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Jtotigir Sjcmenis ,,_ :z ! Ju ly 26, 1845. m „„ '..^.\J^^ r _ THE ^ORTiHEiR - K ( S/TAB;i T ___«_„ 7 *
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"And I will war, at least in words, (And...
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fi nil 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 * I wish I could p...
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mi^i^ini 1 u'innw *^^i -fi nil 1 1 1 1 1...
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* The Lwcra Maxoke Taxk.-Now is ; the ti...
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. (Continued from ...
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DESTRUCTION OF TULLOCII CASTLE. ROSSSHIR...
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Iui'Oktaxi .Metuopolitan Impuoyemest.—Wc...
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i»arfert'intfwswurt
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Jtotigir Sjcmenis ,,_ :Z ! Ju Ly 26, 1845. M „„ '..^.\J^^ R _ The ^Ortiheir - K ( S/Tab;I T ___«_„ 7 *
_Jtotigir _Sjcmenis ,, __ : z ! Ju ly 26 , 1845 . m _„„ ' _.. _^ . \ J _^^ r __ THE _^ _ORTiHEiR _- _K ( S _/ _TAB ; i T ____«_„ 7 *
"And I Will War, At Least In Words, (And...
"And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so _happen—desd 3 ) , With all who war with _Thought'" ' " I think I hrar a Utile bird , who sings The people by and hy will be the _stronger . _"—Braox . ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND TIIE TOPE . SO . It . " In Italy , " savs Mr . _lilardni , " _iictkia-j speaks : s ' lknic is the common law . " * Tiii-people are silent hy reason of terror ; the masters _sti silent from policy . Conspiracies , strife , persecution , viugcanc c , all exist , but make no noise ; they excite _sashcr : ii 5 » bu » e nor comjilaiut ; one might fancy tlie - . cry - l t , ie scaffold were spread witli velvet , so _-:.-ic noise do heads make when they faU . The stranger
; search of health , or the pleasures of ails , passes throug h tills fairyland on which God has la * -. sbed without ntasure all the gifts wliich He has divided amongst tlie t : _lier lands of Europe—he comes upon a spot where the f „ a has been recently stirred , and he does not suspect _-Jiat he is treading on the grave of a martyr . The earth - covered witli -flowers , the heaven above smiles with its _fiihtf . " -I " * 5 _**• _* * - cr of misery , which from time to time Cl . 3 r ! ilscs his native country , is rarely heard here ; and wo zrvat epociis of the human race—two worlds , the voiid of paganism , and the world of middle age , _Clvristi-- - il'ity , lie before him to study—what cares he for the . W . _'tV He _saJs to himself , there is here abundance of _i-yii , tliere is sunshine , there is _mnsic in the air ; what _jjere can this indolent race desire ! Other men , too , men
( . f it-ires , statistics ! , utilitarians , go their ways , judging _<• : ludy as tliey would of any otV . tr coanrry in a normal f _:-. * . * _-, neglecting on cne hand thc grcatfact of the slavery , _arl ihe trampling down of all the indigenous elements ; :. si * l ou the other hand the strength of vitality , the desire ; .. , See , which , iu spite of all obstacles , is beginning to dawn _-J-. JU us . They meet here and there with fragments of 5 . _]* rfiia-Jil reform ; tliey give the honour of it , not to onr t 3 _* >! ts or the spirit that sustains us in the strife , hut to oar governments ; and they exhort us to have _patience—-., _conSns ourselves to pacific efforts for homesopathic _iiiifclivralion , which alone seems io conciliate their _lufcevaiin desire for tl : e good and what they arc p ! c . iscd to term tlie repose of Europe . They abdicate at the _frontii-r everything like faith , remembrances , and high heroic sml social views . The idea of not ion is too abstract for thon * They see in Italy nothing but a country , a surface « . f so many thousand squ ? rc miles , peopled hy so many laillion bodies ( tlie souls do not enter into their
eakulat : _*? a » , for whom all tliat can reasonably be expected from ihtlr _political inlcrs , is a certain amount Of food , clothing , Mid of material comforts , j / ancra it _circenscs . As the Cuter Granz effaced froiu his plan of Spielberg the man , hi order tliat he might remember nothing hut the tmra-Und prisoner , they would willingly efface the name of Italy from the snap of Europe , in order to substitute for i : a cipher . And above all tliis , _influencing at once both lie thoughtless traveller and self-styled practical men , l ;« wrsthe t < c _victis , the adoration of the actual , the incessant confusion of might with right . You have risen np " . wicc , tlirice : twice , thrice , have you fallen ; you are thru destined to suffer . We side only with the strongwe adore victory . The cry is brutal ; stiB it influences the entire question , it engenders tlie indifference of the I « _,. _plc _and'directs the proceedings of the governments . Y , V exiled patriots hare our letters opened , whilst it is _lilglily probable , Sir James , that jou would respect tlie _natives of au Italian monarchy , or republic , or at least -Vila would only open them on your own account .
I ' . ut there is another class , tbat wldcb holds up Austria-is tbe _civilisingpowerin Italy . Tliis party , _stys 31 r . _Mazzvh , cry " Peace , peace ; wc must liave peace , at any price , were it even tlic peace of the t » iub . " Tliis party argues that "tbe _Loiubard-Ycueiian provinces are less unhappy , are better _administered than tbe other States of Italy ; the [ Austrian Government is strong , the Italian Governments are weak ; it is essential , therefore , that Austria sbonld extend ber sway over tbe entire country , repressing both . tbe agitation amongst tbe _peopled and tbe caprices of tbe Italian princes . " 'i " o ibis reasoning , _Mt . Mazzim replies— - "Yes . it is _itrne thai there is some progress in Lombardy . _TVe ¦ advance , you sav : \ cs , doubtless , we advance ; but
tire you aware what tears and sweat every step of _a-roi'Tess costs in tbat quarter ? Itis not true that llic Italian provinces under the Austrian rule arc well _governed . " Mr . Mazzi . ni adds that if he can prove this , if he can show that Austria is the declared taemy of all progress , of ail amelioration , lie may { -pare himself all trouble as regards the other Italian Governments , which all parties acknowledge to be exii-rablc , rcquirin 1 ! to be overturned altogether , _im-Uess speedily reformed . -Mr . _. Mazzixi then describes at great length the stole ol Lombardy under the Austrian rule ; tbe fol-? owing is an epitome of Mr . Mazzixi ' s revelations . Lombardy is governed by a Viceroy . It is in iVicnna where all taxes , direct and indirect , are
imj oscii ; all regulations cdnceniingtlic post-office mado , and all the higher officore nnder Government , tlic [ professors ofthe schools , « fcc ., are nominated . Vienna _fcesthe salai-ics of government employes , all penlion--, thc distribution of tbe funds for thc yearly _exp enditure , thc approval of all new _iradci _* takin < _rs , the _is ]< iiscs of which will exceed 3 , 000 florins , ana of aU _Bprnilations going beyond tbat sum . Vienna _legisla tes for all tbat concerns private sales "without auc-| lon _, forali extra expenditure ; itdecrces all militaiy _pevk-s ; it chooses thc subjects of instruction . The following is a list of Uic principal posts filled by foreigners { Austrians and other subjects of Austria , & ot Italians ) in the Lombard-Venetian Provinces : — - jChaiicery of the Viceroy : two Aulic Councillors out
idf ilie three which composes it . Giunta I . R . del Censiwcnto ( cexscs ) : the vice-president , a counfenicr . Government : the governor , the Ticc-prcsi-Bent , a councillor , two secretaries , the dispatching _| irccfor . rolicc : the director general , an assistant , % secretary , five upper commissaries ; five subaltern _Sonimissarics ; nearly all the corps of tlie police ' in ' _ilkatyguard : commandant , captains , lieutenants , iie . Censorship * . a censor . University : a director | nd three professors . Veterinary School : tbe director . Schools of Philosophy and Gymnastics : eleven peo jessors * _iMagistrato Camcralc ( Fiscal ) : the _presiflcut ; a secretary ; the inspector in chief of the guards
» f the Confines ; the vice-secretary . The Sunt : the _d irector . Thc Post-oflke : the director , and twentytwo subalterns . Inspection of the Tobacco _Manufactory : tbe inspector . Guards of tbe Confines : all She commissaries , except foun Tribunals , Milan . — 3 _" ribnnal of Appeal : the president and nine councillors , out of twenty-five . Tribunal of the first Instance : the preadent and two councillors . Criminal _iSriunnal : six councillors . Brescia . —Tribunal ofthe SrAInstance : the preadent . Cremona . — id . id . _jBersimo . — id . id . _Como . — id . id . Pavia . — id . " id . Sondrio . — id . id . The Army : nearly the whole of the militar y luerarcav .
