Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th September 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 7, fflobtmtnte Equall innocent the has g-Eg...

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (3)
    • tfmim fflobtmtnte
    • tofculture antr i&rttmituit
    • £anfcn?pts ; , $tu
  • Text (10)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      Fflobtmtnte Equall Innocent The Has G-Eg...

      _g-EgmMBER 6 _^ 1845 : , T | _j E NOjaTH- ERN _STAR _< 7 _—^ : " _~ ' T ¦ -- » 7 ~ r ~~ _. .:.: ¦ ' ¦" . _.--,..... ' - "" ' _. . _. . " _"• _. _******'''~ _TL _ ' " _ _- | I " ' ' ¦ mmmmmm _^ mm rr _* ¦¦¦ _imwa _ww-f

      Tfmim Fflobtmtnte

      _tfmim _fflobtmtnte

      "And I Will War, At Least In Words, (And...

      "And I will War , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , "With all who -war with Thought !" " I _think I bear a little bird , who sings The pe _» ple by and by will be the stronger . "—Bibon

      ITALT _, AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE * so . -ra . We cannot quit Jir . Mazz _»* _i's excellent work without extracting some further illustrations of the damnable character of the Austrian despotism . It is a sacred duty we owe to our readers to Impart to them all the information we may acquire as to the workings and deeds of the institutions and rulers of other countries , that so they may be moved to sympathise with and aid the oppressed of all nations , and become inspired with a holy hatred of despotism and determination to fraternise with all true patriots in purging the earth of tyranny in every shape and form . To this end we give the following extracts , showing the way political prosecutions are conducted wherever Austria has rule or influence : —

      In 1821 , Count Frederic Confalonieri was condemned to death ; which sentence , as an act of high clemency , was commuted into tlie carcere duro for life . The only thing proved against him was a letter written to the General-Minister of War , Santa Rosa , at the period of the Tiedmontese insurrection , and when the _revolutionary troops , encamped on tlie Tieino _, were preparing to pour into the plains of lombardy . Here is the letter : — " General—If I ever possessed any influence with you , let this be the occasion for evincing it . I plead our old friendship—I plead the good opinion yon formerly honoured me with , to beg of you not to pass the Ticiuo . Lombardy is not prepared to receive you . Your advance would only compromise tliose who should declare foryou , who would have no force to support you . Spare this pro-• rince the evils of a contest in which you could not be -victorious . " This letter , written to a revolutionary Ceneral , ivas held to be a crime against tbe State t .

      Ciro _Jlenotti , a young and rich banker of Modena , was at tlie head of those who in lSol ' organised an insurrectionary movement in that city . Attacked in his palazzo before the hour fixed on for the outburst , after a contest lieroically sustained for a whole night by thirty young men who happened to be with him , he fell wounded info the hands of the Duke . Shortly after , when the insurgents were successful , the Duke took to flight , and carried with him his prisoner , bound , into the Austrian territory ; into the territory thus spoken of in an Imperial and _Royal order of the llth September , 182 C— " Every slave is free from the moment he sets foot on Austrian territory , or even on board an Austrian vessel . " Jfeiiotti was thrown into a prison at Mantua . A deputation from

      Modena made ineffectual claims for his liberty . The new state of things having been subverted by an Austrian army , the Duke reconveyed his prisoner to Modena , and there hanged liim ontbe 26 tli August . It may be that , as an Italian , I exaggerate the importance of . this fact ; but I know , if I were an Englishman , I should feel my cheeks redden at the mere thought that the correspondence of an Italian _patriat has been covertly -violated for a period of five months , by a Secretary of State for England , to gratify the Ambassador of a government ou whose territory a foreign Prince was allowed to drag _aftrr him one of his subjects , in fetters , and to deposit hhn in prison as a reserve for the scaffold .

      Some months afterwards the Austrian Executive gave the following answer to a petition from Celeste Menottit , the victim ' s brother . Celeste had been himself captured at sea with other patriots on board the Isotta , the vessel before mentioned ; and the petition claimed his liberty , for though a ilodenese subject , he was then in an Austrian prison at Venice . The answer is , in my opinion , a chef dCauvre of immorality : — "His Imperial and Royal Majesty , farfrom wishing to pronounce judgment against Celeste Menotti , recognizes an obligation towards his Royal Highness the Duke of Modena to give up the subject of tliat Sovereign to the competent authorities . Rut the petitioner being in custody ofthe Imperial and Royal authority of Austria , and his Majesty being desirous to afford him an

      opportunity of serving the cause of public tranquillity , it his is sovereign pleasure thatthepedtioner should be prevailed on to declare all that he knows cf political events and revolutionary plots , and particularly of the origin and carrying out of tbe late revolution in Italy , and other ohjeetsrelating thereto ; his Majesty deciding on liis treatment according to tlie conduct the petitioner may adopt in this affair . Consequently , if the revelations of the detenu are recognized as true , his Majesty is disposed to hold nut to him the promise not to liana him over to the Jloienese Government , and , moreover , to set him at liberty , if he merits it ; adding , thatin caseins declarations should be of sucli a nature as to be considered important , the petitioner would acquire a peculiar claim on his Majesty ' s consideration . "

      I need not say , that the invitation to tarn traitor met with the contempt it deserved . The above is horrible enough , hut read the follow _ing , showing how they manage these things in the unhappy province governed hy that hlood-gorged monster , that wholesale murderer , the Duke of Modeua : — Giulio Besini , a ci-devant Carlnnara , but then a director of police discharging his functions with the full persecuting energy of an apostate , was poniarded in the street on tlie evening ofthe lain May . 1822 . Arrests took place on the same ni ght ; a commission of state was appointed by tlie Duke ; and , as if hinting , yon must find me thc guilty among those prisoners , a decree ( published after-Wards , at the close of the sentence , but with this date )

      was signed , fixing the place where those capital punishments should be carried into effect which would be awarded by the Commissioners to the authors of the crime . Gioachino Zanoli aud Fietro Zoccoli were among those chiefly inculpated . After two months and a half of investigation , tbe commission , composed of the Advocate-President Alcssan'lrini , the Judges Zerbiui andMartinelli , the Advocate Fiscal Angiolini , andthe Chancellor Cremonini , acquitted them both . They were , however , retained in prison , atthe disposal ofthe police , till the middle —will it believed !—of 1 S 27 . Forayearand a half Zanoli - was confined successively in two wretched prisons called La Manlovana and V Orba : from thence hewas transferred to the Camerone , a prison with bare apertures for windows . The air , the cold , and the damp lodged in his joints , and he pined in sickness , isolated and uuatteuded , for more than eighteen mouths . At length the surgeon of the prison . Giovanni Ganzerli , made a report tothe

      Government , declaring that he could no longer answer for the life of his prisoner if they did not remove him to another prison : the reply was , they did not know where to put him . The surgeon was soon afterwards dismissed . Zoccoli , shut up in solitary confinement , soine--times in Xa Jtantocana , sometimes in a prison known as Ea Cvihonara , received so much ill-treatment , that in despair he resolved to die of starvation ; but his keepers prevented him , hy placing an instrument in his mouth to bold it open , aud then administering nourishment . On the 15 th of July , 1 S 26 , a new Commission of State was appointed , and a fresh investigation commenced . The examinations , almost entirely by night , began in September , and concluded in April , 1 S 27 , by a decree ordering the restoration of thc accused to liberty . This was at length carried into effect ; but accompanied as to Zoccoli , pursuant to decision of the Supreme Council of Justice , by the surveillance of the police .

