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THELA]S[D!
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TO THE WORKING CLASSES. Ml Dear Fkie.*ds...
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THE PRIZE ESSAYS. I have had some commun...
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GERMANY. THE NEW l'EEOR.U-VnON. It is no...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Thela]S[D!
THELA ] S _[ D !
To The Working Classes. Ml Dear Fkie.*Ds...
TO THE WORKING CLASSES . Ml Dear Fkie . * ds , — I am now about to redeem the . pledge that I would visit Belgium , in order to instruct myself in the practice of agriculture followed in that country . I start for Belgium on Saturday next , with the intention of making a profitable agricultural tour . 1 will be the Northern Star ' s " CominssioxEn" in Belgium ; and as it is my intention to perform my journeys on foot , I shall be able , like the Tvmeis Irish commissioner , to poke my nose into eveiyfid ( --ifnotintoeveryparlour . _Youmustnatujally suppose that I have a greater interest than any man living in the success of the Land project ; and , as I told you in the outset , that much of its success must depend upon confidence in myself , I have deemed it my duty to clear np , and " settle my _acco-ants" as acting deputy treasurer , before I left the country ; which I now submit to you as follows : —
_Teargus O'Connor in account with the Treasurer of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . "Dr . as per acknowledgment Cr : in the SorOiem Star . £ s . d . £ b . d . June 1-1 cash- - 15 2 0 21 „ - - 1316 0 Paid to Trea-28 ,, - - 6 2 7 sneer ' s account Julv 5 „ - - 6 S 8 6 in Bank . - - _D 23 12 0 i * 12 ., - - 3310 3
19 „ - - 6 * 216 3 2 G ,. - - 65 9 11 Aug . 2 „ - - 57 7 4 9 „ - - 57 9 9 16 „ - - 32 11 6 23 „ - 183 1 Si 30 „ - - 9716 8 Cash received from Secretary 220 0 O
£ 923 12 Ol £ 023 12 _oj 2 > _Tow , there is my account , tip to Saturday the 30 th Of August , "Without tho deduction of one penny expenditure . This account does not include this week ' s receipts , because there would not be time for the post-office orders to be sent for _~ Mr . Eoberts' signature , and to come back to me : however , if I should never return , the-post-office orders are in the custody of my nephew , to Mr . Roberts' account . Having performed so mnch of my task , I have now to solicit a favour at your hands , which I expect you readily to grant , because doing so will furtltcr and protect your own interests and my character : it is , that you will
not make any alteration in the Rules untd my return , _whun I propose the following course as the best mode of securing the satisfaction and permanent interest of the Society . It strikes me , from communications that I have received from all parts ofthe country , that before Christmas this Land fund will amount to a prodigious sum of _meney ; a sum , the control over wrhieh I should like to see vested in hands that would be sure to give universal satisfaction . To this end , 1 wonld urge upon you thc propriety of the following course : that the shareholders shall , as speedily as the proper arrangements can be made to do this on system , proceed to nominate delegates to
meet at Manchester , to discuss the rules and the whole question of the Land , and determine on the alterations necessary ; that a levy of threepence per member be raised to discharge all thc expenses of the delegation , such as travelling and boarding expenses ; and that every 200 shareliolders appoint one delegate . Thc Conference being held at Manchester , and thc travelling expenses of the Lancashire , Torkshire , and Cheshire delegates being trifling , trill enable us to Jiavc a fair representation from dis taut parts . The various secretaries in the more distant localities could easily confer with their several
branches , and arrange for a delegate amongst them , after they arc classed for that purpose by thc general secretary . I _anticipate , that before you can act npon this suggestion , we shall have 4000 paying members . Indeed , I believe we have nearly that number now . However , we will suppose -1000 j this will give a delegation of twenty representatives , ¦ w hich added to the five directors and our treasurer , would give ns a Conference of twenty-six persons , -who c object would be business and not talk , and from whose deliberations I would anticipate thc most glorious results .
I should like to see eur own Duncombe and the glorious Oastler acting unitedly as the patrons of the Society ; and sueh men as James Moir , George Ross , and John Colqnhon ,. of Glasgow ; James Macpherson , of Aberdeen ; L . Pitkethley , and Joseph Thornton , of Huddersfield ; Titus Brooke , of Dewshury _; Wm- Lonsdale , of Manchester ; DavidWeatherhcad , of Keighley ; John Linton , of Selby ; and several suchlike men , appointed as trustees-: men who , one and all , would have an interest in the success of the object , and who eonld have no object
in thwarting or retarding our views . Believe me ,-my friends , that great , veiy great caution , eircanispection , and wisdom will he required to carry out our plan . I propose Manchester for the meeting of the delegation , because there we can have the benefit of ifc . Roberts * counsel without cost . For myself , without trenchmg on your funds ,. I have submitted ilie whole plan and rules to aneminent counsel in that branch -of the law : ; and I shall , at ihe appointed time , be prepared with -Ms advice upon all points . I shall also be strengthened by what I see in my travels .
I will now suppose that we have the 4 . 000 members ; a levy of threepence each will amount to £ 50 ; a sum -quite large eneugh , without trenching on the _jfund—for that , I am r € 5 olvcd , shaUrcmain whole and untouched—to pay fhe expenses of the Conference Recollect that this is but a pint of ale each man and tie object is to allow evert _suiEEnOLnER to have Ids finger upon thcfoundation _^ onc , so that none shall say hereafter that he had not his fair share in the design . Though l _« sk you for a little delay for my own convenience , vet I beg of you to bear in mind that there is no necessity whatever for an earlier
consultation . The thing is going on as rapidly and as _sueeessfnllr as ifc could possibly do : and the very _jfiict that the shareholders are to be brought together by their representatives at a sufficiently early period , to make all necessary arrangements for the future , will give increased confidence . In order to the carrying ont of this plan , I would strongly urge npon the several secretaries to communicate with the general secretary as to the number of enrolled members in their several districts . This may be done so as to appear in the Star ofthe 20 th : thatis , by Monday _^ the loth , the several secretaries should state to the
general secretary the exact numbers of members they lave enrolled , and then the general secretary may , in the following week ' s Star ( for I want to save expense of printin _« r ) , * issue the proper direction for the election of delegates . That done , the elections should be proceeded with forthwith : and , as soon as the delegates are appointed , it should be the duty of the shareholders who elected them , to have meetings asfrequently as possible , in order to instruct them as
to their duty ; not trammelling them too much , because that presumes that the one district may not be induced io change its opinion by communication with the other districts ; but they should discuss the whole question deliberately , maturely , and continuously ; andby so doing , their delegate willbring their judgment to bear upon his brother delegates . I wish ilie shareholders to discuss the several propositions that 1 hare laid before them from time to time in the Star .
