Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 18th October 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 7, _ PIG FEEDING. In fattening pigs, I have...

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (3)
    • fmmM^E 11 ^ :^--
    • Agriculture anft feortfoilftire T-JTTtT Tv ^ „„ .—..,.'
    • 52^3g. t9; * ? r * „
  • Text (12)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      Nn-Rober 13, 1843- T»E Northern Star. = ...

      _nn-roBER 13 , 1843- T _» _E _NORTHERN STAR . _= ' . - ¦ ' | . \ T

      Fmmm^E 11 ^ :^--

      fmmM _^ E _^ : _^ --

      "Andl Wffl War, Mtlemtin Worai, S^Lsw A/...

      "Andl wffl war , _mtleMtin worai , _S _^ lSw _a / wiU . Thongi . tr « _v _4 _Wnk I hear * little _*»**•» who Hn _S

      STATISTICS OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS . ( From the Constitutionnel . ) rv interesting book has just appeared at A y erY _^ en-resent organisation of the " Society SK * IS ! A has deemed it prudent £ S al his name , announces , in ¦ the introduction _^ _Ko rklhat he _has o nly obtained the majority * r ? _Konments of which he has made use at _con" _^ _tSS * which he thought it his duty to _SSSonto to ' be certain of their authenticity . Th * first mrt of the book contains an expose of thc JScsStive to the noviciate , the system of _instrnctiof and the mechanism of the religious observances Tirescribed _br tUestatutes . . ., . . , P ThT seeori < l part relates to the internal organisation of the society , and publishes the hierarchy of « Mdi bodv all the members are classified , from the _filnpril who holds absolute power , to the lowest brother / charged with the most menial domestic t i t il 2 1 i

      ( lQllCS * __ * - - _ - . _ _~ P *!_ _ The details furnished by _tuese two parts of the work consist of the republication , or the publication , of the" constitutions" of Ignatius Loyola , whicli a recent edition , published in lSi 3 , has submitted to th e notice of France . The third part is especially interesting at the _pre-« nt period , and the information which it divulges relative to the condition of the Soeiety of Jesus , in the various countries of the world , has never yet been published in so complete a form . _^ It contains facts and figures , of which the following is an abstruct ; - — m ~ _ The various establishments of the Society of Jesus are comprised under the following ruhrics : — 1 . The " professed houses , " which possess neither testates nor fortune , and in which live in common the Father Jesuits the professed members of thc

      erder . 2 . The " residences , " which arc establishments of less importance , and which have a right to possess property . 3 . The " houses , " properly so called , which are experimental establishments in countries into which the society has tried to penetrate . i . The " missions , " which arc only formed by isolated Jesuits , employed to sound the soil , and to keep the General constantly acquainted with any favourable circumstances that may present themselves . A mission , by thc adjunction of new members , gradually merges into a " college , " or a seminary of tke society , a noviciate establishment , or a residence . The " seminaries" are special establishments , in whicli the society gives theological instruction .

      As to the members of the society themselves , they may be divided into three great classes , —! , the priests , amongst whom are includedalltke professed _-men-hsrs ; 2 , the scholars and novices ; 3 , tlie brothers employed in domestic services and the worldly business ofthe establishment . I Jin 1 _C 26 , SO years after Its foundation , under its sixth General , Mutlus VitoUcschi , the society num-Lered in Europe 29 provinces , viz ., —1 in Italy , 2 in Sicily , Iin Sardinia , 5 in Spain , 5 in France , 3 in _UeMuia , 1 in Scotland , 1 in Ireland , 5 in Germany , _amfsfn Poland . Out of Europe it had founded 5 residences in Turkey , 3 provinces in the East Indies , 1 in the Philippine Islands , 1 in China , 1 in Japan , and 5 in America .

      These provinces ineZuded SOS establishments in the year 1 G 26 _, and 900 in 1040 , _thns classified : —20 professed houses ; 222 residences ; 51 noviciates ; 48 seminaries ; 512 colleges ; and 11 missions . The instruction of youth was then almost everywhere in their hands , hy means of the colleges . Tliey Lad 103 of them in Spain , 79 in France , 01 in Germany , 35 in Belgium , and 20 in Poland . The number of the members of thc society amounted in 1 S 2 G to 45 , 403 ; of whom 13 , 369 were stationed in the provinces of Europe . Spam Included in her territorv 2 , 902 ; Germany , 2 / 2 S 3 ; Ital v , 2 , 256 ; France , 2 , 15 G ; Belgium , 1 _. S 41 , & c . Those who resided out of Europe were thus distributed : —510 in thc East Indies , 12 S in the Philippine Islands , 30 in China , U 0 in Japan , and 1 , 31 ( 1 in America , Mexico , New Granada , Peru , Paraguay , Draz ' il , and Chili .

      In 1710 thc Jesuits possessed € 12 colleges , 157 _psnsionnats , 50 noviciates , 310 residences , 200 missions , SO professed lipuses , and they ruled in SO universities . In 17-19 they had SO professed houses , 069 colleges , CI noviciates , 176 seminaries , 335 residences , and 273 missions . The personnel of the society amounted to " 22 ,-539 members , Including 11 , 239 priests . The documents relating to latter years are not so complete . On thc suppression of the order by Pope Clement XIV ., in 1773 , the greater portions of these fragments was destroyed , and those that may be still estant are kept with great care in tke archives oftlie Court of Home .

      It is known , that in spite of the Papal bull , the society of Jesus continued publicly to exist in Russia . _Detween the 16 th General , JL . Rieci , wko died on the 23 rd of November , 1775 , two years after thc suppression of the society , and the 19 th General , Thaddeus _Brzozowski , elected on the 2 nd of September , _ISO-j , in consequence of the bull of Pope Pius VII ., re-establishing the society , the records of the order _rei-istcrfoar other chiefs , who succeeded each other during that interval , with the title of " _Yicara-General in White Russia . " It is now forty years since the society * was officially re-or _^ anised . Its progress was at first slow and stealthy ; it silently insinuated itself into the -various states of Europe ; and endeavoured to take root there

      under a different name fi-om that of the " Society of Jesus . " Towards the close of the Restoration it began to raise its head , and to adopt bolder methods of allurement , when the revolution of _ISSOcame , and mined its schemes . It then extinguished itself once more , in order to allow the storm wliich then growled to pass over ; but it soon regained its courage , and it now openly proclaims its original intention to _reconquer all the territory that it possessed in the days of itssylcndour . Thc cheek that has just been administered to its ambition in France by the firmly expressed will of the country could neither discourage it , nor cause it to renounce its plans . It is a struggle wluch wiil be prolonged uuder a different form . It is , therefore , interesting to know , with exactness , tbe numerical strength which the Jesuits are employing at the present moment In France and otlier countries , and to ascertain , by authentic statistics , then * most

      recent progress . The soeiety has now no longer tbe forfcr-four provinces , 000 establishments , and the 22 , 000 members that it could proudly enumerate in the 17 th and ISth centuries . But its power is increasing every year ; it is scattering its seeds in all directions , and it indulges in sanguine hopes that time will fructify tliem . In and out of Europe the Society of Jesus at present possesses fourteen provinces _^ _-those of Rome , _aieily , . Naples , _Turiii , Spain , Paris , Lyons , Belgium , England , Austria , Germany , Ireland , . Maryland , and Missouri . On the 1 st of January , 1 S 33 , it had in those provinces 173 establishments and 3 , 067 members ; on the 1 st of January , 18 il , 211 establishments and -5 ,-505 members ; and on the 1 st of January , 1844 , 233 establishments and 4 , 133 members . Thus , in the space of half-a-dozen yeara , there has been an increase of CO establishments and 1 , 000 _members !