      with the two I have been speaking of , there was arrested , on the night of Besini's death , another Modenese , named Gactano Ponzoni . When pressed on lis _deathlxex \ Besini had said that if any individual could he suspected it was Ponzoni , whom , four months before , he bad caused to be deprived of an office under tbe Congregation of Charity . The Marquis Coccapani , a creature of the Duke and Governor of Modena , ordered the Cancelliere Soluii _, who was receiving the deposition of the dying man , to suppress all tliat was mere suspicion , and to write that Eesini had indicated Ponzoni as tlic murderer . Solmi refused , and the day after he was dismissed . Arraigned before the State Commission , no

      conviction could be procured against the accused . One of the _judges , Zerhini , gave judgment for death ; another , ¦ Alessandrini , the galleys for life ; the third , Martinelli , an acquittal : this last , also , was soon after dismissed . Ponzoni remained in prison , at the disposal of the Government , lill lS 2 ii . Then , brought before another commission , he was condemned to imprisonment for life—an imprisonment aggravated with every severity by tlie Go" verninent officers : in 1829 , he was transferred to a prison at the back of which were cells full of mephitie exhalations , tenanted by those condemned for crimes on the _^• Shivay ; and the only aperture for light was boarded up . In ISM , the insurrection restored him to liberty .

      Sentences were given , besides , against some forty individuals—nine for death , the rest for various terms cf imprisonment Of the nine condemned to death , eight , for tunately , made their escape : oue alone suffered—Giuseppe Andreoli , au ecclesiastic , who ascended the scaffo ld with the calmness and resignation of a saint , thanking heaven aloud that he was the only one to die . Sow , listen ! Zuccoli , Zanoli , Ponzoni , —all the men _martyred during these long years , were completely innocent ; they did not even know the murderer of Besini . A young student it was , who , revolting at the cruelties exercised by a man that had once belonged to the national Party , took npon himself , without suggestion , without accomplice , to strike the blow . This person , living to "this day , had left Italy . During the trial of Ponzoni , he * ent from London to the Modenese authorities a

      declaration , backed by proofs , and legally authenticated _according to English forms . But the duke , irritated that the guilty individual was ont of his power , determined at least to make the responsibility of the act fall on the "Whole party . The . judges , selected by him , knew this : they knew , were it only by the dismissals I have recorded , that they had been appointed to condemn . Had not the duke ,-their master , chosen the place of execution on the ¦ ve ry night of the murder S Had he not replied to an _ob-Bervation that Ponzoni was evidently innocent : "WeU , _tehbnWeinprisoiiW the realculpritbe found ! " ' ¦

      WhenMEsoTis was hung , there perished with him on the scaffold , one Bobelli , a notary . He had never meddled with any plots ; he had never belonged actively to the national party . bnt he had heen called oa " in his aualiw of notary , by the Pro""aonal Government of Ml , who would have sent a file of gendarmes for him if he had _/ _-efiised , to . cer-Hfy the signaturesflf those individuals who drew up _sne . act announcing tiie Duke ' s deposition _^

      "And I Will War, At Least In Words, (And...

      Equally , nay , more innocent , as the sequel has proved , was the Cavalier Ricci , executed in 163 l / on the chargeof conspiring against the life of the Duke of Modena . This unfortunate man Was condemned on ths declaration of two wretches named Tosi ar _<( Moutanaiu ; the former , aged fifty-eight ; had pas _^ _j thirty years of his life iu the prisons of Mantua t an ( i Modena , for thefts of various hinds : Mout \ m a _« ed thirty-seven , thc son of a criminal , had -oas & eu six years in confinement for theft ; no s- _^^ was that punishment complete than he was in * . plicated in a case of assassination , and had only b _^ _^ leased at the end of two yeara' detention hy a _fcruict hardly amounting to not proved . Both had ¦ _Mm some _t jme iu prison for stealing cheese , whe ' _^ B , Iccr was arrested ; and here they concocte _^ their evidence ! Ihe Commission never confront / the accused with .

      _^ their accusers , never _examine them never saw them : they came toa decisir , „ on the written process , based , according to tl je language of the sentence itself , " on special in < . ( ications furnished by the Government . § Ricciwr _^ condemned to death : his family threw themselves . at the feet of the Duke to implore his favour , an <\ the ducal assassin made a display of sovereign cl emncy by ordering the condemned man to be sho t , in place of being hanged ! Here isisonicthin , still raore horrible than anything _wehaveyet-jetailed . The miscreant _Besixi , who was so justly poniarded , but whose death _™ _n « . d

      the persecution of so many innocent men ; this devil inhuman form—the worthy agent of his hellish employer , the Duke of Modena—used to cause the infusion of belladonna ( atropos belladonna ) into the aliment destined for certain detenus , so as by weakeningthe nervous system , to obtain revelations from tltcm ! Among the unhappy patriots to whom this potion was administered , Mr . Mazzixi names Giovanni MA . \ zoin , Secretary of tlie Commune of St . llario ; the advocate Antonio Rampart , of Montecchio * Doctor J . B . Cavandoli , of Canossa ; and tlie Jew Latis , of Modena . The dread of this accursed potion among the detenus was such that the Casriere Toscm starved himself to death in prison .

      These horrible doings are not confined to the Duchy of Modena . The Duke of that state is matched by the infamous Marquis del Carrettp , Minister of Police , of Naples . The deeds committed by this miscreant in 182 S , in the province of Salerno , at Catania in Sicily in 1837 , the Aquila proceedings in 1843 , and the other debaucheries and cruelties of the Neapolitan Government , rival the infamies above narrated . For this week wc close this list of horrors with the following extract on the Piedmontese trials of 1833 : — In 18-33 , the general discontent had reached the Piedmontese army : vague rumours were in circulation announcing an insurrection at hand ; and whatever might have been the extent of preparation , I doubt not that if the initiative had risen promptly from the boson of the

      middle classes , at Genoa , Turin , or elsewhere , a great portion of the troops would have acceded . Through unforeseen circumstances , the moment was lost . The Government , regaining courage , seized the opportunity in its turn , and determined on striking decisive blows . Numerous arrests took place both among the army and civilians , at all the important points in the kingdom . Searches were made , with the object , it was said , of discovering depots of arms , or something which might bring to light the existence and the ramifications of the conspiracy . So far the Government was acting on the right of defence : but in proportion as danger disappeared they commenced the attack , and by frightful means . To calm the fermentation , aud to deprive the arrested of public sympathy , the authorities did not hesitate to publish a proclamation affirming tliat the plan of the

      conspirators had been discovered , and that it consisted in blowing up by mines the various barracks , situated in populous quarters , as the commencement of manifold horror . Every species of terror and seduction was set at work in the prisons , not to confirm this shameless statement—that was not attempted—but to justify as far as possible the acts of vengeance meditated . To some they promised life , to others gold ; whilst ou young men of lively and susceptible imagination , they brought into play all the resources of a system of moral torture often more stringent than physical . The search had been entirely ineffectual : but they found informers in the prisons . The trials and death sentences had no other groundwork . At Genoa , of which I am now particularly speaking , as in other cities , a court-martial , or Military Commission , was appointed to try both soldiers and civilians . These latter protested . A representation , addressed to tbe Monarch by five Genoese advocates unconnected with the proceedings , appeared on the 17 th July , to back this protest , and to demand that civilians

