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BELGIUM
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(FROM OUB OW.Y LAXD COiUUSSIO.VKn.) Lett...
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AM) NATIONAL TEADES' JOUENAL. ¦i-jimii ¦...
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VOL. " VIII. NO. 413^ LQNDC^ „, ^ I€E /^...
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4fom'p fortelHfiena
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INSURRECTION IN ITALY. The Journal des D...
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THE RIVF.R PLATE. REJECTION OF THE INTER...
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€\)mm Jntelltff-enm
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LONDON. City Locu-m-.—Mr. Cooper's lectu...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Belgium
BELGIUM
(From Oub Ow.Y Laxd Coiuussio.Vkn.) Lett...
( FROM OUB OW . Y LAXD _COiUUSSIO . VKn . ) Letter iV . TO THE WORKING GLASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . I write this letter from the capital of Sardinia ; and in my _passage here I have been a -very strict observer of persons and manners , and of the Land above all things . I believe it has been the fashion for travellers to compile the history of countries either from the works of other writers , or from a -very imperfect knowled ge _acquired through a slender acquaintance with individuals , whose accounts of things aro generally tinged by prejudice , or misstated from ignorance . For these reasons I have resolved upon not falling into tliis too common practice , ¦
—a practice which has naturally gone to add more or less of discredit to the accounts of all travellers . There are , however , subjects upon which no controversy can arise , and upon which the most prejudiced person can form a correct opinion . These are , the appearance , manners , customs , and habits of a people : the necessary , or rather the inevitable , conconsequences which must result from the management of the Laxd of a country ; and , above all , tbe relation in which the several classe 3 stand to each other . Therefore , as I do not wish to fall into the usual error of travellers , I have rejected , —except for comment when we meet , —all that I have heard and I shall content myself with putting you in possession of what I have seen . Some may say : " Mr . O'Connor wants m to believe that he has become
sufficiently acquainted with the history of Belgium , Prussia , Germany , Nassau , Baden-Baden , France , _SmlffirlaniJ , Austria , Sardinia , the Austrian Italian States , and Lombardy , in a single month , lo enable him to instruct the English people on the subject . " I mean no such thing : but I do mean that I have seen as much as I required to convince me of the correctness ofmy views on the all-important subject of hie Land , as well as to confirm my oft-expressed opinion , that the monopoly of the Land must inevitably
lead—firstly , to the too great disparity between the classes of a country ; secondly , to thc unnatural reliance of a people on the caprice of the monopolists of the Land for food ; and thirdly , and above all , to the enactment of bad laws : and what is still more , to the capricious administration of those bad laws . I have seen the people and the Land of all the countries I have above named : and I have heard it repeated , over and over again , that the Land of England cannot be made to produce food for its inhabitants .
I have heard that mnch of the land of that country Is not-worth cultivating ; and Ihave heard the climate irreligiously abused as imgenial ; and I have heard that much of the land of England is not worth the trouble or expense of cultivation . I have heard thatit is a decree of Providence that _thereshall always he poor in THAT land ; and Ihave heard it said that "the increase of the pauper class is a consequence of increased civilisation . " I have seen barren valleys , and barren hills , and barren slopes , all made barren in consequence of their proximity to the quicker money-maker— " the tall chimney . " I have also seen thc Alps—the snow-capped Alps of
Switzerland , and of Sardinia , and of Italy . I have seen the majestic mountains of Liege ; Ihave seen the high hills ef Germany , and of Baden-Baden , to the foot ot the Black Forest : and I liave seen tlie result of man's labour , when unchecked by mechanical power , displayed even to the _vergsummits . I have seen a happy and contented peasantrylivinginthe midst of almost natural sterility ; while I have seen millions starving , or driven to the ocean for sea-weed , whose _every-day work it is to make riches out of the Tery host land for indolent lords ( who do not like the "trouble" of "business" ) , and insolent squires , and arrogant middlemen , and proud shopkeepers , and a tyrannical
Government . How _corner this , you Englishmen , and Irishmen , and Scotchmen ? How comes it , I say , that yon , of whoso prowess in arms I hear eveiy where ? How comet it , that TOU , to whose valour many Kings owe their crowns , and whose blood bas been shed in torrents to preserve the lands of other countries to the uses of their people , should be like wild beasts at home ? No ; not even like wild beasts ; for as Tiberius Gracchus told the Romans ofhis day : — " You , who have conquered all for others , bave not the poor privile ge of the hare , or the fox , or the tiger . " The hare has her "form , " the fox has his " earth , * * the tiger has his "jungle : " while you have no resting
place—even in your _rjutisn _; but are subject to the decree of others as to tbe place where you shall flee or shelter . And then what shelter you have ! when you do arrive at the place of destination— " boxes " and the dead-stone ! Will you longer believe the Malthusisans , who tell you that the land of England cannot be subdued and cultivated to the uses o ! lor people : and this too in the teeth ofthe fact , that the people of Switzerland , and of Sardinia , and of Germany , and of other countries , cultivate their mountains almost to the snmimt ; and that those
people are better off in every respect than you are ? They are better off , because they have a home , however hnmble that home may be ; because they are tlie " FIRST partakers of the fruits" of-their own Industry ; and because they never are driven to live upon , and to fight for , the bones of horses and of human beings : because they never are dragged from their bed ? to the dead-stone before life is extinct ; because their owx hocsk is tlieir own castle ; and because the disparity of classes does not render a pro--vision for tbe poor necessary to save the property of the rich . For , believe me , my friends , that you
would have no seven millions , nor yetseven sixpences a-year , in the shape of poor-rates , if the property of the rich would be equally secure without them . I have been repeatedly ashed the question here on the Continent , " what it is that makes the well-fed , well-paid , English working classes so dissatisfied , tuv . bulent , and unruly : and 1 fmdjthat most people here take their notions and opinions ot you from principals who travel for themselves from thc large manufacturing establishments of England ; or from ' bag . men , " who travel for them , and receive orders for your produce . Such is the source from which the German scribe , Koui ., received bis information of
your character ; and such is the source through which you have been misrepresented . Every town on the Continent swarms with English Jews ; and their representatives abouud . On the other hand , all intelligent foreigners , who have travelled for information in England , have come to the very same conclusion : namelv , that " in England thc men auk . too men—AND THE POOR ARE TOO FOOR : " but then they do not all see that the too groat riches of the rieh is ilie cause of the too-great poverty of the poor . When I return , I shall be able to instruct vou on many subjects on which it would be impossible to inform you in a letter . One thing , however , I mnst tell vou here ; and tliat is ,
that I have not seen one drunken or tipsu man since I left England . W 03 to that country where the very existence of lnonar _^ hy depends on the dissipation ofthe people . 0 , what would I give that we had a Government " strong" enough to submit its acts to , and to depend for existence upon the scber mind of man ! 2 _* o Government in the world , save the Government of _England , has aa interest in drunkenness , lewdness , dissipation , and depravity . Even the boasted Protestant Church owes its wealth , in a great measure , to brothels , gin-palaces , public-houses , and all sorts of obscenity . 0 , how it must mortify men to see _ablebodied Irishmen starring while tilling the very best soil : while here you see families , with little labour , happy in the midst ofa wilderness .