      In 1844 this increase was still more rapid . In the seven provinces of Rome , Sicily , Turin , Spain , Paris , Lyons , and Belgium , the only ones whose advices lave already arrived in Rome , the order has received , _hfftween the 1 st of _Januair , 1 S 44 , and 1 st of January , 1845 , 394 new members . The receptions had , moreover , lately become so numerous , that Father Rothaan , General of the order , thought it neeessary to alky this fever of increase , and pointed out its dangers to all the provincials in a circular dated _I-farck , ISIS . The province of Rome numbered in January , _IS-tl , CM Jesuits , and 703 in Januarv , 1845 , of whom 269 were priests , 201 novices , and 232 brothers . Itis in Home that the General of the order resides , and there , also , arc concentrated the principal establishments . The soeiety has there its most important professed house , as well as la college for the special purpose of training priests for the necessities of

      _Ocrmany . It has also there a college and a residence ; composed of 49 priests , 69 novices , and 42 brotlicre , j a noviciate , properly so called , composed of 8 priests , i 5 a novices , and 39 brothers ; a noviciate of the third degree ; a noble pensionnat , and a seminary in which ' missionaries-ire trained for the societv , for the pro-1 _pagatum oftlie faith . The other _estabhshments of the province of Rome chiefly consist of colleges , through thc medium of which the Jesuits are maisters ofthe instruction Of yontb . Such are the colleges of Camerino , Fano Faenza , Ferrentino , lerrara , Fenno , Forli , _Alodena ' Spoleta , Tivoli , Orvieto , Loretto , ana Yerona ' . Since the commencement of the current year ( 1 S 4-5 ) ihey haTe opened a college at Venice , another at Parma , and are on the point of transforming into a _allege the mission of Malta . They have , " besides , _ * . grand noviciate at Yerona , and residences at J _^ -Horo , Brescia , and some other cities ofthe Roman stat " ¦ _!

      _. ' . _i" £ " ••_ _, _, _ _, i -. _„ t The _'f- r & rince of Sicily , which included 2-51 Jesuits in 1 _^ 41 _® ow P _® - 563 272 * Tlie Principal _establishtnnnfc nf- _% e society in this province are the _professinciiii oi i , _T , e novie ; ate , and the great college of in _^ -noitoe , . g _^ tJirce establishments reside 169 lalermo . on - _fif _^ . t hrce arc priests , sixty novices , J T _? r _^ _brV _^ s . They liave , besides a noble _** _$ _MvJr _^ o ttc _alleges of Aleamo , _Calta-SelnMSS M _>&» . _* ° - _* Salemi , towns _£ _S _£ _^ co ! _k _^^ _lff 0 or 2 _» inhabitants Thev hare reside . _wsat Wu _, Irapani , and _Maari , a house upon Mo . ' _^ _f _lbano , and missions in Allxsnia and & e Isle of _> . y _™ \ . The province of Naples in . ' _*^ ? ° , JefV _?* 1811 , and 279 ia 1 S « . Then " P"ncipal establishments are the _srand college of _* VU l » -which _eludes

      "Andl Wffl War, Mtlemtin Worai, S^Lsw A/...

      ninety-eight Jesuits ( thirty-two priests , thirty-six novices , and thirty brothers ); the noviciate of Sorrento , the noble college of Naples , the college of Salerno , that of Benevento , and that of Lccce . In the province of Turin the number of the Jesuits increased between the 1 st of January , 1841 , and the 1 st of January , 1845 , from 379 to 428 . They have in Turin a " noble" college , another college , and a pensionnat , _including SI Jesuits , of whom 31 are priests , 31 novices , and 19 brothers ; a professed house at Genoa ; noviciates at Chiari and at Cagliari ; colleges and pensionnats at Aosta , Chambery , Genoa , Cagliari , _Jtfice , _Novara , Sassari , Snn Remo , and at Yoghera . Since the commencement of thc year 1 S 45 a new college has been opened at Massa .

      The establishments of the province of Spain have been disorganised by the political _events of which that country has been of late years thc theatre . On the 1 st of January , 1815 , there wore 113 Jesuits disseminated in Spain , more particularly in the dioceses of Toledo , Seville , _Pampeluna , and Valencia , of whom 50 were priests , 6 only novices , and 57 brothers ; 96 Jesuits , belonging to the same province , of whom 45 Were priests , 32 novices , and 19 brothers , had retired into other countries . The province of Spain possesses a residence andaeollegeat Niville , in Belgium , and a residence at Aire , in France . It had , in 1 S 41 , at Buenos Ayres , a mission , a residence , and two colleges , including 24 priests , 12 novices , and 14 brothers . These establishments have since been

      dispersed . It lias also residences in South America , Paraguay , TJnignay _, La Plata , Brazil , New Granada , and Chili . The most important ones are the residence of Cordova , and the college and the noviciate of Bogota , which contain 11 priests . 5 novices , and 6 brothers . The province of Paris is composed , with Paris , of the northern part of France . On the 1 st of January , 1841 , it included 291 Jesuits , and as many as 420 on the 1 st of January , 1 S 45 . In Paris itself they had a residence and a seminary , containing 23 priests and 10 brothers ; at St . Acheul , a noviciate and a residence , in which there were 15 priests , 20 novices , and 14 brothers ; residences at Strasburg , 6 priests and 2 brothers - * at Angers , 10 priests and 3 brothers ; at Bourgcs , G priests and 3 brothers ; at Quimper , 6 priests and 4 brothers ; at Metz , 10 priests and 3 brothers ; atKantes , 8 priests and 4 brothers ; at Vannes , 7 priests and 3 brothers ; at Lille , 5 priests and 2 brothers : at Liesse , near Laon , 6 priests and 3

      brothers ; at Poitiers , 6 priests and 2 brothers ; and at Rouen , 6 priests and 2 brothers . They had , at Laval , a r . ovieiate and a seminary , containing 77 Jesuits , of whom 2 S were priests , 35 novices , and 14 brothers . At _Issenheim , in thc department of the Upper Rhine , they possessed a residence and a noviciate , created a short time since , and which contained , on the 1 st of January , 1 S-15 , 7 priests , 0 novices , and 12 brothers . As the colleges are net open to them in France , they have founded one on the frontiers of the kingdom , namely , at _Brugelctte , in Belgium . This college is dependent on tlie province of France , and contains 19 priests , 35 novices , and 11 brothers . The province of-France has still 10 Jesuits , employed on a mission in Granada , and 8 in China ; and it possesses , in _A _' orth America , two establishments , in which arc collected 19 priests , 35 novices , and 11 brothers . These are the noviciate of St . Mary and the college of Louisville , in tho state of

      _Rentueky-Thc province of Lyons includes the southern part of France . It contained 290 Jesuits in the year 1 S 41 , and 446 on the 1 st of January , 1845 . There were at that period thc following residences—namely , at Lyons , * 18 priests and 10 brothers ; at Aix , Cpriests arid 4 hrothcrs ; at Bordeaux , 8 priests ' and 5 brothers ; at Dole , 13 priests , 13 novices , and 9 brothers ; at Grenoble , 0 priests and 3 brothers ; at Marseilles , 8 priests and 5 brothers . There were at Toulouse a residence and a noviciate , 1 G priests , 27 novices , and 16 brothel's ; a residence , and a liouse of

      the third degree , at _Lalouvese , 7 priests and 4 brothers ; a noviciate at Avignon , 13 priests , 1 novice , and i brothers ; a residence ani a seminary at Vals , 25 priests , 5 S novices , and 13 brothers . The province of Lyons had also 39 Jesuits in Africa , of whom 17 were priests , 4 novices , and 18 brothers , distributed amongst the residences at Algiers , Oran . and Constantino ; 22 missionaries in the East Indies , at Trichlnopoiy , in the presidency of Madras , and in the idand of Madura , on the North-east of Java ; 10 in Syria , and 6 in Madagascar .