      should be remitted to the ordinary tribunals : this was answered negatively oa the 25 th . It was demanded that at least the civilians might choose their advocate for the defence : this also was refused . The informers , who were promised a pardon , contradicted each other in their depositions . On the 12 th May , two were lodged in the same prison ; on the 23 rd , three ; and on the 30 th , the whole four were thrown together . Now they agreed as they could ; aud the public heard , for example , one sergeant Tuiff declare , in confirmation of the evidence of an . otlier soldier , Fiacenza , that be had himself given to the association the detail as to the artillery , though he had never made mention of this important circumstance in seven preceding examinations , that bad exhausted all he pretended to know . As to the time fixed for the insurrection , the heads of the conspiracy , and tlie object aimed at , the contradictions recorded in their separate examinations remained ineffaceable , completely destroying the identity of the fact they laboured to establish . One of the four went so far as to declare that he had been

      affiliated to the association ( Giovme Italia ) in _1 SJ 0 , when it was not yet in existence . "Well , it was solely on the assertions of these men , to whom immunity had been promised—on the contradictory denunciations of persons who had been told , There is no way of saving jour life but by becoming informers against your brethren—and on a pencil note addressed to one of them , which I insert below , to show its insignificance , !! that the military tribunal declared the existence of a conspiracy to be established ; awarded I know not how many sentences of imprisonment for five ,. ten , or twelve years ; and on the laih May sent to death Francesco Migho _. f sergeant of Sappers , Giueseppe Bigliil , sergeant of the Guards , and Antonio Gavotti , fencing-master . Similar occurrences were taking place at Turin , Alexandria , and Chambery . General Morra at Chambery , Governor Galateri at

      Alexandria , added revolting cruelty in the punishment to the iniquity of the trials . At Alexandria , one Vochieri , condemned to death after having suffered the most brutal treatment from the . Governor , entreated as a favour that they would not take him past the windows of the house where his wife , then in a stale to create sympathy , and his family , were residing . He was refused : the mournful procession stopped before tlie door on its way to the place of suffering . This was the reign of monarchical terror . In one town they shot their victims as assassins murder , almost in the dark , at the very dawn of day : in auother . the troops refusing the horrid service , convicts were set to slaughter honest men . And as if the scaffold did not satiate vengeance , they sought to slay the soul before assaulting the body . At Genoa , Jacopo Ituffini , a young surgeon , bad resisted every temptation to lead him to dishonourable inculpations . One day the War-Auditor called him before him : "You are , " said he , "a

      noble hut misled young man . Tou thought you were proceeding with . companions worthy of you to the achievement of a generous aim ; you refuse now to save your life by confessions , that , by the by , will teach the Government nothing : but I . feel pity for you and for your aged mother . See here , what the men are for whom you are braving martyrdom ' . " Papers were placed before bim : they were informations against himself ; and at the bottom was the forged name of one of his most intimate companions .. In such a moment tiie young , man could make no very critical examination . Deceived , stupified , grief-stricken , he asked till the morrow morning to take his resolution . Reconducted to prison , he tore out with his fingers a nail from the door of his cell , " and opened with it a vein in his throat . On the wall was found written in blood , "Behold my answer . Ibequeath the avenging to _sn * / brethren . " He was my earliest and best friend . Never would he have forgotten me : neither will I ever forget him , or his last words . ..

      And to crush such spirits—to uphold such governments and such horrors , you , Sir James , have descended to arts so low that not the purest purpose could justify them ! . To uphold such governments against the recognised will of a suffering people , you sought to extenuate your first mistake by calumny ! To uphold such governments , falsehoods have been alleged , perhaps for the first time in full Parliament , by persons charged with august duties ! To uphold such governments , you , Ministers of a free and constitutional nation , have extorted from a Parliamentary majority politically bound to you , the disgraceful declaration " tliat it did not regret what had occurred . "

      We sicken over these horrible revelations . 0 , heavens ! that this our England should , blindfolded and hefooled , have been led to be a participant in the guilt of these abominations ii Had the Peel Government been guilty of no other offence , in all other respects been worthy of the confidence and approbation of the people of England , this damning crime alone of aiding the-upholding of the Italian despotisms'by espionage , fraud ,. forgery , « _nnd the vilest treachery , would be sufficient to blast the name of that Government with eternal infamy . It may be said ¦ that the murders i and other abominations ; above narrated , took place years ago , and therefore that Graham , Peel , " Weixingto _**! and Co .,

      cannot in fairness be held responsible fill' those doings . But the assassins who committed those horrors still rule , and are ready to enact all their abominations over again rather than yield one jot to the claims of humanity and the demands ot justice ; This Graham and Co . well know : and yet , knowing this , they hesitated not to be guilty of theft , forgery , and calumny , to serve these rascally tyrants , damagin < - their own country ' s name , and causing the blood of patriots to flow anew . And then our precious Parliament ! ilr . Mazzini calls us " afreeand constitutional nation _'? (!) -of course he-speaks the . language of bitter satire , and we deserve it . -But the _Parliament-the House of Commons ~ what will the _ekss who _ftlect , that house do with its present recreant

      members , the scoundrels who have disgraced our England ? We cannot go into this question now , but we will do so fully before we quit this subject . g _& - We have before commented _onjhe criminal silence of the British press as regards Mr . Mazzini s pamphlet . There have been a _to . , _^^*^; tions : and amongst those honourable exceptions we

      "And I Will War, At Least In Words, (And...

      " _* j now to number our inHuential contemporary , _y jo Leeds Mercury . In tiiat _. paper of Saturday last , * " in a familiar letter to a friend abroad , " by a writer in that journal whose articles are printed as * ' . leaders , " there appeared tlic following : — _Mazkini , the Italian , whoso letters Sir James Graham opened , has just published an , eloquent and glowing pamphlet , entitled ' Italy , Austria , " and the Pope . " He is a fine fellow , and it wonld do you good to read his exposure of the wretched misgovernment of Italy , —of thc detestable tyranny maintained by Austria , the Pope , and tbe minor princes . The oniy . inconvenience would be , that a copy of hie pamphlet found in your possession , would inevitably subject you to carcere duro . He does " a tale unfold" that excites horror and disgust , and compels one to sympathise with the men who , throughout all

      Italy , from the Alps to Gape Reggie-, are panting for the liberation of their fine country from Austrian and Papal despotism . He shows that Lombardy is , and in the nature of things must be , held in military subjection , with all the rigour of a government that knows itself to be detested , aud that seeks safety in chaining tlie mind of the people , and repressing " ' every tendency towards improvement . Ofthe " organized anarchy" ofthe Papal territory , with the gross corruption , personal immorality , and rapacity of its priestly rulers , he speaks with unmeasured contempt . He declares that nearly all the young and educated Italians belong in heart to the party of " Young Italy , " and seek the union of the entire

      peninsula under one native and constitutional government . The insurrections of 1820 , 1 S 21 , and 1831 , with the many partial outbreaks since , go far to bear out his assertion . Mazzini himself avowedly and enthusiastically promotes the conspiracy to throw off the yoke . He does it on noble principles , and maintains that in spite of every obstacle , La Giovine Italia will realize its beautiful vision . The want of a dynasty or a constitution , —the influence of the priests , —the long habituation of the ' people to arbitrary government , —and the power" of Austria , are formidable impediments . Yet liis strong faith overleaps them all . He addresses his pamphlet to Sir James Graham , whom he gibbets genteelly . ' - '

      * " Italy, Austria, And The Pope. A : Le...