Before I return to Lessines , and the charming Sisters of Charity , and the small farms of Belgium J must tell you , that although you hear little of Sardinia , it is out of all comparison the most splendid couutry I have ever been in—it is the garden of Italy . The men are thc finest race of men you ever beheld . Their roads are , perhaps , thc finest in the world ; much better than the very best iii England . Their mules are worth more than £ -30 a-piecc ; that is _.
the best _cla-s . Their oxen work upon the roads , and their cows work on the farms , and the young -women work in the fields . If yon were popped down in Sardinia , yon would imagine yourself in England , amongst the English , were it not for a very slight difference in the hats and shoes of the working classes . In the towns there is no visible difference between the higher and middle classes of the two countries , exceptthat those of Sardinia are verymuch finer men and better built . 1 must tell yon a _vair
(From Oub Ow.Y Laxd Coiuussio.Vkn.) Lett...
funny anecdote that occurred whilst I was detained at Chiapo , one of the frontier towns on the Austrian side of Switzerland . I was there amongst the smugglers , from Sunday morning till Wednesday night . I was all day amongst the peasants , who are veiy fond of playing " bowls , " just as they are played in England , with this exception—that in England they are played in bowling-greens or howling-grounds ; in Switzerland they are played . in the streets ; and the peasants , over channels , and pavements , and all obstructions , play remarkably well : so much so , that out of the two bowl 3 of each player , one of each will he within half an inch ol the Jack nearly every time . Well , one of the Custom-house officers , in his regimentals , and a peasant boy were playing a game , and
mnny were looking on—I amongst the number : when a dispute arose as to whieh of two bowls was nearest the Jack . Many gave their opinion , but none was satisfactory ; when at last I was appealed to ; and so near were both , that I knelt down on the spot on both knees , and was spying with my glass , all being intent on my decision , when the carriage of an Italian . Count passed , with an English gentleman sitting by the Count . At the moment I rose from my knees and gave judgment , surrounded by the peasants , the English gentleman exclaimed to the Count , " Feargus O ' Connor , by G—d ! " I thought it laughable and characteristic to be seen in the mountains o f Switzerland , surrounded by the peasants , by one who most likely had often seen me in a similar situation in England .
I now return to my notice of the del icious hospital of Lessines . The Sisters of Charity wash the floors and the windows , and the whole ofthe hospital ; and do everything with such a grace as to make one wish very much to be sick . Indeed , I had a very bad toothache ; and when I saw the young nun from Cologne , I had half a mind to ask if it was a malady that came under the category of ills for which persons were admitted into the hospital . The twentyone sisters and thc novices dine together ; and 1 never saw a more humble prepar ation than was made for their repast , which I am sure was just as humble , I saw an old man eating his soup ; and it was such as you could not excel in the best hotel in London . No skilly—no hot water and bones ; but
real , regular , good soup : _ano PLENTY op it . To finish on this subject , I shall never , as long as I live , cease to think of this glorious institution , supportedby its own land ; and I never will stop until I see precisely _sush another in every parish in England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales . Indeed , I hope to see the " BASTILES" turned into such institutions . At Lessines I saw an immense stone quarry , where 650 men were employed . You can form no estimate of the size of this immense excavation . Here the men work in gangs of fifteens and twenties ; and their business is to quarry and dress the stones for building ; but more especially for repairing the roads . All the roads in Belgium are veiy well paved . At this work the men earn from 2 s . Id . to 2 s . 6 d . a-day each .
I am resolved not to be minute 0 questions of wages and other details ; and fortius reason , because the smaller amount of wages paid to mechanics in Belgium , as compared with what English mechanics receive , has been made subject of foolish controversy even in the House of Commons ; while a very necessary branch of the subject has been wholly lost sight of—namely , the relative value of money , and what it will do in both countries . I told you that at Oldenberg , in Belgium , I dined and had a glass of brandy
for Sd . Now , 1 will tell you what I paid on Thursday last , for my dinner , at the Italian Ilotel , at Arona . Arona is on thc bank of the splendid Lake Maggeore , and the hotel of whicli I speak is the principal one of the town : and a very fine hotel it is . I had cold veal and jelly ; a splendid veal cutlet ; a large piece of fat boiled beef ; half a roasted fowl ; a dish of French beans ; bread ; cheese ; peaches ; grapes ; cakes of all sorts ; and A BOTTLE OF WINE—the real juice of the grape , and all for ONE SHILLING AND EIGUT-PENCE-two francs at
lOd . each . Now , then , can you give some answer to capitalists when tliey _SpCilli Of tllC " miserable" wages of foreign labourers . Do you , in reply , tell them , that out of those miserable wages they can save enough to buy land at an enormous price , while , if you could save , you could not get the land to buy , because they and tho aristocracy know that the monopoly of the land gives both a monopoly of everything else ; and always bear well in mind the fact , that those who talk about repealing the Corn Laws have no notion of allowing you to grow corn yourselves . Now , above all things , mind that ! I now return to Hal ,
which I visited again on Sunday and Monday , with a mnch better interpreter of the Flemish language . I saw a bundle and a half of very middling ground , that a man with a wife and five children had purchased . Before he bought it , he paid at the rate oi 120 franc 3 , or £ 1 IGs . 8 d . the bundle , and a bundle is an English acre and a quarter . He had a cow and a heifer upon this less than two acres , and would , after supporting his family , have food enough for another cow ; he works the cow , and does not find that it injures her in the least . None of the children , except one , is old enough to assist him , and that one iveeds , and puts out manure . In the winter all the
children of the neighbourhood go to the Govern * ment ScnooL , and are in thc fields all the summer . For the bundle and half of land he paid £ 320 English , and the rent was £ 1 5 s . ; so that you sec in the shape of land security , to be WORKED BY HIMSELF , he was well satisfied to have little move than £ 2 per cent , pcr annum for his money . In Belgium the land will sell for sixty years' purchase , and all because it affords the very best outlay for small capitalists to purchase enough to expend their own labour upon . I visited another spot of ONE BUNDLE , for which , without a house , the occupant paid ICO francs a vear , or at