Of conrsc there is not wanting in tlie Lombard-. " enetian provinces the machinery of local governncnts : these are indispensable to enable the Ansrian government to collect its exactions , and extend ts grinding sway Mo every nook and corner of the and . The power possessed by the Central , Provinaal , and Municipal Assemblies is , bowever , limited o registering the edicts of Austria , or at most repre-¦ einin _^ the wants and petitions of the Italian peo-. le _. with no power even to advise compliance with he wishes ofthe community . lVeniust refer our eaders to Mr . _Mazzixi ' s pampldct for the full _detription of the impotence and slavery of these assem'lics . We quote the following extracts : —
The Government I . It . severely reprimanded the munipal body for having _inlSSC , expended 30 Austrian litres _i a signet , without applying to the Lit . mint They _tre-feprimanaed for a payment of 700 livres , made by ie commune to a physician who had been engaged in _& 5-35 J-37 , to superintend fhe execution ofthe sanitary _waitgenients . They were reprimanded by the _Govern-> i . it for a daily salary granted by the common council ) a lamplighter , which exceeded 45 centimes : they were _iyrirnauded for paying by the year instead of every three I'jutbs for Hie municipal advertisements inserted in the _livileged Gazette ef Milan . The Government _inference is so minute that in 1810 a long despatch directed l _; e Government of Milan to call together the municipal ssiiubly _, in order that it might explain why in the
_annual statistics of arts and trades _inlSSi ) there had been _ll ' S tailoTS _niarhed _, whereas , in tbat of 1 SSS the number Indicated 105 . The same chamber hit npon a scheme to _Sromnigate the laws whereby all the communes , and all She employes were obliged to subscribe to tbebnlletin of laws published annually by the Government , not so much , _^ s the desjateh naively observed , that the Jaws might be-« ome hnotMi , as the treasury might be profited . And it _fited tlie Russian Government as realising 300 , 000 thalers a year h y ibis tax . There is no need to enlarge on the ( na tural dislike everybody has to enter upon any sort of _jMisiness with the communes and municipalities on acj tount of the tardiness and the endless hindrances which inevitably result from this strange dependency , for injStance the _discnssioB between a commune of the
Bergaittsinie and that ot another province about aconsenpt , ¦ huh lasted beyond the eight years fixed for his services . _iigacy of 31 ivr « and 64 centimes lift by apoor devil who icd in prison et Mantua in 1 _SI 5 , was not paid to Ids _isita-umiHSlO . Austria , then , is tbe tuler of Lombard-Venetian Italy : now , how does she govern it ? In reply to this question , Mr . Mxaxsi says : —• Iven supposing that she should desire _^ to govern well , ; he would not be able to do so . The distance from the nad Government , the customs of a duTerent race , the secret resistance from ell thatis national in the country
j wiucn goes on against the invaders , and imposes npon _fxm mistrust and persecution as a necessity . Besides ? « _UUiiB , the Chinese principle of immorality represented ¦ in _turope b y Austria ( and which the heterogeneous ele--inents of which she is composed will not allow her to abandon wnhou t ruin ) , would suffice to annihilate the hest intentions in the world . _Hq « fflT ( and this expression m tlie month ofa declared enemv ought to surprise _» i « one ] , happily , she _I , as noile # _^^ y figW . _^ out _toiistraming ourselves , without anv sacrifice of gratitude . Austria is well aware that she _racaaps in Italy for a , mne ; she has no other intentions except to prolong as S everal of them , it is tree , are _diracttd to teach the _!* * _-Tuanlangu 3 g _« il I - -
"And I Will War, At Least In Words, (And...
muoh as possible this indefinite period , and to exploiter to the u tmost tho territory ' which at present she possesses . As far as she can she resists all movement and progress . When tliis progress seems on the point of accomplishing its ends by its own strength , she _talies possession of it , she sanations it to deaden its _conseqUL'iiccs , and to _deciive Europe . -Tliere results from _thesa double tactics a system of imposture , a system of appearances , which cannot be laid " too barn , and of which ihe twoheaded eagle seems to have been chosen for thc symbol . In entering into particulars illustrative of the system of Austrian rule in Italy , Me . _Msrsixi commences witli the system of education practised in the pnblic schools . From all the benefits of education , thc working classes arc , in point of fact , excluded . The poverly ofthe narchts imnoses a law of
I labour upon the children , and on the day and evening : cf Sunday , thc only time they arc at liberty , there is no instruction ; true , the government lines tlic [ labourer who neglects to send his children to school , but the law forbids entrance to the schools of all those children who betray their poverty by their ragged clothes ; thus ignorance is perpetuated and poverty plundered . All the schools and infant asylums whicli have been founded by private bcuevolence , or arc supported by local funds , Austria 1 ms tahen possession of , in order to deaden their utility aud fashion tliem to her own ends . In some of the classes , the subjects of instruction arc strangely jumbled ; tbe third class , for example , comprehends fourteen different topics , all very important , which arc to be taught in
one single year , by a single master , to children cWit or nine years old ; in other classes thev take up ° an enormous time . The master is required to make a minute report to Government ofthe conduct cf the scholars ; the infonnation is secret , without control , without reparation for unjust accusations . Morality is neglected * , what they pretend to teach of it , consists ofthe duties of subjects towards their _sovereign . Espionage is inculcated . * The Asylums for children founded by private benevolence , but directed by the Government , which does not take the smallest share in their support , arc placed in the hands of priests , and of men known for their devotion to Austria , Mr . _Miazrsi gives tbe following tabic of one day in the week , showing the nature if education given in those places .