      * " Italy , Austria , and the Pope . A letter addressed to Sir James Graham , Bart . By Joseph Mazzini . " London : U . Albauesi , 8 , Queen-street , Golden-square ; Cleave , Shoe-lane ; Hetberington _. Holy well-street ; Watson , Paul _' salley ; aud Strange , Pafernoster-row . t After fourteen or fifteen years' residence at Spielberg , Confalonieri was amnestied . t Now living at Paris , § At the Rubiera prosecutions in 1821 , two of the members of the Tribunal , the advocates Bavelli and Mazzoli , refused to found tlieir judgment on depositions drawn up by the police : they were suspended from the exercise of their profession . II This will prove to you that we were art the place of meeting ; not being able to wait longer , wc acquaint you tliat we will talk to-morrow of all that you have been speaking about to Oi . Endeavour to be to morrow at the Caffe dclle Quattro Staggioni , where you shall have an answer . Be sure to bring with you the note or list agreed on . "Yours , Ni . Oi . " The names were interpreted to he those of Noli and Orsilli . 1 Miglio made a will in favour of tho indigent family of his fellow sufferer Gavotti .

      Tofculture Antr I&Rttmituit

      _tofculture antr _i _& _rttmituit

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Sept .-llth ' , 1843 . [ Extracted from a _DiARrof-dciuaZ Operations on five small farms on the estates , of the late Mrs . D . ( Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates ofthe Earl of Dartmouth , at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of . field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tkeir own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by ii . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private , farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , 'the latter at Jevington—all of them . within a few miles , of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the _sameplace . Theconsecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare thcclimate and agricultural value of the south with the north oi England . ' The Diart is aided by " Notes and 0 bservations " from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      " The joys of these little ones shall be continually in the hoped-for success of their labours ; their thoughts shall he turned away from what is evil to that which is good . " ' . Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , wlw in return for three hours' teaching in tlie morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master's benefit , which renders the schools selpsujppoktixg . . We believe that at Fariily Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm _tuill be assigned to the boys , and one-seventli to tha master , who will receive the usual school fees , hel p the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in ' addition to reading , writing , t & c , to ' convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas niay ibe divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst thein in . proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way tlie most grateful to their feelings . ! ¦ ' , ¦ ¦

      . SUSSEX . ; Monday— Willingdon School ; Boys carrying , red wheat . Eastdean School . Boys vhad holiday , master digging up potatoes , cleaning ¦ barley . Piper . Preparing wheat stubble for rye or tares . Divm brell . Mowing ; stubble , carrying dung with thc heifer , thrashing tares and wheat . Tuesday—Willingdon School . Boys carrying barley , getting but liquid manure for rye .- Eastdean School . . Digging tare ground , hoeing ' cabbages , cleaning school-room . Piper . Digging potatoes . - Dumbrell . Mowing stubble . _^ thrashing wheat , carrying out dung with the heifer . Wednesday—¦ Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye as spring food . Eastdean ' : School . Boys emp-,. tying the privy , tubs , tank , and cleaning tares . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell , Mowing

      stubble , carrying dung with ' the heifer . Thursday— WiUingdon School . Boys digging for rye . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing beans and wheat , and cleaning the pigstyes . 'Piper ; Digging potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble ; carrying dung . Fiiiday— Willingdon School : Boys digging lor ryo . Eastdean School . Cleaning school-room , & c . taking off turnip leaves for the cows . Piper . Preparing dung heap . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble _^ thrashing wheat , carrying dung with the heifer . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye . Eastdean , School . Boys clcanin ;* school-room , emptying the . privy tubs , and gathering turnip leaves for the cows . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing and raking stubble , carrying manure with the heifer , thrashing wheat . ' ¦ ! i

      COW-FEEDING . WiUingdon School . Cows living upon clover and white turnips . ' :...,. .. - ' Dumbrell . One cow grazed in the day ,, fed in the stall morn and even with _mangel-wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer stall-fed entirely , with , 1641 ns . of clover for six days , and one day upon tares . Piper ' s . Cows living upon white turnips and lucerne , in the stall . N _. B . Be sure to keep your , cows within doors at nights , for now is the time they will ; get low . in . _eonditioa if you are not very careful . Let them have a little extra food ; if you have any chaff , give them each about a gallon of it , mixed with a gallon of potatoes , twice a day . If they happen to have the yellows , a complaint caused by obstructed perspiration , the following is a good remedy for it , viz . —3 oz . of soft soap , 3 oz . of caraway seeds , and 3 pints of beer boiled well together . .. , _* , -

      Beneficial .Effects, Of Tni*>7 Sowing, A...

      Beneficial . Effects , of Tni *> 7 sowing , and husbanding or all Manuiie . —At- the annual meeting of the Bramham Agricultural Society , lately . held- a communication was read from Mr . GeorgeLane Fox , who was unable , from indisposition , to be present at the meeting . From that communication we extract the following , which is deserving of great attention : — " You may recollect that last year I said a good deal on the subject of thin sowing . I can now only say tliat I continue / to believe that thin sowing is of the greatest advantage to the farmer ; without taking into consideration the great saving of seed by thin sowing , the increase of produce resulting Irom it is amatter of extreme importance ; the experiments I have tried in my farm are few in number , and on ofth

      a comparatively small , scale , and at this season e year you must bd . ' aware it is impossible to come to any decided conclusion as to the actual increase , but from what I have seen already , I have no doubt but that they wiU be attended with the most satisfactory results . { Applause . ) Last autumn J got from Mr Trewbury , in Oxfordshire , a machine for dibbhng corn _,-itTwas tried in the presence of Mr . Kell and Mr . Garsed on a part of my . farm , which m _unfojv _tunately rather wet land-tins machine , . 1 . . _-tawe _> no doubt , is capable of being muchimproved _. _^ he fault that I 'find with it is _,, that instcadof deposittngnne two , _orthreeseedsin each dibble-hole , itdeposited from six to eight . This is a great fault , for I find that in the common method of dibbling by hand two seeds are quite sufficient-and when they spimg , I have generally found an advantage , m taking one S Lav-so eertainisitthat the limner you sow , ine

      tlie greiter the produce ; recollecting _tnai proper distance is from four to . sbc inchesjn t _^ _rw _^ b | ween _each-dibble-holer and what , I consider ofthe _vejy greatest importance is , that the rows should be _^ least two feet apart . ( Hear , hear . ) . Last year ahout a rood of barley was dibbled on this P . « n _« _-fc _^ _S were two feet apart ; single seeds were dibbled three inches apart in the rows after they had come up . theytillered to such a . _degree that it-was found ne cessaryto _. thinthe . plants _^ to . sixinchesa _? ar _?» - _«*^ fake out everyalteriiatb ; orie .: Tou .: all _W _^" _: bad season , it was for _baWr-it not . only . _<« . M irregularly , but ' it . ripened irregularly ! when one part was ripe andfit to cut , another part was in a green state , so that to save that which was dead ripe , it was necessary to reap the whole , —so it was witn mj

      Beneficial .Effects, Of Tni*>7 Sowing, A...

      rood of ground , notwithstanding which it produced atthe rate of seven quarters and a half per acre , and 1 nave no hesitation in saying that if it had been a good average season it wiuld have produced ten quarters to tub ache . ( Apphuiso . ) .. I caniiot ' _help talcing tins opportunity of strongly recommending ad my tenants to carry out the same principles of wine _sowing iu turnips—sow in thc row as thick as you may think requisite , but _. thin oiit at wide , distances ; and depend upon it , if the roivs be made one yard apart , and your plants in the row thinned out to form ten or twelve inches apart , barring accidents and bad seasons , you will have a much greater weight of turnips on theland . than by cultivating oh a more crowded system . Upon this principle Mr . Gar . * ed so _w _! 9 'i 1 ]* 'ds garden last year a few rows of turnips