the rate of £ G Ss . -Id . for an acre and a quarter . This man had his ground in excellent order , and would purchase it "IF HE HAD THE CHANCE . " lie had a fine cow , a calf , and two pigs ; and now , what I wish particularly to draw your attention to is the fact , ihat men with a wife and five , six , seven , eight , and nine children , can have enough , after living , out of an acre and a quarter of ground , to buy that ground at more than double , the price it would fetch in England ; and again , that the land is not one-fifth as good , and that the price of surplus produce is not one-half as much ; so that you will see that of all trades in the world for a poor man ,
farming is the best , and of all countries in the world England is the most favourable , because there is a higher price for surplus after consumption . Now , my friends , may I not boast of my consistency in opposing the League spouters , when I contended that the way to repeal the Corn Laws was by allowing every man to be his own producer , and that out of the surplus of millions , we should have more than enough even for all the idlers who now live upon the fat ol the land , while their laws prevent the people from having enough to eat . In almost all instances 1 found that one of the family worked at some work in the winter at wliich he earned money ; but in the summer the land required the labour of all . I saw a
very splendid spot of four bundles , for which the occupant paid 4 S 0 francs a year—that is , £ 19 4 s . 2 d . a ycav tor exactly live acres withouta house ; hehad three cows and three pigs , and grew more corn than his neighbours , and is considered rather a large farmer he has seven children—four help on the land , and he works his cows , as he and the four are not able _tn MANAGE SO MUCH without help . Now , my dear friends , hear the points ofthis letter in your minds till I write again . They are , that one in every ten English working men is a pauper , while millions of acres of goo I land is under _U'EEJS—grass ; that among the almost inaccessible Alps the people are allowed to cultivate valleys amid thc _sooks- and
(From Oub Ow.Y Laxd Coiuussio.Vkn.) Lett...
snow , and _are-jiappy . That if you get larger money wage . * * , yon have fewer comforts and less of certainty , and that the only value of high money wages is the ability of the Government to take the lion ' s share in the shape of taxes . I hope to be in London when my next letter appears , and in the same number I will relate to you one of the most awful tragedies iri real life that has recently occurred in a country in which I have been , which the press dare not publish , but I will give you names and all . I have not seen a Northern Star ( in full ) since I left England ; that paper and Punch are prohibited in several countriesthe Northern Star in all except Franco and Belgium . I am , your faithful friend and servant , _FUAROUS 0 'COK . VOK . Torino , Sept . 30 th , 1845 .
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Am) National Teades' Jouenal. ¦I-Jimii ¦...
AM ) NATIONAL _TEADES' JOUENAL . ¦ _i-jimii ¦¦ _¦ ¦ . . - _* __ ' :..
Vol. " Viii. No. 413^ Lqndc^ „, ^ I€E /^...
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Insurrection In Italy. The Journal Des D...
INSURRECTION IN ITALY . The Journal des Dchats gives thc following account of an attempt at insurrection which broke out at Rimini , on the 24 th ult . : — " We learn by a letter from Milan , doted the 39 th ult .,-tliat on the 24 th an attempt at _insumotion wan made at Rimini . T bis attempt had been combined , itis said ; by some inhabitants of the torn and some Spanish and _Biedmontese refugees . In the night of thc ' llth , about one hundred of these refugees landed near Kimini . The insurgents immediately procjeded to the fort ot San Leo , situated at a short distance from tlie town , and in which they are supposed to have had _partisans . They penetrated into the fort , and set at liberty the political prisoners , who were very numerous , They next entered Kimini ,
where they stopped the couriers , and carried oif the despatches . The Cardinal Legate of _Povli _immediatelj sent troops to Rimini . On the 27 th , at their approach , the insurgents , who without doubt had found no support in the people of tins town and environs , hastily quitted Kimini , after abandoning their arms ; some of thorn re-embarked , tbe others took refuge in the mountains . The letters from Bologna do not speak of any other movement having taken place in the ltomngna . At tlic first report of this attempt , Marshal K-idetzki , who commands the Austrian troops , reinforced the garrison of Fcrrara . It was rumoured at Milan , that at Renevento some musket shots had been fired at the Cardinal Legate and liis- secretary , and that the latter hud been killud . This news I 164 d-J confirmation . "
We add the following from the London Times and Chronicle : — " Letters from Milan of the 31 th confirm the main facts given by the Debate , and adds that the Italian refugees who landed were to the number of upwards of one hundred , and that they were commanded by a native ol Piedmont of the name of Itibotti . The iift ' _air at one time looked very serious , for the garrison of San Leo , consisting of 500 men , joined the insurgents . Fortunately , however , for the authorities , they were seized witli a panic , and on tlio appvosich of the troops from Fori ! they took to Bight , and sought shelter in the mountains . The governments of the otlier Italian states are greatly alarmed at this unlooked-for outbreak , and are taking every precaution to prevent any more such nttempts , "
A private letter from Faenza , of the 24 th ult ., corroborates part of thc above _sts-. tcment , and adds that the town of Pesaro had followed tlic example of Rimini , and . that Sinaglia and _Anco'ia were prepared to join in the movement : — "Last night , " says the writer , " a band marched upon Castol Bolognese , a small town of the legation of Ravenna , to form a junction this evening with a body of about ont hundred guerillas , mostly belonging to Faenza , who have taken up their station on the frontiers of Tuscany , The plan of the insurgents is _^ to advance upon ltomn . " Another letter from Tuscany , of the 2 Gth ult ., mentions that the movement at llimini commenced on Monday , thc 22 nd , and that the standard of revolt was first raised by the troups of the garrison . A report that the military commission sitting at Ravenna would go the rounds of Romagna , provoked the insurrection . The refugees residing at Floreuce had re-entered the legation .
