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October U, 1845, THE NORTHERN STAR. 7 ——...
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THE LAND! "Within that land was many a m...
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Dsan Swift on Women-.—Dean Swift says, a...
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, „. ,, . ' u = %n '«!lture anft %. ovtimltnvt*
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FIELD-GA11DEN OPERATIONS. For tlie lYcek...
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on the Moor-park. l&Cohbett pToves (and ...
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WHERE IS TIIE MONEY TO COME FROM FOlt AG...
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DISEASE IN THE POTATOE CROP. Thc potatoe...
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FLOODS m TIIE NORTH.
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Un lliursility evening week most tremend...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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October U, 1845, The Northern Star. 7 ——...
October U , 1845 , THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 —— " —¦ ¦ '" ' — '¦ I _1 _III-. _IW I _. _IIIIMI _¦¦¦) ! I | I . 1 ¦ _»»>^___ _ _MJ—H
The Land! "Within That Land Was Many A M...
THE LAND ! "Within that land was many a malcontent , ¦ Who eurs'd the tyranmy t _« which he bent ; The soil full many a wringing _desju-t saw , "Wko work _* dliis wantonness in form of law . Byron . "A people among whom equality reigned , would psstess everything they _wasted where they possessed the means of subsistence . T . _'hy should they pursue additional wealth or territory ? No man can cultivate moro tlian a certain portion of land . "—Godwin . "So one is able to produce a charter from heaven , or has any better title to a particular possession than " nis _neig hbour . _"—Palty . "There could be no such thing as landed property _errigi-aally . Man did not make thc -earth , anil , though he had a natural right to occupy it , he had no right to locate as his properly in perpetuity any part of it ; neither did tlie Creator of the earth open a . land office , from tvhence the first title deeds should issue . "— Thomas _Pahie . Theland shall not be sold f orever . —Moses .
" There is no foundation in nature or in natural law •¦(¦ hy a set of words upon parchment should convey the uouiiuion of land . "—Blackstone . " Thelandis thepeople ' sinheritance ; and kings , princes , peers , nobles , priests , and commoners , who have stolen it irom them , hold it upon the title of popular i gnorance , rather than upon any right , human or divine . "—Fcargxa O'Connor . "Uy reason teaches me that land cannot be sold . The _GreatSpiritgaveit to liis children to live upon , and cultivate , as far as is necessary for their suhsistence ; and so long as they occupy and cultivateit , they have the right to the soil—hut if they voluntarily leave it , then auy other people have a right to settle upon it . Nothing can be sold , but such things as can be carried away . " —Black Hatch . * 'JEverj individual possesses , legitimately , the tiling which Ins labour , his intelligence ( or more generally ) , which his activity has created .
" This principle is ineontestible , and itis well to remark thatit contains expressly an acknowledgment ofthe right of all to the soiL Por as the soil has not been created by man , it follows from tlie fundamental principle of property , that it cannot belong to any small portion Of tlie human race , -who have createdit by their activity , let us then conclude that the true theory of property is founded on the * * creation of tlie tlAng possessed' "—Fourier . " If man has a right to light , air , and water , which no one will attempt to question , he lias a right also to the Zand , which is just as necessary for the maintenance of his subsistence . H every person had an equal Share of the soil , poverty would be unknown in the world , and Crime would disappear with want . "—Mike Walsh . "As the nature and wants of all men are alike , the wants of all must be equal ; and as human existence is dependent on the same contingencies , it foUows that thc great field for all exertion , and the raw material of all wealth , _Oteeartli , is tlie common property of all its _inhabita-nts . " —John _Fraxicis Bray .
" "What monopoly inflicts erds of such magnitude as that of land ! Itis die solebarricr to national prosperity . The people , the only creators of -wealth , possess knowledge ; they possess industry ; and if they possessed land , they could set all other monopolies at defiance ; they "Would then be enabled to employ machinery for tlieir own benefit , and tlic world would behold with delight and astonishment thc beneficial effects of this mighty engine , when properly directed . "— _-Autltor Of tlte " Iteproof of Drains . " "We take the following articles from the organ of tho I S ew York _National Reformers , Young America The articles are from the pen of the able and truly patriotic Editor of that excellent paper .
L A ND _MONOPOLY I have said , and now repeat , that should wc resolve ourselves back into a state of nature , f or thc formation of a new constitution of government , as _tve no doubt shall do at the next election , there is no reason , that I can see , why that constitution should not s ecur e , inalienably , to every human being in this State , every natural right . __ At thc foundation of the Republic , a great inequality of condition existed , as the inevitable consequence of an inequality of rights . The distinctions of rich and poor were broadly denned ; there were masters and slaves under the names of employers and emplo ye d , the rich being the employers and the poor the employed .
"When the government was formed , a great mistrust ofthe poor existed among the rieh , and a great ignorance of rights among the poor , that caused the poor still to be subjected to many disqualifications , which , in process of time , were found unnecessary , and in part removed . Hut a fundamental error , adopted from the monarchical systcm , an error based on usurpation and plunder , has remained untouched in our Constitution to this day . This great error is the monopoly ofthe soil , which , although uot so seriously felt in the infancy of the Government , is now more effectually debarring the poor from the right of suffrage and eligibility to ofiicc than any constitutional restrictions could do .
