited the presence of social man . The hunter with bis rifle and his axe , attended by Ms wife ami children ; the herdsman driving the few cattle that were to multiply as they browsed ; the cultivator of the soil—all tame to the inviting region . Wherever the bending mountains opened a pass—wherever the buffaloes and the beasts of the forest had made a trace , these sons of nature ,, children of humanity , in tlie highest sentiment of personal freedom , came tO Occupy the beautiful wilderness -whose prairies blossomed everywhere profusely with wild flowers—whose woods in spring put to _sliy . me , by their magnificence , the cultivated gardens of m ? n
.. And now that these u _nMtateO . fugitives , educated only by the spirit of frcedon i _, destitute of dead letter erudition , but sharing the Initio ideas of the age , had made thenhomes in the west _ wj _, ftt would follow ! Would tney degra < jl » tb . emselYe . sts > j 5 nor _*» nee and iafidelitjl now *
Proceedings At Washington. Similar Proce...
tbey make the solitudes of the desert excuse * for _licentiousnest ! Would tho doctrines of freedom lead them to live in unorganised society , destitute of laws and fixed institutions ? At a time when European society wi _> _s becoming broken in piece 9 , scattered , disunited , and _rauolvcd into its _clemsiits , a scene ensued in Tennessee ) than which nothing more beautifully _graud ia recorded in the annals of the ruce . ¦ : : ¦ ¦ . ¦ : _¦¦ ' ¦ These adventurers in tbe wUdarncss longotl to come _together in organised society . The overshadowing genius
of their time inspired tliem with good _dssigns , and filled them with the counsels of wisdom . limners in the forest , _freesd of the free , bound . in the spirit , they came up by their representatives , on foot , on horseback , through tbe forest , along the streams , by the buffalo craces , by the Indian paths , by the blazed forest avenues , to meet in convention among the mountains at Knoxnlle , and frame for themselves a constitution , . Andrew Jackson ivas there , the greatest man of them _all—modsst , bold , deter _, mined , demanding nothing for himself , and shrinking from nothing that his heart approved .
The convention came together on tho llth day of Jannary , 1798 , and finished its work on tha 6 th day of Feb ruary . How- . had the wisdom of th _» Old World vainly tasked itself to frame constitutions , that could , at least , be the subject of experiment ; the . men of _Tonnessse , in less than t . vcnty-five days , perfected a fabric , wliich , in its essential forms , was to last for eyer . They came together , Ml of faith and reverence , of love to humanity , of confidence in truth . In the simplicity of wisdom , they framed their constitution , acting under higher influences than they were conscious of . Tboy wrought in sad sincerity , Themselves from God they could not free ;• T hoy builded better than they Knew ! Tho conscious » tones to beauty grew .
In the instrument which they framed , they embodied their faith in God , and in the immortal nature of man . — They gava tho right of suffrage to every froeman ; they vindicated tha sanctity of reason , by giving freedom of speech and ofthe pi-ess ; they reverenced the voice of God , as it speaks in the soul of man , bjras * _erting the indefeasible right of man to worship tho Infinite according to his conscience : they established ths fraedom and equality of elections ; and they demanded from every future legislator a solemn oath " never to consent to any act or thing whatever that shall hare even a tendency to lossen the rights of the paople . " Theso maJBStic lawgivers , wiser ths . t \ the Solons , and lycurguses , and Jfumas of the Old Worid—these prophetic founders ofa State , * i » ho embodied in tlieir constitution the sublimost truths of humanity , acted without reference to human praises .
Tbey hept no special record ot their doings ; they took no pains to vaunt their deeds ; and when their work was done , knew not that they had finished one of the _sublimest acts ever performed among men . They left no record , as to whose agency was conspicuous , whose eloquence swayed , whose generous nUl predominated ; nor should we know , but for tradition , confirmod by what followed among theniselres . Tbe men of Tennessee were now a people , and they were to scad forth a man to stand for them in the Congress of the Unitod States—that avenue to glory—that home of eloquence—the citadel of popular power ; and , with one consent , they united in selecting the foremost man among their law . _girers—Andbew Jacksow . The love of thepeople of Tennessee followed bim to the American Congress , - and h « had served but a single term , when the State of ¦ _Xenucssea _Tn-ade him one © fits _representatWcs in the American Senate , where he sat under tht auspices of _Jsffevson .