FuBTUEIt Particulars . — The Morning Chronicle oi Tuesday has tho following : — " The accounts received from Italy respecting the recent attempt at insurrection at Rimini , in the Roman states , agree in stating that for the present the movement has tailed . A great number of persons have been arrested in different places , but principally at Imola and Faenza , where it is said that it was originally intended the insurrection should have broken out . The Papal Government is taking thc utmost precautions against a renewal of the attempt . It has reorganised the pontifical volunteers , has changed the garrison at Ancona , of whose fidelity it did not fool confident , and , fearing another invasion of Itali _. in emigrants from the neighbouring countries , where
they have taken refuge , it lias sent out a small fleet of armed vessels to guard the coast . The details , as far as tbey are yet known , we have alreadygivcn . It has been ascertained that it was on thc night of the 24 th of September that the refugees landed on the coast of the Adriatic , not far from San Leo , to which place they immediately marched . At San Leo they set at liberty the state prisoners whom they found in the fort , and of whom there were a great number . They then marched at once upon Rommi , of which they took possession , and kept it till the 27 th . On that day a detachment of troops , sent tothe relief of the place by the Cardinal-legate of Forli , arrived , and the insurgents immediately took to flight , and retired to thc mountains . It docs not appear
quiteclearly whether it be true or not , as stated by some of the private letters from the country , that the garrison of Rimini to the number of oOO ' mcn joined the insurgents . Should that be really the case , it appears extraordinary ( or rather would do so in any other country ) that so largo a body of men , after having found courage to raise the standard of revolt , would not have the further courage to defend themselves . It appears , however , certain that they did not do so . A great number oftlie insurgents reached the sea , and escaped in that way , whilst others have found refuge in the fastnesses of the Apennines . A large number of persons , who did not join in the insarrection , but whose opinions on political subjects arc known , have
prudently retired to the Tuscan States to avoid the prosecutions to which they would be exposed . Many of the details of this affair arc still unknown , but there is no doubt that as a political movement it is a failure . Orders have already been given for the trial oftlie persons implicated before a military _coninihsion , a tribunal from whicli the ill-managed states of the Church are never free . According to the French papers , this insurrection , though it appears to have come quite by surprise on the Italian Governments , was almost * publicly known in several parts of France . "For the
last tliree months , " says thc Dchats , " it was stated publicly in this country that on a stated day , and almost at a fixed hour , an insurrection would break out in the Legations , anil there aro coffee-houses in Marseilles and Paris where the supposed loaders in the movement were publicly spoken of , and where the means of action , and the support to be expected from the garrisons of certain towns of the Romagna , were the common topic of conversation . It was known that on this occasion thc Liberals did not seek to overthrow the Pontifical Government , but that they limited themselves to a . demand of a reform in the administration .
Since writing the above we have received letters from Milan _, which give later particulars of the insurrection , which it appears was not conlined to Rimini and its neighbourhood . Tbe following is an extract from our correspondent ' s letter : — " The insurgents who took possession of Rimini came irom the republic of San Marino and from Tuscany . It was directed by a Piedmontcse refugee of the name of Rebotti , who was at one time a colonel in the Spanish service , and who has lived for a considerable time in concealment at Rimini . It was he , in conjunction with Count Pah . who organized _thf * plot among the inhabitants of the place and the oflicers and soldiers of the garrison . On thc night of the _2-Jd and 21 th they rose in arms , and took possession of the town , of which thev immediately closed the gates . They declared tlnit their object was . a reform of the government , and their cry 4 Vive le Consti tution . ' The troops , who were to tin
number of 5 C 0 _, continued to-wear the pontilieni cockade , for j , he insurgents declared that tliey would remain faithful to the government ol the Pope , on condition that he would gin them a constitution . On the approach of tlw troops sent by the _Cardinal-legate of Forli . when the insurgents took toili » ht , the inhabitants o _' the town sent a deputation to the cardinal , declaim ; : that they had taken no part in the insurrection . Tinfort of San Leo was never iu the possession ofthe insurgents . The iiisiii _' trents bef « rc _kavins tlic town took posscssiou of the savings bank and " the _iroveniment offices , but they did not lind anv money . ' Tliey disarmed the custom-house officer :,- aiid carried away their arms , but they did not touch private property . lhe town of Ravenna has followed the example of Riuiini , but the pontifical authorities having some Swiss troops and artillery at tlieir disposal , a good deal of fighting took place between the troops and tlie inhabitants ot the place , iu which several persons wero killed on both , _is-dcs . The soldiers _lircd crane
Insurrection In Italy. The Journal Des D...
among the peoplo , and great numbers were killed . On the side of the government an officer and several soldiers were killed : The Tuscan government has marched a body of troops to the frontiers . At-Venice the government has also made preparations . The gnn-boats have been prepared for action , and are kept m the open sea , ready for whatever point they may be required . " J ¦ The Privileged Gazette of Bologna of the 20 th . ult . announces , that the Po _' ntifical troops re-entered Rimini at eleven o ' clock in the morning of the 27 th ult ,, the insurgents bavins * either embarked or fled
into the mountains on their approach . " The accounts received this niorning at Bologna . " adds the _basetfa " state , that the rebels-dispersed in the mountains had been overtaken by the Swiss troops , the _Carabiniers , and the Custom-house officers on the side of Baize , in the legation of Ravenna , where they were routed with the loss of some killed and wounded , in the meantime another band was met _bythecarabiniera . and Pontifical volunteers , andthe Custom-house oflicers at Badi , in the legation of Bologna , and fourteen revolters were _disarmed and made prisoners of by the loyal troops . " . ¦
:-... _„ , SPAIN . Madrid , Sept . 2 C— -There arc five persons sentenced each to one _gear ' s imprisonment _] in a presi _^ . by , the ; _court-martialivfor being concerned in the attempted ihsurrection on the night of the 5 th . The names are Felipe Huetc , Jose _Isidro , Manuel Cliaem , _Faiiatino Ducasa , and Manuel Lobera . They all belong to the operative classes , and all have families depending on tlieir daily labours for their subsistence . The public believes that these . unfortunate men have been treated with injustice : and that to condemn them everything in the shape of law or common sense has been outraged . In the first place , thc very fact of their being tried ( even supposing them really guilty ) by a militarv tribunal .