_r-ariovMEXT ox _thuiisdat . Time . 9 —9 = Roll call , prayer , singing , ( hymn of thc Emperor ) . 9 i " —10 Exercise of memory upon the psalms . 10 —10 _J Breakfast and recreation , 101 —li _Nomenclature for tho classes . 11 —11 _| Explanation for the above , 111 —13 Play and prayers . 12 —12 V Arithmetic 12 } —1 Catechism . 1 —2 Dinner and prayers . 2 —3 Writing . 3 —5 _J Eeading . 31 —4 Singing ( the hymn of tho Emperor ) . ¦ 4 —3 Play and players . So that God and the
Emperor"Powers eternal ! Such names mingled I "tbat is , thc inculcation of superstition and slavery , occupies daily the greater part of the time devoted to _instruction—so-caJIed . The Universities crown thc system , and dcvclope its aim more and more . No one can bs a Professor in them without having previously undergone special examinations , * and it is from Vienna that the questions come which are to be given ; and it is to Vienna that the answers are sent tor approval—devotion to Austria is the sine qua non of success . The lot of the student is a most melancholy one . Amongst thc indignities to which , he is subjected , bunting nad fencing are prohibited to liim . "Heis compelled to shave off his moustache , and this is deemed of so much importance , that in 1840 a letter came from the
Governor of Lombardy to repress thc insubordination ofthe schools upon this point . Brutally insulted on the smallest pretext by the soldiery , and the guards of police , without the least stimulus to emulation , without any esteem in his heart for thoso who instruct him—with the sword trembling over his bead of expulsion in twenty-four hours for the least fault , if he be not reduced to a state of idiotcy , he may thank the inspiring heaven wliich is above his liead , the grand memories whieh surround hiin , and tho Italian leaven that ferments in his soul , and which three centuries of servitude and corruption have not been able to kill . " Quitting the schools , is the intellect then allowed to breathe freely ? Alas , no ! . " You wish to read in the public libraries—where the cap of the
workman is formally excluded—you are refused Gall , _Lavater , Alficri , Byron , Shakspeare . Lithe book-shops , you can get nothing—immoral romances exceptedof what is printed abroad , not even an edition of _BantO by Poseolo , published two years ago in London , by Rolandi . You wish to write—and five or six censors remorselessly bar the way . " "There is a censorship for the journals , another censorship for books , a third for the provinces , and a fourth for engravings and theatrical _representations . Then there arespecial _ccnsoi-s for ecclesiastical works and works on medicine and mathematics—all charged to prevent the deT Clopment of new opinions . There arenopolitical journals , exceptthe privileged Gazette , at Milan , which belongs to the government . No foreign newspapers are allowed , except those which
represent legitimacy and regal power ; and even these are suppressed whenever-they ' contain anything which displeases . Their circulation is however next to nothing . It isto Vienna that application must be made , before a literary journal can be commenced , it is Vienna _wMcli _een-da or iaodifies the programme of sneh a journal . Raumer , a . witness who cannot be suspected , confesses that , dramatic writers are enjoined to place a good prince beside a bad one in their works , whether lustory bears them out or ' not . And when yon have satisfied all these exactions—when you have disarmed these rabid curtailers of syllables , by g iving up to them the best passages you had written , when at length you appear under the protection of the censor , you ore still under the axe . The police , more powerful than are thc censors , may
turn round upon you , and whether owing to a sudden illumination , or whether in consequence of your having excited imprudent applause—seize , and sup-Sssyour work , and confiscate the volumes vrhich vc already appeared . That is the fact about translations of foreign historical works- collected by Bettoni , to which the emperor himself had subscribed for a copy . " Under the Austrian Government not a single literary man of note { Marconi alone , perhaps , excepted ) has passed through life without meeting with persecution . Since 1814 , Foscolo has died in England , in exile ; Berchet lives so ; Pellico , Borsieri , and others , wore out their chains in Spielberg ; Zuccala died of grief inconsequence of the persecutions
which he brought npon himself by a lecture onDante ; _Melchior Gioja was kept eight months in prison without being brought before a judge ; Romagnosi , dragged to prison at the age of seventy , declared innocent , after eight or ten months' imprisonment , found himself deprived of the right of keeping a private school in his own house , and when called by Lord Guildford to a chair of jurisprudence at Corfu , his passport was refused . " We must pausefor the present ; next weekwe shall continue these revelations . Inthemcantimewehope that many of our readers will obtain the pamphlet for themselves , and learn in full , from its pages , the abominations of that system - under which Italy groans .
Fi Nil 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 * I Wish I Could P...
* I wish I could print entire this servile work , written to crush the soul and understanding , but the following is a short specimen of it . _*—Question : Bow ought subjects to conduct themselves towards their sovereign ?—Answer : Subjects ought to behave towards their sovereign like faithful slaves towards their master . — Question : * Why ought they to behave like slaves?—Answer ; Because thc sovereign is their master , and his power extends ocer their property , as over their persons . —Question : Is it a blessing tbat God bestows in giving us good and _Christian kings and superiors?—Answer : Yes , it is one of'the greatest blessings tlie Deity can bestow when He gives us good and Christian kings and superiors , such as those under whom we have the happiness to dwell . We ought to pray that God will grant a long life and a long reign to our beloved monarch . —2 , 721 copies of this catechism , together with 13 , 057 copies of I know not what pitiful , senile religions manual , are distributed annually to the schools in Lombardy , whilst they have not a single Italian history .
Mi^I^Ini 1 U'Innw *^^I -Fi Nil 1 1 1 1 1...
mi _^ i _^ ini 1 u _' _innw _*^^ i _-fi nil 1 1 1 1 11 r 1 1 Locusts . —We learn from St . Petersburgli , July 8 , that the province of New Russia was suffering dreadfully _fromwantofrainahd enormousswarmsoflocusts . ' _Deatu of Mr . Butixr , the _Tbaoedus . —It appears that Jfr . Butler was engaged to deliver a course of lectures on Shakspeare ' s plays , at the Athemeum , Manchester . Wednesday week , was thc first of the series , ffamlct being the tragedy selected ; but scarcel y had he concluded reading the fourth act , before he became so ' seriously ill that he was conveyed home .
Not the slightestsymptoms of recovery were perceptible afterwards , and on the following evening ( Thursday ) , about half-past seven , as he was proceeding across his bed-room , supported by his wife , he suddenly fell back in her arms , and expired . The complaint which has thus broug ht him to an early grave was one of _avery painful and dangerous character , and it is understood that about a few months ago he "was operated upon by Dr . Liston . - Be was in his fortyfirst year , and was much esteemed throughout the profession . . .
It- _anxoiox ' s Lot . —Loxdos akd _JMfvcnEsraB Direct _hatBrsxuBSX Raii . wat .-A most umn _**™^ meeting ofthe committee of this railway was held on Wednesday last , at their offices in Moorgate-street , when _cifcrs of extensive support from various places were made , and amongst them one coalmaster ottered to enter into a contract to pay ± 50 , 000 a year to the eompany for the simple use of the intended railway ( he finding engines , fuel , and other expenses ) , lor convcvingcoalto the London market _^ only ; and it appeared from investigations which took place ( that the _Staffoi-dshire coal will be supp lied and delivered bv this railway ia the London market at 133 . M . per toe—Railway Express .
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_FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS .. For the Week commencing Menday , July Sht , 1813 . _lEvtrac-tcd _IromaDiAiixofActiuil Operations on lira analllaniison the estates of tlie late Mis . 1 ) . Gilbert near La * tljouriic , in Sussex ; and on several model firms on the estates ol the Earl of Dartmouth at Shutliwaitc , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of _J-aniley lyas , near Iluddcrslield in order to guide other possessors ot field gardens , by showing them what laboursought tobe undertaken ou their own lands , lhe farms selected as models are—First lwo _scnoul farms at WilliiigUon and Eastdean , of five
acres each , conducted by G _/ Cruttendcii and John Ham s . Second . Tiro private _fitiiiis , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—tlic former at Eastdean , the lattar at Jevington—all of tliem within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial scliool farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . Thc consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare thc climate and agricultural value of thc south with the north of England . Thc Diary is aided b y " _Jsotes and Observations " from the pen of ilr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
" The culture of the gvov . i-. il is thy happiest state , 0 man ! Envy not the possession of gold , silver , or fhiu raiment—their joys may not be so great as tbine ; for these things lead unto sloth , and a life of slothfuluess is prone to vanity and imaginings of evil . " . Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , wh » in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for tlie master ' s benefit , which renders the schools sklfsurronTixo . Ifc believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of ths produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the 'master , who will receive tlte usual school fees , help > the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , & c , to convert their produce into lacon b y attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying vent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach tlieir parents in a _tcay tiie most grateful to their feelings . ]
SUSSEX . _Moxdat— Willingdon School . Boys digging and manuring for white turnips after tares . Piper . Reaping rye . Mem . —when the rye is removed , the stubble is digged up , mended with liquid , and turnips sown or cabbages planted . Dumbrell . Ilooing turnips , mixing dung and mould . Tuesday— WiUingdoii School . Boys doing the same as yesterday . Piper . The same as yesterday , aud mixing dung , & c . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground ; the heifer drew one load of manure nearly a mile up hill and down . Wednesday—Willingdon School . Boys doing _thcsniJlC
as before . Piper , Mixing dung and mould . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground . Thursda y —Willingdon School . Boys dressing thc ground and sowing white turnips after tares . Piper , Mending more lucerne with liquid manure , * and hoeing . turnips . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground and sowing rape-seed . Friday—Willingdon School . Boyshocing swede turnips . Piper . Hoeing turnips . Dumbrell . Weeding tares . Saturday— Willingdon Scliool . Boys hoeing _swedo turnips . Piper . Hoeing carrots . Dumbrell . Mending the cow lodge .