      The province of Belgium is one of the most flourishing at the present time . There were 319 Jesuits _inlSll ; there are 472 ia 1 S 45 . The noviciate of _Tronchicnncs contains 129 , of whom IS aro priests , SO novices , and 31 brothers . They have colleges at Alost , Antwerp , Brussels , Ghent , Louvain , _Namur , Liege , Tournay , and Kattwyk ; residences at Bruges , Courtray , and Mons , * missions at Amsterdam , the Hague , Nimcguen , Dusseldorf , and in the state of Guatemala in America . The college of Brugelctte belongs , as we have already informed our readers , to thc province of France ; and the college of Nivelle to the province of Spain . The province of England numbered 140 Jesuits in 1841 , and 164 in 1344 . They have in that country 33 establishments—houses , colleges , residences , or single missions . They show themselves Jess openly in England than in other countries ; the colleges and

      the residences do not bear , generally speaking , the names ofthe towns in which they are situate , but the names of saints only . Thus , there are the colleges of St . Ignatius , St . Aloise , the Iloly Apostles , St . Mary , St . Michael , St . Stanislaus , St . Hugo , St . George , St . John thc Evangelist , St . Thoinas of Canterbury , the Immaculate Conception , & c . Their principal establishment is the college and seminary of Stonyhurst , in the county of York , which contains 20 priests , 20 novices , and 11 brothers . Tho province of England has 20 missionaries at Calcutta . Thc English Government extends its protection as well to them as to the Protestant _missionavies , when they are capable of furthering abroad its commercial views ; and it is even assisting them ( the Jesuits ) at the present moment to found a new college especially destined for China .

      The province of Austria and Gallieia contained 2 GS Jesuits in the year 1841 , against 310 in the year 1844 . Their principal _establishmants consist of the college and the noviciate of Gratz , the college and the noviciate of Starawies , the colleges of Linz , _Inspruek , Tarnopol , NeuBamleck , and tho " noble " college of Lemberg . The province of Germany includes Switzerland as well as the hopes and the exertions ofthe society in the Gerniau states , exclusive of Austria . There were in this province 245 Jesuits in thc year 1841 , against 273 in the year 1 S 14 . The college , noviciate , and pensionnat of Friburg in Switzerland , contain 134 Jesuits , of whom 44 are priests , GO novices , and 30 brothers . They have at Brieg , in the canton of the Yalaisa college , a noviciate , anda _^ _nsioitnat , which

      , contain 11 priests , 32 novices , and 17 brothers , besides colleges at Siom , Estavayer , and Sehweits . The civil war has thrown open to them the gates of Lucerne . There were several Jesuits in the kingdom of Bavaria , in the year 1841 , but the accounts more recently rendered appear to be incomplete . In Dresden , the confessor of thc last King of Saxony was a Jesuit , who died at the commencement of June , 1845 . But whilst awaiting the period at which it may be able to undertake anew the conquest of Germany , the influence ofthe Society of Jesus is exercised upon that country through the instrumentality ofthe German college which it has established atRome , for the purpose of there forming secular priests , destined to be disseminated in Germany , in

      Hungary , and m Switzerland . Between the years 1822 and 1 S 42 , 125 priests educated at this college were stationed in the various countries of Germany , and 64 in Switzerland . They are there as devoted instruments or advanced guards ofthe society . The vice-province of Ireland numbered 63 Jesuits in the year 1341 , agaiust 73 in the year 1 S 44 . They possess in Ireland the colleges of Clongowes , Tollabey , and Dublin . They have recently established a second "house" in the last-mentioned city . The province of Maryland includes the establishments of the society in Columbia , Maryland , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania . TllC tnOSt important consist of the college and the pensionnat of Georgetown , in Columbia ( 15 priests , 13 novices , and 26 brothers ! , and the noviciate of Frederickton , in

      the state of _Maiyland . Since the year 1 S 40 they have further founded at Frederickton a college and a mission . The other establishments are rather points of observation and foundations for the future . Thus , in Columbia , there arc the house and thc mission of Alexandria ; in Maryland , tlic houses and the missions of St . Thomas , Newtown , St . Inigoes , Bohemia , St . Joseph , and Whitcmarsh ; in Massachusetts , the college and the _jiensionnat of Vigorno ; in Pennsylvania , the house and the mission of Philadelphia , Goschcnhoppen , and Conewago . Thc province of Maryland contained 109 Jesuits in 1 S 41 , against 121 in the year 1844 . Thc vice-province of Missouri includes the establishments of Louisiana , Missouri , Ohio , thc Rocky

      Mountains , and adjoining countries . It possesses thc college and the pensionnat of St . Louis , and the college of St , Charles , in Louisiana , the noviciate of St . Stanislaus , in Missouri , and the college and the pensionnat of Cincinnati , in Ohio . There arc , in these four establishments , 107 Jesuits , of whom 29 are priests , 37 _ novices , and 41 brothers . The remaining establishments consist , lor the most part , of missions , composed of one or two fathers ; the most considerable is the mission of the Rocky Mountains , which is composed of five priests and six brothers . The number of Jesuits , whicli amounted , in 1841 , to 94 , had increased , in 1844 , to 139 , in the province of

      Missouri . On examining the above statistics , . _triych are detailed at much greater length in the tables Irom which wc have compiled this summary , ii will be seen that the success ofthe Society of Jesus hag _fceen constant of late years in all its provinces ; everywhere has it conquered fresh territory—evervwhere lias it either extended or consolidated its power ; but the most marked _-jrogrca is that which the societv has made in ihe _pi-oviaeea of Paris and _Lvons , and those above given which precede them far exceed certain _confessions tbat the Rev . Father llavignan condescended to make in his book en the Jesuits .

      The principal object ofthe efforts ofthe Society of Jesus is not , in these modem times , the conversion of pagans _andjandels _. _-iihas not now , as it had two

      "Andl Wffl War, Mtlemtin Worai, S^Lsw A/...

      centuries ago , more than 2 , 000 missionaries in the Indies , in Japan , and in America ; _, proselytism in distant countries is now little more than a commercial _speculation—an affair of pounds , shillings , and pence 'lhe "Association for the Propagation of tbe Faith " paid , in the year 1844 , the sum of 336 , 092 f . 32 c . to the Society of Jesus for the services of the 134 priests , 30 novices , and 61 brothers that the latter consented to devote to the service of the missions amongst the infidels . The field of battle which the Jesuits have chosen in the 19 th century is Europe;—Europe ,

      Wflieh lias shaken off the yoke of papal domination , but wliich the Army of the Pope , as the Society of Jesus proudly entitles itself , would rivet by newly forged chains to the feet of the Pontifical throne ! Such ( errors excepted ) is the position of the Society of Jesus in the world . We believe that there is hardly anything changed in the provinces otTraiico . I ' m ; fathers are tliere divided into small groups ; they are neither less numerous , less active , nor less wealthy ; and their apparent dispersion has become , with the Government , a pretext for inclining still more towards the clergy .

      Spanish Revolution. [¦ Front The Tyne Me...