when the city was not placed under martial law , is an act of illegality which the very Fiscal himself has not dared to justify or dispute . TJie court-martial sat three times on their case . At the termination of the two first sittings , after every witness had made his declaration , and after every attempt had been made to inculpate them as participators in the alleged conspiracy , the Government prosecutor , himself a military man , and with all the prejudices ofhis class against civilians , particularly on such an occasion , demanded solemnly tlieir acquittal , because , as he declared , there was no charge substantiated against them . The judges deferred passing sentence until thoy had consulted together ; nnd the prisoners were brought up a third time . To the astonishment of all ,
at that third session , the same public accuser called on the tribunal to pas * on them a sentence of two years' imprisonment in a presidio . The tribunal sentenced them to one year ' s imprisonment . The only charge made against them was that tliey were close to the spot where the firing took place on that night . There was no otlier charge against them . If people are to be sent to the galleys for being by accident in the _neighbourhood of the scene of a commotion in Madrid or Barcelona , the most innocent cannot escape . On the night in question there were many persons a few yards only Irom where the firing began , and who were as unconscious as the child unborn of the existence of a conspiracy . Tlie writer of this letter had only passed the Calle _c-le Peligros a very few minutes after the doctor of the Gobernadora
Regiment was fired on by a company of his own corps ; and he , according to the same argument , might be convicted of conspiracy , because he was found traversing ii street which on that night was indeed true to its name of Peligros—danger . The ostensible motive for condemning these men was that some of the witnesses declared they were in the neighbourhood of the Prado half an hour later than appeared from the declaration of the accused . These men were arrested , but there were no arms found o » them . It is scarcely necessary to say that General Narvaez and his friends are persons not very remarkable for clemency . If there was any positive proof , or any proof that had affinity to a positive character , of their being implicated in the aflair of that night , there is no do doubt that , instead of being condemned , after a lapse of tUvee weeks , to one year ' s imprisonment , they would have been placed in capilla the day after the occurrence , and shot on thc following
morning . General Breton is working miracles in Barcelona . Not the least wonderful of those miracles is , that he lias made tbe Baron de Meer appear an angel of meekness , and the Count _d'Espagnc ' s memory to be revered for clemency . His acts of stupid atrocity make the deeds of his notorious predecessors seem white as snow . Ia the course of one half-hour Oil the night of the 20 th , twelve persons were taken from their beds , and confuted in thc dungeons of the citadel . One of them , it is said , is an intimate friend of Narvaez . Forty others were to have been seized on the following day , without , as a matter of course , the shadow of a . charge against them . The example is folio-veil with equal zeal by the Political Chief of Valencia , who has given orders to the Commissaries of Police to make out ivlist of all persons in that city who arc suspected of entertaining political opinions different froni those who support the " situation . " In this manner Spain is making rapid strides in the way of tranquillity and civilisation .
_Bahcelona _, SErr . 27 . —Blood continues to be shed in this distracted country , and with no unsparing band . Twelve of tlie fifteen unhappy young men tried by court-martial , were sentenced to death , and this morning shot in the glacis ofthe citadel . It was a heart-sickening sight—twelve able bodied , fine young men , the oldest not having attained the age oi twenty-nno , launched into eternity , and not for that habituation in crime whicli justifies the severing for ever of a rotten member from the mass of society . They were some of those ileliitled beings who had Hod from their homes to avoid the conscript , and , not having submitted themselves to the authorities , were declared and treated as outlaws at the expiration of the term marked out for giving themselves up . They wandered about in small armed bands , and when pressed by hunger , entered somo remote village of the mountains anddemanded money or provisions . An ambuscade of the army was laid for them on one of these occasions , and these fifteen prisoners were
taken . This made of demanding money or provisions in the towns was , I believe , an every-day occur rence during the late war , the belligerent armies having frequently carried away from the inhabitaiitsthcrcof tlieir last scrap of bread ; and yet Geii' -ml Breton , who no doubt has very often , as chief of a column , done the sane thing , was inexorable in shedding the blood of these unfortunate beings , who were heretofore , as was established before tlie court-martial , good and useful members of society , and had only become criminal in a hopeless attempt io sustain what they conceived an ancient provincial right , handed down to them by their forefathers . Some 20 , 000 people _a-vscmbled on the g lacis to witness the execution , a detailed account of whicli would be-superfluous . The whole garrison wero underarms , and continue so still . In the demeanour of the multitude were portrayed deep excitement and an air of settled discontent .
GERMANY . Pit OGRESS OP Till" GK 11 . MAN ItEFOIiMATION . FiiASiifORT-ox-Tiii * -M , ii . \ i _* , Sei't . 14 . —Ronge entered our city to-day on his way toStuttgardt , in a carriage _jjarhuulcd with flowers , and followed by a train of from _MXteoii to twenty travcllins ; carriages . Thousands upon thousands of people awaited his arrival before the gates of the city , and accompanied him with a ceaseless succession of vivas to the posthouse , where he alighted . The rejoicing , shouts , and hurrahs of the multitude became there so
deafening , that Kongo at long h _appeared at a window ot a second story of an adjoining house , whence he gave a short address to the waiting mass of human beings , expressive of his heartfelt gratitude for the extraordinary reception he had met with ; his _I'C'TCt that his necessarily short stay precluded his replying to it as he wished : and his intention of soon returning to 1 * rank fort for a longer period . Soon after eleven o clock a . m ., he drove off towiv < ls _Stuttsavdt , but such was the pressure of the crowd , as to ' compel passing through the streets at a funeral pace
_liiicixi'i- . \ xn the Silesiax _Reform . —The longexpected work by which this celebrated theologian was to avow and defend his adhesion to the German Catholics has at length begun to be laid before the public , and contains a justification of the reform movement by a connected aiahentilication of the incurable abuses which have taken root in the Roman Catholic Church , and the hopelessness of _obtainim-Irom the Pope w Homan priesthood , as now constituted , any concession of a more rational church service . Tlieiner , as fe well known , has laid down his oflico vn the Roman _Catliolu Church , and addresse - r .. , " ir t 0 i v ) . _'' Parishioners , under tlic title of Moris at Reform in the Catholic Church . " llic abuses so _ottcn alluded to ape stated by Tlieiner in much he usual manner , yet with constant refcr-* _' _,. ! _«* , ; p , T ' r struSS , ra _^ enlightened priests PhL l ir - ° rd Vl , Vtl , e Rom _* _- _» Catholic Oilmen He is more diffuse in stating bis views in _vepid to the position occupied , whether bv the
pries no oa oi hy orthodox Catholics at large , ' in _rcf x \ I !? . i ° \ f W _- ° " _»» " * subjeet of mixed nw iinscs . lie displays simply , but effectively , the _contradictioi _... which _Roine has _constanily submitted _iml'in ' _^' n n _^ ; ? , ICr JilWS _^^ _^ _WtiCS , and ad duces many terrific example * of the moans employed by " tne Church , " to - obtain an accession of ( _llUt'lpfCS .