      . of different sovts , the produce of which averaged in weight from 10 to I 41 bs . each turnip . I do not attribute this result exclusively to wide sowing and thinning , but in .-a- very great measure also to a compost which was made , by Mr . Garsed for the growth of turnips . I will take this opportunity of stating tliat Mr . Garsed has this year applied his compost to five acres of turnips in my farm . These five acres were the last sown , and they are now much more forward than other turnips sown a fortnight before them , and manured with a famous compost invented bv the celebrated Professor Justus Licvig . Thc idea will naturally suggest itself— Why was this experiment tried so late in . the season ? This was caused by accidental circumstances , wliich it is not necessary to mention . I hope at our next meeting to be able to

      give you tlie results of this experiment , and describe the component parts of tho manure . ( Applause . ) You will recollect last year I alluded to experiments which c \ i tlle _* _* n settin _S Potatoes in the autumn , instead of the spring , and at the distance of one set in every square yard , and planting them deep in the ground . I have found ereat benefit from that method , and I have now about an acre and a half of land set with potatoes on this plan . They were set with different sorts of manure , and you will perhaps laugh when I tell you that some were set in marl , some in red sand , and some in road-scrapings , and some with farm-yard manure ; the . latter have decidedly the healthiest and most nourishing appearance at present ; the rest I shall not be surprised to find failures . ( Loud laughter and applause . ) Of one thing I am quite

      certain , that you may ivy as many experiments in different manures as you please , but you will never lind any compost , generally speaking , to be compared to good farm-yard manure . ( Applause . ) But allow nie to observe , it frequently makes my heart ache to see thc waste of good manure in farm yards . . You seldom pass a lane near a farm yard without seeing a large heap of manure by the road side , generally covered with a few ashes or a little soil , and the very essence of the manure draining away into a neighbouring ditch , in which you will see growing tlic most luxuriant grass—if fanners could only be persuaded to read Mr . John Harrison ' s beautiful essay upon the waste of manures , and practice the remedies therein recommended , ihey would find themselves richly repaid —( applause)—but a very simple method of making the farm-yard manure rich and

      keeping it so , might easily be adopted—let every former have in the centre ef his farm yard a liquid manure tank according to the size of his farm—let all tho liquids from every sort of manure , cow-houses , pig styes , stables , and washings from his liouse , drain into this tank—let his dunghill be formed round the grate of his tank , and . . whenever the heaps become a little dry , let the liquid manure from the tank be pumped out upon them till it is well soaked through and returns again into the tank—in this way . nothing is lost , your manure heap _becomns a rich mass , and it goes fresh out of your yard whenever yonr land is prepared to receive it . Farmers arc too apt to complain ofthe expense of a liquid manure tank , quite overlooking that the great increase of produce from such rich and fresh manure will speedily repay any money laid out in forming one . ( Applause . )

      AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION . LECTURE UY > rnOFESSOR _JOnSSTON . . At the request of a number of the parochial schoolmasters of Scotland , Professor Johnston lately delivered a lecture in the High Scliool Hall , on the introduction of agricultural instruction into elementary schools . There was a very full attendance of schoolmasters and others interested in the matter . Mr . Gunii , of the High School , on the motion of Mr . Brydeii , was called to thc chair . Professor Johnston rose and said—Mr . Chairman and Gentlemen , I would not have presumed to appear before you to-day to speak upon the subject even of agricultural education to persons so much better acquainted with practical tuition than I myself can pretend to be , had it not been that I have been

      requested by various parties , members of ; your" own body and others , to come , before you on this occasion for the purpose of presenting to you a few observations on the very important topic which is now engaging public attention , namely , the introduction of _agricultural education into theschools of Scotland , under the hope and expectation that 1 shall be able to present it in a light in wliich , to some of you , it may not have previously presented itself . The . _applicacations to which I particularly refer are a letter from Mr . Milne ; accompanied by another from the Lord Justice-General , a memorial from thc schoolmasters ina district of Scotland ,- a letter from Sir John Forbes to his lordship , altogether forming so large and strong an expression of opinion on the subject , that I think myself justified , and 1 hope you will

      consider me justified in appearing before you this day . ( Cheers . ) I have , besides , been encouraged by the result of ameeting'hcld a short time ago in Glasgow for the purpose of considering , first , whether or not it be possible to introduce _^ into our elementary schools any kind of elementary scientific instruction , bearing upon agriculture , which is likely to be useful to the children in after life , * and secondly , whether that could be done without interfering with their ordinary course of study . I had doubts before that meeting ; but in order to satisfy myself and those with whom I co-operate , we had a number of boys brought over from the school of Larne , in Ireland , for the purpose of examination . The result was , that all of my scruples were at an end ; land had you been present yours would have been so also . Had I

      not been satisfied , I should not have appeared before you this day ; but having this satisfaction and this invitation , I appear with the greatest pleasure . In anything Ihave to state , to you , I express only what are my own present views . I do not appear as the officer ofthe Agricultural Chemistry Association , but simply as . in individual in compliance with a requisition presented to me by other individuals . As regards the importance of agricultural . 'instruction in general , you will seeof how great consequence it is to all persons interested in agriculture that such instruction should be given , because at present the population of the country is a-head of the productive powers of ihe land—because the land does not now produce enough of corn for the people—and because the land of the country . could easily be made to

      maintain a much larger piopulation : and in doing so , give more _raoi'iT to tuk FARMER . Scotland is as much advanced iu tlie science of agriculture as any other country ; but in every other countrv the same opinion prevails , that even the best cultivated districts may be improved by the application of chemistry , to the land . If you go to any great manufacturing town , you find that scarcely a day passes without an improvement in the art whicli is there practised . So agriculture is capable , like other arts , of being brought to a _higher state und I do not think that we shall ever be able to speak of a time when agriculture shall liave reached perfection . Not only in Europe but in America the conviction that agriculture must be improved iss- reading . Such , indeed , is the general persuasion ; of its importance , that

      Agricultural Chemistry Colleges and Schools , have been established at Petersburgh , at Moscow , inthe West Indies , in England , and . also in Ireland—in fact , agricultural schools -are springing up everywhere , 'in . a . way adapted to the circumstances of each country . If it be of'importance for all to acquire this kind of knowledge , how much more so is _^ it for those who derive their education from the parish schools ? Some fanners possessed of wealth are enabled to send their sons to otlier than the parish schools to receive education ; but it is otherwise . with the small farmers in many districts , especially in Ayrshire , whose sons liave no other education than they receive at these schools . I need not tell you how difficult it is for the farmer to acquire new and ; additional information when engaged in the

      cultivation of his farm j therefore , it is of great importance , if theland isto be made more productive , that that kind of knowledge which would . conduce to accomplish so desirable an end should be acquired while at school by those who are to succeed their fathers in the cultivation of the soil . Besides the farmers' sons , these are the sons of the labouring classes from whom thc grieves are selected ; and when youconsider how much the prosperity ofthe country depends on the knowledge of the labourers , and of the overseers who rise from that class , vou will see how important it is . that the . sons of the _labouring classes should acquire that knowledge before they leave the school , thereby giving them the means of raising and betteringtheir future condition in life . A very wide impression prevails , especially in the southern partof the island , that it is of importance to give not only to the labouring class connected with

      agriculture , but to the labouring class connected with other arts , a portion of land to cultivate ; and it is a well-fpiinded belief that thereby their moral condition as well as their animal comforts must be greatly advanced ; -- ( cheers ) _-tliei'efore , you will , see how important 'it is that those _cla-scs should , be properly educated- not only to promote the improvement of the country generally , but that they might bo prepared for the cultivation of allotments , should they obtain them , and be fitted to become more useful members of society than they liave hitherto been . You all recollect the saying of Dean Swift , that the man is a 'great benefactor to his country _, who makes two blades of grass : grow where only one . grew , before . What good , then , might- _be- _^ expected to flow from giving every man So much agricultural knowledge as would enable him in this sense to become a benefactor to his country . 1 come now to what must interest you more immediately , namely , what should be taught .