The monopoly of the soil having " grown with our g rowth , " was not looked upon as an evil ; consequently the numerous bad effects flowing from it "were attributed to other causes ; and our legislation heing thus based upon error , has become complicated and _cumbrons . Let any man capable of thinking , follow out , in his own mind , the consequences that "would result from securing to every family of the State an inalienable "freehold , and he will at once see plainly thc source from which nearly all the errors of legislation and the illsof society have sprung . Riches and poverty ; debt and interest ; speculation and privileged monopoly ; complicated and expensive laws aud legal machinery ; law-officers , as locusts numerous and ravenous ; poor-houses for men who have produced far more than they have
consumed , while men who never performed useful labour Inhabit princely mansions and princely incomes ; gaols and gibbets for necessitous thieves , while wholesale swindlers arc among the honored and respected of the land ; of the unpauperised and unimprisoned poor , one portion doing treble duty while another is heggbg fov work ; the . rich getting richer and the poor poorer : these are some of thc finks in the chain of cause and effect ; some of the results inevitably flowing from the monopoly ofthe soil . These arc some of the evils which have rapidly grown upon us in this infant Republican State , till the only difference between ns and thc rotton-ripe English tyranny is , that there one in ten are paupers , * while here it is onlv one in twenty-six ! Xow as no one in his senses who will take upon
liimself the trouble to become acquainted with the iacts -will deny that the cause of this downward tendency of our condition ought to be removed , if passible , let us see if this cannot be done . That cause , we see , island monopoly : one man holding in his possession land on which two or move might subsist , while others arc without any , or the means of acquiring any , and therefore de p endent on th ose who hold it or themeans which command it . How came this Land monopoly ? ( To be able to apply a remedy , it is first necessary to ascertain the exact nature of the disease . ) When the people on the other side of the Atlantic ocean had discovered that there was a continent here , not so thickly inliahitcd as their own , and that the people here did not know as much about the arts aud sciences as
thev did , and nothing at all aoont pauperism , rum , gunpowder , land-stealing , and otlier refinements of civilization , their chief robbers issued mandates to their captains and favourites , commanding them to go and " discover and take possession of any lands in the new world , " not in the possession of any Christian prince /" - For variety , in some cases the mandates ran " to discover and conquer" these lands , though the meaning was , in all cases , to take possession , not of as much laud as the settlers needed for their subsistence , which was all that they had any right to , and that only when they found it unoccupied , but of ent i re tr a ct s of t he c o unt r y e xten d in g from ocean to ocean , even if it became necessary to slaug hter the Aborigines to effect it J That was the origin of Patroonery and all sorts of
land monopoly in this and other states , as any one will find who will take the trouble to examine history . 3 t has been a system of plunder and misery from _be-nnnin _^ to end . Every citizen of this state who hat _cone ° to the grave landless and in poverty , has gone there a plundered man ; plundered by society of his ri _^ ht to a home , and his life , in all probability , greatly shortened by the robbery . Every citizen of the state -who has _' now no righ t to a freehol d , is a plundered man ; plundered of an inestimable right which _lielongs to him hy virtue of his existence . Every man has an indisputable rig ht and title t o Jand enough to live upon ; and no one has a just title to a foot more than is necessary for the subsistence of his family , while another is without land . Land is an inalienable
right-Thus stands the case at present . The disease is land monopoly . There is , of course , but one remedy , and that is to abolish it . The entire right would be , to put every man in possession of his land , and to compensate him , as far as possible , by a tax o n the property of the State , for the time he has been deprived of it , and for the disqualifications he labours under from the vicious circumstances nnder whieh he has been educated or reared . But there is no example in history in which the mass of the people , on a refo . matien of government , have asserted more than half the rights they were entitled to : and , therefore , it is not wisdom in a reformer to propose measures that there is no reasonable hope of accomplishing . Besides , there is this consideration , that the wrong lias been the work of ages , and those who are at pre sent profiting by it are only guilty in proportion to their enlightenment on the subject , and their opposition to the necessary reform .
What , then , is the true measure of practical reform ? It may he a compromise , but it must he of such a nature as to afford immediate relief to the injured , and ultimate aud not distant radical restoration of the right . Thi s , under such a view ofthe subject , is what I propose : —
_TLAX FOR RESTORING THE LAND OF _XEW YORK TO THE PEOPLE . _1 . That no one hereafter , shall , under any circumstances , -become possessed o £ more than 160 acres of land in this State . fl ) 2 . VoonBhereafier , shall , under any circumstances , hei ome possessed of more than one lot in a city or village , ( the size of which may he regulated by the city or town authorities , ) ( 2 ) * In proportion to the number of paupers in any country , will be found , always , the number of petty thieves _tfoA great _g-gjudlere and other criminals large and small .
The Land! "Within That Land Was Many A M...
8 . There shall be a special court or commission , «» mposcd of landholders and ( poor ) lacklauders , proportioned to the numbers of their respective classes in the State , who shaU , in all eases wh _« re land is held by a twenty years' or more , a life , or a perpetual lease , determine , . on principles of equity , ( withoutregard to legal wrongs , ) what ( or whether auy ) compensation shall be paid to the claimant in full extinguishment of his claim . ( 3 ) 4 . The homestead lot or farm shall be inalienable , except at the will of the occupant , and then only transferable to a landless person . 5 . Every corporation of whatever name or nature , now holding land , shall be allowed five years to dispose of tbe same , to landless _ptrsons , under the above restrictions , excepting the lots and buildings occupied for Iheir business .
0 . Associations of persons may hold their freeholds in common . i . This proposition , let it be noted , would leave i n the possession of every man who now holds land all that he holds , no matter how large the quantity or how acquired , that is not used as a means of exactin g tri b u t e in thc form of r e nt , from landless men ; aud at the death o the possessor , his landless heirs , however num er ous , could each inherit the _possession , of a lot or a farm , and thc possession oi the remainder must be sold to landless purchasers , and the proceeds disposed of according to the will of the deceased , or divided among his heirs ; and thus the heirs , instead of a largo quantity of land , of which they might become dispossessed , or which they might use as a m ea ns of o p pr e ssion , would have enough inalienably . On the other hand , freeholds would gradually cheapen , as tbey came into the market from the death of the monopolists , till , as none could purchase but landless men or women , every one in thc State would beco m e a freeholder .
2 . The second proposition would leave to a man who might own 1 G 00 houses in New York , for instance , thc full possession of them till liis death , though the influx and increase of population , and not any addition of labour , skill , or even capital , might give him the power of exacting more and more every year from an oppressed tenantry . But , on the other hand , the tenants would have some prospect of relief as the number of landlords gradually decreased , and in a generation all would be freeholders and the landlord breed extinct , exce p t , perhaps , a stuffed specimen or two in thc museums . 3 . This is the only possible way I can sec of settling the Anti-llent difficulties , and , at the same time , of making a man of thatmischievousspecies of the laudlord irenus , the _Patroon .
_GiiAxn Result . — Th c rcsuit o f the ado ption ofthis most just and reasonable compromise on the partof the landless would be a gradual emigration from , instead of an influx to , the cities , till something like that state of decency and comfort would prevail that would befit a Christian community ; a gradual diminution , instead of a , rapid increase , of folly , misery , and crime ; a great and progressive improvement of agriculture ; a much better system of internal improvements for the benefit of the people instead of the capitalists ; and , finall y , a rapid settlement of the State and lightening of State taxes till tke adjacent states ( in which land speculation would be at an end ) would b e forced , in _seltdcfcnce , into th e a do ption ol the same measure .