Insurrection In Italy. The Journal Des D...
Bkkslaw , Sept . 12 . —The Dissentera from Home arc _increasing _, _not only in ftreslilW , where one-fourth ofthe Cathocic population ( reckoned at about 30 , 000 ) has joined the sect , but throughout the whole province . Congregations lately established at Sprottau and Auras , and several other places , such as Sagan , Frankenstein , and even Patclikan , are expected speedily to follow the example . TsERLOHir , SErr . 10 . —The late Roman Catholic priest , Briedenbach , of Strutt , a _nianofdistinguishcd oratorical powers , and possessed not only of the love ofhis parishioners , but of the respect and esteem of his ghostly superiors , having very recently forsaken
' the Itonian for the German Catholic Church , has _accepted acall to preside over that _brauclv of it whicli exists here , and was reccivedtc-day in : v really magnificent manner . The discharge of nearly thirty i pieces of ordnance , and a eorteye of abovc ten thousand persons , whoso www rent the air , hailed his approach , to the city . The German Catholic cause hasobtained by the acquisition of Brcidenbach a powerful sup-, pert not merely in Iserholniu , but through the surrounding district , where man * - * congregations exist , and more are in contemplation . A new one was i _definitivriy . organised-on the 7 th instant , in out neighbouring town , Hagcn . —Elberfehl _Ztilxuig .
- Mayexqi _* , Sept . C—Our bishop has deemed it his duty to announce to his clergy the apostasy of one of their brethren , thc late Dean Winter , iu Alzci , from the Roman Catholic Church . Bhrliv , Sept . 14 . —Some journals lately circulated the- highly-improbable intelligence that thc question of religious differences was to come before the Diet ; we believe ourselves warranted in giving the following as a better founded statement : —In consequence of arrangements made by Prussia , tlie Courts of lierlin , Wirtemberg , Saxony , and Hanover have agreed to set on foot conferences , in which the religious movements of the day , and more especially those of thc " Friends of Light , " shall be discussed . Thc basis to be adopted in these conferences will be a strict separation of the political from the religions element in the movement ; to restrain the former with a very tight rein , while to the hitter will be conceded a freer and larger arena . The question of Church Government , in particular , to be left open ,
but doctrinal points not to be allowed too wide an extent . In opposition to the _foregoing , the Weser _Zeitwxg quotes , on thc other hand , a communication from hrankfort , in which it is roundly asserted that tho religions movement in Germany has bceii already subjectof discussion in thePiet , whose sittings ceased on the 1 ith September , to be resumed on the Sth of January , 1846 . The Jesuit question , it is understood , did not come under consideration , as the political and not tho dogmatical aspect ofthe movement attracted attention , and the deliberations oftlie Diet were limited to thc concoctions of measures to secure the existing order of political affairs against being affected by the religious ferment . "Siho , " nsks the Frankfort correspondent , " who that has observed the simultaneous and almost identical measures adopted in regard of the flerman Catholics by various German states , can doubt that such unusual union of action is the rcsuit of previous union of counsel ?"
Haxau , Sr . _i'T . 13 . —Our Government has proved its determination to can y out to the letter its announced course regarding the German Catholics , by prohibiting Ronge to stop even one ni g ht in this city , or to preside over any meeting for Divine worship . Duesdex , Sept . IC—The refusal of the Wirtemberg Government to grant the use of one of the churches in Stuttgardt to the _Gowwaiv Catholics is but a counterpart ofthe decision of our Ministry , by whom a similar refusal hasjust been given . Thedisappointrnent is the greater here , as the ecclesiastical and town authoritities were unanimous in according tliem the accommodation .
Stuttoauot , Sept . 10 . —Yesterday _Pionge and his friends received many testimonials of affection from his adherents in Stuttgardt . Poems , garlands , and still more valuable proof's of attachment were handed to him in various companies to which he had been invited , and this morning , at ten o ' clock , he left for Ulm . A great concourse of people had assembled in tl \ c Dorothea-square , who greeted _lionge anil his companions as they issued from their dwelling { which was nearly covered with garlands ) with a joyful vino . ' A _"arlandeil carriage received the so highly-prized reformers , and drove off , escorted by some members of thc German Catholic committee , on horseback , and followed by several other carriages .
Sept . 25 . —The cause of the German Catholic Church is gaining much ground here , in spite of all the endeavours to thc contrary made by the Romanists ofour place ; and all their insinuations cannot hinder both Catholics and Protestants from joining the new Church , wliich counts now amongst its members several persons of the nobility . Maxiikim , Sept 29 . —Messrs . Ronge and Donran , and their travelling companions , have just arrived Iiei'O . TllGy were met by a joyous crowd at the railway station , who accompanied them into the town , j Tho authorities , however , would not permit M .
Ronge and his partisans to enter thc church . The police also refused permission for M . Uonge to hold an assembly of the German Catholics at thc theatre _, i ll . Bannerman , the deputy , then invited M . Uonge to go to the garden of his house . He did so , and was followed by an immense crowd , who filled thc vacant space , and covered the trees and the walls . M . Ronge then addressed them , explaining the origin and character oftlie New Catholic church . He was listened to with great interest , and frequenllyclieered . A grand dinner was given to M . Rouge in thc evening at one of the hotels .
A letter from Heidelberg states that while Ronge was in that city , the chiefs of the German Catholic community were cited before the municipal authorities , who signified to them that unless they would guarantee the observance of the decrees issued relative to M . Ronge , he would be ordered to quit the town . The Abbe Ronge , accompanied by his brother and some preachers of the German Catholic Church , arrived at Frankfort on the 4 th , and was received with enthusiasm . On his way to Frankfort he was welcomed with acclamations by the people of Worms ; and in some other places the inhabitants received him with the same demonstrations as if he had been a sovereign . INSURRECTION IN ALGERIA .