COW-PEEDIXO . Willingdon _Sclwol . The cows have been eating during the week the second cut of clover . Dumbrell . One of his cows grazed during the day , and was fed , morn and even , in the stall with Italian rye-grass ; one cow and heifer stall-fed upon tares and Italian rye-grass , as before , fill Wednesday , since then , both cows wero fed on Italian rye-grass , and the heifer upon tares alone .
THEORY OF VEGETATION . "And therofore it was said , not elegantly alone , but philosophically ; Homo est _jilanla inversa ; Man is like a plant turned upwards . "— _-JCocoii . Axalogt _detweek Plants asd Animals . —In animals the food is received into an internal sack or stomach , it is there acted upon by certain juices , and converted into a semi-fluid mass called chyme . From thence it passes into the intestines , is absorbed from the grosser food by the lactculs , is in them refined , and goes into the veins from thence as chyle , and is intimately mixed with the blood . After passing through thc lungs , and becoming decarbonated , it is then changed into blood , which contains materials for thc nourishment of all parts of the system . In different parts ofthe body are certain glands , as the _Ziucr and tlio kidneys , which may be compared to pipes and strainers . They separate certain substances
irom the blood , which are earned off as being no longer _necessai-y to nutrition . These , as well as the superfluous portions of food not necessary to the formation of chyle , arc discharged as excrements . In structure , plants differ from animals , principally in containing no internalsack or stomach ; in plants this organ maybe considered as external ; it is in the earth that the elaboration of their food takes place . Hence we may compare it to thc stomach of animals , while thc roots of plants aro analogous to the _lacteals in animals ; for through tliose root 3 tho liquid or gaseous food of plants is admitted to the system , after having been extracted from their grosser food in its raw state , or manure , when digesting in the ground . The sap of the one we may compare tothe blood of the otlier . The leaves to thc lungs , for in both a peculiar modifieation of what was originally their food takes place , one part of it being retained , the other expelled .
THE VEGETABLE ASD ANIMAL COMPARED . By M . M . Dumas and Cahours . THE VEGETABLE . THE AHIUAL , Produces—Neutral uitrogen- Consumes—Neutral nitroous matters . genous matters . Patty matters . Fatty matters . Sugars , feculas , Sugars ,, feculas , rums . gums . Decomposes—Carbonic acid . Produces—Carbonic acid . , Water . ' Water . _Ammoniacal Animonia ' cal salts salts . Consumes— Oxygen . Disengages—Oxygeu . Produces—Heat . Absorbs—Heat . . Electricity . Electricity . Is an apparatus of oxidation . Is an apparatus of reduction , or dcoxidation . Is Immoveable . Is locomotive .
The _Veo-etablb _pbepabes pood _ron the Asimai _.. — The manure which we apply to tho soil , whether it may be of vegetable or animal origin , ferments , putrifies , _and"becomes gradually decomposed , and resolved into certain compound bodies , such as carbonic acid gas , ammonia , carbonate of ammonia , & c . These , with water , aro the great sources of the food of plants . Moreover , raiii as it falls from the asniosphere , brings down , in solution , a further supply of carbonate of ammonia , and other substances , wliich have emanated from _decaying animal matter , or from grave yards , and become accumulated there . The atmosphere , being an universal receptacle , contains , with other exhalations , a continual supply of carbonic acid cas wliich has been expired from thc
lungs of animals , or derived from other sources ; all of which enter plants iu a gaseous or liquid state , are decomposed by them , and resolved into thc ultimate elements of which they arc composed . Forthere is in every plant an energy , a power , a decomposing , as well as a combining power superior to that of the most energetic galvanic machine . From compounds so various , with the aid of heat , light , and electricity , plants can separate the simple elementary bodies carbon of charcoal , oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , & e ., and at the same time appropriate them as food , for these peculiar elements they principally subsist upon . That very carbonic acid gas , which was once expelled from the lungs of animals , is thus decomposed into its elements carbon and _oxveen , tho latter is partly returned to the air we
breathe ; to be again respired by auimabi , while the former being assimilated by the plant , forms , if we may so term it , tho vegetable bone . The other compounds , water , ammonia , itc , become -resolved by the same power , into their ultimate elements , which are afterwards assorted , combined , or bundled together and assigned each to its own place in the vegetable structure , in the most exact and beautifulmanner , again to minister to the future support of animal life . In vegetable , as in architectural masonry , various saline substances in solution are required to act as cements , to give stability to the plant , to saturate its acidjuice _g , orforotherpurposes ; these are potash , soda , lime , and indeed , a variety of inorganic substances , but different tribes of plants exercise a peculiar choice .
The Axmal prepares food for the Vegetable . — But whatever substances enter plants as food , tliey aro all derived from the earth , or the atmosphere , and when moulded into vegetable forms , and in _aiterw-atds becoming the food of animals , such _« t them as came originally from the atmosphere ; _ are again restored to that medium , by animal respiration , * c . The remainder , which have not been consumed in the respiratory organs , must go to the formation ot the bones , the flesh , and the animal secretions , or become expelled in their excretions . Hence , m these things the whole of the elements required by the vegetable will be contained , which taken collect ively , must represent the complement of its structure ; and when restored to the earth , be sufficient ,, with what
* The Lwcra Maxoke Taxk.-Now Is ; The Ti...
* The _Lwcra Maxoke Taxk .-Now is the time for putting down your tank , before you may be wanted to piy the sickle . Piper's tank collects from thc cow-houso ana piggery all the liquids voided there ; sometimes he is accustomed to increase tbe strength of it by adding 01 e bushel of soot , a quarter of a bushel of common salt , bis pounds of soda , and fiTe or six gallons of the contents ot the privy tubs ; the tanh holds one hundred and » _$ _Batons of liquid , which he sometimes mixes with mould ; tor wheat . _1 'he addition of the soda is , however , ° PJ _;^ " _- able , as it will decompose the muriate of ammonia 01 t"e soot , as well as the ammoniacal salts of the urine ami _excrementiUous matter , and expel the ammonia w ||«* * S ?™ _- its volatility will belost . The additionof about 101 or mo _^ . of gypsum would be decidedly better , and effcrtrre in re taming this volatile substance and agent of fertility .