      _SPANISH REVOLUTION . [¦ Front the Tyne Mercury . ] It is now becoming tolerably clear that the present state of affairs in Spain cannot long continue . Narvaez is following in the wake of Espartero ! Thc causes whieh at last wrought the sudden downfall of the last , are at work to produce thc same catastrophe for his rival and successor . The people of Spain arc now beginning to be more disgusted with the present dictator than with his predecessor . The army alone retains its allegiance ; but it is believed that allegiance is in many regiments beginning to waver . If it once gives way—which it is likely soon to clothe audacious General , who rose with all thc sudden brilliancy ofa rocket , will " fall like the stick , " and " good night" to Narvaez !

      What ( the readerwill here exclaim ) is tlie meaning of these strange and anomalous scenes ? We seen country , split into sections of parties bearing strange names . We see ' * 1-rogresistas , Moderados , Christinos , Carlists , and Exaltados . " We see the form and name of the Government changed year after year , and yet we see no one party in power which seems to be efficient , in the least , to heal tlie divisions aud dissensions by which this once happy realm is torn to pieces . This is the grand enigma ; this is the marvel ; this is the mystery ; and unless some explanation can be given of this , it is useless to talk about Spain at all .

      Of this sort of remonstrance , if made , we fully admit the justice . IVc admit that without such ex _planation , the affairs of Spain are a disagreeable and disgusting puzzle , where _mocli that is revolting is mixed up with all that is bewildering ; and where the ups and downs of the actors remind one more of a grotesque _iwppct-slwff than a scene of actual life . The explanation required , however , we shall attempt to give , and thus it is : — Spain has , from the time even ofthe Romans , been inhabited hy a peculiar race , whose origin is involved in mystery . They were probably of that tribe called " Celts , " by which Prance , Germany , Great Britain , and Ireland WOUe at some remote period peopled , and which still exist in Ireland , in the Highlands of

      Scotland , and in Spain , without much admixture of other races . They all have the same national features of distinction . They are an excitable , iiCrCG , and Warlike race ; dividing themselves into clans or small divisions ; cruel in their wrath , and chivalrous by nature ; leading the pastoral life , fond of poetry and national ballad aud song ; but destitute ot the commercial and acquisitive spirit , and all agreed in one thing , viz ., always to keep arms in their hands , and never to suffer their rulers to oppress them with fiscal regulations at variance with their inclinations and habits ; nor with taxes , which they will not toil to pay on any persuasion . This was in olden time the state of Scotland and Ireland ; but , in Spain , this is thc position of affairs to this hour . No monarch of Spain , not even Charles V ., could ever reall y subdue this national trait of the Spanish people . Divided as they are into various tribes , having slight differences in manners and language—in this they all agreed . Ihey

      adhered resolutely to their "Fueros , " or privileges , the chief of which was , not to paxj any taxes save a small given sum , whicli they collected themselves , and handed over to Government . A people acting this way Were really always free , no matter for the form of their government . Charles thc Fifth was , in name , absolute . He dispensed with " the Cortes , " or ancient Spanish parliament ; but he could raise no extra-revenue in Spain , and was really powerless . The provinces governed themselves by their ancient laws . The Church , which was _hnmsnsely rich iu domains , took care ofthe poor , and invariably backed the people against the meditated encroachments of Charles , Philip , and their successors . Hence came the bigottcd attachment of the Spaniards to their religion . It could not be otherwise . The Church was , ini ' act , not only teacher of thc faith , but feeder . of the poor , and an invincible ally of the people , against the designs of arbitrary monarehs , who would have fleeced both .

      Had it not been for the discovery of America , and the conquest of Peru and Mexico , the monarehs of Spain never would have been powerful in Europe . For some centuries , however , they derived immense revenues from these rich colonics , especially from Pcvu ; and from these sources it was that Philip the Second fitted out his " armada , " and threatened even England with subjugation . When this source dried up , thc Spanish monarehs became poor again , * and when thc colonics at length revolted , and Spain was at last . ovci _' -run by the troops of France and England , thc Spanish treasury was empty , and the king a bankrupt .

      This brought about the introduction into Spain of the "Funding System , " which then was in full flower hero , and shortly after was so in France . "Loans" to an immense extent were borrowed under English influence , and it is this DEBT , and the direful consequences of it , which have destroyed all succeeding Governments in Spain , and which will continue so to do , until it shall itself be destroyed . No matter what the form , or what the same of the Government , Espartero or Narvaez , Christino or Modcrado , Whig or Tory , against this rock they must all split . The brave , wise , and resolute Spanish people will neither submit to pay taxes , nor to have their Church pillaged to pay a parcel of unhanged Jews and usurers , whom they cordiallv detest . This is the

      resolution of the _rEoriEof Spain—oftlie men who till the land , tend the immense herds of cattle and sheep , rear the beautiful vineyards , and weave those fleeces , and ferment those wines , that exceed in fineness those of all other countries . In the towns and cities there are a class , noisy and worthless , who have supported the existing governments from hope of gain , or love of undefined change ; from these men most of the troops are raised , and they serve as long as the pay lasts , but no longer . The real determination of the Spanish people is , however , we repeat , to suffer no government long to exist that is opposed to the Fueros and the Church ; and this determination will shortly wreck the present wretched

      Camarilla that rules in Spain . Narvaez was obliged to give up the pillage of thc Cluwch in order to get power ; but he has retained the debt , and his troops must be paid , or down he goes at once . Ilcnco the desperate efforts of Senor Mon , his Finance-minister , to colleet tribute tit the bayonet's point ; and hence that spirit of resistance which is now about to wreck this Government , and which will wreck every other that shall tread in its steps . This is thc secret of ¦ ' Carlism , " which merely means tho recognition of a Government that will destrov the Jews , and preserve the Fueros and the Church ; and nothing short ofthis will ever ( or we are much mistaken ) produce even a twelvemonth of quiet in Spain .

      Annexation" in India . —We have moro than once warned our readers that it would be found a matter advigahle and necessary to " annex" the Punjaub ; that is to say , the rich territory of the late Runjeet Singh , to our already pretty extensive "Indian empire . " This " annexation "—wliich in India is quite , as it seems , an allowable thing—is ahout to commence . The last Indian news is that the young and feeble boy monarch of Lahore , Ghoolab Singh , has applied to the British for " protection" against his unruly troops and not very orderly subjects . This " protection" is to be kindly granted . To agoodneighbourone can refuse nothing . An army is accordingly now on the banks ofthe river Sutledge ; and the next thing we shall hear will be

      that it has entered Lahore , and taken possession ot the young king's territories by way of" protecting " him . This is the precise way in whieh all our Indian " annexations" have been performed ; and when the king rebels , as at last he must do , hc will be deposed , and his kingdom added to tho dominions of the droll company in Leadenhall-street , who arc such good hands at grasping ! The possession of Lahore will again king us in collision with Candahar and Atfghanistan ; and the end will be a third march to Cabul , and a second towards Herat , where wc shall , at last , cross bayonets with Russia , in propria _jiersona . This is the assured " end of these proceedings ; and we may as well record them before happening , as after _, —Tyne Mercury .

      The Game Laws.—Abominable Cosvicnox.-^-O...

      The Game Laws . —Abominable _Cosvicnox .- _^ -On Saturday week , Thomas _lli-mins , of Ackworth _, was summoned before the Wakefield magistrates for an offence against the Game Laws . Iliggins , who is a farm labourer , was proceeding to liis work early in the morning and picked up a hare , which he found dead in a wheat field ; being observed by the gamekeeper , the poor fellow was taken into custody . The hare had been caught in a . suicide , but there was no evidence to prove that the prisoner was in any way connected with poachers . Lk was nrocccding to work , with his scythe over his shoulder , to a field adjoining that in which the hare was found , when he _accidentally saw tho animal , and naturally enough _tooit possession . lii « gins was fined in a penalty and co 3 fs amounting " to £ 3 , nnd in default he was sent to the Ileuses of _Coyvcetioi * lor three mouths _.