Thc Mbniteur Algerien of the 30 th ult . announces that a general insurrectioH had taken place among the native tribes dwelling on the frontiers of Morocco , and tliat Abd-cl-Kadcr , having placed himself at their head , had opened the campaign by cutting to pieces a body of -150 French troops . " It would appear , " says the Mbniteur Algerien of the 30 th ult ., " that the tribes residing on the western frontier have risen in arms against us . Colonel Cavaignac , who had advanced into the territory of flic Traras with a column of 1 , 300 infantry , had two
warm encounters with thc enemy . In one of these engagements M . Pcyragai , chief of battalion of the Zouaves , was killed . On the 21 st of . September , Lieutenant-Colonel Montagnac , superior commander of tho fort of Djemma Ghazaouct , acceding to the entreaties of thc neighbouring tribes , who pretended to be menaced by parties of the cavalry of Abd-cl-Kadcr , marched out at thc head of -150 men of thc Chasseurs of Orleans and of thc 2 ml Hussars towards the Marabout of Sidi Rrahini , situate three leagues from Djemma , and one and a half to the west of the Ncdroma-road . On the 22 nd he advanced to
Dar-elr oul , about a league further . " The report ofa brisk fusillade having been heard in that direction from Djemma Ghazaouet , the cap - tain of engineers , in command ofthe fort , sallied out with 150 men to reconnoitre , and open a communication with the column . He was , however , obliged to retrace his steps before a numerous body ol armed men , and to provide lor the security of his post . Colonel Montagnac , basely betrayed , was allured into an ambuscade by the very Arabs who claimed his protection . At a distance of four leagues , within our frontier , he was surrounded and attacked by Abdcl-Kadcr , followed by all liis forces , and assisted by the numerous contingents of the savage tribes of that part ot _Morocco . Oursmall column , overpowered by numbers , was almost entirely * destroyed . On receipt
of that intelligence Gener . il Lamoriciere , governor ud _jiitiirim , embarked on the 2 Ttli , in the _Tartavc steamer for Djemma Ghazaout , bringing with linn the 3 rd battalion ofthe Cth regiment of Light Infantrv . Two other battalions and a battery of mountain guns followed the lieutenant-general on the same dav , in the steamers Euphrates and Etna . In conclusion , we will content ourselves with observing that thc 8 th regiment of Chasseurs of Orleans , and the 2 nd Hussars have a sad but most glorious page to add to their militarv history . " . The Moniteur Algerien completes thc account of the expedition in which Colonel Bcrthicr was KiHr ; ' _ratorc
" General Bouriolly , " it says , - _"Imd _-J _, the territory ofthe Flittas , to punish the _individuals who had plundered a caravan of Arabs ot cnC _Dcgc- _^ on their way back to the countrv , w _, _^ _tj , „ _- they had purchased in the Tell . H' \ little expected to find the entire tribe in open _revolt . On the 21 st hc was vigorously attacked , '< ind after a very warm engagement , he succeeded in reaching the camp of Ben-Atia . Hostile gvoups showed themselves during the whole day _, n the environs . The general had given a _rcmle- 'AOiis at Len-Atia , on the 22 nd , to the Chief of Battalion , Manselon , commander of the fort of the Khamis of the Bcni Ourags , on the llion , where that officer was stationed with his bat-
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talion . Fearing that the enemy _tafglit attack that small column with a superior . force , lie marched on . the 22 nd to meet it , with two battalions and hia cavalry , leaving two other battalions for the defence ofthe camp . The junction took place without any difficulty , and Gen . Bourjolly returned in the evening to the camp of Ben-Atia , after several encounters with the revolters in the narrow passages through tha mountains . The column of Mostaganem had taken a supply of provisions and ammunition for an excursion of only a few days , in a country where some disturbances had occurred , but wliich he did not expect to find entirely under arms , and roused to fanaticism by the presence of a cheriff . _- To advance still toiler with tlio sick and-wounded would have been imprndent . General Bout jolly resolved consequently to retire on Rel-Acel , and there prepare to-resume the offensive . On the 23 rd he encamped at Touiza , in the country of the Bcni _DorgoulaSjihatinsibeen
constantly harassed hy the enemy _iii'liis _retrogado [ movement . The rear-guard , _ccui-wiid _; , of 200 men of the 9 th _Chassefys of Orleans , was repeatedly engaged , and the squadron of the 4 th _Chasscurfl were obliged to execute several charges to support them . Lieutenant-Colonel _Kerthler , furiix * _* - Aide-de-camp of the King , was killed in heading » charge , and Commander Clur & , of the- 0 th _Cliasseui _*» , was wounded m the knee by a musket ball . On the 25 th the column encamped at Relizan _,. on tho Mina ,. and the sick and wounded were rciS * iovod to Bei Acel . Colonel St . Arnaud , comnuuHlW of tlie subdivision of Orleansville , on receipt of a despatch front General Bourjolly , immediately marched in that direction with his column . The Govern * . * - General , -moreover , before his departure for Djenim **? Gliiazaouetr sent off two battalions of the ( JtU _Kesjimenfc of Light Infantry to _Mostagiuieui , under the command of Colonel _Rinaud . "
lhe subdivision of Mascara was tranquil ; . bu 4 Colonel Gery , who commands there , expected that- an insurrectionary movement would oacur towards f 3 e close of the Ramadan . Thc French papers of Sunday confirm tlio abate news : •—The French ofiicer commanding at _Djenika-Glicwiiuv _, _a-port situated oii tlio frontiers of Moi ocp . o , was informed by an Arab that _Abd-el-lvader was in the neighbourhood . The officer , who was a- brave man , immediately took steps to repel the enemy ,. and placing himself at the head _ofabout-loOnien , wliich was thc greater part of the garrison of tlie _plaoe , went out to meet Abd-el-Kadcr . He had hardly proceeded two leagues when he found himself " all ofa sudden iii front of a large body of Arabs , who attacked liim on all sides . The commanding officer was one of the first killed . The troops defended themselves bravely , and made a most desperate _^ resistance , but tlieir ammunition failed them , and they wore all cut to pieces . Eighty , however , contrived
to take refuge in a marabout , where they endeavoured to defend themselves . For two days they kept tho enemy at bay , but want of provisions , and especially want of water , drove them to the most desperate and disgusting extremes . Ultimately they were all _di > stroyed , and , with the exception of fourteen soldfcrs _> who contrived to escape into the town , the whole oi * the rest perished . _Abd-ehKader , encouraged by this success , marched immediately on Tlcmccn , in tho hope of surprising General Caraignac , who happened at the time Abd-cl-Kadcr came up to be in the field at the head of a considerable number of troops . He was immediately attacked by the Arabs , and suffered considerable losses , but ultimately the Arabs wero repulsed . A colonel was among the ki'led , General Lamoriciere has , " sent large bodies of troops to the Morocco frontier , anil is to place himself at the head of them ; but it is thought that Abd-el-K & dcr will not meet the reinforcements , but , satisfied with hia prcsentsuccess , will take refuge in the desert .