We shall meet with this consolation , tliat there will be but one indivisible interest pervading all . There will be no popularity-hunters—no Marplots —no schemers . The one thing , which above all _othens I _T * _"ouia Impress npon jou , is the necessity of _appointing the wisest , most trustworthy , soberest , and besttempered men as your representatives . This plan _"tt-h' give Scotland and the West of England a fair share of the representation ; and bear in mind that the nisi and last expense would be but threepence per man : for we must try so to arrange our business , that further alterations will not be needed . i wish to remind you that I told the Convention from
_Wik'k the plan emanated , that it would take a _com--outtee fully five weeks to arrange it satisfactorily - 4 that what we Htm did was merely to enunciate _« e principle : and taking all things into considera _* _wn , I do not think the rules were veiy faulty . I _^ ve had several applications _requesting that one of f _* y letters should be published with the rules . I _* ve had no opportunity of consulting my brother hreetors upon the subject , but when the Conference -meets I pledge myself to be prepared with a short Practical essay upon the _JLana , _trlich-will serve to ***** as asnide , not onl y fOT our Soeiety but for all waifirs . This week you _iv _* 21 see nearly £ 200 ac-
To The Working Classes. Ml Dear Fkie.*Ds...
knowledged ; and each week promises a vast augmentation to our Soeiety . Now , my dear friends , having said so much on this subject , I shall proceed to canvass the opinions ofthe Times ' s " Commissioner" now in Ireland , picking up knowledge and information as to the causes of Irish distress and the remedy . The Irish press treats the correspondence of the Times ' s " Commisioner , " _somcapprovingly , some sneeringly , and some selfishlv .
Many aver that what he states was known to them before . "Why , to be sure it was ! How could abuses so long existing have been concealed from tliem ? Bat the question is , whether they have ever dared to assert the facts before ; and , if they have , have they brought the same acuteness , the same astuteness , the same wisdom , the same penetration , and the same happy mode of illustration , to bear upon those facts ? Their abuse of , or rather their sneer at , the " savoury hash" made of tainted meats is their own
condemnation : because , from their long Knowledge of thefacts , their existence is chargeable to tlieir subserviency . There is a value in this correspondence which to confess would be to admit their own littleness and their own proper position—the fact , that all classes believe _thefacts asserted by a stranger , while all equally know that if asserted by partisans they would go to thc account of political partisanship . A " Liberal " paper never represents the atrocities of Catholic middlemen—a " Conservative" paper never divulges the tyranny of Protestant proprietors .
Moreover , if truths ripen by repetition , why should not the truth be noiv repeated , when its repetition may carry with it a correction of the evils complained of ? Why , wise as these heroes of the Irish press think themselves , the Devon report came upon them like a thunder-clap : whereas it was but the flash that preceded the noise of the " _THUM-ERER . " Now , vanity would induce me to speak in these flattering terms of the productions of the Times's "
Commissioner , " because I assert , without fear of contradiction , that in my letter to the Irish farmers in 1831 ; in my letters to the Irish landlords , from York Castle , in 1 S 10 ; in my several letters in the Nortliem Star ; in my several speeches ; and in my Farming work , 1 have asserted over and over again every material fact that has been written by the Times ' s " Commissioner ; " and now I'll prove it to you from several passages in his letter in the Times of this _[( Thursday morning's date . He says : —
I will give you the expenditure of reclaiming and sowing with a first crop a field ofi acre and 18 perches , which was not worth 2 s . Cd . a-year , and tho results which have been _produced-by it . The following was the expenditure : — £ s . a . 36 men digging , < fcc ., at 8 d . a-day . 1 4 0 9 boys dropping potatoes , at 3 d . ai-day ... 0 2 3 Manuring 8 2 0 Average rent ( not worth 2 s . 6 d . ) ... ... 018 0 18 men , at 8 : 1 . a-day , shovelling potatoes 0 12 0
36 men digging potatoes , at 8 d . a-day ... 1 10 36 boys , as gatherers , at 3 d . per day ... 0 9 0 Expenses of reforming the ground ... ... 5 7 1 County-cess ... ... ... ... 0 2 6 Total cost of reclaiming , rent , ma- nuring , and setting £ 18 010 The produce was 52 barrels of potatoes , at 60 stom the barrel , —which , at the low price of 7 s . Cd . a barrel , £ s . d . Amounts to „ ... 19 10 0 Cost ef reclaiming and first crop 18 010
Profit the first year £ 1 9 2 The second year the crop was laid down in oats and grasses . The produce -was 10 score and 8 stooks of straw , covering the cost of rent , seed , labour , and all expenses ; and 15 sacks and 8 stones of oats at 24 stone the sack—which , at 18 s . a-sack ( the then selling price ) , left a clear profit the second year of £ 1316 s . This year , which is the third year , there have been A tons 17 cwt . of hay grown by this field , which , £ s . d . At 2 guineas a-ton , amounts to 10 3 8 Deduct rentand county-cess , 110 Leaving clear profit .., £ 9 " 2 S The after-grass pays the _labeur of cutting and making the hay .
I walked over this field—there was on it a thick crop of after-grass . The adjoining field had been thus reclaimed two years , and was growing a splendid crop of oats and clover , as its second crop . At the other side of the hedge , Mr . Hamilton led me into a field , well lying on the top of the hill , the land of which he said was worth 20 s . an acre rent . Two years ago it gave a crop of potatoes , followed last year by a crop of oats . It was not then laid down in grass , nor is it drained ; but cultivated after the manner which prevails ia Ireland . This , its third year , it is growing a very thick crop of ragweed , mixed with rushes , a few windle straws here and
there , some thistles , half the ground black without any verdure upon it , and thc rest natural grass , and , according to the estimation of the farmer with Hie , not worth 2 s . Cd . an acre this year . The farmers in the neighbourhood see , by example , the advantage ol following this plan of improvement , and of cultivating their land with skill and labour , andunder the wise encouragement of the landlord , who grants them £ 1 an acre for reclaiming their barren land ; under the superintendence of Mr . Hamilton , his agent and agriculturist , twenty acres were reclaimed two years ago , fifty acres last year , and it is anticipated from what the farmers say that 150 acres will be reclaimed this year .