TEXAS AND LAND-STEALliVO _* . The Tribune has an article on this subjeet , in which the view is taken , and I think with good grounds , that " Land-Jobbing and Slavery were the two corner-stones of the Texian revolt from Mexico . " When tbe revolution was effected , tlie Texians ( contrary to the precedent of tho United Stated ) , disregarded the Monopoly Grants of the previous government ; but instead * of establishing an equal right to the soil , they merely substituted Texian for Mexican Patroonery , and added negro slavery by w ay of progress . The land-jobbers and slaveholders who profited by this revolution have undoubtedly been the main instigators of annexation , which , according to the Tribune , will cost ten millions , and
may cost twenty or forty . There will be nothing Strange in this ; almost " every state and city debt projected for the benefit of speculators has ended in two or three times the original estimate . We have an example at our own doors in the Croton Water , that glorious scheme to make the people pay rent for a second clement , and all tlie while imagine that a great blessing was conferred on them ! The Croton Water was to cost only live millions ; but , till the people so regulate matters that they can go _whereland and water are free , thc inhabitants of this city will have to pay the interest ou twelve millions to the water patroons . So , most likely , it will be with Texas , aud who " pockets the stakes ?" On this point , the Tribune takes the words out of one ' s mouth as follows : —
This is a point of view whichhasbcen studiously avoided by lhe Annexationists . They tell us enough of the fertility , the beauty , the magnitude of Texas , but how flit-roughly tliis fertility , beauty , and -magnificence are monopolised by a few shrewd aud scheming land-jobbers , they do uot say . Our own conviction is that the title of more than half the good land actually within the dominion of Texas is now held by less than a hundred persons , many of whom have been tbe most zealous , untiring , unscrupulous champions of Annexation . These will be enriched beyond calculation by transferring tlieir debt , defences , _< tc ., to our shoulders , but it is every way uujust . The land-jobbers of Texas should be taxed to pay
the debt , fight out the quarrels , and pay and pension , oft the army and navy of Texas . It is not right that the owners , by legerdemain of millions of fertile acres , should put their burthens off upon our people , of whom twothirds at least have not an acre . The way this land has been acquired , and is certain to be used if not broken up into small parcels by stringent taxation , will lead to Feudalism auil Anti-llentism within half a century . Let it be covered atan early day by an ignorant European peasantry , ready , to sign any leases whicli do not exact present payment , and their children will be raising Heidelberg wars aud Indian obstruction to legal process before the century runs out .
This , our constant readers will recollect , is the view 1 have several times taken of this Texian business . The annexation of the Texian band to our own army of foreign and native land-jobbers , affords a powerful additional reason forthe freedom of thepublic lands , which , with the " stringent taxation " proposed by the Tribune , or some more direct measure , can alone avert Heidelberg wars , not only in Texas , but all over the United States ; aye , even in our populous cities . A people entirely ignorant of their rights , like the tenants of the S ( c ) _ottisli Duke of Sutherland , might be gradually reduced , as hc i s now gradually reducing the tenants on his 100 by 70 mile principality , to a bkclcton race , or banished , but with a people among whom rights are known and taught there is a point beyond which oppression cannot go I A ote this , all tenants , whose right is to be freeholders . Again the Tribune saves me the trouble of writing read— .
The more we reflect on the social history and condition of the human family , the stronger grows our conviction that there should be some limit to the right of any one human being to monopolize the soil which God lias made for the sustenance of the race . The unequalled miseries of the labouring classes of Great Uritaiu spring primarily from the confiscation of the soil by the _Noruiao conqueror , aud its division among his seven hundred freebooting chieftains , with the similar conquest and confiscation of Ireland , and the laws of primogeniture and entail by which estates accumulate rather thau fall in pieces . At present , a Rothschild or Marquis of _IVesttniuster might easily dispossess a hundred thousand human beiugs of any chance to earn a meal or shelter their heads . We have lately seen a Marquis of Londonderry and a Duke of Sutherland deliberately depopulating ; , or threatening to depopulate , whole neighbourhoods , if uot counties , on consideration of individual advantage . That the tenants
have any rights in the premises , except the right to starve when they can get nothing to eat , does not seem to enter into the train of a hereditary lordling . _Kor is he , in a large view , worse than his neighbours . He is " doing what he likes with his own , " and has never been taught to do otherwise . The wrong is not in the meu but in the system * , and so long as this prevails—so long as the few own everything , and the many are not secured even a chance to produce anything , save at tbe pleasure ofthe men of millions—so long as oue may rightfully devote miles square of the best soil to his park and pleasuregrounds , while thousands around him _canuot obtain a bare acre on which to grow the potatoes which would ward off starvation—so long as primogeniture and similar institutions are constantly perpetuating and aggravating these monstrous inequalities—we have no faith that anymere administrative Reform , such as free corn , free sugar , or anything else of the kind , can essentially mend the matter .
True enough . Free trade ( though m itself a right principle ) is not exactly a remedy for the mass of the people who are robbed oftheir right to the soil lor the benefit of a lew free traders . Nor will abolishing the law of primogeniture effect the object till _thejirinciple is extended to all the children of the State . To the mass of our citizens who now , from birth till death , are deprived of their equal right to the earth , it matters little that a few large estates are , in certain contingencies , divided among the children of the fortunate holders . Besides , under our present system , the land is fast passing again into the hands of a few , by means ofthe profits wrung | from landless labour by legislative privileges . '' There should be some limit to the right of one human being to monopolize the soil , " says the Tribune .
_G-smmox . —The English Free-traders attribute __ the degradation and misery ofthe Eng lish p o o r entirel y to the restrictions on trade , and some democratic editors ofthis country are stupid enough to copy and applaud their lucubrations on this subject . The poor of England now understand very well that it is the robbery of the land on which they migh t ra i se their own corn , and not merely the duty on foreign corn , that ails them . How long will men here , pretending to be democrats , have the face to saddle the " Protective" system with the evils of land-stealing ?
Dsan Swift On Women-.—Dean Swift Says, A...
_Dsan Swift on Women-. —Dean Swift says , a woman may knit her stockings , but not her brow ; she mav darn her hose , but not her eyes ; curl her hair , but not her lips ; thread her needle , but not the public streets .
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Field-Ga11den Operations. For Tlie Lycek...
FIELD-GA 11 DEN OPERATIONS . For tlie lYcek commencing Monday , Oct . lQili , 1 _S-13 . [ Extra c t e d fr o m a Diart o f Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Alrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on __ the estates ot the Earl of Dartmouth at Sl a ithw a it e , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their . own lands . The farms selected as models arc—First . Two school limns at Willingdon and Eastdcaii , of
five acres each , conducted by Cr . Cruttenden aud John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , thc latter at Jcvington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school fann at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare thc climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diary is aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated lor the time aud season , whichJwe subjoin .
" Tho joys of these little ones shall be continually iu the hoped for success of their labour ; their thoughts shall be turned away from what is evil to that which is good . " Note . —The school farms are _cxdtivated by boys , whs in return for three hows' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master's benefit , ivhich renders the schools sm . y SUJPPORTIXG . We believe that at Farnly _Tyas-six-¦ sevenths of the _jiroduce of the school farm will be assigned ta thc boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who will receive the usual school-fees , help the b o y s to eultivute their land , and teach litem , in addition to reading , uniting , _d'c , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas -may be divided , after , _} yayiny rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made l /« is indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to theirfeelings . ~[
SUSSEX . Mosdat—WiUingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , carrying manure . Eastdean School . Seventeen boys ' digging up potatoes , gathering stones , and gatheriug haulm for the pigstyes . Piper . Mowing tares and rye , digging up potatoes , turning over and mixing tank liquid with the dung . * Dumbrell . Digging . Tuesday— Willingdon School . Boys digging , master and one boy drilling wheat . Eastdean School . Boys sowing tares , digging up potatoes , and storing them . Piper . Digging up and storing carrots , sowing rye as we remove , them . Dumbrell ,
Digging . _Wedsesday—AKllinydon School . Boys digging fov wheat , aud sowing . Eastdean School . Boys emptying pigstye tank , and applying its contents to the wheat . Piper . Sowing rye , till showery weather prevented us . Dumbrell . Digging , and carrying dung with heifer . _Tuuksday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , and sowing . Eastdean School . Boys digging for tares , picking mangel wurzel leaves fur the cows . Piper . Sowing wheafc . Dumbrell . Digging and drilling tares , carrying dung and liquid manure
to the rye grass—8-1 gallons to 2 * rods , or vos square yards . Friday— Willingdon School . Boys digging , and sowing wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying privy pails , cleaning school room and cowshed . Piper . Sowing wheat , carrying manure with thc cow . Dumbrell . Digging , drilling tares , & c . Saturday— WiUingdon School . Bo y s dig ging for wheat , and sowing . Eastdean School . Boys digging for wheat , and picking stones and haulm , and drawing manure . Piper . The same as yesterday . Dumbrell . Digging .