* The Lwcra Maxoke Taxk.-Now Is ; The Ti...
the atnicsphere has received , holds , and is ready , to furnish , to produce the same quantity of tbat vegetable . . . ' "lit- . t the domestic animals , and their secretions , arc the tood of man ; consequently , he and his exerc tions become tne depositaries of the ingredients derivable Irom all the ' animal and vegetable food he uses , except what passes awav bv respiration , etc ., into the atmosphere . . Now i f ' hii bulk remain constant , iiiul tho bones and excretions of tlie animals he has fed upon have boon oxiietlv restored to the soil , his excretions will become tlic complement of
the plant , anil when duly returned io that soil , furnish elements to call into action what is already gone into the atmosphere , to produce the same amount of vegetable substance that entered , directly and indirectly , into his food . And if this be so , then the conclusion will follow : — "That the collection and proper application , to the earth , of Uic bones , liquid awl solid excretions of animals , in particular those of man , ought to be tlie primary object of agriculture ; . is in them are contained all the elements required to enable the soil to produce an equal amount of the vegetable substance lie has consumed .
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last . ) _mtroge . v axd the elements of water . G 8 . Wc have stated that the combinations of nitrogen ( sometimes called azote ) arc shrouded in obscurity ; but that they arc deeply interesting and important . '' After oxygen , few substances are of more importance m thc economy of nature than nitrogen ( IS ) . Forming so great a part of our atmosphere , it is scarcely possible to conceive that it must not be subservient to other important purposes besides that of merely diluting oxygen gas . It is dissolved in thc water ofthe sea , of lakes , springs , and rivers . It enters largely into thc composition ofsomc vegetables , and of all animals ; and it is extremely probable
that great phenomena , now obscure , sucli as the renovation of thc air , rain , and respiration , would bo solved bv an accurate knowledge of this gas . "—( Davy . ) GO . The progress of science has recently added considerably to thc list of vegetable substances containing nitrogen , at least in minute quantity . It may be considered as proved , that all the young organs of plants without exception—all those parts manifesting the greatest activity in the nutrition of vegetablesall substances contained in thc circulating juices , especially in the ascending sap , or thc fluid derived from thc soil by the roots , arc abundant in nitrogen ; tliat an azotised matter is the veal origin of every portion of vegetable structure , * and that the value oi ah organic manure depends upon its proportion of matters furnishing nitrogen , or the preponderance of these matters over those which merely furnish carbon . The agricultural value of many inorganic substances depends also in a great measure upon their
property ot forming or absorbing _animoiuct from the atmosphere . Iri short , to husband nitrogen is in a great degree to husband carbon also . Coals , for instance , contain some nitrogen as well as much carbon , yet both are so fast locked up that coal dust is quite unproductive . Coals , however , in burning , yield carbonic acid to thc air , and deposit soot in the chimney . Soot contains salts of ammonia ; ifc is an azotised product , very conducive to the growth of vegetables . Peat , again , yields carbon in abundance , yet peat forms a poor ungrateful soil until fertilised by nitrogen or its compounds . 70 . If chemistry , then , is to instruct agriculture , tiie agriculturist will attend with patience and docility to a puzzling lesson upon some combinations of nitrogen with oxygen and hydrogen , the elements of water ( 19 ) . With oxygen , nitrogen forms nitric acid and the nitrates ; with hydrogen , it forms ammonia and its salts .
_Niimc acid . 71 . Hitherto the researches of chemistry have not ascertained much that is clear or practical , either as to the formation of nitric acid from the atmosphere , or as to its influence iu agriculture , when combined with soda and potash , to form the nitrate of soda and the nitrate of potash . Sad it is to confess , that tho little wc yet know of the process of _'nttri / _lcatttm ( or the manufacture ofthe nitrates ) , is principally due to tho science and application of the French chemists , stimulated by the necessity of providing saltpetre for tlie manufacture of gunpowder during thc ¦ wars of the Reve-iution .
72 . Whenever a discharge of electricity takes place in common air ( 13 ) , a minute portion of nitric acid is invariably formed by a chemical union of oxygen and nitrogen . This fact was first ascertained by Cavendish , in 1755 . He succcedcdin forming nitric acid from its elements , by transmitting a succession of cloctric sparks , during several days , through a small quantity of air confined in a tube . AtraceofjUiis acid in combination with ammonia has been detected in the rain of thunder storms , produced probably in tllO SMUG manner - . Some p hilosophers arc of opinion , that much of the nitric acid contained in thc nitrates afforded by different soils , _originntcd from the combination of nitrogen and oxygen by lightning ; others deny the probability of this opinion . We have no
means of estimating the extent to which this atmospheric nitrification proceeds in thc higher region of the air ; nor has human ingenuity devised any means of profiting by it iu a direct mannev . 73 . Nitric acid is also a nroducfc of animal and vegetable decomposition ; it is always thus obtained in combination with lime , potash , or soda , in the forjni of nitrate of lime , nitrate of potash , nitrate of soda—substances of great value to the agriculturist , and at present tho subjects ot * extensive trial . Itis on the farm , however , and riot in tlie laboratory , that their merits must be decided—not by thc laws of chemistry , or by chemical equivalents ; but by the rules of that indispensable and unerring _scieacearithmetic , arid by the equivalents of hard cash * . '
74 . It has been proposed to construct nitre beds iri this , country , for the purpose of obtaining supplies of the nitrates for the use ofthe farmer . Certainly a more valuable compost could not be devised than a well-constructed artificial nitre bed . But for thc amelioration of the . soil , such a compost would probably attain its greatest value long before the formation of nitre . Such at least is the inference that ono would draw from the received opinion on this subject , —viz ., that " ammonia is the general cause of nitrification on the surface of the eai ; th . " -- ( Liebig . ) ' " The last _Products pf the decay arid putrefaction of animal boies present themselves in two different forms . They are in the form , of a combination of hydrogen and nitrogen—ammonia—in temperate and cold climates ,
and in that of a compound containing oxygen—nitric acid—in the tropics and hot climates . The formation ofthe latter is preceded by thc production of tho first . Ammonia is the last product of the putrefaction ol animal bodies—nitric acid is the product of the transformation of ammonia . "—( Ibid . J The value of ammonia to the farmer is indisputable , * it is , however , a very volatile and fugacious product in his hands , neither agreeable to the senses nor conducive to health . Whenever , therefore , be onco comes into possession of this valuable . agent , let him employ it , and not foolishly Jose the ' substance in seeking a shadow , by waiting to obtain nitre or nitrates . Those who seek more detailed information on the subject of nitrification than can be inserted here , will find many
valuable remarks in a paper published by Mr . Graham , so long ago as March 1827 , in the Philosophical Magazine , p . 172 . The subject is still obscure , and we must limit ourselves to a statement of what is supposed to be well established , and in some degree intelligible , otherwise there arc many passages in Mr . Graham ' s paper that , would well deserve to be extracted . 15 . Ammonia , as already stated , consists of nitrogen united to hydrogen . It is popularly known as the volatile alkali , spirit of hartshorn , sal-volatile , & e . It gives pungency to the contents of smellingbottles . We need not at present detail the niode by which the two elements of this substance are combined in the processes of animal- aud vegetable decomposition . The product—ammonia—is found at the end of these processes in various states of combination with carbonic acid , muriatic acid , * and sulphuric acid , and forming carbonate , muriate , or
sulphate of ammonia ' . " . From these combinations , caustic , lime , potash , or sodnjGO ) expel thc ammonia in its caustic and most volatile state . 76 . The salt cbnimorily called sal-ammoniac ( muriate or hydrochlorate of ammonia ) is a , _combination of ammonia with muriatic , or , as it is now called , hydrochloric acid . If upon a portion of this salt , slig htly pounded , you pour some strong milk of lime , or ley of potash or soda , the acid unites forthwith to thc lime , potash , or soda , and the ammonia flies off . A slight degree of heat is sufficient to expel all the ammonia , and it takes ho long time to escape without heat , if water be not present in great quantity te dissolve and retain it . * If thc carbonate , or nitrate , or sulphate of ammonia bo employed Srstead of the sal-ammoniac , the same results are observed , * the ammonia disappears and is lost . It is not , however , lost to the- world ; it unites immediately- with thc carbonic acid of the air , and with the vapour of water , and alights with the next shower ot rain to fertilize the earth . - "
77 . Two compounds , * then—nitric acid and j ammonia , the one a coitosivc acid , the other a strong and pungent volatile alkali—arc the results ; ofthe combination of nitrogen with the one or-other element of water ( 19 ) . Now , since nitrogen constitutes four-fifths ofthe atmosphere , and water abounds every-: where ready tosupply oxygen to form the'nitric ' acid I or hydrogen , for the ammonia , one might have ex- pectcd that science or chance would have " taught mankind how to combine these cheap and abundant elements together at will , so as to procure " ammonia for thc purposes of medicine and the arts * and . it _.