Agriculture is not my profession , but I have taken the pains to master these facts , and to understand what I have been endeavouring to explain , I hope with the clearness which will make the explanation intelligible ; and now I will bring them to bear on the object which I have in view , We have here a patch of land which was nicknamed " Whistle-bare , " because of its sterility and rugged appearance—not worth 2 s . 6 d . an acre rent , and which , estimating its utility as a drying-ground , or play-ground , or waste for pigs to pick up roots in , at the most extravagant rate , could not be worth one guinea a-year in value to the farmer . But take it at this value , which exactly covers the average rent of 18 s . an acre and the county cess , and we have it in three years yielding no profit , but say worth £ 3 3 s . After being reclaimed , we have this same piece of laud , in the last three years ,
yielding—£ S . a . 1 st year , over and above every cost 19 2 2 nd ditto ditto ditto ... 13 16 0 3 rd ditto ditto ditto ... 9 2 8 Clear profit over and above rent and cultivation , in three years 21 710 Now , just cast your eye to the amount of labour shown to have been employed in reclaiming this piece of land the first year alone , in the account oi
thc expense of it which I have above given . I- am informed by Mr . Hamilton , the agent and the farmer , that this piece of land of 1 acre and 18 perches , thus improved , will yield on the average from £ S to £ 10 profit a-year to the farmer ; will give employment for 40 days' labour a-year ; and it is now worth two guineas a-year rent ; and tliere are thousands of acres of sueh land in Donegal which might be reclaimed with equal profit and advantage to all parties .
Now , my friends , let fools no longer talk of Feargus O'Connor's " exaggerations . " I have laid it down as an irrefutable fact , that by common industry any man may purchase , as "Ids own for ever , " any amount of land that he can ! cultivate by his own labour , in four or five years : that is , if a man pays £ 5 a year for two acres of ground and a house , he can purchase it , at twenty-five years' purchase , or thirty years ' purchase , by paying £ 150 for _^ it , at the end of five years . Now , observe what this writer says : — " At the end of three years , out of an acre , and less by two perches than the eighth of an acre , not worth 2 s . 6 d . rent , he made profit , over and abovc
rent and cultivation , in three years , £ 24 7 s * lOd . " Now _observe , at thirty years' purchase , he could have purchased that acre and eighteen perches for £ 315 s . ; so that he . might have purchased for ever _exactlj eight acres of _ground of the same description for tht £ 24 7 s . lOd . _pro-St that he made of the one acre and less than an eighth - 1 But that ' s not all . At the end of the three years tfre " patch" was worth £ 2 2 s . a year rent , instead of 2 s * Cd- ; so that if he sold it then at thirty years' pt * xchase , he would get £ 63 which , added to the £ 3 A Ts . lOd ., -would mate _» profit over and above e _xpenditiT- _" - * nree * feare oi £ 83 12 s . lOd . ! I take the original cost of the f patch" at ; thirtyyears' purchase ,- •**•* 15 s _*> from the
To The Working Classes. Ml Dear Fkie.*Ds...
¦ ross amount . Now then , that ' s upon cold bog , * not worth 2 s . 6 ( 1 . an acre ; " whereas , if it had _ieen worth £ 2 an acre , he would have made ten imes as much profit . Then look at the slovenly icre belonging to Mr . Hamilton ' s neighbour , worth El an acre , but reduced by inattention , " growing agweed mixed with rushes ; a few windle straws ierc anil-there ; some thistles ; half the ground ilack without any verdure upon it , and the rest natual grass ; and , according to the estimation o $ a armer , not worth 2 s . 6 d . an acre this year . " Now , let every secretary of the Land Society read hat extract over again and again to his brother _memlers . I will give you another extract . The Times ' s _lorrespondent , after very forcibly pourtraying thc _svils , thus lucidly , wisely , and briefly , _proposes the 'emedy
" There stands a fact regarding this county , as an sample of what Ireland is capable of becoming hat it is , is but too well known . And yet you will nd Irishmen by the score declaim about the want r capital and the _tuant of employment in Ireland 'liy , here is a perfect mine of capital , waiting to i realized ; and more employment for the people urn there are people for the employment . But Ircnd is disturbed , because its people want employtent , and consequently bread ; and therefore they re ready to listen to any wild _chimsera which prolises them relief , or to enter into any combination : commit any outrage which they mistakingly nagine will procure tliem relief . Oh , how exquitely absurd appear College bills , and Repeal
demonrations , and Orange demonstrations , to obtain _sace , and order , and prosperity to Ireland , after j mtemplating such a palpable and straightforward leans as this for insuring plenty , and occupatior rid wealth , and consequent contentment a ju _eaee ! Yet the remedy is a social one : a Governmc _« _jp- »„ _B little here . If Irish gentlemen and 1 _^ _- _j _^ L ill not pnt to use those means of prosr _^ ' „_ i reatness which are abundantly given to f _(^ , _j „ _£ j s iflicult to conceive with what face * j _^„ ' ca ' ag i _Englishmen to help them . Why whin * ,, _^ 0 , 1 t ' "En « - sh capital , " when you have capit- at ymv ° oors whenever you choose to wi _* _^ j S ? _$ . A that lishmen their
thus Eng won e apital . Had how _wer , the . _Government propose- / a grant ¦ of ' equal ninount to that which has tin- 3 year been given ( _- _< n patently but to exasperate Ir _eland , in wounding her religious prejudices ) , to be f jpent in promoting t ) in reclamation ot waste lands - _inland , in _bonuses 0 f £ 1 an acre to the tavav jTS t anA „ sa ] aries to inteJli _ gent agriculturists to direct the people and certity that the _bonuses were deserved , rx _$ * now done by a , private _landowner at Pcttigo , though the relief would have been but trifling . r _* compared with the extent . 0 f the mischief , yc '; it would at east have had this much in its fa row—it could have offended no sensible man in Ireland In
increasing tjie wealth and means o < i' comfort of the _tenant-fiUTiiers ( cven though they paid treble rent ) and m aftording employment to ] . abourers , the capabilities ot consumption of _larr _^ e masses of peoplo would have been much _increased , and so many _taxpayr-ig commodities would- ' / lave been consumed , _tn-xt { what cannot be said r _, f the present grant ) a considerable portion of t ' jie sum granted would have found its . way back _i . ntothe Exchequer in the shape ot increased CuF , ton * s and Excise duties ; and according to the _increased comfort would have been tlie probability of increased tranquillity . It is , however , _thelando . wners of Ireland alone who can work out this remedy efficiently . "