COW-FEEDIXO . Willingdon School . Cows feeding on white turnips , clover , and chaff . Dumbrell ' s . One cow fed part of the week in the stall with mangel wurzel leaves , carrots , and oat cliafl with _turnips , occasionally with a few potatoes , and staked out iii the wheat stubble one day . One cow and heifer staked out on wheat stubble four diiys , and fed morn and even with carrots and oat chaff , entirely stall led two days , on the samo materials .
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Luii _* . —In all soils there ought to be a proper quantity of lime . There may be so much _niore than will do good ; there may be far too littlo and it is a nice point in husbandry exactly to adjust the quantity of it to the wants of the several crops . It appears to act as a kind of flux to certain earthy substances , and to fit them to become , along with itself , a part of thc structure of plants . A proper supply ' ol it , therefore , ought to be kept up in thc soil ; the best method of doing which , perhaps , is by using it
in small quantities , and frequently , as a compost . No rubbish about the farm can come amiss to form with it such compost . Peat earth , poor mould , scouring of _ditcher , will all bo found of value . Such a dressing may bo requisite for your wheat crop , to increase the strength of its straw , and to keep the plants erect . It is usual to apply it previous to the sowing , and to work it well into the ground ; but if used in the caustic or quick state , never let it come near to manure , particularly the fluid manure of thc farm yard _.
Small Farms . —It appears from thc experience of the _Eastbourne tenants , that a farm of four acres is as profitable to au industrious tenant , cultivated on the Belgian plan , as one of seven farmed under the old system . Ten acres appear to be more than one man can well cultivate with the spade ; and lately ten acre farms there have been reduced to five , in order that by concentrating the _labsurs oftlie tenant hc might do better ; and tho change has been found _advantageous to him . lt has been said , by an excellent person , and well may ifc be said , " that he who leaves liis land uncultivated , so that it docs not produce one half of what it ought to do , may not unaptly be compared to the dog in the manger , who will neither profit by his situation himself , nor let another
do so . Such persons , with perfect justice , may be addressed like the unprofitable tree in the parable , and asked , '' why cumber ye the ground ?" Arguments ix favour op Spadk Husbandry . — Spade husbandry is not a system of expense or risk . Less capital is necessary for it than ordinary husbandry . No gardener would think of planting potatoes , carrots , or cabbages in ploughed land , if he could get it dug ; for the difl ' ereiice of produce far more than compensates for the difference of expense . By turning up or loosening thc ground five or six inches deeper than the plough , which does not ordinarily act on more than three or four inches of soil , there is an opportunity afforded for the descent and diffusion of the roots of plan's . If tkis plan were carried into effect to a moderate extent only , the
demand for labour would be augmented at places where it is exuberant ; while , in case of an insufficiency of hands , the ploug h w ou ld s till b e us e d , and the necessity would thus be avoided of sending workpeople abroad . —Dr . Yellowly . Every small farmer ought to use the spade , for many reasons . It costs but little more , even if he had to hire assistance , and does the business better . In all drill crops , als o , by using the spade , he may put in a quicker succession of crops , a n d hav e one c o ming forwar d s as the ot h er is ripening . In wet seasons he can dig when hc cannot plough ; aud its value , iu turning up stiff clay land in autumn , and exposing the soil to the frost an d snow , is scarcely to be imagined ; aud iu all such lands this plan should be pursued where no winter crop is put in .
iiixED _SrsTEit of Spade and Plougu . — In this respect I am quite decided in opinion , that the entire use of mauual labour is iu small farms much more beneficial thau the entire cultivation by horse-work ; but a mixed system , where a horsecan be got in due season , I should prefer to either ; but in this lies tho difficulty ; for it should be remembered that very often the small occupiers who are obliged to hire horses , arc forced to wait , in order to get their labour performed in that way , until the proper period for doing the work has passed over , to the evident injury of their crops . Whereas , if tliey had relied upon the spade , which they had at their own command , however slow the work might have appeared to them , it would have been performed in due season , so that they might have reaped thc fruit of their industry . It possesses the additional advantage of employing the poor man , ata season , when it is difficult to get employment elsewhere . —Blocker ' s Prize Essay .
On The Moor-Park. L&Cohbett Ptoves (And ...
on Moor-park . l _& Cohbett pToves ( and satisfactorily so I think ) that a cow may be kept the year round on a rood of land ( a quarter of an acre ); the rent of this , I suppose , will not exceed £ 2 . The labour to cultivate this will not amount to more than 200 hours in the year , which may be easily spared , as it would only be needed at intervals . The manure required in cultivating the land will ( after the first year ) be supplied without expense from tho cow itself , and the cost ofthe seed required will be very trifling . Edit
the HOW IO KEEP A COW AT THB LEAST EXFJENSE . To the Editor of the Preston Guardian , m Sib , —On reading Cobbett ' s Cottage Economy some tim e a g o , I was quite '' taken up" with his plan of stallfeeding for cows . After reading it several times over , a thought struck me— " How easy many ofour hardworking anizans _, with large families , might supply themselves with milk and butter at a trifling expense , especially now that there are so many patches oi potato land on all sides ofthe town , more particularly
Now , Mr . or , with your leave I will lay b efore y our read e rs "lum a cow can be kept on a rood of land . First p rocure a rood of l a nd whi c h is in good o rd e r andlree from weeds ; measure off four plots , a ro d each . About the 2 Gth of August , m a nure on rod a nd sow one-half o f it w i t h Early York Cabbage seed , * Compost EfeAP .-At this time Piper has about lifts cart loads of composted manure ( pretty well for a fiveacre farm ) , the fruits of his care and industry . He _ivill empty upon it about _-typ gallons of tank liquid two or three times before it is used .