      Agriculture Anft Feortfoilftire T-Jtttt Tv ^ „„ .—..,.'

      _Agriculture _anft _feortfoilftire _T-JTTtT Tv _^ _„„ . — _..,. '

      Field-Garden Operations. For . The Week ...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For . the Week commencing Monday , Oct . 23 rd , 1843 . [ Extracted from a Diary of Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates ofthe late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr , Nowell , of Famley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tlieir own lands . The farms selected as models are—First .

      Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean of live acres each , conducted by G . Cruttcnden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six aereg : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , tiie latter at Jevington—all of thera within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model ianng near the same place . The consecutive operations in tliese reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Dubtis aided bv _"Noton

      ana uuscrvations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell cilculated for the time and season , whicli we subjo ' in . ' " The wisest men—thc greatest philosophers—after in vain sedans ior happiness in every variety of pursuit , have found it m tbe cultivation of the ground . " _$ oi 2 .-T ! iesclwl farms are cultivated bylovs , who in re urn for three hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of their labour inthe afternoon for thc master ' s bene fit , ivhich renders the schools mr-BiMOiMwa . V e believe that at Famly _Tt / as _sitsevenths of the produce of the _schaol . U _^ u l

      assigned ta the boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who will receive thc titsual school-fees , help _tll 6 loys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , d : c ., to convert their produce into bacon , by attending lo pig-keeping , ivhich at Christmas may be divided , after , payimj rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and 1 ) 0 _metde thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way thc most grateful to their feelings . ' ]

      SUSSEX . Monday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat and the master drilling . Eastdean School Scveal teen boys digging up potatoes , gathering up haulm and stones . Piper . Sowing wheat , in drills six inches apart , and two or throe deep . Dumbrell Digging up potatoes and carrying manure _I ' _uesday— Willingdon School . Bovs cam-in ** - out manure . Eastdean School . Boys digging foi * wheat and cleaving oil swede turnips . Piper . Sowing wheat in drills . Dumbrell . Digging up potatoes heifer drawing dung . '

      _WEDXUsnAY— Willingdon School . Boys dinging for wheat . Eastdean School . Bovs emp _' tyin" the pi" _, stye tank , digging for and sowing wheat . Piper Sowing wheat . Dumbrell . Dinging , mixin < r dune _^ and mould , heifer carrying dung . ° Tuvnsnay—U'illingelon School . Boys _digging aud drilling wheat . Eastdean School . _BovsTdrawin _* _--manure for wheat , cleaning pigstyes . " Piper . The same as yesterday . Dumbo-ell . Drilling fourteen rods of tares , * storing in the collar mangel wurzel roots .

      1- _kiday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat . Eastdean School . Boys sowing tares , digging for wheat , gathering mangel wurzel leaves ami _stWICS . Piper . As before . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots potatoes , heifer dung carrying . ' Saturday— Willingdon School . Bovs digging for and drilling wheat . Eastdean School . Boys _emptvin- _* portabie pails , cleaning the school , planting cab * bilges . Piper . As before . Dumbrell . Mixiiu'diiii *' and mould , pulling mangel wurzel roots . °

      COW-FUIiWXO . Willingdon School . Cows feeding on white _Iiivh _^ & c , as before . Piper ' s . ' In addition to other food , is given two gallons of carrots pcr day . Dumbrell ' s . One cow staked in the rye grass , and fed in the stall morn ancl even , on mangel wurzel leaves for four days . Stall fed with mangel wurzel leaves , turnips , and oat chaff , for two davs . One cow and heifer staked on clover , and morn and even fed with potatoes , carrots , and oat chaff , for three days , the remaining three stall fed with turnips , potatoes , and oat chaff ,

      _ Pig Feeding. In Fattening Pigs, I Have...

      __ PIG FEEDING . In fattening pigs , I have always found a mixture of barley and pease-meal , moistened with milk iu sufliuicnt quantity to make it of a drinkable nature , to bo the best ; the pig . ? must be rung to make them lie quiet ; the stye must be warm and airy , and the sun not suffered to scorch their backs , as thin-skinned white pigs arc blistered by it , which not only renders tliem of an unsightly appearance , but retards their thriving ; neither can they bear exposure to cold winds , or cold rain , cr sleet , or snow—they must be kept out of all these . This is not sufficiently attended to : on many farms you see them lying in heaps shivering with the cold ; in such cases thriving is out of tho question ; andon the other handI have seen

      , , them immured to tbe height of four feet , with a low ceiling abovc them , leaving a space of a foot and a half fora current of air ; in this case they looked very delicate and sickly , like consumptive subjects , and never arrived at any size or weight for their age ; their constitution was undermined by being kept constantly in a pestilential atmosphere ; -whereas , had the door been an open-barred door , a current ot Ivcsh an * would incessantly have set in and purified the place , and given the animals a vigorous habit and a doubly-mcreased size . These extremes should be carefully avoided ; and , in addition , too much cleanliness cannot be observed , for nothing tends more to tlieir well-doing than dry feet , a dry bed , and sweet air

      . They wallow in mud , it is true , in the summer , to get a coat to shield them from the sun and flies ; but that only proves that they _ require protection from excessive heat and the teasing of flies ; and all who wish their pigs to thrive will provide shelter . My pigs are never allowed to run about , as no food they can get by prowling about will compensate for the loss of flesh sustained b y the continual state of motion . In a farm it may be very well to have some running about to pick up dropped offal ; but where the pigs are regularly fed with a sufficient supply , it is a thriftless plan to waste by exercise the flesh-that by a state of rest would make a good return for thc food consumed aud the expense of attendance .

      # In thc above remarks on pig-feeding , my observations were directed chiefly to fattening hogs to a large- ? size ; thc strong food recommended does not exactly suit quarter porkers ; it is too heating , and produces pimples , which give the appearance of disease ; therefore , for quarter pork , I either use fine middlings with milk or pure water , or reduce the strength of the barley and pease-meal by adding an equal quantity of pollard ; wash or pot-liquor is unpalatable to pigs during the process of fattening on meal . [ have tried various liquids—mutton broth , tbe liquor from a round of beef , ami good kitchen wash—but havo been obliged to take it out of their troughs , and replace it with meal and milk , or water . It will sometimes happen , from change of weather or

      other causes , that tho pigs get costive , and aro off their food . In such a case I supply them with a little green food , according to the season oftlie year , —as a few cabbage leaves , lettuces , or potatoe-tops , or with potatoes , aud mangel wurzel ; if , on the other hand , they arc purged , I have a sod dug from the road-side and given them , or , which I sometimes think is better , I let them into a yard where there are cinders , mould , and brick , and chalk rubbish . I think very little of garden stuff as si means of keeping a pig in a good growing condition ; it is no help further than satisfying occasionally tho cravings of hunger ; sows will do on it , or on grass , if there can bo added daily a feed or two from the wash-tub . As I keep sows , I may as well add my management of them . Purine