The Rivf.R Plate. Rejection Of The Inter...
THE RIVF . R PLATE . REJECTION OF THE INTERVENTION . Northern * Star Office , Saturday Morning . _Livuri'ooi -, , Friday Evening . —Rio advices to the 22 nd of August , received by the A indie , arrived in the Mersey , report from Buenos Ayres the rejection _, by General Rosas , of thc ultimatum of the allied Rowers , The Argentine fleet had therefore been seized , and immediate steps adopted by the British and French Ministers to drive from the Banda Oriental the troops under Oribc .
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London. City Locu-M-.—Mr. Cooper's Lectu...
LONDON . City _Locu-m-. —Mr . Cooper ' s lecture last Sunday night ( the ninth of the course ) was more throngly attended than any former one . VVe understand the committee of shareholders have determined on providing move benches—a great desideratum . Mr . Skelton very ably , as chairman , introduced tho lecturer , when "The time will come when wrong shall end" had been sung . Mr . Cooper evidently produced a powerful impression by thc eulogy hc delivered on the patriotism and other noble qualities of the great
poet of the age of the Commonwealth . In addition to reading several magnificent extracts from tho " Iconoclastes , " the " Areopagitica , " and other of the neglected , but splendid , prose works of Milton , Mr . C . recited thc first half of the first book of "Paradise Lost . " Thc effective manner in which these 400 lines of unequalled blank verse were delivered , drew forth a burst of applause that wns really startling . The lecture is generally pronounced to have been the very best of tlic series , and proved Mr . C . to be deeply acquainted with thc works of our greatest epic poet .
LAMBETH . The Laxd . —In answer to the address of _Messrs M'Grath , Doyle , and Clark the shareholders of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society of this district have come to the following resolution * — "That we aro of opinion that the conference for tho revision of the rules should take place at the earliest time possible , so that the note appended to the twenty-second rule may not have the appearance of being infringed on , thus setting a bad example at the commencement . " OLDHAM . On Sunday last Mr . David Ross delivered a most energetic address on Sanatory Reform , in the AVorking-Man ' s Hall , _Ilorccdgc-strcct . The lecturer gave great satisfaction .
Lancashire Hand-Loon Weavers . —At a delesate meeting of the Hand-loom Weavers' Association , held on the 5 th inst ., at the Pack Horse , Smithybrook , it was resolved , and unanimously agreed to , " That a regular statement of lengths and prices shall be drawn up and printed , and each manufacturer and workman served with a copy of the same , so that an orderly and systematic form may C . NI 3 & between the employer and the employed . " After the discussion of a few move subject ? , thc meeting was addressed by Mr . John Linnagin _, on the subject of "Unity , as being necessary for the protection of labour . * " The address was received with applause , after which the meeting separated .
Anti-Poor Law _Leaguh . —Hammersmith . — A vestry meeting was held in the vestry-room of the Church , and , by adjournment , inthe Latimer School room , on Friday evening , October 3 rd , at which ab least 400 of the ratepayers attended , to take into consideration an order received from thc Poor Law Commissioners , combining thc Brentford , Fulbam , and Richmond Unions into one district , to be termed "The Western Metropolitan Asylum District . " William Simpson , Esq ., churchwarden , was called to the chair . On the motion of Mr . M'Cormac , seconded by Mr . White , and supported by the chairman in it most eloquent speech , it was unanimously resolved , amid loud cheers , "That the attempt now being
made by the Poor Law Commissioners to establish monstrous unions of unions , under the name of District Asylums , can only have tlie e / fect Of mailing bad worse , by increasing our burdens ; and wc are * convinced tliat the only remedy is to agitafc for the total repeal ofthe Poor Law , whicli , wc think , would be best carried out by establishing a National Anti-Poor Law League . " lt was also resolved— " Thnb the vestries , public bodies , and ratepayers generally of the surrounding parishes , be _rcqucstril to cooperate with Hammersmith . All communications to be addressed to William Simpson , Esq ., churchwarden , Bradmore-house , Hammersmith . " A vole of thanks was then passed by acclamation , andthe vestry dissolved .
Desperate Affray with the Police . —Early on Friday morning week , as Rogers , Carlo , Bonnet , and another policeman ( all under superintendent Hay , of tlio Western Division ) wore on duty near tho residences of some suspected thieves , near to Polstcad-hcath , Boxlbrd , they suddenly came across three men , when a desperate encounter ensued . Bonnet and his companion being foremost were the first to make the attack , and when Carlo ami Rogers came up Rennet had closed with his antagonist , a . _- _, \ d they were both upon the ground . The other policeman was being kept at bay by one of the v _^' iains who held over him in one band a •• . _cmcnilous other istol
bludgeon , and in the a p . _7 > ' fr (; r i , * uqw ever , coming up at all hazards _•' . _,,: _' _,: ?„ ' ' . _* , „ ., desperate rush , and ultimate' "' _* " _* _, * V S _, ' the man to tic ground . n _^» o _TrV _, ; ft " _irdStoJs- _^ _v'ff' * bT 7 Mro , _f , aK two men ' *" - hst shoes , and a hard brush . I lie nameV' * "nat arc takc " arc fa * her and son , by the dar 1- A _Jl _yn-Phvoy . Thc third man , owing tothe . incss of the night , managed to get away . Thoy are supposed to be the party who , tlic same night , broke the letter look upon thc door of a malt-oltico Lt Layham . The two _Ilnmi-hrcys are committed to
prison to take their trial for the _assault . Houoway _' s Pim . s and Ointment . —Wonderful euro of _scrofula or kina ' s evil . —Mr . C . Brook , residing at Stradishall , Suffolk , had the whole of his breast iu oue frightful mass of scrofulous sores and ulcers besides similar Iavgc ulcers on his hip . afflicted fur ten years . He liad greatest surgeons in the countrv , siderablo time at Worcester Hospital ing the least benefit . He hag , radically cured by the means Pills and Ointment , after ever lailcd .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 11, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_11101845/page/1/
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