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pogpogpst 30, 1845. ; THE NORTHERN STAR....
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tfi ffiktm iHQ-uemente
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l And I And I wiB war, atleastin words, ...
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[11TAIITALT, AUSTRIA, ASD THE POPE » SO....
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. ' . " * ' i r:: '1 -••• ;-'•- :'* ¦ • ...
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? The suppression of periodicals entiret...
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ggmnliim anH iDrtiniltuiT.
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FISLD-GAliDEN OPERATIONS. Far tlte Week ...
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•Pi.iKXT.K'-—On she <>ih of September, w...
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BONES AND SULPHURIC ACID. BT W. C. BP00X...
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perfect decomposition. Like carbonic aci...
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.£aitojjts., #*c*
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BANKRUPTS. (From Friday's Gazette, Augus...
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i&arftt f fctfcllfsencr*
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LivBnrooi. Cimu M.wikkt, iloxDAt, August...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Pogpogpst 30, 1845. ; The Northern Star....
_pogpogpst 30 , 1845 . _; THE NORTHERN STAR . ¦ 7 ' _- _^
Tfi Ffiktm Ihq-Uemente
tfi _ffiktm _iHQ-uemente
L And I And I Wib War, Atleastin Words, ...
l And I And I wiB war , atleastin words , iAhd—And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , With a ? _HSx all who war _vi-ith Thought ' . " [¦ I tiui * I think I hear a litQe bird , who sings iCheneCheneoplehsandhvtvaibethestronger . " --BT ** oi '
[11taiitalt, Austria, Asd The Pope » So....
[ _11 TAIITALT , AUSTRIA , ASD THE POPE » SO . VI . r . r . ALr . _Mazzixi nest combats the arguments of the ipral fora ! force philosophers , " who , professing love for aiauseiauseof Italy , bid the Italian patriots to use other . i . insu insurrcetionary means to attain , their ends . i men men who say , "Try legal means : combat ujugh _tiigli the medium of ideas ; better your condition _Idegrelegrees ; progress morally and intellectually , b b pole politically you cannot . It trill be long before v will nill hare liberty ; bat peace is in your powerte te , thc , the best of a people ' s benefits . In now _obsti-; Hy pcly persisting in a system of revolt and physical _0 A _J'ob , you sacrifice the wortliiestamong you , and you tstadc ratlc your cause iu seeking to attain a noble end _nneauneaustuat are ineontestibly beneath it . " Thus _«•< snm « snm <» . Let our readers _weieli well Mr . _Mazzixi ' _s
- —? - — quenquestionably _, sir , itis very natural thatyou , for owir own purposes and those ofthe foreign absolute _gonewmenta you love so inacb , shaald desire to gain credit _iiis this error : but it would he strange if , with the pracconl common sense that _distjn-julslies your countrymen , sue , _stouVllongsufferitto mislead them . There is no eitrein tltaly—would to God there _wete one!—for it tht that agitates , conspires , or is insurrectionary _, aalieral discontent there is ' : and from this discontent , by t by our governments with violent reaction whenever sir suspicious are attracted to its extent , naturally _stlse those manifestations that from time to time arrest
att « attention of Europe . "Without doubt , _associanons do tirstin the bosom ofthe country ; hut the vastest and > t _» st dangereus association is that—without union _, _houhout organization , without oaths—of ell meu of soul , _scioscious ofthe evil , and earnestly desiring to see its end . se ese men "know each other , divine each other , in eveiy ¦ in y in every province : they fall into communication -when te me event , abroad or at home , cheers their hopes ; then , ¦ orror and espionage magnify _-Jnese communications to eyeeyesofthdr . njasters _; arrests arerife—extraordinary _iscasnres of safety are put in force ; till the hot-headed 1 tld those most in danger spring into the arena , _somelesaes to set action an example , sometimes in an energetic _leideavour to find safety . Without doubt , certain men ¦ reercise an influence in the ranks of tbe National party ;