Now , how often have I told you , and how often have I told the H ouse of Commons , that the remedy " IS A _SOCIAL ONE , and the Government can 0 little . " flow -often have I told you , not only that Ireland was not over-populated , but that under a good system she would maintain five times the pvcscnt amount of population ; and how often have 1 told you , English working men , that the prosperity of the Irish labourers was a question as much affecting wots as them ; because the ivant of profitable occupation at home , where thereis an ample field for their labour , compels them to come as competitors into YOUR market . But see the other remedy that the Times ' s " Conimissioner "« proposes ' as a means of
enforcing a better cultivation of the soil . He proposes labour premiums , and agricultural premiums . In 1833 , without as much knowle dge of the subject as 1 have _noie , I proposed to the House of Commons the two following remedies : —Firstly , that the landlords should be compelled to ] , make leases for ever of their estates at a corn rent , and that the power of distress should be taken from them ; nnd , as a substitute for Poor Laws , I proposed a graduated scale of taxation , to fall equitably upon tenants having leases for ever , landlords in chief , middlemen , resident landlords , non-resident landlords , excepting altogether tenants who had no leases ; and that this tax should constitute a premium , fund , the effect ofwhich would have
been , that for every hundred pounds so levied and distributed , an extra £ 2 , 000 , and more , would be spent in competitive labour by those who competed for the prizes : and thus the man who gained the prize would be honoured and enriched , while all those who competed with him , though they lost the honour , would have reaped the benefit of r-EnsuAsivE industky . Now , that was my remedy ; and not unmindful of the labourers , I proposed premiums for them also—for the neatest cottages , best cultivated gardens , and best brought-up children . But the
foundation of all tliese improvements must be certainty of tenure ; and for this reason : that without that basis , you can have no scale of taxation * . for the landlords of steel will throw it all , with a profit , off their own shoulders on to those of thc tenants of straw . And well knowing the power which is required to keep what my own industry and your confidence in nie may put you in possession of , I here give notice that I shall submit to the consideration of the delegates the propriety of adding some educational plan , as well as a labour premium plan , to the " Rules ofthe Chartist Co-operative Land Plan . "
Again , how often have I told you that tho remedy is a SOCIAL ONE , and "that Government can do little ; " and that " all is in your own hands . " > Now , my friends , weigh tliose things which I put upon record twelve years ago , and have been repeating every day since , which tho Times ' s " Commissioner " now announces as crying sins ; and bear in mind , that the " ragged rascals" who have been eating and drinking and wearing the very sweat , and the marrow , and the blood of the poor Irish people , have
never yet proposed one single solitary practical atom of _social relief for them . They got Emancipation ; but no further relieved themselves from tithes , than by a change of masters from parsons to landlords . They lost their forty shillings' holdings ; and became paupered beggars . They got Municipal Reform ; and their share was the "honor" of dressing daws in peacocks' feathers . They _got'Reform ; and tlieir share was ousting , ejectments , clearance , and distress , while their leaders were made Lords , Membevs of P & vlia ment , Baronets , Knights , and Salaried Paupers !
No wonder that such a set of ragamuffins should clamour for objects whicli they never intended should be realised I If they had spent all thc money they have filched from the people in agricultural improvements , Ireland would now have been a paradise , and not a single Irish labourer would be in the English market . We have set them the example ; and before this day twelvemonth * , " impracticable Chartism" wiil havo erected its own monument ; and every occupant located upon th land will be a good auxiliary in the Chartist ranks .
Now , my good friends , before I wish you farewell , I have to holloa in your ears that awful word dishonesty and tlie Executive , I frill S » y _« ° more than that you employed them , and contracted to pay them their wages ; that they have worked hardly and honestly ; and you have withheld their just reward . You must lay a levy in your several districts , and pay off your just debt . And let me see that my absence , instead of increasing apathy , will increase your desire to teach me that you do not require me to teach you your duty towards yourselves . In my absence all monies may be sent precisely as heretofore , addressed to 1 / 16 , and MADE PAYABLE IO Mr . Roberts . My nephew will see to their insertion each week in the Star ; and he and _^ Mr . _Wheeler can confer upon all money matters . "
To The Working Classes. Ml Dear Fkie.*Ds...
After this week you will read of my tour .--1 shall necessarily address you at considerable length * : for it is my-intention that my tour shall be a profitable one to ' ydii .- Farewell ,- then , my friends , till we meet again . I am growing actually childish in my desire to see the / ii'sfc hundred ireemen sitting down to dinner , in commemoration of their release from the house of bondage , —the rattle-box and the damnablc bastile * ,- and no monarch at his coronation , no _warrior at the news of victory , no culprit at the announcement that his life has been spared , will , mQ r , rejoice atthe announcement that what lias b _; den _t _' . one by a hundred maybe equally effected by _^ - _nayon Again farewell , and God bless you air % l _prospcrfouv righteous object , until thc return of
\ loin * laitfhul servant and aflKtioi >' t _. friend 1 . / i'Ai . ' jTjS O'Connor . P . S .-One circumstance v ljcJ . j ha ( 1 intended to communicate to you on r V Jbamfnm my mt tour , but which slipped lny - m m _^ be _vcryplcasingtoyouto flear > Itisthi ; : _ M r . Ferrand , the member for _Kr .. aveP _' j 00 rougllj Ms kt outin allot ments a _conside- _^ Ue _, tmct of groimd > I believe _^ much as htty a - j _^ . in tho ne _* ghbourhood of Keithley _, at the same r cnt t _- u muld _^ m a lms & { n tU bulk toafarw _ er . wKiLe parsons and "Liberals" in fc ! iesani . ene ; * _jglibourhood are charging at the rate of asm , _\ ch as £ 20 , £ 30 , and £ 10 an acre . This _circ j st . _a' -j 0 ej together with his well-known humanity , ! l . aire . d 0 f humbug , and love of justice to the working ; classes , should recommeud him to us as another Valuable patron to our society . Once more farewell . F . O'C .
¦ ¦¦¦¦ ¦ ____Am) National Trades' Journa...
¦ ¦¦¦¦ ¦ ____ AM ) NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL . 1 ' _ !
R Ju' And — "— ', - , - ' _ ,._ M. N- .I...
— " — ' , - , - ' _ _,. _ M _. n- . i _> . .. . -i , _,., m i _^—«*¦ u ¦ ¦ - ' ¦ _¦* - " . _» i _ ¦¦¦ —¦¦ _m u . » - _^^ mt 0 mm _—«^ _e » - , YOL . VIII . NO . 408 . LONDON , SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 6 , 1845 . _^ _^ J _^ _U _^ _' _^^~^ i i . . »« ¦ ¦¦ ¦ i i ¦¦ ¦¦ ii h 7 !
The Prize Essays. I Have Had Some Commun...