least nitric acid for the * soldier ' s saltpetre . Such , however , is not the case . One of thc ' greatest p hilosophers this or any other country ever produced , was occupied many days with an electrical machine in converting the air contained in a small tube into nitric acid ( 72 ) . It is still more difficult to form ammonia from a direct union of its elements ; nothing less than thunder aud lightning _seieiu competent to the task . Thc slow , precarious , obscure-, and unhealthy process of animal and vegetable decomposition , must be resorted to as the principal source : of the a * id and alkali . These are what ma *? be cau-
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
sidercd magazines , or storehouses of the other three great elements , oxygen , hydrogen , and earbon , th . it seem to liave passed through some state of previous existence . Clouds , rain , rivers , and seas , supply oxygen and hydrogen . combined as water . Immense strata of marble and limestone yield exliaustless supplies of carbonic acid , in whicli , and in thc air around us , carbon is securely locked up until vegetation applies its key . Alines of coal and beds of peat minister carbon plentifully in a form stiil more availiablc to our wants ; but tliere is no such storehouse of nitrogen ready for use . It exists indeed abundantly iu the air , but not in chemical combination—it is not available ; we cannot seize and bind it . Kitrogeu roves . 1 chartered libertine over the face of thcglobc , and if for . a time it enters the
composition of ' an organised being , it holds no abiding place during life , and after death is still more impatient of it 5 prisotiliou . se . Fvmu tbe cradle to tiie » rave man breathes nn atmosphere four parts out ot five consisting of nitrogen , day and night , asleep or awake ; yet it is believed to " come as breath , and so depart . " Animals arc supposed to respire atmospheric air , without being able to appropriate a particle of its nitrogen tosupply their incessant waste of this clement . Nor , practically speaking , do vegetables seem to obtain much of the nitrogen they all contain , directly from the air . It is said , indeed , tliat sonic plants possess the power of appropriating this gas by tlieir leaves ; and wc see it gravely announced that a Ivugal farmer might improve liis rotation by taking an occasional crop of Jerusalem
artichoke—a plant found to be eminently endowed with thc faculty of finding in the ' sky that indispensable but costly azotic element winch * wheat in particular carries off from the soil . Liebig , on the oilier hand , says , perhaps too exclusively , * ' wc have not the slightest reason for believing that the nitrogen of the atmosphere takes part in the processes of assimilation of plants and animals . " 78 . Owing to thc powerful affinity of ammonia for water , its presence in the atmosphere must bo very transitory . Uy certain tedious processes , however , rain water may be shown to hold in solution somo salts of ammonia—which is much thesame as proving that there was smoke in tho air previous to the shower . The discovery has been made by an eminent chemist in Germany , and confirmed , as nii » ht be expected , at Manchester .
79 . In the manufacture of coal-gas thero is produced a considerable quantity of ammoniacal liquor , which is said tocontaiu carbonate and _hyilrosulphurct of ammonia . It is obviously a material rich in matters profitable to ilie agriculturist . 80 . Guano , a substance imported from South America , abounds , in azotised matter ; so do bones . It scorns , at first sight , an omission on the part of Sir II . Davy , still the greatest teacher of agricultural chemistry , that he recommends the use of bone more on account of its organic or azotised ingredient , _uclatin , than its earthy constituent , phosphate of lime , which is at present more exclusively sought after ; yet , on inquiry , wc may perhaps find thc one essential to the otlier . It appears that do _^ _s require bone earth to qualify the filmed gelatin ; and wc shall Wc led to believe that a plant , in turn , will require
the aid ot its gelatin m order to digest the bone earth . SI . Itwas a wise saying of Cato thc Censor , that a , ' gocil fanner should aim to be a seller , rather than a buyer . A prudent man will , in the first instance , economise and apply to use the various azotised materials yielded by animals fed upon the produce of his farm . It is only , however , by observing and comparing together the properties of carbon ( 22 , die . ) , of nitrogen ( _l-l , GS ) , and thc no less energetic elements of water ( 21 , G 3 ) , the absorbing powers of thc carbonaceous and other ingredients of the soil ( 28 ) , tlic processes of combustion ( 4 ) , fermentation , and decomposition—processes more nearly allied than may appear at first sight—it is only , in short , as an ? ' m _* : _!;)' - 7 » -ecer of Nature , that tho agriculturist can hope to become her favoured minister . ( To be continued . )
Destruction Of Tullocii Castle. Rossshir...
DESTRUCTION OF TULLOCII CASTLE . ROSSSHIRE , BY MRE .-LOSS OF JEWELS , * tc . ( Abridged from the Edinburgh Advertiser of July 18 . ) We regret to ' state that almost thc whole ofthe line mansion-house of Tulloch Castle , near Dingwall , with alargc portion of its rich and valuable furniture , some family portraits and pictures , the library , and other effects , have been destroyed by fire . Tliis lamentable catastrophe occurred early on Monday morning last . Thc fire was first disciivorcd by thc proprietor , Duncan Davidson , Esq ., of Tullock , who , going to his bedroom about two o ' clock , found the apartment filled with smoke and flame , and presenting a most alarming appearance . The family were all
from home , with thc exception of tlie youngest child , and no man-servant _bcinj _i on thc premises , Mr . DaviuMm ran to the Square to rouse the gardener and farm servants . A messenger iras also despatched to Dingwall , lvhen the town bell was rung and a great number of persons flocked to the spot . By this time thc fire had spread to a small parlour adjoining the bed-room , and communicated to the attics , which , with the roof , were soon all in flames . Water was procured from a * well in the flower-garden , and was also conveyed by means of horses from a spot half a mile distant ; but it was obvious that no efforts of this kind could avert destruction . Thc fire spread to the western division of tlio building , and the attention of all parties was turned to save sonic bf the most valuable of the furniture , and cut off the
communication with the back part of the eastle . The dining-room and drawing-room ' ( the latter a rich and splendid apartment ) were both destroyed , but a few of the paintings were saved . Fortunately some valuable pictures , by the Italian and Dutch masters , had been sent to Edinburgh to be cleaned and repaired , * and the family plate had been deposited a short time before in tho safo of the Caledonian Bank , at Dingwall . The charhilary , containing the title-deeds of the property and family , was saved . The wines in thc cellar wero removed , and thc crystals and choice articles _alto preserved . While Mr . Davidson ( the proprietor ) and his friends verc attempting to carry off some ofthe paintings from the drawing-room , the ceiling fell in and they
narrowly escaped their lives . Thc billiard-room aud library were consumed , and the old tower ( occupied only by _^ bed-rooms ) , was also destroyed . By nine o ' clock in the morning nothing remained of the interior of Tulloch Castle but the bare walls and smouldering ruins . By means of axes , hammers , & c , a large gap was cut across the building , and thc communication ofthe fire being'thus arrested , tho back wings , containing the servants' apartments , remained uninjured . We arc hapjvy to add that no accident occurred . Many persons , in their eagerness to render assistance , placed themselves in-situations of imminent danger , and nothing could exceed the coolness and intrepidity with whicli thc tradesmen and workpeople endeavoured , though ineffectually , to
stop the progress of the { lames . Mr . _Dimi . ssm himself wrought manfully by tho side ofhis sympathising and warm-hearted neighbours , and was mainly instrumental in saving thc remnant of his effects . ¦¦ Tht liouse and furniture , wo understand , were only partially insured . Tho unfortunate accident would appear to have originated from a- lighted candle left in the bed-room . Our reporter , whom wo sent to the spot , was informed that no fire had been made in the bed-room that day . Mr . Davidson , it was believed , had entered the apartment in the course ofthe evening , 'and returned to his study to finish the writing of some letters , on which he ' had
been engaged . Whilst thus employed , he became aware of thc presence of fire in sonic part of the house , and rushing to his bed-room discovered , but too late , the fatal progress of destruction . Amongst other things , a carved oak table , which had formerly belonged to tho _i'owlis family , known as the " speaker ' s fable , " with the furniture , clothes , wardrobes ; in short , allnbovc the drawing-room was entirely destroyed . Unfortunately , the late Mrs . Davidson ' s jewels , watches , trinkets , Ac ., in a wardrobe containing valuable dresses and other things , were in a room up stairs to which no access could be obtained during the fire , and have perished .