Thus , when he was scarcely more than thirty , hehad guided tbe _lettlm-Mit of tt-iewnuemess * swayed the deliberation of a people in establishing its fundamental law . _i ; acted as ths representative of that people , and again as the _representative ofhis organized State , disciplined to a knowledge of the power of thepeople andthe power of the States ; tho associate of repub _l ican statesmen , the friend and companion of Jefferson . The men who framed the constitution ofthe United States , many of them , did not know thc innate life and self-preserving energy of tlieir work . . They feared that freedom could not endure , and tliey planned a strong _government for itsprotection _.
During his short career in Congress , Jackson showed his quiet , deeply-seated , innate , intuitive _fnitli in human freedom , ami in the institutions of freedom . He was ever , by his votes and opinions , found among those who had confidence in humanity ; and in the great division of minds , this child of the woodlands , tlii 3 representative of forest life in the west , was found modestly and firmly on the side of freedom . It did not occur to liim to doubt the rightof man tothe free development of his powers ; it did not occur to him to place a guardianship over the people -, it did not occur lo him to seek to give durability to popular institutions , by giring to government a strengtbjndependent of popular will .
From _tbefirst _, he was attached tothefundament . il doctrines of popular power , and ofthe policy that favours it ; and though his _rercrence for Washington surpassed his reverence for any human being , he voted against tbe address from the Ilouse ofllepresentativcsto Washington on his retirement , because its language appeared to sanction thc financial policy which he believed hostile to republican freedom . During ins period of service iu the Senate , Jackson was elected major general by tho brigadiers and field officers of the militia of Tennessee . Resigning his place in the Seriate , he was made judge of tlio supreme court in law and equity -, such was the confidence in his integrity of purpose , his-clearness of judgment , and his vigour of will to deal justly among the turbulent who crowded into the new settlements of . Tennessee .
Thus , in the short period of nine years , Andrew Jackson was signalised by as many evidences of public esteem as could fall to thc lot of man . The pioneer of tho wilderness , the defender of its stations , he was their lawgiver , the sole representative of a new people in Congress , the representative of the State in the Senate , the highest in military command , tho highest in judicial office lie seemed to be recognised as the first in love of liberty , the first in the science of legislation , in judgment , and integrity . Pond of private life , he would hare resigned Hie judicial office ; but the whole country demanded his service . " Sature , " they cried , " never designed that your powers of thought and independence of mind should be lost in retirement . " But after a few years , relieving himself from the cares of the bench , he gave himself to the _activity and the independent life of ft husbandman , lie carried iuto x « tttemgnt tho fame of _natoal intelligence , an *
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was cherished as " a prompt , frank , and ardent soul . " His vigourbfcharaQtor constituted him first _amotogall with whom he associated . A private nian as ho was , his name was familiarly spoken rou » d every hcarth-stona in Tennessee . ' Men loved to discuss his qualities . All discerned his power ; aud when lhe vehemence und impetuosity of his nature were observed upon , there were not wanting those who saw , beneath the blaaing fires of his genius , the solidity of his judgment . His hospitable roof sheltered tins craigiant andthe pioneer ; and , as they made their way to their new homes , they filled the mountain sides and valleys with his praise . ' ' : Connecting himself , for a season , with a man of busi-* e ss , Jackson soon discerned the misconduct of his
associate . It marked his character , that he insisted , himself , on paying every obligation that had boon contracted ; and , rather than endure tho vassalage of debt , ho instantly parted with the rich domain which liis early entcrprise had acquired—with his own mansion—with the fields wliich he himself had tamed to the ploughsharewith the forest whose trees were as familiar to hhn as his friends—and chose rather to dwell , for a time , in a rude log cabin , in thc pride of independence and integrity . On all great occasions , Jackson ' s iniluence was defer _, red to . When Jcfterson had ' acquircd for the country tho whole of Louisiana , and tliere seemed some hesitancy on the part of Spain to acknowledge our possession , the services of Jackson were solicited by the national administration , and were not called into full exercise ,. only from the peaceful termination of the incidents that occasioned the summons .