THE PRIZE ESSAYS . I have had some communications relative to three prize essays that were sent to the Trades Conference , and I have been asked why no notice has been taken of them ? My answer is that my disappointment was as great as the writers ; and upon appealing to Mr . Barrett for some explanation , he told me that the essays were not in his possession in sufficient time to use for the purpose for which I intended them , and for the only purpose tliey could servo ; namely , as a means of assisting the _Conference in drawing up thc plan of organisation . I have not had time to read more than one essay . It is admirable . On my return I shall read the remaining two , and shall then communicate on tin .- subject with the writers , if they will favour me privately with their address . Feargus O'Connor .
Tfmimx Mttllmn^
_tfmimx _Mttllmn _^
Germany. The New L'Eeor.U-Vnon. It Is No...
GERMANY . THE NEW _l'EEOR . _U-VnON . It is now something like six months , or nearly so , since we first introduced to our readers thc question of the " New Reformation , " now agitating Germany , and exciting tlie attention of Europe generally . We dare say at the time some of our readers thought wc were rather unnecessarily occupying our columns with what they would look upon as the mere Quarrel of religious sectaries . We , however , took a different view of the question , and acted accordingly . We thought , we saw from the outset of this movement something more than what at first view was apparent . Ronge denounced thc imposture ofthe "Holy Coat , " the supremacy of the Pope , nnd the despotism generally of the Romish
hierarchy : but those denunciations were regarded by us but as indices of the spirit moving beneath the surface—the spirit of free inquiry , which , not confining iis exertions to the merely pulling down of one priestianity and setting up another ill its Stead , was gradually undermining all priestly power , and all domination founded on fraud , whether of priests , kings , or any other description of usurpers . Every fresh event , every new step taken by the new movement , convinces " us of the soundness of our views . Six months ago we foresaw too , and predicted the success of this movement . Then we almost stood alone . Now there is not a paper , daily or weekly , but is devoting article after article to a subject whicli six months back we made our readers conversant with . In again calling attention to the subjeet , it may not be unnecessary to present a brief review of the question and its progress . In this country , seeing the Puseyite schism in the Established
Church—witnessing , too , the system of proselytising , whieh for some years past lias been carried on by the Romish priesthood , and listening to the " arrogant assumptions" ofthe Irish Romish hierarchy , we might have been tempted to have believed , not only in the vaunted impregnability of the Popedom , but more than that , in its asserted gradual rc-conquest of universal dominion . But what are the facts ? Why , that while in England , apostate Protestant priests , and a few unfortunate ignorant dupes , numbered by units , have been gathered into the " true ' fold ; " in other countries—in States where even the efforts of LuniER and his compatriots had been without effect ; in some of the oldest strongholds of Romish power , there has been , for many years past , a growing spirit of resistance . to Papal tyranny ; and , at length , an insurrection against that tyranny , which , at the present moment , bids fair to relieve ' . ' his holiness " of the trouble of ruling some millions whose fathers were content to be the " slaves of Rome . "
The much calumniated French Revolution first called into active life the seeds of free thought sown by the first Reformation , and by the subsequent progress of intelligence . So far back as 1798 , the spirit of free inquiry had made a lodgment even in the ranks of the priesthood : and one of that order , the priest Becker , of Paderboon ( Westphalia ) , was imprisoned lor a time , by order of his ecclesiastical superiors , for certain . _** heretical" doctrines avowed by liim . His "heresy" consisted in this : hehad laboured to establish Sunday schools ; __ had inveighed against religious processions , as inciting to , and productive of various immoralities ; and finally , he had
assailed thc laxities and tyrannies of the superior orders of the Romish priesthood . For these " offences" hewas persecuted through life ; but Ill ' s persecution did not prevent other Beckers from raising their voices , from time to time , against the monstrous abuses existing in their church . The Silesian priesthood began to clamour against the odious celibacy imposed upon them , and demanded to be allowed to take unto themselves wives . At length Johannes , or , John _Rosge— -he who has been called the " second Luther "—arose : and rallying all the elementsof dissent and resistance , produced the explosion whieh is now reverberating through
Germany . The Roman Catholic clergy at Treves lay claim to the possession of the coat which , it is said , Jesus Christ ivore al his crucifixion !! and for which the Roman soldiers " cast lots . " There are a number of other " coats" in existence : all assertedby their possessors to be the tme and genuine " old do ' . " All these coats have of course ¦ _" * worked miracles ; " and the devil himself has been regularly floored several times by the exhibition of the rotten old rag at Treves . In 1844 , the semi-centennial anniversary ofthe exhibition of the " coat" came on * , and not to lose so excellent an opportunity of _strenghteninc
the belief of the faithful , confounding the "heretics , " and stifling the growth of dissent within the bosom of the Church , Bishop _Arsoldi determined upon renewing the exhibition of former times . The garment was exhibited for only one month : but in the course of that time , so well had the priests succeeded in inflaming the superstitim _, and curiosit y ofthe people , thatit is calculated that more than a million and a half of pious pilgrims visited Treves to get their shares ofthe beneficial influence of the holy relic . Miracles , of course , were not wanting ; and even several members of the verv highest society declared themselves healed from diseases of long standing by a mere touch of thewondertidfrock .
So far the impostors had cause for triumph : but in the height of their intoxication a dread voiw sounded in their ears— -the voice op mum a *™ common sense , exposing the fraud , and denouncini ! the _Iraud-monuors . That ram avis , ' an honest priest , appeared m the person of John Roxoe , who boldh denounced . the farce as he called it , of the "hofy coat . " His letter to Bishop Arnoldi appeared in this paper some months ago ; and wc need not now go over itscontents . The earnestness and eloquence of the writer , exhibited in every line , will not be soon _forgotten . This letter immediately placed Ro _\ ce at the head ot the liberal Catholics , who shortly afterwards renounced their allegiance to Rome , and resolved _nr ? . - e 8 m _, lut 0 an independent German Catholic Church . The progress of the movement has been from time to time noticed in this paper . There is nt present scarcely a town with a Roman Catholic population that has not one or more congregations of tlte new Church . Even at Cologne , for centuries past the stronghold of Popery , two congregations
Germany. The New L'Eeor.U-Vnon. It Is No...