      tho time of gestation their diet is restricted to articles that will not produce obesity , for sows , as well as cows , are apt to be attacked with what is called the milk-fever ; and , besides , unwieldy sows have not that command over their movements that SOWS with a less proportion of flesh have , and are very likely to crush many of their young ones . For the first fortnight , the sow is fed in such a manner as to leave off with a good appetite ; and no better or more forcing food is given than fine pollard or coarse middlings ; but as soon as all fever has disappeared , and the pigs can take the milk as fast as the sow can supply it , the finest middlings or oatmeal , ov sometimes boiled rice , when it can be procured at about 8 s . or 8 s . Cd . per cwt ., are given three times a day . I'tielitttc pigs are cut when five or six weeks old ; the sows arc not spayed , if intended for quarter pork ; the operation both throws them back and disfigures them . ivi

      any peopie recommend a spayed sow for the poor ; \ I _always recommend a barrow pig , as growing to a _' larger size than the spayed sow pig , and in being far superior meat to an old spayed sow . These remarks _, . with what I forwarded to you before , are about all I can remember for a brief sketch . In choosing a pig , look out tor one with a -wide open chest , well filled up Irom the ears to the tail , small toed , and with meat m the fore arm down to the knee , and in the ham down to the hock—tail fine and short , with a small spread of hairs at tho end . Let the breed be more inclined to make flesh than fat , and fine in the grain . Another peculiarity should be _aseevtaiwed * . thc breed 6 hould be famed for broad backs and small entrails—large-bellied pigs do not pull down thc scale . 1 ou have now such a lecture on pigs as I sometimes give to my inquiring friends .- / . Steel , in Agricultural Gazette . J

      Deep Drainage Is Better Than Shallow Dra...

      DEEP DRAINAGE IS BETTER THAN SHALLOW DRAINAGE . Because capillary attraction is _stronger than gravity near the surface , whilst as we go deeper into the soi , the force of gravity increases , and the power of capillary attraction diminishes . Capillary attraction acts powerfully alu _\ injuriously near the surface in two _ways—iirst _, by kcepin ? the rain water from descending to tlie shallow drains ; and , secondly , by

      * 1 _am-s .-Kow drill your second crop in by hand , with a wheat llQP ; ant ] scatter a little manure in every drill .

      Deep Drainage Is Better Than Shallow Dra...

      drawing up from the sodden bed of the too proximate shallow drain the free or _stipcrfluous water . Entertaining these ideas ! applied to Mr . Parkes for an explanation , or rather confirmation of tliem , which he has most philosophically and correctly afforded in the annexed letter , whicli divulges the subterranean secret , and explains satisfactorily the hitherto mysterious action of deep draining . A sponge will hold water , by capillary attraction , till its pores are filled , and a large sponge will hold more than a small one ; consequently it is longer in getting wet and longer in getting dry . Thc earth when drained is in fact a sponge—the deeper the drains the greater thc body of water it will hold : and as earth , air , and water are the food of plants , the larger the sponge the more _lood it contains . Now

      we all well know that water passes through earth and runs away out of the drains , but we must never forget that it will only do so when more has fallen than the earth chooses to retain by capillary attraction . You may drop water drop by drop on a sponge or loaf sugar , and none will escape till tlie pores are all filled ; but then it refuses to receive any more , and thc rest is carried away . The same thing occurs precisely in drained land . In deeply drained land bnt littlo rain will pass through the drains during the spring and summer . It is retained to moisten this large sponge , and rise by capillary attraction and be carried off through the plants by tlieir roots and leaves , or evaporate at the surface as steam or vapour . In shallow drained land ( the small sponge ) plants arc Quickly dried up in a

      hot summer , or drenched in a wet one ; and as roots only search amongst the porous earth for their food , of course tliey not only get less food , but are ' subjected , by their proximity to the surface , to greater atmospheric vicissitude . Itis a seeming contradiction , that deep drains should discharge more water and more quickly than shallow _onc-s ; such is _. howcvcr the lact . Ill a very long or deep sponge , the water will drip through at the lowest end , the force of gravity overcoming partially that of capillary attraction ; of course , this dripping permits its absorbing more water at its surface . In a short or shallow sponge , little or no dripping takes place , because the capillary power is too strong , * consequently when filled it will absorb less at the surface , aud move must run off . It i i notorious , thatin very porous vegetable soils , shallow

      drains are of little use , for spring ov bottom water Sasses by them and rises in preference to the surface , y Hie force of capillary attraction , and by the plants called bog pipes . Old hands at spring draining known tho fact , although I never _hcnrdtlic caused named , and always recommended decp _^ drains . I am not sufficiently acquainted with thc statistics of capillary attraction to state how deeply it acts , but we know quite well that its power varies with the character of the soil . Farmers like chalk in heavy land , because chalk has strong filtrativc and non-capillary powers . There are abundant instanccsof loose sands , gravels , bogs , or mellow soils , always wet and cold , because resting on an impervious bed of clay , the water ascending by thc power of capillary attraction , which

      overcomes its gravity ; tho water will in such cases rise many feet abovc its level , depending on the comparative capillary powers of the soil . It can only be removed in this ease by cutting into the deKSC or _llOll-capillary mass . In cases of spongy soils , practice lias shown that we must load them with heaviest earths , to squeeze out their moisture and diminish their capillary power , to mako the drains act . A piece of loaf sugar or a sponge readily illustrates lim facts I have mentioned , that water has its force of gravity , overcome by capillary attraction , and is made to rise above its level . Trees of the greatest height exercise this power , and so do all plants in degree . The question of extreme depth at whicli drains will act in pure clays , is an important one , and seems to hinge on the depth to wliich cracks will extend in

      such soils . It is easy to fry it , which I shall do ; my own opinion is , that even in very strong clays water will filtrate much below four feet ; but possibly , to enable it to do this , it would b . i most secure to drain four feet first , and then when these drains have acted perfectly , and thc soil totliat depth is intersected by roots and worm borings , increase the depth to seven or eight feet , according to the fall . Mr . Parkes has clearly shown that deep drains will act more promptly on lands that have been already shallowdrained . Thc principles of drainage are affected by tho laws of gravity . The drain-pipe is full of air—the earth above it is full of water ; thc superfluous water , beyond what the earth retains by capillary attraction _, must , of necssity , by its superior gravity , descend and displace the air from the pipe , and continue flowing till ifc . fincls other water to resist it .

      Thc greatest possible objection to shallow drainage is , that tho falling water robs the surface soil of its heat and manure , and carries it away through the drains , or allows it to pass off tho surface , whilst in deeply drained land the heat carried down by the water is taken from the water by tho colder subsoil , and retained to rise again to the roots and surface by its superior lightness and by capillary attraction . Thus the depth of drainage influences vegetation , warmth being carried down from the surface is laid up in store , and rc-ascends the surface with the expanded water by capillary attraction .

      Deeply drained land receives and retains the soluble parts ofthe manure we apply to the surface , and sends them up again for the use of plants by evaporation and capillary attraction . Water is not only a carrier of heat downwards and upwards in soils , but it also conveys dowii and brings again to the surface thc solutions of manure that colour It . A nice warm summer shower that would only be enough to moisten comfortably five or six feet deep of parched earth , would be carried through shallow drains . Like strong tea , the solutions from our manure contain its most valuable properties .