In the long scries of aggressions on thc freedom of thc seas , and the rights ofthe American flag , Jackson was on the side of his country , and the new maritime , code of republicanism . In his inland home , where the roar of the breakers was never lieard , ami the mariner was never seen , he resented the continued aggression on our commerce and on our sailors . When the continuance of wrong compelled the nation torosort to arms , Jacksoii , led by the instinctive knowledge of his own greatness , yet with a modesty that would have honoured the mo 3 t sensitive delicacy of nature , confessed his willingness to be employed on the Canada frontier ; and it is a fact that he _nspircdto tho command to which Winchester was appointed . We may ask , what would have bean the result , if tho command of the north western army had , at the opening of the war , been entrusted to a man who , in action , was over so fortunate , thai his vehement will seemed to have made destiny captive to his designs ?
The path of glory led liim in another direction . On the declaration of war , twenty-five hundred volunteers had _risan ut his word to follow his standard ; but , by countermanding orders from the seat of Government , ths movement was without effect , A new and grent danger hung over the West . Thc Indian tribes were to make one last effort to restore it to its solitude , and recover it for savage life . Th * brave , relentless _Shawnees—who , ftom time immemorial , had strolled from the waters o ' f the Ohio to the rivers of Alabama—were animated by Tecumseli and his brother ( he Prophet , who spoke to them as . with , the voice of the
Great Spirit , and roused thc Creek nation to desperate massacres . Who has not beard of their terrible _dteds , when their ruthless cruelty spared neither sex nor age * When the infant and its mother , the planter and bis family , who had fled for refuge to the fortress , the garrison that CapitUloteil- » -allwer 6 6 lain , and not a vestige of defence was left in tha country ? The cry of tlie West demanded Jackson for its defender ; and though his arm was then fractured by & ball , and hung in a sling , he placed hi ' m 3 elf at the head of the volunteers of _Tenuessee , and resolved to terminate for ever the hereditary _strugglo .
Who can tell tho horrors of that campaign 1 Who can paint rightly the obstacles which Jackson overcamemountains , tho scarcity of tenanted forests , winter , tha failuro of supplies from the settlements , the insubordination of tro « ps , mutiny , menances of desertion ? Who can measure the wonderful power over men , by which his personal prowess and attractive energy drew them in mid-winter from their homes , across the mountains and _morales , and through trackless deserts \ Who can _describe tho personal horolsm of Jackson , never _sparing himself , beyond any of his men ; encountering toil and fatigue , sharing every labour of tlie camp and of tbe maTch _, foremost in every danger ; giving up his horse to the inralid soldier , while he himself waded through the swamps on foot ? None equalled him in power of endurance ; and the private soldiers , as they found him passing them on tha march , exclaimed , " He is as tough as the hickory . " " Yes , " they cried to one another , " there goes Old Hickory , "
Who can narrate the terrible events of the double battles of Emuckfaw , or tho glorious victory of Tohopcka , where the anger of the goneral against the faltering was more appalling than the War-whoop and tho rifle of the savage ? Who can rightly conceive the field of Enotochopco , where the general , as he attomptcd to draw the sword to cut down a flying colonel who was leading a regiment from thc field , broke again the arm which was but newly knit together ; and quietly replacing it in the sling , with his commanding voice arrested the flight of the troops , and himself led tliem bade to victory . ' In six short montlis of vehement action , tbe most terrible Indian war in our annals was brought to a close , the prophets were silenced , the consecrated region of tha Creek nation reduced . Tlirough Scenes Of blood tlio avenging hero sought only the path to peace . Thus Alabama , a part of Mississippi , a part of bis own Tennessee , ' and the highway to the Florida ) , wore his gifts to thai Union . These were his trophies . j
Genius as extraordinary as military events can call forth , was summoned into action in this rapid , efficient , and mast fortunately conducted war . Time would fail were I to track our hero down thc watercourses of Alabama to tha neighbourhood of Pensacola . How he longed to plant thc eagle of his country on its battlements ! Time would fail , and words be wanting * , were I to dwell on the magical influence of his appearance in New Orleans . His presence dissipated gloom and dispelled alarm ; at onco he changed the aspect of despair into a confidence of security and 11 hope of acquiring glory Every man Knows the tale of the _lwroic , Sudllotl , and yet deliberate daring which led him , on tho night of the 23 rd of December , to precipitate his little army on his foes , in the thick darkness , before they grew familiar with their encampment , scattering dismay through the veteran regiments of England , and defeating them , and arresting their progress by a far inferior force .