J _^ _Tw _, ° _™^ Pathy with the _^ ew sect : and _Slte'S ? ' ' _^ _fcel anv particular hostility * ! _S r * f _^ * a » d " ¦ % ' <•• " » ° _ti < _"w of _t- 'c J iW' •¦ A _' but bccauso we ri- » '( 1 tllilt clll ,,, cl 1 , 4 ,, - , lt , ' _' tyranny , _settins up a monstrousdespol ' _.. over the _' soula and bodies of men , and enjoining all to acknoiv . ed . _'voand bow to its infallibility . From the time that the Popus have sat " in the seat of the O _.-esaks , to the present hour , they have been tlic ¦ 'hampions and representatives of despotism in its worst and deadliest form . To tell us that " Rome
has changed" is fudge . Wherever "His Holiness " has f \ . U ami uncontrolled sway , the darkness of the middle ages yet survives ; " and tyranny , mental , political , and social , is maintained by lies , _comiptioiu persecution , and death . The selections wc have given from Mr . Maxmsi's pamphlet , showing tlte horrible condition of the " states of the church , " prove this . The Popedom , _ar . a political as well as _theological'despotism _, stands in the way of human progress , and its fall is necessary _fov- . thc salvation of mankind . TTiereTorc it is tlint wc are compelled to respond to the appeal of Roxob _, as recently addressed by him to the nations of Europe : —
"Arise , then , men of Germany and Franco ! men of Great Britain , Italy , and Spain , arise' ! meu of Em-ope and America ! Let u » _.. » nitein the noble enterprise . To the work , like men—the work of peace and freedom . The hour is come . Lot us break thc yoke imposed on faith and _conscionce—drag down lying priesthood and the Hierarchy 1 Annihilate disdainful Jesuitism , insulting God and man ; and usher in the glorious reign of truth , light , and righteousness—of virtue , of freedom , and of love . " The recent disturbances in Leipsic demand a few words of explanation . Tliese disturbances have been imputed to the independent Catholic movement ; but we believe this to be not the fact . It appears tliat , in Saxony , about ninety-six per cent , of the population are Protestants . Tho new Catholic movement , therefore , cannot much affect that kingdom . But a new movement has also taken place amongst the Saxon Protestants . Wc find the following explanation nf this new movement in thc Times : —
The liberal religious sect or party in Protestant Prussia and Protestant Saxony ha 3 assumed the title ofthe _LichttVcunde , or Friends of Light ; aud are simply Protestant Dissenters—seceders from tlio forms of Protestant worship which are established in thc North of Germany . It is beside our purpose to inquire into their theological tenets , though we suspect that they are more rem . _li'l'ithic fov the extreme laxity of their own interpretation , both of the doctrines and moral precepts of Christianity , than for aught of tho dogmatism and severity of the elder reformers . It is sufficient for us to observe , that in Prussia this sect lias manifested a spirit of active opposition to what are termed the Pietists , or High Church party , in that country ; and in Saxony they have formally dissented from the doctrines of the Confession of Augsburg .
The King and the Koyal family of Saxony belong to that small fraction of the Saxon peoplo whicli adheres to the Roman Catholie faith . The spiritual affairs of the kingdom , are conducted l > y three ministers , who are specially designated as ministers in ecclcsiasticis ; they are of course Luthereans . As the guardians ef the Lutheran church , professing to hold by the Confession of Augsburg , which may be regarded as the established religion of the Saxon people , these ministers in ecclcsiasticis viewed with extreme dissatisfaction and alarm the progress of a sect of Protestant Dissenters hostile to that church and creed . Ihey proceeded , therefore , a few weeks ago , to promulgate a decree , in the name of the King , but in reality on their own responsibility , forbidding the formation ami assembly of religious coiigrccations professing opinions
at variance with the Confession of Augsburg . Tins measure was , of course , especially calculated to check the progress of the Protestant Dissenters calling themselves the Friends of Light . As might have beeu anticipated , such an edict created very great surprise and irritation . Saxony is a country possessing a constitutional Government , and an educated and intelligent people ; ami it re * quired no very great penetration to discover that to tie men down to the Confession of Augsburg by a royal ordinance was singularly inconsistent with the true principles of the Reformation of 1320 , ' and with the tolerant usages of our own age . Prince John , of Saxony , who , like most of the German Princes closoly connected with the throne , has a seat in the Council of State , and , we believe , presides over that body , is supposed by the people to have contributed to induce the ministers in ecclcsiasticis
to try this unlucky experiment . It was regarded at Leipsic as a direct encroachment on the fundamental principle ofthe Protestant Reformation -, and the citizens , or rather the mob , visited their indignation , probably most unjustly , on an unpopular Prince . The above is the version given by the Times ; but other journals represent the excitement to have been caused by the King ' s refusal to permit the Catholic Reformers to assemble for the exercise of worship . Be that as it may ; whether the " rioters" were Protestant _Dissentersj } or Catholic Reformers , or composed of both parties , which is the most likely , judging by their shouts and songs , one thing is certain— blood has been shed . This blood-shedding rankles in the hearts ofthe Saxon people , who , with
the Germans generally , are beginning to learn tilt * lesson of practical resistance to kings . We know that some of the friends of political and social progress in Germany look with distrust on these religious movements , as calculated to mislead the masses from the pursuit of political and social freedom . We do not share their fen's . So long aa the people are the slaves of religious fanaticism , they cannot be brought to listen to the truths of political and social equality . Once "the dry bones are well shaken , " and the masses are brought to think on religious questions , independent of the dictum of any church or priesthood , they will not pause there . Rokoe is but the precursor of others who will teach the people to think , independent of kings and masters ,
as well as popes and priests . Indeed , the Prussian Government , already alarmed at the revolutionary tone of some of Roxge ' s late _iViseonrses _, have placed him under the surveillance of the police . On the other hand , thc King of Saxony , incited b _^ the Romish and other zealots who surround him , seems determined to crush , if he can , _thc'Protestant Dissenters and Catholic Reformers , both . Hefiuds himself , however , opposed to a people who , if roused , are very likely to crush him . The students and the Civic Guard of Leipsic gave their assistance to restore order and prevent the further effusion of blood . But , that accomplished , they forthwith demanded of the kins , in a tone little suited to the taste of thc court , that a strict
investigation should be made into the _cu'ciimsrances oftlie riot ; and that those who had caused the blood ofthe people to be shed should be punished . Thc king replied , stating that his confidence in the loyalty ofthe people of Leipsic was shaken ; reminding the citizens that his brother had been "grossly insulted , " and the public authority defied by the " mob . " Of course , the good people of Leipsic care not a straw for this " kingly lecture . " It is enough for them that the king has refused them justice . The consequence will be , that when next he visits Leipsic , lie will stand a good chance of being himself " grossly insulted" and ids authority "defied . " "King Mob" is'daily acquiring increasing contempt for all rival kings ! It is not difficult to see that the next great
revolution will be in Germany . All the educated classes scorn the superstitions of the various priesthoods ; and these new religious movements will tend to open the eyes and hasten the mental enfranchisement of tho masses . The principles of Republicanism , Communism , and " a Germany , one and indivisible , " are the principles of nine-tenths of the students and other young men , who constitute the strength of " Young Germany . " Tlio present time is pregnant with a movement which the future will see brought forth , and that too at no distant day , when all the existing despotism *; , spiritual , political , and social , will be swept away by the lava of revolution ; and what in ' 93 France talked about , Germany will DO !