      Beneficial .Effects, Of Tni*>7 Sowing, A...

      _Agriculture divides itself , strictly , into three branches—1 st , the culture and improvement of the soil ; . 2 nd , thc rearing and improvement of stock ; and , 3 rd , the use and improvement of agricultural implements . These are all necessary ; but , as you are aware , ' the main force of _agricultural societies has been directed to thc second branch , consequently tlic improvement of stock 1 ms _uoiu : a-hend of the improvement of the land ; and this in lace of the fact that the land is the more important of tlio two , as being the feeder not only of tlm stock but of tho people also . Indeed , I hold in my hand a letter from a most intelligent farmer , who states that the stock is too good for the land . There is some land wliich is fitted to rear any kind of stock , but the remark was nevertheless true in general . . The subject of _agricultural implements has been taken up with very great vigour , especially by the English Aericulturai Society ,-and great progress is now making in it .

      But as the cultivation ofthe land is of the greatest importance , the otlier two branches being subsidiary to it , the force of the schoolmasters would be most usefully , as it would be most easily , directed to teaching in regard to the culture and improvement of the soil . Now , your teaching may be of two kinds—theoretical or practical , or ' both . In elementary schools I think you may very easily and very completely inculcate and impress on the minds of tliose under your care the . elementary principles on which tiie culture of the soil ought to be based . These principles are theoretical in this sense , that they consist ofa certain number of important deductions from a large number of important facts . Of thc different sciences on which these principles depend , chemistry is the most important ; and it is necessary , therefore , before you can instruct the pupil , and impress those principles on his mind , that you should give a knowledge of so much . elementary chcmistrv as to make him understand the words used bv

      chemists . In chemistry a word is a fact . A word often comprehends multitudes of facts . You must mako him understand the meaning of those terms . It is not enough that he knows such names as soda and potash , he should , know also tlio difference between them . But , gentlemen , I must guard you here—and it is a very important caution—that though you must teach so much chemistry as will familiarise the boys with the terms you use , you arc not to teach chemistry or any other branch of science for its own sake . I have had opportunities of conversing with schoolmasters in many different districts of the country . The term " Agricultural Chemistry" lias misled tliem into the belief that it is nccessarv for a

      muster to haveattended a regular course of instruction in chemistry so as to enable him to give thc boys a regular course in turn . That is not the ease . In order to give the young agriculturalist a knowledge of the principles by which his practice afterwards is to be regulated , it is not necessary to communicate more instruction . in chemistry than he requires to make him understand its application in reference to those principles ; itis necessary to give him so much instruction in chemistry as may enable him to understand twenty or thirty or forty words which you may require to use . Were you to ' extend your instruction on this point , you would give tho boy a great number

      of facts which would only" confuse his mind , and which it is , therefore , better that he should never know at all . For instance , in this little Catechism which I published some time ago , at the request of the Ayrshire schoolmasters , you will sec that only six pages are devoted to the explanation of those terms whicli it is necessary to use in order to explain tlie principles of Agricultural Chemistry . To explain the meaning of those terms , it will bo necessary to perform a certain number of experiments . They are very few , and very easy . Any man ' with , ordinary dexterity of hand will be able to overcomo the difficulties . What more easy than such an experiment as this ? Here is a little common limestone in one

      glass vessel , and here- is a little soda in another—in chemical language carbonate of lime and carbonate of soifa . . Here is spirit of salt —( vinegar will do as well)—which I pour on them ; the mixture boils up or effervesces ; and you will explain the word effervescence by this example . It is caused by the escape of a particular kind of air or gas , wliich chemists call carbonic acid gas . Alighted taper introduced _intD this gas is extinguished . You will also perceive that the smoke ofthe extinguished taper floats on the top of the gasi thereby showing how much is _ip the vessel . Then the gas is so heavy that it may be poured from one vessel into another . You are aware that it performs many important functions ; but it is not necessary to give the boy more information than is requisite to fix in his mind the name and characteristic properties ofthe gas . Then , as to phosphoric

      acid—here is a piece of phosphorus , which you will observe , when I burn it under a glass , sends up white fumes , * all we have to do , therefore , is to tell the boy that those white fumes are phosphoric acid ; that the same is in his bones , and in the food which he cats—and he will then easily remember what phosphoric acid is . You impress it on his min ' tl not on ly by thefact _, but by making ita living fact , when you refer to the constitution of things around him . If you do not happen to have phosphorus , you may use lucifer . matches , which are easily procured , and which , on friction being applied to thenr _, send up the same sort of white vapour as tho phosphorus which you have just seen burned . You can also connect carbonic aeid with the daily life of the pupil , by telling him that What is produced when charcoal is burned is the same with what he discharges from his lungs when he has breathed . Tell him that this same

      substance wliich he throws off from his lungs is what thc leaves of plants suck in from the air ; that the carbonic acid I throw off is derived from the starch or sugar I eat , * and tell him that the plant sucks in this from the atmosphere , and with it , in the stem of its own substance , or in the grain of corn , forms the starch . He will see how this is connected with a most important process . Tlio plant sucks in the carbonic acid and forms sugar or starch , which is eaten by man , * and he again converts it into carbonic aeid . This is the rotation which is going on , * and you can take up and place the subject in such a relation to his own existence , that the boy will never forget carbonic acid . I was told by a schoolmaster that he had shown an experiment with carbonic acid to a friend , and that lie put a mouse into it to _sliow

      how it extinguished life . Tliey met some time after , when his friend asked him , "What was the kind of air that killed the mouse ? " But if the schoolmaster had explained the beautiful connexion between this gas and animal and vegetable life , I am suve his friend would never have forgotten it . It was the death of the mouse that made the impression . Then lot mc give you another illustration . Here is common hartshorn . Its smell is ammonia . Hartshorn is ammonia dissolved in water , which parts very readily with it ; and the ammonia floats above . One will understand what is ammonia from the effect on his own nostrils ; but you make it a living fact if you connect it with the ordinary processes by which it is constantly produced around him . Ammonia exists in gas liquor , in liquid manure , he .

      Apply . it to plants , and you find it increase their bulk , darken tlieir leaves , and raise the height of their stems . Take next sal ammoniac . Mix it with slaked lime . An odour like ammonia is given off , Apply a feather or a rod of glass to the mouth of tlie bottle in which it is contained , and a white fume is formed . If you tell him to go into the stable , and that there you will show him the same—if you point out to him that the dung yields the same fumes—the name of ammonia ceases to puzzle liim when you thus connect it with all that is going on around liim . The more simply the teach ** . * * . - _csvn make his _cxpovimevita t _' nehetteryou should teach no more philosphy than is absolutely necessary ; butat . the ' same time it must be strictly correct . I would advise you to confine yourselves to facts , not to announce principles—I would , also press

      upon you , in endeavouring to fix facts upon the boy ' s mind , to call to aid all his senses , —for instance , you should call in his sense of sight , as regards . phosphorus and " carbonic acid ; for . ammonia , his sense of smell ; his . sense of taste will very often enable him to distinguish , as , for instance , in reference to soda , alum , salt . I attended aii examination tho other day at a country scliool . The boys were examined on a part of the fourth book oi * the Irish schools . Iii tbat book the teacher made them read a chapter of natural history , which contained an account of the diamond , of borax , & e . These words , however , they applied by an effort of memory . They might have an idea of thc diamond ; but , of borax tliey knew only tlic name , If , however , you call in ( he aid of all thc senses , you make that dead knowledge living and intellectual