On The Moor-Park. L&Cohbett Ptoves (And ...
and the other half withiSugar-loaf Cabbaoc _, in littl e drills , eight inches apart ; if they come" up thicker than two _l dies asuuder , thin tkcm to that standard ; hoe them up as soon as they have grown a little ; and when they have got six leaves , make ready another rod or two , into which you must prick out the plants in drills eight . inches apart , and three inches between each plant , taking care to hoe them up often . The remaining 30 rods of land we suppose are lying in ridges , 2 feet apart * Early in November lay your matiurcbetween the ridges ; you will then turnover the soil on the top of it , then transplant your plants 15 inches apart , putting in a row of Early Yorks and a row of Sugar-haves ' alternately . T h ese must now be kept free from weeds and slugs : the best way of
destroying both . is by dragging them out by the hand . If the ground is dry atthe top in winter , hoe it up ; and in March , when the ground is _<•>¦•¦/ , hoe itw > deep and well close to the lower leaves of ' the plants ' . In March or A p ril s ow m ore Early Yorks as before , which must be planted in the place . of the Early Yorks you cut out , which you will commence doing in Jmu . Always mind to dig up the ground aud manure ifc previous to planting . You should finish your transplanting about the middle of August . You need not purchase your cow till next June , by which time the first crop of Early Yorks will be ready for cutting . When you have finished your first crop 01 Early Yorks , commence with the Sugar-loaves , then follow on with the second _ci-od of Earlv Yorks .
allowing your cow SOlb weight per day : these will last you from June to November . Now wo have to provide for food from December to May following , which is done in the following manner : — About the last week in May sow Swedish turnips or mangel wurzel ( I should say half of each ); sow it in the same way as the cabbage—a quarter of a rod every three days , till you have sowed two rods—thin them to four inches apart in the row : from these two rods you must drawyour plants to transplant where you have cutout Sugar-loaves ; . this should be done from the middle of July tothe middle of August , to be transplanted in the same way as the cabbages . These turnips and mangel wurzel will be sufficient for the space o f t im e we name , allowing the same weight—eighty
pounds pcr day . Thc leaves will , be cut off a short time before you get them up , and can be given to thc cow , wliich will save something else . When you feed your cow . on mangel wurzel , she should have about halt'a stone of hay per day , which is not necessary if you give her turnips . Mangel wurzel requires more manure , but the leaves are more valuable , and th e lower ones can be pulled very early . The benefit to a working man by this plan is very great , added to w hi ch there is t h e p leasure he must feel in having his milk pure from his _own cow . The labour in cultivating the cabbages will scarcely be felt , and his wife or daughter will take no small delight in attending upon the cow , which is a _ very healthy employment , its breath being fragrance itself . I should , however ,
say that I would not advise a very large ( and consequently high-priced ) cow to . be bought ; a tight small animal , at a moderate price , will answer best . It would also be as well for some of the family at dinner hour to drive tlio cow to the nearest pond of water , being better than watering in thc stall . The cow should be fed three times a day , taking care that she is fed at sun-rise and sun-set . Thc greatest difficul ty at the present time would be to get suitable shippons , convenient to the dwelling house ; but this would soon be overcome , as owners and builders of cottage p r ope rt y would erect them , if they found a demand , so
as to yield profit . Most parties arc aware that a cow needs only to be kept perfectly dry , without being warm ; so that a shippon might be built for the cow , or ( what would answer eq ua l ly as w e ll ) a row o f s hi ppons would be erected at a less expense than where thc building required to bo warm and substantial . If this plan of cow-keeping should meet with general adoption ( which I hope it will ) , I would suggest the formation of . a "Cow Club , " which is formed on exactly the same principle as a burial society , each party contributing something weekly , aud receiving , when ho has the misfortune to lose his beast , as much as will purchase another . —Yours , & c ,
A Small Farmer Thc Fylde , Au g ust 2 0 , ISio .
Where Is Tiie Money To Come From Folt Ag...
WHERE IS TIIE MONEY TO COME FROM FOlt AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT ? " Landlords have it not , and tenant s c ann o t aff o rd it . " This reply generally accompanies a tardy admission , that agricultural perfection is desirable . As theory and practice are always best in combination , I will state how the means are to be found , and illustrate it by my own case , leaving it to the option of others to follow my example or not . At all events thc objection of want of means is thereby removed . Having some spare capital , I invested it in laud , purchasing 2 ( J 0 acres . Subsequently I reflected on thc imperfect condition of one of the farms , and considered I should be doing no more than a public and private duty by improving it . Well , having already
invested , where was the cash to come from ? Why , I re s olved on sellin g th e oth e r f ar m s , and invested the proceeds in improving the remaining one . This is a ready way of conferring a great national benefit , without in j uring ourselves , lt takes away the excuse ( the last prop ) of tli e non-improvers , and proves it is a true saying , that , " where there is a will there is a . vay ; " an d w h er e t h ere is not a wi l l , there is an excuse , good , bad , and indifferent . The struggles for tenures are surprising . A tenant will frequentl y purchase a farm at a high rate , and mortgage it forthwith for less than the purchase-money , in order to secure a holding , abstracting thereby a portion of his much required means , and sometimes do so when his capital is barely adequate to his present tenure .
If farmers , who plead as an excuse for not _farminj : high , that their means are inadequate , would diminish their holdings one-half , they would lessen the competition for farms , and benefit themselves and the community . Tlieir capital would thus be doubled in its relative proportion to their acres ; and they would be at liberty to bestow deep and frequent tillage , with abundant stock and manure , where now theland , thc landlord , the labourer , and themselves , are in an unsatisfactory and unprofitable condition . Drainage I consider the landlord ' s affair ; but now that an acre ofland can bo perfectly , deeply , and permanently pipe-drained , tor from 40 s . to 70 s . per acre ( see Mr . Parke ' s and Mr . _Pusey ' s statement , Royal Agricultural Society ' s meetinff , 18 th of ApvilV theneslect ' ms
to do so by either landlord or tenant amounts to a positive national andindlvidualdisgrace . It is giving to the League the opportunity of saying , "Oh ! you can if you choose produce for us abundantly and profitabl y all the food we require , but you willnot do so . " I maintain , and am prepared to prove , tnat tliere is no difficulty whatever in raising profitably and forthwith more food than we can reauire for our own consumption ; but then we must try and grow beans , seven feet h ig h , instead of fences seven feet high the one exhausts the soil quite as much as the other . Corn and cabbages must displace those ugly old pollards that mar the landscape , and are worth on an average 2 s . each , to pay for a century ' s growth aud cultivation ( for their roots arc
regularly ploughed , harrowed , manured , and sown over ) , I will venture to assert as truth , that ever y vil la nous stum p of thi s d escr i ption has been a loss to the nation of sixpence annually ; or in thc whole period of its growth from 2 Qs . to 50 s . —multiply this by forty millions , and calculate the Joss . As to hedge-row trees , the loss they occasion to the nation is certainly equivalent to five millions annuallyassuming that there are but two on every acre , and that they cause an annual loss of ono shilling each . It must be in the remembrance of many tliat the protected silk manufacturers , some ye ars s i nce , either could or would not supply o ur own market with silks , so the smuggler made up the deficiency . Mr . Huskisson , not liking the loss of revenue thus occasioned , told them , they must _study and apply better methods , and not be beat by foreigners , but produce silks
cheaper and more abundantly at home . Loud and bitter were tlieir outcries and protests—their pleas of ruin , destruction , and non-employment—wailing they bemoaned the anticipated glut o ' f foreign goods , But the stern President of the Board of Trade said , " Gentlemen , rel ying on protection , you have stood still whilst the world has advanced . You arc a century in arrear with your means and appliances . Come , look round you and amend j _* our deficiencies , and put your shoulders to the wheel ; avail yourselves of all recent improvements , cither scientific , chemical , or mechani c al , and you will have nothing to fear . well , the terrible day came , prohibition was exchanged for a moderate duty—they improved their slovenly an d clumsy methods , and now not onl y can they supply our own people abundantly , but thev are large exporters . Let us do the same in agriculture , and be in advance ot Sir Robert Peel , and so render his new tariff nugatory , doing away with the terrible anticipations of free trade .