SPAIN . The accounts from Madrid of tho 24 th and 25 th ult ., show the complete restoration of tranquillity . The shopoeracy have no stomachs for fighting , and , as tlieir passive resistance could not long have remained " passive , " they wisely succumbed , Oi ) the 25 th all the shops were open as usual . M . Mon was persisting with the utmost activity in the execution of his financial plans , calculating , no doubt , that a suppressed emeute would rather aid than otherwise the resolutions of the Government .
. INDIA AND CHINA—OVERLAND MAIL . The overland Mail has arrived , bringing advices from that Presidency ofthe lath July , from Calcutta of the 10 th July , and China of the 2 _^ nd May . The news from Scinde is of some interest . The tract of country on the western bank of the Indus , recently ceded to the Governor by Meer AH Moorad , having been invaded and plundered by tho neighbouring tribes , it had been deemed expedient to send a wing ofthe 18 th Bombay Native Infantry for the purpose of chastising the marauders ; andthe non-arrival of news from this detachment had led to the inference that reinforcements wonld be wanted , and that the aftair had been found to be more sonons than was in the first inscance anticipated . The dissatisfaction occasioned by thc re-introduction of the transit duties , after their abolition by Lord Ellenborough , had suffered no diminution . Our intelligence from Lahore comes down to the 24 th of June , and is of
Germany. The New L'Eeor.U-Vnon. It Is No...
gome importance . Thc cholera was considerably ore the decline , the _wj _^ _z r . ' . ' . V .. _' . _rrr- \ sf ( .. cat ** .. . i _* ev day i . avii . g " dwiiidied " dowii from G 00 to from t _« e _»^ _g . . _thirtvT This terrible disease , however , i > t 1 cont _£ nued _' _its ravages in . other parts ot the r « _M « _W ? £ had occasioned a great mortality at tho ii * J * _" - tion of _Feroxepoif , where sevcra o the . n ates a * her M ., _tety _' S 02 nd Regime * . _^ _*™ _£ _S We have alreadv mentioned the inswrw _^ pnj "?
movement of PcstHWiir Singh , and his . siirpii _* . * . ¦»"' _caplnre ofa party with a large iimoiiiifc m treas » ' _^ . _^ attempt io assassinate _Ghoolab Siugh had bccii _disc _^ verc ;' _, , and the originator ofthenlot . a ter lav _ngfcAjB poison , denounced _Je-saliii * _Siuidi and Lai . _Jjiue" . P _> commander ofthe forces ) as *** V . _^ _T _^^* _X _plo' _-crs . ic is added that Jownlnr bim \ _m a mo sequent attack with a large force on Gnoolab _bingn , had been worsted with a loss of 3 , 000 men . 1 _«« account was , however , considered somewhat apocryphal , and had certainly not been confirmed trom any authentic source . Ghoolab Singh stilt continued a * _^ current the \
Lahore . The rumours that were o _, intention of the Government to make an incursion into the Sikh countrv appears to rest on " no better foundation . From Southern Mahratta we have l _. ttle news bevond thc fact that the cholera , had proved . . exceedingly fatal at Belgauni and lvholaporo , ami _^ had not spared the European , residents . Bv ac- „> . counts from _Afghanistan , we learn that AUlioar . . \ Khan hoped to obtain a remission of his gins by 3 journey to Mecca ; an _arrangement ol which the Dost , his lather , altoirether disapproved ; seeing that the King ol" _liokhava ' had intimated his intention to - invade and aiipropriate the territory ofthe _Wullce of Khonloom . The cholera was still - ' raging at
_Glumioe t < nd Jollalabad . In China , trade was . stated to be rapidly improving . It appears tliat Kcyeing , who hail been degraded last year , had received a scat in the Cabinet , as Assistant Minister , the post formerly held by Keshen . i ITALY . . . The Italian _Ik-juho _ksts .- —Letters from the Ionian . _- * _^ Islands make mention that on the 25 th of July , the first nnnivei'Siirv of the lamented death of the small band under the ' brothers Bandiera , a funeral service was performed in the Latin church of Cenhalonia m J inenmrv of the deceased . The death-bell tolled , the /
sacred edifice was hung with black drapery , and m the centre of the aisle was erected a- magniliccnt catafalque , surmounted by a crown of palm kuves , symbolical of martyrdom . No scroll or _inscriptioc indicated the names , or on what occasion the deluded victims surrendered their lives , but two groups ot Italian ladies al opposite angles , and other two groups of Italian gentlemen at tho other _jingles , attired in deep mourning , kneeling and shedding tears , and the well-remembered day of the preceding year , marked out plainly the event . After tho performance of hi » h mass , am ! the offering up of a solemn prayer to the Almighty for the souls of the dead , a funeral dirge , printed in gold , on black-edged paper , was distributed to all thc devout assisting at this melancholy ceremony . SWEDEN .
A Liberal King . — -It is known that in the last Swedish Parliament several bills , containing organic and radical improvements in the constitution , were thrown out by the Lords jiiu ( the clergy , in opposition to the votes of thc burgesses and the peasantry , which latter is represented in Sweden . The King was , it seems , reluctantly compelled to yield to sueh a powerful impulse . In one case , however , he did not , and gave his assent to a bill equalising the law of marriage and inheritance in ail classes of society , which tlie nobles had protested against . This is the first step , as it were , to do away with primogeniture and the entailing of property . The Swedish papers are full in praise of King Oscar , and consider this act as an indication of a liberal and enlightened reign , like that of his late father . —¦¦¦ ¦ i ¦ n ii ii ¦ in n
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CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY . Meetings for the purpose of enrolling members and transacting other business connected therewith are held every week ou the following days and places * . — _SUXIMY KVKXIXO . South London Chartist Hull , 115 , Blackfriars-road , at half-past six o ' clock . —City Chartist llall , 1 , Turnagain-lane , at six o ' clock . — Westminster : at tho Partlieniuni Club Booms , 72 , St . Martin's-lane , at halfpast seven . —Soma's Town : at Mr . _Diitldl'Cgc _' _s , Bricklayers' Arms , _Tonbridgc-strect , New-road , at eight —Tower Hamlets : at the Whittington and Cafe , Church-row , Bethnal-green , at six o ' clock precisely , —Emmett ' s Brigade : at the Rock Tavern , Lissonarove , at eight o ' clock precisely .