t nt rather a , moral influence than a substantive powerful influence imprinting a tendence and giving a colour to . manifestations that it neither organized nor suggested _, ncuace 1832 , this lias principally been the part of La oviotine Italia . Young Italy is a standard . By oral _in--utrucBon and the press it has enunciated and diffused infinciplss that have sunk into tbe heart of men oi action . hi has done what I am in part doing at this _momenteafiadedthe cause ol the Italian nation , and sought , with mime degree of success , to unify its tendencies . So that iss seal has been impressed as it were on many events aflat have occurred in Italy , though thcevcntsthemselves , re re-assert , arose spontaneously , unforeseen , and almost ispsfaudy , from the state of things , from the measures of ovovernment , from feelings natural to a people oppressed , ittfthnocli-ince of alienation for their _suaferings save by
_j e path oflnsnrreenon . ' Ton may preach , then , as much ns yon like to those _Inividuals on whom you have fixed the appellation of chiefs , lut you will put no stop to Italian agitation . Neverlot even with lhe concurrence of those chiefs if jou could btainit—will yon succeed in re-establishing in Italy chat you are pleased to call peace , as long as things retrain as they are . How is it possible for the people to remain pcaee' ul wheu the despotisms wage a perpetual war against ill thatis liberal and enlightened , whether men or deas 1 In the article winch appeared inthe Star of ast week reference was made to the insurrections of 1630 , 3821 , and 1831 . Those arc Hie three most imlOrtant movements which have transpired since the
Stall Of Niroixox . Eat there has not been & single -year since 1820 that has not furnished its contingent » f resistance , of conspiracy , ef outbreak , of terror , » nd of Tictinis . In 1825 Komagna was subjected to ihe proscriptions of Cardinal Ilivarola , when five tinmdred and eight persons were pro-scribed by one [ monster decree . In 1 S 27 political prosecutions rc-[ commenccd at _Xaples and in _GaJabria . In 1 S 2 S , tthe insurrection organised in the province of Salerno was whelmed in Mood : t !* ree patriots were executed at _Naples , eleven at Salerno , twenty at Boseo , fiftytwo were condemned to the galleys for lite , and a crowd of others to minor punishments , la 1833 , Italy seemed trembling in a volcano from one extremity to thc other . Three dtilcrcot plots were
discovered at Naples ; the Cavaliere Iticci perished on tho scaffold at _Slodena ; thirteen , individuals were shot at Palermo ; thirteen officers aad others in the Sardinian States ; and condemnations to Spielberg took place at . Milan . In 3837 tirenty-niae death sentences at Modena , eight at _Pcnnc in the Abrazzi , eight at Catania , and twelve in differeut parts of Sicily mark that year , la 1 S 11 tho city of Aquila ¦ witnessed five condemnations to the ergastolo , fortyone to irons for f _tventy-five or thirty tears , and nhsc to death . In _lSi-1 the tragedies of " Cosenza and Bologna were the consequence of the _combincdmachinaiioiie of Italian tyrants and English Ministerial traitors— . _rajt-, _* s to every sentiment of hor . ov . r , to
the di gnity tu their own country , and to the hopes and jive j if some of Italy ' a noblest sons . Such is Iliepyj te of _Jialy . Mow vain , then , is the babbling of I _tlior-e—it way be well-intentioned , but weak-minded _—5-ec-Qtis , who bid Jfr . _Mjuzim and his countrymen _hnktor _& _tceableand legal ¦ means to save their country . Siith persons are unwittingl y advising thc exiles io withhold their assistance from a combat _vriik-h no human power can now prevent ; advice which , if followed , would leave the youth of Italy without friends , without jmides , thc ready victims of the implacable _de-spotfems of their country . Mr . _aLozisi would fain embrace moral meaus , if sueh facing were practicable ,, but no such means exist in _Ii-lV _: _—
_If another path could lead towards the goal—if efforts <«/* iccivcd in a _jaciEc spirit could a-. vat . ca our country _iovra * _-il 5 the _coiiiiae _^ t of its nationality—thc existence of that path , liov . - narrow soever , how painful soever thc la-ogress , might make it a duty iu tlie individual to hury within him that sentiment of consolidation that now fcpelsns to the arena on winch our brothers are doing tittle , and to _ia'k of the _sal-jcct with calmness and resignation . Sat where is this path to be found ? I ask in vain an answer lo this question . 1 cannot bring myself _t- > iisadac that you expect a man to walk who is lied ha :: J and foot , without first severing thc cords that hind !•;! - ! _.