Who shall recount tho counsels of prudence , the kindling words of eloquence , that gushed from his lips to cheer his soldiers , his _skirmishos and battles , till that eventful morning when tlie day at Bunker ' s Hill had its fulfilment in the glorious battle of _Bew Orleans , and American independence stood before the world in the majesty of victorious power . These were great deeds for tho nation ; for himself he did a greater . Had not Jackson been renowned for the vehement impetuosity of his passions , for his defiance Of others'authority , and the unbending vigour ofhis selfwill ? Behold the saviour of Louisiana , all garlanded with victory , viewing around liim the city he had
preserved , the maidens and children whom his _haroism had protected , stand in the presence ofa petty judge , who gratifies his wounded vanity by an abuse of his judicial power . Every breast in the crowded audience heaves with indignation . He , tho passionate , the impetuous — be whose power was to be humbled , whose honor questioned , whose laurels tarnished , alone stood sublimely serene ; and when the craven judge trembled , and faltered , and dared not proceed , himself , the arraigned one , barto him take courage , and stood by the law eren in thc moment when the law was made the instrument of insult aud wrong on himself—at the moment of his most perfect claim to tt _*» Wabcst civie honours .
Mis country , when it grew to hohl many more _millioos , the generation that then was coming in , has risen uptoi do homage to tbe noble heroism of that hour . Woman J whose fceVmg is always right , did honour from the first to the purity of bis heroism . The people of Louisiana , to tlie latest hour , will cherish his name as tlieir greatest benefactor . The culture of Jackson's mind had been _muih promoted by bis _sei'vices and associations in the war . His discipline of himself as the chief in command , his intimate relations with men like Livingston , the wonderful deeds in which he bore a part , all matured his judgment and mellowed his character . Peace camo with its delights ; once more thc country rushed forward to the devolopment of its powcis : once more the arts of industry healed thc wounds that war had inflicted ; and , from commerce and agriculture nnd manufactures , wealth gushed abundantly under tlie free activity of unrestrained enterprise .
And Jackson returned to his own fields and his own _puvsuits , to cherish his plantation , to care for his servants , to look aftev his stud , to enjoy the affection of the most hind and devoted wife , whom _lierespeeteu with the gentlest deference , and loved with teudevness . And there lie stood , like one of the mightiest forest trees of his own West , vigorous and colossal , sending its summit to the skies , and growing on its native soil in wild and inimitable magnificence , careless of beholders . Prom all parts of the country he received appeals to his political ambition , and the severe modesty of his wellbalanced mind turned them aU aside . lie was happy in lus farm , happy in seclusion , happy in his family , happy within himself .
But the passions of the southern Indians were not allayed by the peaco with Great Britain ; and foreign emissaries were still among them , to inflame and direct their malignity . Jacksoii was called forth by his couutry to restrain the cruelty of the treacherous and unsparing Seuiinoles . It was in lhe train of the events Of this War that he placed the American eagle on St . Mark ' s and _aiwetlw _auciant towers of St , _Augustiaa , Bis deads in
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that war , of _thsmnelres , form a monument ; to human pon er , to tho celerity ofhis genius , to tha croativo fertility ofhis resources , his intuitive sagacity . Aa Spain _. in hia judgment , had ¦ committed aggression , he would haw emancipated her islands ; of tbe Havana , ha caused the _reconnoissance to be made ; and , with an _^ army ot hve thousand men , he stood ready to guaranty her redemption from colonial thraldom . ' . But when peaco was restored , and his office was accomplished , his physical strength sunk under the pestilential influence of the climate , and , fast yielding to disease , he was borne in a litter across the swamps of -Florida towards his home . It was Jackson ' s character that he never solicited aid from any one ; but he never forgot these who rendered him service in the hour of need . At a time when all around him believed him near hfsciid , his wife hastened to his side ; and , by her tenderness and nursing care , her patient assiduity , arid the soothing influence of devoted love , withheld him from the Brave * .