MONDAY JSVEN _1 _SG . Camberwell : at the Montpelicr Tavern , Walworth , at eight O'clock precisely . . _TIIUSDAY EVEXIXC . Tower Hamlets : at the Whittington and Cat , Church Row , Bethnal-green , at eight o ' clock . — - GrceiiK'ic / i : at the George and Dragon , _UlacUheathhill , at eight o ' clock-. WEDSESnAY . EVEK 1 SO . Marylebone : at the Painters' Arms , Circus-street , at eight precisely .
City Chartist ILyll , 1 , Tup . xagain-i . axe . — Mr , Cooper ' s fifth lecture will take place next _Sunday eveuing , at a quarter past seven precisely . Sul > - ject : " English History . " The _Gynu-i , and _ollies * early inhabitants of the country ; expedition of Julias _Ciesar ; Roman conquest and colonization of the island ; arrival oftlie Saxons ; the Heptarchy ; Ina , Pcnda , Ofm , and other Bretwaldas , or kingsiii-ehief ; Egbert ' s union of the iingiiom ; Alfred ' s birth , earfy struggles , learning , philanthropy an _$ patriotism , laws und enactments , battles with tha Danes ; Venerable Beiie ; Edgar the great , and remaining Saxon kings ; impostures of St . Dunstaii '; reign of Canute ; Edward the Confessor ; _Unroll , ; Battle of Hastings ; accession of William thc CSiiqueror . Tho lecture to be interspersed with occasional sketches of Saxon manners and customs , religions _, ceremonies , their poetry and literature , d _* c , did--The lecturer , from the fulness of thc subject , _agaijs most respectfully desires early attendance .
City Chartist Hall , 1 , Turnagain-lane , _Farring--ilon-street . —A meeting of sliarcliblders will he hold at halt-past ten precisely , in the coffee-room of the * institution , on Sunday morning next , September 7 th , —The public discussion will be resumed in the bail afc the same time .- —At five o ' clock thc Victim Committee will resume its sitting , when every member is requested to be present . Veteran Pathiots' _Fuxn . —A public meeting will beheld in the City Chartist Hall , 1 , Turnagahi-Janc , on Monday evening , September loth , to consider the propriety of establishing a fund forthe relief of suffering advocates of democratic principles , —the
recipients ot aid irom the proposed fund to bo noi > under sixty years of age . Chair to be taken at eight _, o ' clock precisely , Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., is invited to preside , and Messrs . Thomas Cooper , Julias . Harney , W . Rider , II . Ross , R . Ridley , T . M . Wheeler , Skelton ,-Shaw , Dron , and Bolweli " will address the meeting . At the same meeting , a , proposition wiil also be made to establish an " Exiles Widows' and Children's Fund" —with a view to giving _permanent relief to the suffering members of the families oi those who have . becn . banished . from their country foi * Chartism : the . difficulties under which Mrs . Ellis is now labouring - have especially led to an intent ic make this proposition . —Thomas Coorat .
Chartist _Co-opehative Laxd Society . —The adjourned aggregate meeting of the members residing in the metropolis and its vicinity will be held , _l _'« r the purpose of revising the rules , at tlio South London Chartist Hall , Blackfriars-road ( corner of Webberstreet ) , on Sunday evening next , September 7 th , ' at seven o'clock precisely . Dejiociiatic _Svppeu . —The members of the Citylocality purpose commemorating tho formation of the French Republic , iii 1702 , by a little festivity , conversation , singing , die , to take place on the evening of Monday , the 22 nd inst ., the 22 nd September being the date at which it was decreed by th & National Convention , that " year one of the Republic" should commence . —Further notice will begiven , and all friends of liberty ave very _covdin-Jj invited : cards of invitation will be sent to Mr . O'Connor and the other members of thc Executive-,, and to the conductors of the _A-oriaevn , Star .
_Maryleijone Locality . —A members' meeting will take place on . Sunday evening , Sept . 7 th , at cigli ' fc o ' clock , at the Painters' Arms , Circus-street , _jS ' _ewroad . __ The members of " tlie locality _respectfully acquaint their friends that they intend to wind uptheir water-trips for the season with a grand excursion , on Monday next , September the Sth , ano solicit iheir company on the occasion . They hay © made arrangements with the landlord ofthe Plough , at Northnll , to provide them with all needfuls- for recreation ; a good dinner will also be provided at » moderate charge . The boats will start from ' the Weigh Bride , Paddington , at half-past eight for nine o'clock . Fare , there and back , ninepence , Tickets may be had of Vincent Pakcs , sub-secretary _. Painters' Amis , Circus-street , New-road . _liAMMBi'SMiTii . —A meeting will be held at the Dun Cow , Brook Green-lane , on Tuesday _eveninsr next , September the 9 th , at eight o ' clock precisely . "
_Wuitecuapel . —Mr . Lindon will lecture at the Brass Founders' Arms , " Whitechapel-road ,- on Sunday evening , at seven o ' clock . _Subject ; " The Land and its . eapabilities . " Tower Hamlets . —An adjourned meeting of tha members of the Land Society , for revising the rules _,, will be held at the Whittington and Cat , Churchrow , Betbnivl-gveen , " on " ---Sunday evening , at six o ' clock precisely . - A general meeting of tho members of the Central Locality wi _^ l-be-held at : eight _, o ' clock precisely . ' - •• ' ' - _^/ % } i . _b _(^^ ' Camberwei ; l = akd WAL . _roRfn t _^ A : rme _^ _Kftgvy ' dl be held at the Moutpelier _TavfflSiiWalS'orlii' _^ o rj M 55 _** day evening next , _Septe- _^ or . ' 8 _tnp '' _a _^ _. ei _s h'k -o _*' _iiliSakprecisc-ly . - _££ _^^ _jj- _^ . _^ _ii _^^ _'ilij _^ _trt- - ¦ Gree ' swicii , _DarTf 0 KD ; _AS n 1 _^ as » " 1 » M every J _^ l _ff _^ p _^ _itm _^ _lf and Dragon , _BJacklieatlHldU ; at ., % t b _' clockitifi _> cisely , lor the imrpos _^ W . _^ up _^ _fe _^ j _, _^^ oi eminent public men . ¦ \ _j- _^' -. _** ' - ¦ ¦ > _-.- > * , 6 * _vr Q ' " _& J' , < € ¦ - ;
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_06091845/page/1/
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