      knowledge . Then touch will very often be of use . By breaking off a fragment , the nature ofa substance may be tested . Another important method is the employment of such tables as you sec there . These will keep the names before thc pupil , but they also teach him facts . [ The Professor then directed attention to a set of tables which he recommended for the use of elementary schools ; one of them , to wliich he specially called theobseivation ofthe meeting , was an exposition of the ' ash of thc different kinds of grain , namely , potash , soda , Jime _, magnesia , oxide of iron , oxide of manganese , ' phosphoric " acid ,-sulphuric acid _, silica , and . chlorine , ! Such a table as this would tend muchtofixthewordsusL'd by chemistsin thc memory ofthe pupils , and also to impress principles upon their , minds ; as , for instance , ' that in the ash of all the different kinds of grain , there was move phosphoric acid than any other substance . As tothe means of information foi * themselves , it is a great

      convenience m bringing the subject forward , both here and elsewhere , that I can refer to the Elements of Agricutlural Chemistry , ofwhich the Catechism is only _, ' a digest ; and the lectures on Agricultural Chemistry contain the fullest exposition of principles . A few months ago , and I could not have told you where the knowledge you required could be obtained . As to'the expense of making the experiments , it will not amount to more than five shillings a-year , as the _material can be procured at a very cheap rate . With regard tothe apparatus , all that is necessary _cah'be got for thirty shillings from Messrs . Griffin , of Glasgow , who have , at my request , prepared a set of apparatus . Then , as to the time it would occupy to teach' the science ; why , that is a point on which some misapprehension might readily arise . The boys who attend school generally , do so for three or four years ; now all that I ask is one hour a-weck—that is enough to learn all that is necessary to be taught on

      Beneficial .Effects, Of Tni*>7 Sowing, A...

      the subjeet ; but if you can give me two hours I should like it the better , as then there would lie i .: nie to spare . "' The children , also , would learn much without teaching , from seeing the tables I have alluded to , and also froni tho experiments you had shown , to , the older boys before thoy were themselves o . d _cnnilffii to be _infracted in one branch of education . ! do not wish that this one hour a-week should interfere with the usual course of instruction , although it _mighi . .. not noees * .: irilv be new or additional time to what is now Civ-en teachin g-. In fact , I do not wi < h any oi you to touch in one partieuhu' way or another—I Ira yc . that to vourselves , merelv taking the liberty of giving my opinion in the matter . As to the practical teaching oftlie science , that can be done in various ways . For instancetlie teacher _mi'iiit on a Saturday

      after-, noon go with the boys to a farm in the neighbourhood , and describe the operations of the farmer . After telling them ail about the rotation of crops—that a given crop followed after grain , and so forth , the teacher might then say , " Let us go now and see how the farmer works . " This , 1 think , might be of great benefit to the scholars . As to school farm ** , the system of attaching pieces _of'Iiiiul to schools Juts been adopted in the Irish National Schools ; it is also done in theschools which have been established in England : and it has been proposed to adopt a . similar practice lure . But this 1 do not hold to be indispensable . If I were asked thequcstion , should thc schoolmasters have a live-acre glebe ? I should say that , in no case

      ol a nansli school do 1 contemplate that the master should work so many hours a-day in his fann , and superintend the labour of the boys . But 1 have no crotchet in my head on this point—my mind is' not made up en tlic subject * , and although I might afterwards recommend it , at present my npinionrif asked , js , " asa general rule , No , at lcast . it first . " . Hut , if you differ f rom me 1 leave you to do as you likemaking oniy tliese two conditions , namely , th . - . t you do not lower yourselves in station—that you neglect none of thc other important branches of education . There are two objections to thc proposal . In tho first place , there is a jealousy on tlie part of thc schoolmasters themselves that it will lower them in _milviic

      estimation to cultivate land at the same time that they arc engaged in . tlie cultivation of the youthful mind . Then there is a jealousy on the part of-those interested in thc proper _teachine : ofthe scholars , lest the . muster , finding : it profitable to cultivate tho land , should take more than he could properly cultivate , and thus neglect other and more important matters . But no general rule can be laid down in this respect , as all the schools are differently circumstanced . The 3 < ime mode will not suit for _alh'as ihe same necessity does not exist in every case for having pieces of land attached to the parish schools . - Am an inducement to yoti to pursue a course of _agricultural education , I may remark thatyou will havo the satisfaction of contributing towards a groat national good , and you will also maintain thc parish schools'in that position and pre-eminence which it is desirable tliey should ever be in , and thus neutralise rivahv . Tho

      Government of the country take an interest in tho subject—they have shown that they do so by declaring themselves in favour ofa course cf agricultural education , and establishing schools for thatpnrposc ; . Now , the parochial schaoliuasters , many of whom 1 now address , are at present , _through their friends , making an application to Parliament for an increase to their _, v allowance , whicli is admitted on all hands io bo toe . v small ; and I hold in my hand a letter from a gentle- man who takes a great interest in the matter , wliich states that if the schoolmasters show an interest in promoting the fundamental welfare of the ' country , as , for instance , in the improvement of agviuulturo , the application of their energies to the diffusion of knowledge having that tendency , would have great weight with Parliament . Another point is , ' that , as individuals , , they will have an opportunity . of bringing themselves into notice , and new moans of rising pre--sciitcd to them . It will increase their consideration ' - ' - ¦ ¦¦

      in tlie localities where tliey reside . For instance , a schoolmaster may go to a farmer and , talk to him about Latin , which he will not care about , iis he does not understand it : but if he can hold the plough , then he will think him a better man . As an illustration ofthis feeling , I may mention what thc schoolmaster of Eyemouth said the other day to ii friend of mine : " If I could teach fishing , tlie parents would take more interest in tiie school . " ( Laughter . ) You will , 1 repeat , render yourselves of morc . _importancs in the district where you reside , and bethought more of by the farmers and others with whom you come in contact . You may find indifference , and may meet with opposition ; but _yoiirbandsinay be strengthened by the establishment of clubs ; and 1 would therefore

      recommend you to meet occasionally , and consult with one another regarding the mode of teaching ; and by doing so , I have no doubt you will overcome many local difficulties . The way to gain over the old fanners to your views—to remove their prejudices—' is not by opposing and railing at them , but by becoming in appearance their pupils ; not bv propounding hastily-formed and positive opinions , but by calmly and dispassionately conversing with them on the subject . In conclusion , the-Professor said that if twenty ofthe gentlemen present would like to hcai * an address on the science itself , in order that they might have an opportunity of understanding some of its niceties , he would be happy to meet them next forenoon in tho same nkco .

      The . offer oi Professor Johnston was at once ac ccptcd , and a committee named to make the neces sarv arrangements . [ Wc shall give thc second Lecture next week . ] fl / U _\/* _yi _«/* y _. A / _lAAAAAAd _^ tf _^ _MaiAAAAA _*^ AAA _^ _A / _UNAl

      On The Veuge Of The 6have : Or, A Miracu...

      On the veuge of the 6 have : or , a Miraculous CuiiE by Hollow at ' s Pills . —James Allen , u ladies ' shoemaker , , residing in Allen-street , Goswcll-sfcreet , caught a violent cold about twelve months since , which , being neglected , brought on a swelling in tlie legs and feet , pains in the side and shoulders , niglit sweats , with inability to keep food upon liis stomach _^; indeed , he was at last reduced to sucli a state of general weakness and debility , that no one thought he could long survive ; but by the use of Holloway ' s Pills , every dangerous symptom quickly disappeared , and he is now as hale and as hearty a man as ever he was in liis life .