The question of Avhatmay be profitably produced from an acre o t l a n d , is a very important one . Professor P ayfair ( a first-rate authority ) has , I believe , stated , that £ 250 can be and has been produced from one acre of market-garden in one year , and we all know lull well that in all gardens the produce is abundant , compared with field culture . Why it is so needs no reply . At blithsome mom and dewy eve , tho crowds of men , women , and children issuing from market-gardens , are living solutions of the problem , and stand in charming relief to the solitary farm labourer alone m a twenty-aere field , or scattered here and there over an extensive district , like nlunis in a school-pudding . The-average annual return of the arable land of this country being about five pounds ten shillings per acre , stands m miserable comparison with Dr . Playfair s £ 250 . J We all know that Lincolnshire is the best cultivated
x _«* n to _? _£ fe _lf _* v _^ ass mP « on that parties have the land to seek at this time . By Cobbett ' s plan it is necessary , and no doubt it is the best , that theland should have been laid m ridges , 2 feet apart , in April and May , and kept _heiog turned over as often is tl _^ _weed got _sfurfies lugh , by wluch means tlie weed would be kept under , and ;\ S fn S lVndSS _3 f lan ? ' . ' any one who could obtain lana on which forward potatoes have been irot un _ind _folUwtoeiMtr-^ rations , which is better than waiting till _BDline . Thirty . sa rods Ofthis land should be laidln ridges _« _eet apart , as soon as po 66 eBsion is obtained , which sliould not he later than a week or bo from this time .
Where Is Tiie Money To Come From Folt Ag...
county m the United Kingdom . The secret of this may be found in the extract from an able paper in the North British Review , on " The Improvement ot Land as an investment for Capita 1 , " anil proves that even leases are secondary to " a valuation of tenants - improvements , " which will attract capital and intelligence . "There arc many tenants who , inthe present slate of the money market , would be able to borrow _sufiicii-ncy of capital to effect tliose improvements which pertain both to landlord ami tenant , if they had the security of a lease , or an agreement , that on quitting the farm , they should bo repaid their otitlav , subject to . deductions , increasing for every year " that had elapsed since the expenditure was incurred . Under
such . a system , a large portion of the wastes of Lincolnshire have been reclaimed by tCllillltS-ilt-Will , * and few changes havo taken place in occupancy , which not unfrcqucntly descends from father to sou without a lease . A Lincolnshire farmer on quitting , receives from his landlord , or the incoming tenant , half the amount of his bill for oil-cake consumed that year by his sheep and beasts which tread his straw into manure , lie receives also tho amount of his expenditure for buildings , subject to a deduction of l-2 lst for every year he has enjoyed the benefit of it ; for draining , subject toa deduction of 1-1-ltli ; for claying and chalking of _l-fth ; ami for bones of l-5 th , for each year . Such a system , though uot so good as a leasehold tenure , is the best substitute for it . "
I am perfectly convinced from facts every day brought to my notice , that unless this system of valuation is made the uniform law of the United Kingdom , there is but little hope of improvements progressing as they should do . Improvements should be encouraged , but they are now discouraged , for 1 constantly meet ' with zealous and praiseworthy improvers , whose feelings arc embittered , and operations cramped by the uncertainty of tenure occasioned by their own improvements . A non-iniprover _, or bad farmer , has no such fears ; he is quite safe in possession , for who is anxious to dispossess /« * m ?
Lotus hope our legislators will sec to this , for there is already too much indisposition to improve . In ii recent instance , in Essex , a noble lord has abolished his tilery and sheds , established three years since , because his tenants would not accept of the tiles " gratis , " they finding the labour ; ami another landed proprietor in the same county , i s p recisely in the same position . This is not creditable , but it is a common occurrence in this and other counties , and shows the objection to amendment . Capital is a most sensitive commodity ; like ourselves , it seeks for security and remuneration , and you cannot have cither under thc present system of
non-valuation ; capital and intelligence arc frequently in co-partnership , so that by excluding the one you lose thc otlier , and arc obli ge d to p ut up with an inferior tenantry ; uneducated , and consequently bigoted and prejudiced , mere practical men , \ _uiguided by tho light of science , whose aid tbey ridicule . It is humiliating to the fine manl y sp irit of tcnantsat-will ( without a valuation ) to fed that they hold their farm _ tremblingly on tiie balance , at the _mei'cy ofa capricious or imperious steward , to whom they must bow with humble submission , or risk the loss of their _holdings .
It is a fact not generally known / that at least three-fourths of all _the-kind _' hi this country is cither entailed or settled ; so that the tenant for life must sink any capital he may invest in permanent improvements . Tliis acts as a comp lete b arrier to s o lid amendment . In Scotland , sundry Acts of Parliament have remedied much of this evil , by permitting the life-tenant to charge the estate with a large portion o _£ the cost of improvements . The Duke of Richmond lias introduced a similar measure for England , and itis to be hoped will succeed in getting it passed into a law . No doubt others fov Ireland and Wales must soon follow . These , with the enclosure of waste lands , and thc hotter cultivation of those now imperfectly farmed , would open up a vast and profitable field for the employment of our labour and our capital . 1 . J . Miicni .
Disease In The Potatoe Crop. Thc Potatoe...