He would have remained quietly at his , home in repose ; but that ha was privately informed his good _nametvasto be _attainted by some intended congressional proceedings ; lie camo , therefore , into the presence of the * people ' s representatives at Washington , only to vindicate his name ; and when that wns achieved , hewas once moro communing with his own thoughts among the _g-royes of thc Hermitage . .. - • .-: ' . ' It was not his own _ivabiticw which brought him again to the public view . The * , ffection /> f Tennessee compelled him to resume •> . seat on the floor of the American Senate , and , after years of the intunsest political strife , Andrew Jackson was elected President-of tlie United States .
rar from _advancmg his own pretensions , ho always kept them back , and had for years repressed the soliuitatiuns of his fricndB to become a candidate . He ielf sensibly that he was devoid o'f scientific culture , and "littlo familiar with letters ; and henover obtruded his opinions , or preferred claims to place . But , whenever his Opinion , WHS demanded , ho was always ready to pronounce it ; and whenever bis country invoked his serrices , he did not shrink even from tho station which had been filled by tha most cultivated men our nation had produced . ' Behold , then , the unlettered man of tho Wc 3 t , the _iiursw ling of the wilds , tlic farmer of the Hermitage , littlo versed in books ,-unconnected by science with the tradition of the past , raised by the will of the people to the highest _pinnaclo of honour , to the central post in the civilisation of republican freedom , to the station where all the nations of the earth would watch his actions- _^ _whera
lus . words would vibrate through the civilised world , and his spirit be tho moving star to guide the nations . —What ** olicy will he pursue ? What wisdom will he bring with him from the forest ? What rules Of duty will ha _CTOlvo from the oracles of liis own mind _f Tho man ofthe West came as the inspired prophet of tho West . * he came as one free from thc bonds of hereditary or established custom ; he came with no superior but conscience , no oracle but his native judgment ; and , true to his origin and his education—true to tha conditions and circumstances of his advancement , he valued right more than usage ; he reverted from the pressure of . established inttrests to tho energy of first principles . ; Wo tread on * ashes , where the fire is not yet _extfn . _guished ; yet not to dwell on hia career as President , Were to leave out of view the grandest illustration * of his mag . nanimity _.
The legislation of tha United States had followed the precedents of the legislation of European monarchies ; it was the office of Jackson to lift tha country out of tha European forms of legislation , _wid to open to it a career resting on _Ainerinan sentiment nnd America _^ freedom . — He would have freedom everywhere—freedom under the restraints of right ; freedom of industry , of commerce , ' of mind , of universal action ; freedom unshackled by _i-ostriclive privileges , unrestrained by tlie thraldom of monopolies . The unity ofhis mind and his consistency were without a _parallal . With natural dialectics he developed tha political doctrinos that suited every emergency , with a precision and a harmony that no theorist could liopo to equal . On every subject in politics—I speak but a fac _*—he was thoroughly and profoundly and immovably radi . cal ; and would sit for hours , and in a continued flow of remark make the application of his principles to every question that could arise in legislation , Or ill tho interpretation of tho constitution _.
His expression of himself wa 3 so clear , that his _influence pervaded not our land only , but all America and aU mankind . They say that , in the physical world , the mag . netic fluid i * so diffused , that its vibrations are discernible simultaneously in every partof the globe . So It is with the element of freedom . And as Jackson developed its doutritics from their source iii the mind of humanity , the popular _^ sympathy , was moved and agitated through * _, out the world , till his name grew cvcrywliero to be the symbol of popular power . Himself the witness of tlio _ruthlessnoss of savage lrfej he planned tho removal of tha Indian tribes beyond the limits of the organised States ; and it is-the result of hls _* determiucd policy that the region east of the Mississippi has been _tranufetve , ' ! to _tlw _mluswepoasesiionot ciuti-Tatwl man .
A pupil of the _wttdevnasB , Ms heart was with thepio . _nears of American Ufa towards the setting sun . No American statesman has evur embraced within his afflictions a scheme so liberal forthe emigrants as that of Jackson lie longed to secure to them , not pre-emption rights _onlj , but more than pre-emption rights . Ha longed to invite labour to take possession of the unoccupied fields without money and without price ; with ne obligation except tha perpetual devotion of itself by allegianoo- to its country , Under the beneficent influence of his opinions , the sons of misfortune , tho children of adventure , find their way to tho uncultivated west . There in some wilderness ginde , or in the thick forest of the fertile plain , or where tho prairies most sparkle with _flowers ,, _tliay , like the Willi boo which sets them the example of industry , may choose
their home , mark tho extent of their possessions by driving stakes or blazing troes , shelter their log cabin with boughs and turf , and teach tho virgin soil to yield itself to the ploughshare . Theirs shall be tbe soil , theirs the beautiful farms which they teach to bs productive . Coma , children of sorrow ! you on whom tlio Old World frowns ; crowd fearlessly to the forests ; plant your homes in confidence , for thc country watches overyoa ; your children grow around you as hostages , and the wilderness , at your bidding , surrenders its grandeur of useloss luxuriance to the beauty nnd loveliness of culture . Yet beautiful and lovely as is this scena ,. it still by far falls short of tho ideal which lived in . the affections of Jackson , nis heart ' wns ever with tha pioneer ; his policy ever favoured the diffusion of independent _froeliolds throughout the _labQurtas _elt & sas * f _ovw Un ** .