      _Istblwcbst ns most certainly .-the community novr are , comparatively witli the state of society in former times , still there appears to have beenone essential matter overlooked in the search for intelligence and happiness . IIow often ¦ do medical men recommend exercise to their patients for indigestion , liver complaints , costiveness , sick head-aches , & c . Females loading an inactive life , and tiioiigands . _ofbofli _soxos are , through their sundry avocations , debarred from that exercise in a pure atmosphere which is essential to health ; to all such , therefore , we would recommend the occasional use of that excellent familymedicine , " Frampton ' s Pill of Health , " which , as a restorative , a gentle aperient , and a . promoter of a healthy action of the system , stands unequalled in public estimation . ¦ ' _, '

      £Anfcn?Pts ; , $Tu

      _£ anfcn ? pts , $ _tu

      Bankrupts. (From Friday's Gazette, Augus...

      BANKRUPTS . ( From Friday ' s Gazette , August 29 , 1815 . J _Goorgo Cliciiucll , Caucl , _Surroy ,. eni pGiiter and bu ' ihlcr —John Guy , lhiry-. sti'eet ,. yestini ! ister , publisher—Samuel Cullum _Ingniare , Uiiveriff , _isiifijol !' _, straw plait-manujfiiij turer—John Hedden , ¦ _'CaiiihriOgEj coaeh-huildei _*—ltuhert Hutchinson ; Jewry-street , Alllgate , leather-seller— . )' olih Joplin , _Uisliopwcannoutli , Burli ( ini , ilrii ]) cr— Jucohllicharcl Owen , Manchester , stock-broker— William Stopl ' onl . llii ' rley , renzancc , Cornwall , liatter—Joseph Curtis , _U . islicar < i , Cornwall , linen and _woollmudi'iipei 1 .

      _liAXKHUl'TS . ( From the Gazette of Tuesday , September 2 . ) Edward " William Jenkins , _llungorford-inarhct , - wine merchant—Walter Smith , Ahergaremiy , innkeeper-George Stone Baron , Plymouth , _money-scrivencr-IVm , JBickerton , Kiiigsto ' _ii-upon-liull , timber-merchant .

      DIVIDENDS . Sept . 20 , W . mil , " Woolwich , Kent , builder-Sept . 23 , J . "Yates , York-roail , Lnmbcih , shipowner—Sept . 25 , J . 'Cockburu , Now Broad-street , City , merchant—Sept . 25 , 3 . anil G . Hardy , Wisbeach St . Peter ' s , Cambridgeshire * grocers—Sept . ' 25 , W . ItoH ' e . Therfield , Hertfordshire * . farmer—Sept . 25 _.. J . Jhooker , Southampton-row , Bl . joms- _* _. bury , carver and gilder—Oct . 11 , It . _Steadiiinn and W , Aide , Birmingham , button-makers . _Cehtificates to be granted , unless cause be shown to the contrary on the day of meeting . Sept . 80 , W . _llobson _. Chipping liarnet , grocer—Sept . 15 , 3 , Lanc _. Bristol _. licensed victualler—Oct . 8 , J . aud W . _Sujjdon , . ' ¦ . . •>

      Leeds , machine-makers—Sept ; 23 , lt . Huberts , Liverpool , .: , j _banlier—Sept . 23 , J . II . and K . ITcnsman , Adelplii-wliarf , , j : i Strand , _coal-mcrchants _^ -Sept . -23 , il . B . Bueldcu . iuddor-jSL minster , Worcestershire ,, nievcer—Sept . 23 , M . aud W . '" GhceUuun , Smcdluy , Lancashire , piece-dealers—Sept . To , - T . Patterson , Sherift ' _-hill , Durham , carthciiware-niiniu-f ' faclurcr—Sept . 23 , W . II . Williamson , _Dowgatc-hill , City / tobacconist—Sept . 23 , J . "W . Summers , Sunderland , Durham _, cukemanufactuver— Sept . 23 , 11 . Kipling , _Wotja -.-.-strcet , Cheapside , warehouseman—Sept . 28 , T . Holisfu ; * jun ., Manchester , estate agent—Sept . 23 , J . _Lowtliiu and . It . Brinley , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , printers . .. J ? - •'' rARTNEfcStlirSDlSSOM'ED .

      . J ,, E ., and II . W . Taylor , Colchester , cabinet-makers as far as regards J . Taylor—W . Stevens , J . "Wilkinson ' , ! and J . Satchcll , Queen-street , Cheapside , attorneys ; _afr , far as regards J . Wilkinson—W , Lawson and . ) . llorno . ' _- . Wellington-street , London Bridge , lint _manufacturers—i' Wills and II . Guild , Chichester , mercers—W . N . Wilson and J . Barton , Pendleton , Lancashire , mousseline de _laiiiepi inters—W . B . _Jtecd and W . Baker , Bristol , builders—J . Dixon and J . Neve , AVolverhampton , coahnusturs—C . Dennis and J . D . Quy , White ' s-grounds , licrumudsey , size manufacturers—J . Taylor and W . Dronsfield , Iloyf On , Lancashire , - cotton-spinners—W . and N . Bamford , liellbar , Hertfordshire , farriers—T . II . Irwin and J , _Aspinall-i Liverpool , ' stockbrokers—E . Granville and "W . _Warnb ' j Cheapside , merchants—A . Harrison , j . Stevenson , J . and C . J . Tennant , G . Brown , . W . Stevenson , and J . ii . . Williamson , South Shields , . _manufacturers of alkalies ; as far

      as regards A . Harrison—J " . IV ad _^ , Wi _Ilargreaves , and J . Wade , Bradford , _Yoi'k ' sliirc _. _' _iVbrsted-spiniiers : as tar as regards W . Ilargreaves - — _STMfiy and P . Mottraih , Shrews- - _., bury , drapers—E . Hunt * and _^ G . T . Tyndale , Liverpool ; . merchants—S . _aiuVS . Smith , Manchester , woollen . _driijjsrs . ¦ . ' - —II . Leaker and . T .- _* Tv'jutaU r Leadenh . iU . street , City , won * ... _*; . ., mongers—T . J . Kirtonand _. _LK . ewman . Batikside ,. South _^'' ¦• , '' wark , white lead manufacturers—1 >; W . Holler _aniTA ; CV- ¦¦ - ;> Wirsing , Union-court , Old Brolid-street , City , merchants- _^ _j / _fU J . Amis , J . Hatton , and S . Marshall , BishopsgaA ** _slreetV _.-tf Within , silk-mercers—E . and M . Barnett , _GreafPrcseottistreet , Goodinun _' s-fields , schoolmistresses—i . Hall and 3 i 11 . Moreton _, _Leudenhall market , meat-salenien—J . and Jj > Thorpe , Nottingham , curriers—J . Calvertand T . M'liityre _> _- . . Leeds , woollen-drapers — "W . Stawpert and R . VanneU _/ _v" . ' '•' AVillington , Northumberland , grocers—J . M . and W . Carl * - ' - " keet , Plymouth , general nicrchants ' _^ lt . ltoy , J . Blulit , DT " G . Johnstone , and C . Walton , Lothbury . Citv . attorneys * as far as regards C . Walton—C . lt . Meltzer an _^ JjiWadStf * '¦ - ' worth , _Leeds , flax-merchants . " _* ¦¦ . ¦

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_06091845/page/7/