Iui'oktaxi .Metuopolitan Impuoyemest.—Wc...
_Iui'Oktaxi . _Metuopolitan _Impuoyemest . —Wc understand the commissioners for the improvement of London have it in contemplation to open a most important avenue from the west end of the town to the City , with the view of relieving tlie crowd of carriages now so inconveniently congregated at times in Holborn and the Strand . This new street is to continue the line opened from Coventry-street ¦ through Leicester-square to Long-acre , from the corner of Uow-stccct , obliquely across Druvy * lanc to Carcystrect , on the south side of Lincoln ' s-inn-fields ; thence across Chancery-lane through tlie Holla pro . pe rty , midway between Holborn and Fleet-street , to Farringdon-strect , and passing under an arch to the wide part of the Old Bailey . This valuable opening
is again to be intersected by a wide street extending from the north side of St . Clement's Church , known as _Pickettrpiacc , into the centre of Lincoln ' s-innfields , across which the street will go directly into Holborn , to join Red Lion-street , and thence direct to the Foundling Hospital , thus opening a noble avenue , long wanted , from the north to thc . south side of London . Thero : is also every reason to believe that the long-required establishment of thc courts of law in a . central part of the ' metropolis will be accomplished . Surveyors : hiave been . ' engaged during tlic past week in ¦ measuring the new site , which is to extend from Boswell-conrt , Carey-street , to Bell-yard ,
Temp le-bar , extending back towards tho Strand , thus bringing the courts close to Lincoln ' s-inn and thc Temple , and mid _A-ay between the cast and west and north and south portions of London . Tlio plan is consistent with coriimon sense and the convenience of the public , although long opposed by the selfish arid bigotted influence of a few old crones who keep carriages , and find it desirable to combine parliamentary with legal interests . Thc plans will bo carried out by Mr . Barry , thc celebrated architect , and , combined with the new streets , north and south , east and west , referred to above , will indeed be a boon to the public , as well as a vast advantage to the metropolis in a healthful as well as a moral point of view .
I»Arfert'intfwswurt
_i » _arfert'intfwswurt
Loxnox Conx Exciiaxoe , Monda y , July 21 . —lhe arrivals of wheat from our own coast were moderatedining the _nast week , and those of barley , beans , and peas very sinn _' . l . Of oats only a small parcel or two wero received from Lincolnshire , but rather _anini-roa .-ed sir . _- > plv came to hand i . 'Oiu Scotland , _wiiilsfc the arrivals ' from Ireland anil abroad were large . ' In addition to the foreign eats the receipts ol grain froni abroad huvc consisted of a fair quantity of wheat , a cargo ov two of barley , and a few parcels of beans and peas , At this morning ' s market there was : ; very small show of wheat by _Innd-i-iirriago samples from tho _neighbouring counties , barley " or _hrtittc growth was very scarce , and the display of beans and peas was likewise scantv . Besides tho
_lar-ic arrival ot ' oats reported , a good many vessels i _.-idwi with that grain have come to hand since the list of arrivals was made up ( mostly from the near ciHitinemi _.-il ports ) : there was consequently a plentiful quantity on sale . The weather has * i » . iin become unsettled , and during last _nUdit a considerable quantity of rain fell in this neighbour !!! oil ; tliis circuiiista _' uee had some influence on lhe trade to-day , and iliough thc inquiry for wheat was not particularly active , the _greau-r part o f that offering from Kent ¦ Vii . i Essex wa < sold at nn advance of Is . to 2 s . [ per qr . on the currency of i \ . ' ciii ! _.-iy last . _I- ' oivign free wheat was heki at a . similar enhancement , which being reluctantly paid , the transactions were unimportant . Parcels under lock were held at very high rates , whereby thu inquiry was cheeked , and few , if any ,
actual contracts were closed . Flour was held firmly , at tlie recently advanced prices , and the nominal top price al town made is now generally quoted IDs . per sack . For barley tliere was a slightly improved demand , and former terms wero well supported . Kveit the best qualities of oats were dillieult of disposal , and secondary ami inferior sorts , particularly foreign , were nearly unsaleable , though ollV .-i-t .-il 0 d . to Is . per qr . below the rates of this day sc ' iiniglit . Beans and peas did not excite much attention , the jbusini _' -ss done in these articles ivas however at previous prices . Canary seed sold slowly at quite late terms , A sample ur two of new can-away seed and also a small parcel of raposced of this year ' s growth were exhibited ; tlio quality of the former was inferior , and colour dark ; the _rapesceil , on the other hand , was very fine . No prices were established .