DISEASE IN THE POTATOE CROP . Thc potatoe crop is _suflering much from disease in the south of England , as well as in Flanders and thc north of France . The same disease has also shown itself about Lymra , in Cheshire , and in some of the stiff lands in Lancashire , though it has not become general either in Cheshire or Lancashire . At Lyiiuu the destruction of tke crop is almost entire , and what renders this thc more remarkable is that the soil in that neighbourhood is one of the best in the north of England , and particularly favourable lo the growth of the potat : ie . It will be seen from the following article that the editor of the Gardener * ' Chronicle attributes the disease to thc too rapid growth of thc plant , and the want of solar heat to curry oil
the superfluous moisture . This is probably the case to some e xt e nt , but we cannot help suspecting , from the frequent appearance of diseaso among it the potatoe crops during the last live or six years , as well iu wet as in dry seasons , that many of thc sorts now in use arc becoming exhausted , aud that the only effectual remedy is to raise new varieties from the seed . All that is necessary is to squeeze the seeds from thc pulp , and to sow them in the spring in small beds like onion seed , transplanting the plants when thoy are two or three inches long . Any one who has a garden may do this , and though it is not possible to tell in the case of any siugle seed what sort of a plant will be produced , . vet it will generally happen that a bed thus sown will yield one or two
good varieties . When it is considered that the tuber of tho potatoe is not the seed of the plant but merely a receptacle for nourishment , furnished with buds , it will easily be seen that no new variety is likely to last for many years , and that it is a matter of absolute necessity to return occasionally to the real seed . Therefore , without doubting the correctness of the theory contained in the following extract , we should strongly recommend the growers of this valuable root to raise a few new sorts every year , and thus '' to renew the blood : "— " The Potatoe Crop , —A fatal malady has bvoken out among the potatoe crop . On all sides we hear of the destruction that has overtaken this valuable product , except in the north of England . In Belgium the fields are ave said to have
been entirely desolated . There is hardly a sound sample in Covcnt-garden market . In fact , the murrain seems to have been transferred from cattle to potatoes . The disease consists in a gradual decay of the leaves and stem , which become a putrid mass , and the tubers are affected by degrees in a simif- _'ir Way . The first obvious sign is the appearance on the edge of the leaf of a black spot , which gradually spreads , * then gangrene attacks the haulm , and in a few days the latter is decayed , emitting a peculiar and rather offensive odour . When it is severe the tubers also decay ; in other cases they are comparatively uninjured . The cause of this calamity is , we think , clearly traceable to the season . During all the first _wcelts of August thc temperature has been
cold—from two to three degrees below the average ; we have had incessant rain and no sunshine . It is hardly possible to conceive that such a continuation of circumstances should have produced any other result , all things considered . The potatoe absorbs a very large quantity of water . Its whole construction is framed with a view to its doing so ; and its broad succulent leaves arc provided in order to enable it to part with this water . But a low temperature is unfavourable to the motion of the fluids , or to the action of the cells of the plant ; and , moreover , sunlight is requir e d , in order to enable the water sent into the leaves to be perspired . In feeble light the amount of perspiration is in exact proportion to the quantity of light that falls upon the leaf . At Right , or in darkness , thero is no appreciable action of this kind .
During the present season all this important class of functions has been deranged . The potatoes have been compelled to absorb an unusual quantity of water ; the lowness of the temperature has prevented their digesting it , and thc absence of sunlight lias rendered it impossible for them to get rid of it by perspiration . Under these circumstances it naturally stagnated in their interior ; and the inevitable result of that was rot , for a reason to be presently explained . If the first days of J uly had n o t been sud d e n l y h o t it wo uld no t h ave happen e d ; ii we had had sunlight with the rain it would not have happened ; and perhaps it would not have happened had thc temperature been high instead of low , even although the sun did not shine , and rain fell incessantly . It is thc combination of untoward circumstances that has produced thc mischief . "
SEED POTATOES FOR 18 * 10 . The following correspondence has just taken place between Lord Pertman _, President of the Royal Agricultural Society , and William Herapath , Esq ., thc eminent analytical chemist of this city , in refer e nce to seed potatoes for 1 _S-1 G . His lordship , in a subsequent fetter , requests that the correspondence may b e made public , and it has been handed to us by Mr . Herapath for that purpose . The subjeet is of vital im p ort a nce and is worthy of the deepest attention : — _llryanston , Sept . 13 , 1813 .
_Sia , —I observe in . the _newspapers that you have directed your attention to the potato disease , and have advised as to the use of the starch , itc . As I am specially bound , during this year of my holding the office of President ofthe ltoyal Agricultural Society of England , to promote inquiry and to notify observations ou subjects relative to the produce of the soil , I trouble you with this letter , and ask if any method has occurred to you by which the potatoe may be preserved for the planting of 184 G i . Ihavefoundthatpotatoes , apparentI ysoundandIree from the disease , though in a field or garden which has been partially diseased , have , after being stored away , fear
shown signs oftlie disease and hare rotted off ; and I that the greatest quantity of the potatoes will thus perish , and so continue the distress of thc poor into another season . I have directed some potatoes to be stored In slaked lime , in the hope that it may preserve them , but have , of course , yet had no time to judge of the effect . I , therefore ask for your opinion , as one of our most eminent chemists , upon this point , and would ask leave to make known your reply , if you are able to offer an opinion sufficiently _explicit to be useful . I remain , your obedient servant , "Win . Herapath , Esq . Portmax ,
Disease In The Potatoe Crop. Thc Potatoe...
Bristol , Sept . 17 , 1845 . My Lord—In reply to your latter of the 13 th inst ., I must say Unit I do " not think it would be either safe or pvudent to depend upon the infected potatoes ofthe present season as seed for the next year ; as , in all instances , I have found the diseased parts to extend when the potatoes are kept in a damp situation : I should therefore expect that if auy diseased seed was kept so dry as not to rot before setting ' time , yet upon being planted _.-itid left iu the damp soil , the rotting process would then begin , and the hopes of the husbaudman be disappointed . I have no doubt that some potatoes , apparently sound , have ( as stated by your lordship ) been found to be aft ' ected . after stowing away ; but I do not consider this to have been an origination of it , but merely that which was not noticed whan _dus ; has become
apparent after storing . When a ootatoeU lust infected the diseased parts are scarcely visible , but upon keeping it in a dry iilacethe spots soon become dark and consequently more apparent , but the spots do not extend ; if , however , the tuber has been kept in a damp place , the spots not only extend rapidly over the surface , but penetrate into tlio interior , and in a sliort time it will be completely rotten . As far as the slacked lime , which you have used in your potatoe stores , us a tendency to prevent the tubers from touching each other , or , by its power of _absorbing water , of keeping them dry , it will auswei _* agoud end ; but it must uot bo expected to have any chemical effect upon the diseased parts or their juices . Anything which , like dry sawdust ov sand , would prevent contact , would prevent the propagation from one tuber to another , ana any substance capable of absorbing tho
moisture of the air iu which the potatoe is stored , would prercnt the extension of the disease in each diseased root . Our best mieroscopists and _eryptogiiinists are divided iu opinion as to whether thc cause of the calamity is a fungus or not . After all the examination I have given to tho subject , and a careful review of all the evidence brought before mc on thc two sides , I believe that it is ; andl nm daily confirmed in the opinion originally expressed that ilie ouly advantageous way of treating thc diseased liotatoos is to obtain from them , by rusniug aud washing , the starch which ihey contain—by which process all their nutriment can be retained ; and if it is well dried it will keep for any length of time . The operations cau be performed in the cottage or manufactory alike , as no apparatus beyond a tin rasp ( a nutmeg grater ) , a tub , and clean water , are required ; and I have ascertained that , however far the disease might have extended , even If the
root is rotten , yet the starch can be separated , and in a state fit to bo eaten , if it shall be well washed , as all the bad parts come away with the water , while the great weight of the starch carries it to the bottom ofthe vessel . If it is required that the fcculii should have all tlio qualities ofthe best foreign arrow-root , it is only necessary to wash it last in water containing a little chlorine , when it has unrivalled colour and quality , and this 1 cau _spealc oi practically , having made many tons of the article . I will only add , that an opinion has been circulated that the disease " is owing to the introduction of guano as a manure ; this 1 feel no hesitation in contradicting , as I have seen it in _situations where uo guano has been used , and in those where every other variety of manure has been resorted to . I am , your lordship ' s most obedient servant , William Heiiai-atii . Lord Fortman . ¦ Mu _^ _nMnunmwauMS _WttaflW -w i nm ¦ am - _» _w i _¦«—HWUW _.-T-. iiij ? n _* _-fcn ——* n >—
Floods M Tiie North.