      Farmers who consider how worthless is the second mashing of their malt , or the second water from their tea , will hardly allow the essence of their manure heaps to run away down their ditches with the water from their roofs , or down shallow drains . We must not forget that roots will follow retreating water and deprive it of their food ; but the same roots cannot avoid or escape the injurious eftcets of water ascending constantly and too abundantly by capillary attraction from the too proximate floor of a shallow drain . In a soil drained six or eight feet deep the saline and ammoniacal substances that are brought down witli the rain , remain in the soil , and are brought up to thc roots of plants by thc water , as it rises to the surface by capillary attraction to replace that

      which evaporates , lhe manures we apply arc also laid up in store for subsequent use * , whilst in that drained only two feet , or two feet eight , it would be washed into the drains and carried away to the open ditches . The importance is great of retaining , for thc use of plants , much of the water that falls in thc summer months , for such water is abundantly charged with heat ( qy . electricity ?) and with various gases that arc of inappreciable value ns food for plants . __ Of course to bogs , sands , and gravels , the addition of heavier earths and lime is indispensable , chemically aud physically giving them a greater aptitude forthe retention of moisture , such soils bciug deficient in alkalies and alumina . It has been objected that in certain soils tho filtration of water would abstract from them their metallic

      properties , and encrust , or choke up these small pipes . It is possible in an occasional instance , and in course of time , this might occur , but this exception can be no valid objection to the general rule of their success in thc niajoritv of soils . Instances too may occur where the supply of water from spriugs , ov from some neighbouring ground , may bo more ihan a small pipe can carry , rendering it necessary to employ a larger pipe , or several smaller ones side by side , or on each other . This also can only now and then ' occur . The inch-pipes will always take all the water that docs fall as an average from thc clouds on a given space i a given time . The whole system of deep drainage in heavv land is dependent on its cracking by contraction . These

      cracks , whieh take place , first , by evaporation , and then by percolation , can be promoted in two ways—by leaving tlie drains open as long as possible after the pipes are placed in thorn , and covered with a few crumbs , or by the lieat of a dry summer . Rolling heavy land solid in wet weather will cause it to crack readily in warm weather ; when once a system of cracks has commenced , they extend in every direction , each fissure draining the soil adjoining it , until the whole mass of earth to the floor of thc drains becomes a network of fissures . Onco established , filtration , capillary attraction , and evaporation , must go on regularly—improving the soil from year to year , aided by worms and by roots . I would strongly recommend every agricultural improver to bore or cut a four-feet trench in every acre

      of soil , to thc depth of several i ' ect , much in the same way as we would ascertain the quality of a cheese . The expense is but trifling , but the saving or gain would be in many cases , enormous . A bed of calcareous earth , of clay , or of gravel , may be found where least " expected and much required . Perpendicular strata of clays , & c , may be thus at once detected and cut through , which have possibly for centuries headed back springs , or surface water , and caused a large extent of land to be always wet . Such boring may givo upward vent to a spring , which being pent in has shown its evil effects in numerous other places . There are many advantages attending a knowledge

      of thc substratum , so var ious arc its qualities , ami so different from the surface soil . It is the opinion of two practical drainers I am acquainted wilh , that subterranean water generally runs cast and west , so that by cutting our drains north and south wc are mere likely to intercept thorn . Probably it may not be thc rule in every county , but 1 liave noticed such to be the case on my farm in several instances . The fact is worth observing , cr wo may make many useless cutting .- - , in clay or ' strong soils parallel with sandy veins , and yet not succeed in removing thc water from the hitter . This stratification cast and west may he the result of centrifugal force , caused by thc earth ' s diurnal revolution .

      There can be no doubt that the increased luxuriance of plants is dependent on the depth of drainage as well as on tlie quantity and quality of their food . I am of opinion that plants breathe , masticate

      Deep Drainage Is Better Than Shallow Dra...

      digest , and excrete with precisely the same results aa ourselves , and decay and are decomposed in the same way as wc are . They also repose as wo do , and during that repose digestion and consequent increase is as apparent with them as with us . Like ourselves plants will not send their roots to be drowned or to be burned ; therefore , by deep drainage , we guard them against both , and afford them an abundant supply of food . No doubt they obtain oxygen by their roots and carbon by their leaves to form internal combustion . Many sandy soils require draining when their

      owners little imagine the cause of their interior crops , for if these sands or silts rest on an impervious basis of hard gravel or solid c ! . iv , thc capillary power of the surface soil draws up tllC Wiil CI * llKisfc injuriously to the roots . This was found to be the case on one field on my farm , which was considered to be a hot dryfield , but was found , on digging holes , to require draining . Sands most particularly require deep drainage , because their capiilan * powers will effectually counteract the operation of shallow drains . Many farmers know practically the difficulty of getting water out of sand , although they do not know the cause .

      There arc very few lands on which the drains cannot be placed four feet deep , where there is the desire to cut deep drains . For instance , suppose a field is basin-shaped , or higher at thc sides than in thc centre , the drains could be carried with the fall to the centre of the field , and there fall into a main drain , carried through the higher parts of the field by a deep cutting , to some distant point of fall , or to a deep well or swallow hole . In deep drains there is no danger of pipes decaying , because the temperature is nearly uniform , seldom varying ten degrees , and of course never touching the extremes of winter frost or summer heat . I . J . _Mechi .

      52^3g. T9; * ? R * „

      _52 _^ 3 g . * ? * _„

      Bankrupts. (From Tuesday's Gazette, Octo...

      BANKRUPTS . ( From Tuesday ' s Gazette , October 14 , 1 _S-15 . _J Robert J . Chapman , _Clapliam , Surrey , market gardener —James Smith Williams , of u , Clumciit ' s-hmc , Lombardstreet , City , master mariner—Thomas Ashworth and Michael Septimu' ; Keyworth , of _Mam-hcster , common _lircwevs—Henry George Gibson , of Jfeweastle-npon-Tyne , chemist—Thomas Fielder Shiliam , of lhidbridgc , GioiN cestershire , wool broker . DIVIDENDS DECUKED . John Scott , of Birmingham , gun maker , final dividend of Ijd . iii the pound , payable , at VI , George-street , Manchester , October 28 , and every following 'i ' uesday . William Jones , of Acton , _Aiulc _' . lesex . jfroeur , lirst dividend of 7 d . in tho pound , _p-ij _.-ibli * . 'it 13 , Old Jewry , October 15 , and two following Wednesdays James _Farren , of Nine Elms Surrey , corn dealer , second dividend of yd . in the pound , payable at 18 , Old Jewry , October 15 , and two following Wednesdays .

      DIVIDESDS TO BB DECLAKED . Al the _Com-t of Bankruptcy , London . James Tenfold , of Goring , Sussex , farinur , November 5 , at half-past VI—James Iinrny _, of Old l'ish-street-hill , Upper Thames-street , stationer , November 4 , at one—Tlioinis Eastwood , of JJiigliton , grocer , November 6 , at eleven . Certificates to he granted by _tl-ie Court of Iteview , unless cause b _« shown to the contrary , on or before November 4 , John _1 ' _ui'bui'y , of Leek Wootton , 'Warwickshire , maltster—James Jlabbs , jun ., of Chichester , baker—Henry Uecimus Walker , of Eaton Soeou , _Jiuilfordsllirc _, illllliCCpei * —Thoniii- ' Eastwood , of _llrig ! i ton , Susscx , j { riicer—Thomas _In'ingston , of Manchester , share broker—John Brain , of lfi _, Winchester-p [ iiuc , and late of _Holford-square , PentonviUc , copperplate dealer—John Smith , of St . Duiistan ' shill , City , shipbroker . Ill the