_CUMIEST lTiICES OF _GKAIN , _TElt _IMPERIAL QUARTER . —Briti _/ it . s s an Wheat , Essex , . i * Kent , new . _'; oJd red Jfi 55 White hi fio _Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do i" , ' ¦'> Ditto 52 EH A ' owhinii . and Scotch white IS 53 I'iwj Si UT Irish red old 0 0 lied 4 _IH !) Y . 'hitc 50 55 Rye Old SI 32 Xcw 20 SO llrank 34 _3 J Hurley Grinding , . 23 27 Distil . 2 S SO Malt . SI 33 . ' . fait JUrowu .... 52 54 I _' aie 55 53 Ware CO _Gl Beans Ticks oUU' c new 3 i ! SS Ilnri-oivSS 10 Piseon 41 42 t _' wis Grey Sj S 3 _Miiplg 37 3 S White 3 S 40 Oats l . _im-olns < b Yoriisliiru Feed 22 21 Poland lit 2 ! $ Scutch _An-rus 23 25 Potato 2 i 3 28 Irish _AVhitl 20 2 : 1 Iliads 20 23 Pcr 2 S 0 ib . net . s s | Per 2 S 0 lb . net . s _Towii-iiiaile l'iour . . . 47 i ' J | Norfolk & Stockton 83 34 KssD-i and Kent . . . . SS SS 1 Irish 33 36
_liYoe . Bond . Foreign . s g s a Wheat , Dnntsic , Koiii _^ sburir , itc 54 GO 42 45 Marks , Mceklenhui ;; 51 « li 37 40 Danish , llolstcin , and Friesland red 4 ( i 50 29 33 Russian , Hard 4 li 50 Suit . . . -1 « 50 2 _« 32 Italian , lied . . 4 S 50 White . . . . f > 2 5 t 8 i 38 Spanish , Hard . 48 5 « Soft .... 50 51 82 35 live , Hiiltic , Dried . . .. 2 S SU Uiuliiwl . . 28 39 22 24 = Barley , Oriudiiij } . 24 26 _iMaltiu- ; . . 23 32 19 24 Kuans , Ticks . . 34 3 ( i ] y , 'y _( . tiaii . ; ' 4 35 20 SS Peas , AVliito . . 87 31 ) _Jlaplo . . SB 37 23 30 Oats , Dutch , V _. nw and Thick , _, _V ; J ' . > 5 *> o 21 Russian feed _L'O ' . _"_> n io Danish , Friesland food ' . ' 0 22 14 IB Flour , per barrel ' 26 ii 20 22
Loxnox _SiuTiirnxn Catilb _Mauiuct , Mondav , July 21 . —A very large importation of live stock from abroad for our market has taken place during the past week , thc Caledonia steamer having arrived from Jfanit'lirgli with 29 oxen , while the Ocean , Colinnbinc , aiu \ Jktiwicr , havo been reported from Rotterdam with 1-10 cows , 90 oxen and 13 calves . At Hull lyO oxen nnd cows , and at Southampton 12 oxen , have come to hand , the ibrmor from Rotterdam , thc latter from Spain . In to-day ' s market , wc had on sale J 30 oxen and cows from the abovc quarters . Generally speaking , the supply was of full average quality ; indeed , scarcely any ofthe cows were in any way outof condition . . Nearly the whole were disposed of at somewhat drooping prices . The arrivals of beasts fresh up from our various _grazing districts were , on
the whole , jnodcrately good . Although there were many most useful animals , amongst ihein , their general quality was not to say _iirst-i-atc . Owing , in some measure , to the unfavourable state of the weather for slaughtering , tlic beef trade , as was the case on limky Inst , ruled inactive , at a decline ill tilt ? currencies obtained on this day sc ' nniglit of _2-J . per ; Sib . ; thc highest figure for the best Scots not exceeding -is . 2 d . per Sib , and at which a clearance was not ollected . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex and Cambridgeshire , wo received 500 Scots , homebreds and shorthorns , ; from the North of England 300 shorthorns , & e . ; from the western and midland counties , 100 llcicfoids , runts Devoiis _, itc .: from other parts
_ofluiglaud , ' 100 of various breeds , from Scotland 300 Scots , and from Ireland 80 beasts . Compared with those exhibited at corresponding periods last year , the numbers of sheep were small , the falling oil'in theso being about 7000 head . Prime od Downs commanded a steady demand , at fully Ja ? t week ' s quotations . In other breeds only a moderate business was doing , at late rates . In the quality and condition of the sheep a slight improvement was apparent . The supply of lambs was but moderate ; while the lamb trade was tolerably steady , at previous figures , which ruled from as . to 6 s . per Sib . For calves wo had a very slow inquiry , and , in some instances , tlie prices had a downward tendency . The pork trado was very dull , at last week ' s currencies .
By th » quantities of 81 b ., sinking tho offal . s . ( I . s . d . Inferior coarse be . _ist 3 ... 9 8 3 2 Second quality .,., 3430 lVnnc largo oxen , , 3 8 3 10 Prhno Scots , Ac . .... 4 0 4 2 Coarse inferior sh « p . . . 3 2 3 6 Sceoittl quality . ,.. 384 * Prime coarse woblled . , , 4 6 4 8 Prims Southdown . . . 4 10 5 0 Lambs 5 0 G 0 Large coarsocalros . ... 3 li 4 4 Prime small ..... 4 6 4 8 Suckling calves , eaeh . . , 18 0 30 O _L-. ivgehoS * ..... 3 0 3 8 Kent small porkers , , , 3 10 4 2 _Quiu-tur-old store pigs , on _» h _, . 10 0 20 0
HEAD OF CA _1 TI . _TJ ON SALE . ( From the Books ef the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 2 , 31 *— Sheep and Lambs , 20 , 100—Calves , 177—Pigs , 313 . Ricii . vo . VD C 01 .. V Market , Jur . v 10 . —The weather has been moro favourable this week , which has caused the farmers to be fully employed with mowing their hay , and in consequence our supply of grain was only thin . Wheat sold from Cs . to 7 s . Gd . ; oats 2 s . 8 d . to 3 s . Cd . , * barley -Is . to 4 s . 3 d . ; beans 4 s . 'Jd . to 5 s . per bushel . Maxchksteb _ConxMAnuET , SATunD . w , Jolt 19 . — Throughout tho week the weather has been almost uninterruptedly fine , and thc temperature being at the same time much warmer , tho apprehensions
previously entertained with regard to the wheat plant , as well as the excitement in thc trade consequent thereon , have , in a great measure , subsided . The stocks of l'iour , however , being reduced to a moderate compass , there was a steady demand for the fresh supplies of that article , at fully thc currency of our last market day . Oats and oatmeal continued to meet a slow retail sale , without variation in prices . At our market this morning very little business was passing in wheat , and thc improvement noted in tho value of ' _li-ish this day se ' nnight , w .. 3 not maintained : in the value of other descriptions no change was ob » scrvable . Flour was in fair demand at fully our previous quotations . Both oats and oatmeal moved off slowly , and late rates were with difficulty realised in thc few sales which occurred iu cither article .
_Liverpool Cos . v Market , Monday , July 21 . —With _, tho exception of 6-195 sacks of Irish Flour , the imports of grain , itc . into our port during thc week have been light . No alteration ha 3 occurred in tho duties on Forei gn produce . _Sutcelast'l . _Xte & 'ia . y _. t'Aa weather lias been most favourable for the growing crops , anil although , a very languid demand has not been accompanied b y a disposition to force sales , the * - general tendency iu prices of Wheat and Flour has been downwards . On Friday , "Wheat was considered 2 d . to 3 d . per bushel , and Flour Gd . per barrel ami
sack lower . IS _' o transactions are reported in bonded Wheat and Flour during tho week . Oats have been much neglected , and though in small supply , havo been rather easier t & buy . Oatmeal , too , has sold slowly , at barely the rates of last Tuesday . Barley and Beans have had little demand , and prices are unchanged . One transaction of about 700 quarters of Egyptian Keans , in bond , in store , has occurred at 29 s . per _-lSOlta . A few small lots of Canadian Peas have been retailed , chiefly for grinding , & % 33 s . _Gtl . to Sis . per 50 W $ .
Lmnvooj . Cattle Market , Mo . _vdat , July 21 . — We have little or no alteration to quote in the stock ofour cattle market '; the supply this day wasnot quite so large as last week , but still a fair averago for this time of the year .. Uecf , Gd . _toO-Jd . ; Mutton , Oil . to -Oil J . ; Lamb , Cd . toGid . por lb . Cattle imported into Liverpool from the 14 th June to the 21 st July :-cows , 1254 ; calves , 1 S 1 ; sheep , 10 , 214 ; lambs , 1214 ; pigs , 4348 ; horses , 77 . _Lbeus Cons _Maukct , 'Tuesday , Jcly 22 . —Our arrivals flu ' s week are moderate of wheat , and very
limited of all other grain . We bave had no rain o £ consequence since the llth inst ., but the weather lias been cold for the season . Wheat is not in great demand this morning , and in very partial instances only can prices be called rather higher for line freslz qualities ; all other descriptions arc held at about * last week ' s _ratss . There is no chango to note in the value of oat 3 , beans , shelling , or other articles . Malton- _Cohn Market , July 19 . —Wc have a good supply of wheat offering to this day ' s niarkct _, but moderate of other grain . Prices ruled same as las week .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 26, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_26071845/page/7/
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