it would be a sin against tha occasion ,, wero 1 to omit to commemorate the deep _dftvotc-lnsss of Jackson to the cause undte the rights of labour . It was for the wulfare of the labouring classes tbat he defied all the storms of politic *! hostility . He longed to _sec-iae _tolabour f ) io fruits of its own industry ; nnd he unceasingly opposed eveiy system which tended to lessen their reward ,. or which exposed them to bo defrauded of their dues . Tho labourer may bend over his grave with affectionate sorrow ; for nCTOr in the tide of time , did a statesman exist more heartily resolved to protect them in tlieir rights , and . to advance their happiness . For their benefit , he opposed partial legislation ; for their benefit , ho resisted all _artiricutl methods of controlling labour , and subjecting it to capital . It was for their benefit that he loved freedom in all its forms—freedom ofthe individual iu personal Independence , freedom of the Statc « -as separate sovereignties . He never would listen to _counsels which tended to
the centralisation of power , The tr . ua American system pro-supposes the diffusion of freedom—organised Ufa iu all the parts of the American body politic , as- there ia organised life in every part of _tha-human system .. Jack _, son was deaf to every counsel which _sought to- subject general labour to a central will His- vindication of the just principles of the constitution derived it » sublimity from his deep conviction that this strict construction ia required by the lasting welfarn of tha great labouring _classes of the United States . To this end , Jackson revived thc tribunicial powerof the veto , noil exerted it against the decisive action oi both branches of Congress , against tho votes , tlie wishes , the entreaties of personal and political friends , "Show me , " was his reply to them ,. show mo an . express-clause
iii tiie constitution authorising Congress to take the bu . _slness of State legislatures , out of their hands . " "You _wWlvuiutis all , " cried a Sum partisan friend , " you will ruin _yoa ; r party and your own prospects . " '' Providence , * _answered Jackson , " wifttake eare of me ; " ' and ha persevored . In poDcecfling to _discharge the debt of the United States —a measure thoroughly American — . Jackson followed t iie © sample of his _prailccossots ; hut ha followed it with _, the fell _eonseiousiiojAtliat he was rescuing the country from the artificial system of finance which had prevailed thrtxsgliout tho would , * - and with him it formed a partof a system by which American legislation was to separata itself moro and more effectually fron . Euraneaii precedents , aad develope itself more and more , according to the vital principles _ofounpollticalexistence .
The discharge ofthe debt brought with it , of necessity , u great seduction of the public burdens , aud brought , of necessity , into view , the question , how far America should _foltow _, of choice , tha -obi restrictive system of high duties , under whicli Europe bad oppressed America ; or how for she should rely ou her own freedom and enterprise and power , defying the competition and seeking the markets , and _l-aceiving the products of the world . The mind of Jackson on this subject _i-easciicd clearly , and without passion . In the abuses of tlio system of revenue by expvessivo imposts , he saw evils whieh tho public mind would remedy ; and , inclining with the whole might ofhis energetic nature to the side of rcvbnuo duties , he made his earnest but tranquil appeal to tho judgment of the people .
The portions of country that suffered most severely from a system of legislation , which , in its extreme character as it then existed , is now universally acknowledged to have been unequal and unjust , were less tranquil , and rallying on thc doctrines of _fvcei . om _, which made our government . 1 limited one , they saw in the oppressive acts an assumption of power which was nugatory , because it was exercised , as they held , without authority from tlie people , Tlio contest that ensued was thc most momentous in our annals . The greatest minds of America engaged in the discussion . Eloquenco never achieved sublimcr triumphs in the American Senate than on thosa occasions . The country became deeply divided ; and the antagonist elements wore arrayed against each other under forms ofclasking authority menacing civil war ; the freedom _, ofthe several . States waa invoked against the _\ KniX _Olf ( _Ctovfawd iaiovx s 0 nd page . )
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 2, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_02081845/page/1/
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