      _Couuliv-John Wood , of Cardiff , Glamorganshire , banker , Novcm . ber 5 , at eleven , at the Court of litinkruptcy , Bristol—Thomas llolylaml , of Manchester , woollen cloth manufacturer , A _' ovomlier S , nt twelve , at tlie Court _oi'liuukvuytcy , Manchester—John and Elizabeth _fisher , of MnjjhllH _, _Lancashire _, wine merchants , November 4 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—James Spencer , of Donholme Carr . Yorkshire , worsted piece manufacturer , November 18 , at eleven , at the Court oFlhiiifcruptey , Leeds—Thomas Bousfield , of Lincoln , ironmonger , November 11 , at eleven , at the _Cottrtof J ' uinlmiptcy , Leeds—Tom Walter Green , of Leeds , bookseller , November 11 , : vt eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Leeds—Thomas _Smalhvood , of _Bii'ininghnni , grocer , November G , at eleven , at the Court

      of Bankruptcy , Birmingham—Joseph Lewis , of Birmingham , card manufacturer , November 0 , " . t eleven , at the Court of _BauUvujrtcy _, Birmingham—Benjamin S . Jones , Of _WroekwardillU-WOOll , Shropshire , grocer , November 5 , lit half-past twelve , at tiie Court of Bankruptcy . Birmingham— -William Henry Bates , of Birmingham , factor , Kovemher 5 , at eleven , at the Court of Baukrupcy , Birmingham—Thomas Horton , of West Broinwich , Staftbrrisliirc , iron founder , November 18 , at twelve , at the Court of BmiAmvptey , Birmingham —James Bennett , of Little Birch , Herefordshire , cuttle dealer , November 5 , at halfpast eleven , at the Court of _Biiu ' . _ii'iiptcy , _Birmingham—John Herring and William Herring , of Newcastle-upon-Tyne , merchants , November y , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Newcastle-upon-Tyne .

      _CEftiir icates to be granted , unless cause be shown to the contrary on tlie day of meeting . James Edward Smirk , of Broad-court , Bow-street , Covent-garden , victualler , Koveinber 5—Charles Jones , of Adstoek _, Buckinghamshire , salesman , November 4—William Verey , of High-street , Kingsland , victualler , 'November y—William Parsley , ' of Woolwich , Kent , hut maker , November 4—William Maton , of Forc-strcct , City , leather seller , November 5—Thomas Clerk Smith and * Kieliard Hayes , of 13 , Henrietta-street , Covent garden , hotel keepers , Nov 4—Frederick West , of Southampton , bootmaker , November 5—John _llcdden , Cambridge , coach builder , November G—James Couseus Wolton , of Halstead _, Essex , ironmonger , November ti—John White , of Warminster , Wiltshire , currier , November 4—John Botcheby , late of Darling-ton , Durham , eoalowner , Xorauler ii _' enwiek J . oraine _, of Jfewcastle-upoii-Tync , bookseller , November 4—Ann Hreo _french , of _Neweastle-iifon-Tyne , hotel keeper , Nov . 4—Joseph Curlis , of Liskeard , Cornwall , linendraper , JNovember 7—Jacob lUchard Owen , of Manchester , stockbroker , November C ,

      PABTKERSniPS DISSOLVED . James Bizzey , Thos . Benton , and John Humphry's _Papps , of Stroud , linen drapers ( so far as regards John Humphry's Papps )—Henry Hoilis and Thomas Walford , of Liverpool , tea dealers—William Kalph Buchanan and Henry Grainger , attorneys—Abraham Bass nnd l { . Sweeting , of _Hiirtoii-upon-Trent , . _Statf' _-rdshire , attorneys-Llewelyn Evans and Evan Williams , of Llandovery , Carmarthenshire , cabinet makers—i'reu . _Farrar and George _Hei'bst Lake , of 12 , Godlinmn-strect _, Doctors ' -coiiiuions , attorneys—It . Davis Ilea and Hugh Casement , of 95 , Upper Thames-street , City , and Essex-street , Wbitcchapel , cheesemongers—John Keeves Poimtney and Thomas Poui'tney , of Birmingham , curvievs—Thomas Stamford

      Woodlcy aud Isaac Young , of Cambridge , grocers—John Wright and John Liiiwood , of l _' ontcfraet , linen drapers"William Marvin and James Marvin , Ililperton , Wiltshire , bakers—Samuel P . Ibbotson and William _Prcderiek Ibbotson _, of New York — Gerald Atkinson aud John . Found , of Liverpool—Charles Herring and John BrucldcllUl'St , of 177 , High Holborn , lamp manufacturers—Edward Henderson and Joseph Wooicr , of Stockton , mercers—Daniel Nash and Josiah Lambert , of Sible Hed _inghnm , Essex , farmers—John Sharp and J . liontoft , of Boston , Lincolnshire , tanners—12 d _«\ Manton and Jolm Francis Power , of ClioItciiJiilin , ivino merchants—John Henry Morcton and Henry llelliur , of Lcildcilllilll-marlcet , meat salesmen .

      Pnoi-Ific Inckkase.—At The Usual Scaeon,...

      _Pnoi-iFic Inckkase . —At the usual scaEon _, a single potatoe was set , whole , in a field at Ilebbie-bridge , near Huddersfield , by John Turner , stone-mason ; and during last week thc produce was raised , when 22 lbs . of ' fine large potatoes were reaped . The sort was what is denominated " Farmer ' s glory , " and the " set" weighed 2 lbs . when planted , liad care been taken ofthe plant during growth , and the layers properly covered , it is believed the increase would have been nearly twice as great . A Curiosity . —An ordinary earthenware dish , purchased at the Cambrian pottery , in this town , about sixteen months ago , by Williams , a tailor , residing in Goat-street , has excited n considerable portion of curiosity in thc minds of some of our townspeople during the past week . It appears that a short time since a great number of small cry stalizcd substances ,

      having the appearance of flowers , or miniature mushrooms , were observed to grow out oftlie dish , _breaking through thc hard glazed surface . One or two of these grew to the extent of an inch , but were ' accidentally broken . Others are now budding forth , covering nearly the whole surface of thc dish . The taste is veiy similar to that of common salt . The oldest and most experienced individuals engaged in the manufactures of earthenware in this town do not remember witnessing sueh appearances on any previous occasion . A potter , who also keeps the Compass public-house in High-street , purchased the avticle from the original owner for £ 1 5 s , and has issued bills announcing it forcxhibitioil . The general impression in the upper region of our town is , that it is a " bewitched dish ; " but wc opine that chemists , upon analysation , would be able to account for these curious appearances by the accidental presence of i some chemical ingredient not usually found m the materials from which such articles arc manufactured .

      — - _Cumbrian . Empiion op Mount IIecla . — The Hamburgh Borscnhalle of the 7 th inst . contains the following communication from Copenhagen , under date of October 'Ith _: —'' The English journals have already stated that the largest of the Orkney isles was , during a violent storm from the north-west on the night of the 2 nd ult ., covered with fine ashes , resembling ground pumice-stone * , and that it was thought they had been driven by thc wind from Mount IIecla , in Iceland , as similar appearances had been observed during several years . Wc now learn that on thc same or the following night the crew of a veseel , bound to this port from Rei ' kiavik , observed , whilst about eighteen English miles from land , volcanic flames on the southern coast of Iceland . On September 3 rd

      two vessels near tlie Fawe Isles were also covered with ashes . According to letters which have been received here an earth quake occurred on the previous day in thc west , north , and east portioi . s of Iceland . More recent intelliser . ee lias arrived from thc southern p art , and it appears that the eruption was amove violentonc than any that had taken place there during the last sixtv years . The latest accounts _ar-3 of September lo . ' 'Ihey confirm tlic intelligence of a volcanic eruption in tiie southern part of the island on September 2 nd , thc first since thc memorable one which occurred nineteen years ago . TllC CXteilt of the fall of sand and ashes is not yet known , but it is ascertained that the populous districts adjacent to the volcano have not been seriously injured , except that the grass plots near the mountains were destroyed . "

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 18, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_18101845/page/7/