FLOODS m TIIE NORTH .
Un Lliursility Evening Week Most Tremend...
Un _lliursility evening week most tremendously heavy rain began to fall in the two northern counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland , and from midnight it poured down in perfect torrents , and continued all that night , all day on Friday , and thc greater part of Saturday , and the consequence was that all the rivers and streams were swollen and overflowed . More _tet-ritie floods have not been known iii these counties for many years , and never at this period of the season , The rivers Eden , Lowther , Eamont , Lune , and Pettcril , all overflowed their banks , causing great devastation and an immense loss of property . On the Julian _llowcr estate ( through which tho river Eden flows ) , near the village of Tomplcsowcrby , Westmoreland , belonging to ltichard
Tinkler , Esq ., of Eden Grove , upwards ol _' _SSO stool' 6 of excellent corn were all swept down the stream with the greatest impetuosity , all attempts to save any uarfcot'itbeing extremely'dangerous and of no avail " . On the same river , the huge centres ami scnllbld , which were erected for the purpose of repairing the large bridge which spans that river at Appleby , Westmoreland , were taken down thc stream early on Friday morning ; and although numbers of workmen were soon at the river ' s side , endeavouring to land thc large Jogs of timber , yet by far thc greater portioii of them could not be caught , and wore rapidly taken down by the Hood , and have not been seen or heard of since ' This accident will retard tho workings _goin ? on at this bridge for a considerable time .
Un the river Lune , near Borrow Bridge , _tsu massive centres' on which were erected a stage , for the purpose of building a bridge on tlic Lancaster and Carlisle Railway , were entirely swept away , causing a great inconvenience and loss to tlie sub-contractors of the works at that bridge . Messrs . Bird and Ralph had about one hundred stooks of corn washed away by the overflowing ofthe l ottcvil , in the vicinity ol * Penrith , the greater part of wliich they _succeeded in procuring far down the stream in a sad condition . Large quantities of scaffolding and other materials were swept away , on the rivers Eamont and Lowther , from the working of the monster bridges at Yew ' s Cragg and _Yanwath Hall , on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway .
It is to be icared that numerous other accidents and loss of property , in various districts of Cumberland and Westmoreland , have taken place . The corn cro p s , a great portion of whieh in many districts in those counties still remain uncut , are at present in a most deplorable condition , being all laid Hat on tho ground , and being likely to grow , will render the corn of bud quality . The stooks in the fields are all entirely soaked through , and great numbers of them lying scattered en the ground , and amongst the water . The prospects of the farmer are anything _butchering , and unless the weather shortly becomes more favourable , the worst of consequences for them will ensue . On Friday and Saturday last all the workings on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway were put a stop to , the workmen not being able to stand out , so heavy and continued were the torrents of rain . Nearly all the corn-mills on the above rivers were stopped by the Hood .
The rain did not cease till Saturday night , but to-day ( Sunday ) the weather is line , but the flood has not abated so much as might have been expected . _Njewcastle-ox-Tyxe _, SATum-AY . — -A great quantity of rain has fallen in this district within the last few days , which has swollen the rivers , and done much damage to property on their margins . On Thursday the rain fell in torrents all day , and yesterday thc Tyne , at' high water in the afternoon , overfl o wed its banks for several miles , covering all thc low grounds near Hexham and Newburn , carrying away the corn produce of several fields in stook , and doing serious injury to the potato and turnip crops . The quay at jNewcastle was covered with water , and the cellars in th e n e i g hbou r ho o d com pletely inundated . During thc ebb tide the current was so strong as to carry away several vessels from tlieir moorings , and the damage done among the shipping in the harbour was very extensive . The Ocean brig was driven on thc Herd Sands , and the se a is breakin g over her in su c h a manner th a t it is l eaved sh e w ill become a
total wreck , lhe David , of ' . Yarmouth , had her mainmast carried away , and thc Dove steamer lost her foremast . The mate ofthe Atlantic , of Shiel d s , was killed by the breaking of a warp , and thc Blossom steamer was driven against the brig John with such violence as to stave in her quarter , and she was only kept from sinking with the greatest difficulty , her funnel bcinif also carried away . It is impossible at present to enumerate the _casualties that have occurred , as the extent of damage is not yet fully ascertained . Thc harbour was a complete scene of confusion from thc vessels adrift ; several wherries wore sunk , and , indeed , it was impossible for a small boat "to live . " Tne police boat had a narrow esca p e , having just got out between two vessels , when
they were driven together with great violence . A _grciit number of bowsprits have been broken , and an immense pile of broken warps has been collected in Youn g ' s dockyard by the police , who arc protecting it till claimed by the owners . The ebb tide today has brought down large quantities of hay and corn , a cow several sheep , and a horse , and from these indications , it is apprehended thc damage done in the west , of which only very partial accounts have been received here , is very great . The Blaydon station oftlie Newcastle and Carlisle Railway was knec-dcep in water , and the line for several miles was covered Thc garden grounds about Hexham arc still under water , and it is feared that the entire potatoe crops in these places will be destroyed .
Glasgow . —Owing to the heavy rain , which continued to fail during thc whole of the present week , the Clyde has Hooded its banks to an extent we have not seen equalled for several years past . The wholc of thc sheds at the Broomielaw were inundated , and but for the precautions taken to have the property lying under them removed to a place of safety , much valuable stuff might have been destroyed . The water opposite the steam-boat quay was at least twenty feet upon the causeway , and between Washin ? ton-strcet and M'Alpine-street , Broomielaw-stveet was covered to within six feet of the pavement . At one lime , when the tide was full , part of the footway of the wooden brid ge was washed by the stream , and latterly became in such an unsafe state , that Lieutenant id
R e , of the Gorbals police , after consulting with different proprietors on the south side , deemed it his duty , to send a number of police substitutes to prevant passengers risking their lives by crossing the thc bridge in its present dilapidated condition . The Hood in its progress swept many of thc fields in the upper districts of the country . A correspondent at Netherfoot , on the banks of thc Clyde , says that Joseph Galding , ba ron o fficer to Lord Dou g las , has lost his whole crop of oats , amounting to about 200 stook s , and that the potatoes are covered with water near the Clyde . Mr . James Wilkie , Craigncthan , had a nek of wheat carried off , and about eighty stooks floating . We likewise learn that a considerable quantity ot gram was carried off from the farms on the bank of the Black navi .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 11, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_11101845/page/7/
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