When yon _Englishmen liave a reasonable object to attain , you hare the great hi ghway of public opinion open to your Metis : why should you digress into the by-l 3 ucs of conspiracy * . _rint _3 the _daugerons _sunmsa of insurrection ? You pat your trust in thc alUjior . -crfu . ness of Truth , and you do weU : but jou can _propa-jate tliis truth by the press—you cau preach it _uioriuug and evening in Jour journals—you can insist upon it in lectures—you < snjiopniarJ . se it in meetings ; in a little while , it stands menacingl y on the hustings , whence you send it to yonr _i ' ailiament , seated in the majority . _"NVe Italians have -iSihcr Parliament , nor _Imslin _^? . nor liberty of tso pre *? , . or liberty of speech , nor possibility of lawiul public _as-^ _ablage , nor a single means of _expressing the opinion _f & ring within us . Italy U a vast prison , guarded by a certain number of s _urfers and gendarmes , _supjwted _sa case of need hy the _hiyoaasarau-n wlinm we _il « n * t _UKdi-lsbllldand wliO don't
_understand us . If we speak , they thrust ft gag on our Saudis- , if we make a sho v . * of action , they platoon us . * _petiiit-a , signed collectively , constitutes a crime PSaiust _ifes Si-Ate . _Nothing is left us l « ai the endeavour r _^ 'ei'J stent to wrench the bars froai the doors and _Isa-Ws w ' . _i ur prisms —to knock down { fates aud gaoler * , fa t wejiisy _ircaUie the fresh life-giving air of liberty , _fe a ; . - of dud . Then , a career by pacific means of proi _*« s « ill hi open to us ; then trill _begiu onr guilt and _pd « ttv . i . _-a 3 . . jj we csanot - - . _^ _uj-ggives to he eontcat ¦ libit . °
_Lct-ihtisc _fonls aa . ] _f- _* j » aties v , ho would pledge a opie , . _;*•« _,, vsiph _pfrjifrfa in t j , _jr stiU _* rslesfor _stic-e and _imdcr " uo < jir c _* umsl ? . aces" * m \» _xyy thc S B * to heat down _opprerani . which tvr . mt 3 iiivavi * _pyttnjiloTto _ocaidewn the people ; Jet such ( and _tre are or hare hicn , such _misisherictis idiots in is _coauirr , who , b y tarrring _xiclr moral force | i .. r , is lo _t- _'ffi ( f < .. - _absursiitv , have caused ¦ wu _an-1 _ihv _,. _; , _^ and almost irieparab ! ii mis-** _n * * _authcfi )]] fi ; rij . g : r f" no _pjrtisan of that _JcsaiuVal maxim , ike end Kl . SAia _**; bat I must co : i _* * e « - , it seems to nie _Rif TT _^ W , Ua 5 ' - "" J ' . •« < _- _*« ih into an axiom the K _^ _,. _'"* ; " _* _** occasions and at al ! times censures ¦ m ' ' * ** t : ca ' - ' ' 1 _'hyslca ! h . ne . It appears to ine more
c _ _\—whtuevtr a way rexr . ai . is _«>) ien to jou in L "t ! ~ "' the _c-npliivnitni of moral force , never ' _£ * _£ *** _ty-vioisuce . iut Vl _; len evcrj mwei fovcc ia ,. " ' ' 7 : ' - " _* y stretches so far as formal . _v to _i' - 'UUie _ti ,. _i .. ,, . vou - _Mpressmg _t » cay manner so & rer _^^^' _¦^^ _tohe tlie truth—when _i'ieas » re j . ut _hz ., iir Ti' _*~ y ~' hext > _ret-Von wlili _youi-Sfcif : if , " _iciit !* _^? _^ 5 * * - u ! Jr _* ' _*' ' * Rre , i _5 ' * ia : ! In p _, _^ ;* _' _" 'Jour arsis _indl-.-ar iritucss i * your l v _* _- _' . _J'V ' 1 , w - _' < ' .- _»• ¦«¦ —yon have no risht to he , ; , * . - _^ a in * _hujwUss civil war : hot if you _S _> _m _^' _Tli _' _, " - our s * ' - _'< :-= ' - S prove lo be the fe * _-ling vi ( , > rr :, ;! *' ' Klv * ' " ,, i _^ _-est down the _oppvest-u-,, _7 ' 1- ' , Mr % _* oI : ow the head before brutal jW _' _i-, _* : ' . ? ' ¦ > p _itKv , when the arms that God lias J-i ;* _., ' . ' . '' .. " . * : * v *« hn : w , i > to degrade your .-clf j- 77 _^ . _'j . " - " - _- ' - ' -- '* « ' Ct'i _siiinia !—to _beirar Oie
C :- - ! r * .. "' an : i ' ' _* ' _—loeuSiroiie fyi : «;; : y ii _:-- ~ ,-.. , ' _* I ' ; " 1 *'' "• _ahhorrjng physical f _.-rce . !'• **» "" ? p t 2 a * - • _n-eurs t . ' . e mesnorv of Uair . pr _^^ _T . _™^ aad « -ihvr - _^ _rcat rcj . ublicans , - « _V- * . "; ' _* " ? _suiluw t - ; a- .: » £ - ; _xxs a theory oi
. ' . " * ' I R:: '1 -••• ;-'•- :'* ¦ • ...
. ' . " * ' r :: ' - ••• ; - '• - : '* ¦ . % 1 _.- ' . { . _- Ta .. dreised _i-i . " , ' iV . ¦* ' ' . ' . .. !' : _' ' * :, ' _* _ci-h-y _* i _* iii . _* _ii . _* ' _Li-ixdoi :: : _^ _v-- _^ . y if f :: - ' •* : ; _tsc : l * ' _- _--
. ' . " * ' I R:: '1 -••• ;-'•- :'* ¦ • ...
Mc _Miziwiadds * . — When you tell us , sir , th & t om publications ineite to insurrection , I reply—Yes ; that may be true : but at home we hare nsicher liberty of press or liberty of speech . When you tell ns that our secret associations at « illegal , I answer , tbat the right of association for good is legal , and that the exercise of this right becomes illegal from secrecy only where public association is permitted . You cannot in conscience apply the principles of your normal state to our peculiar condition . You _canuot censure or repudiate our means of action , the only ones left us , without declaring by implication that despotism is a good thing , that the liberty of whkhEuglaud boasts is an evil .
The following factsshow what success has hitherto attended all attempts at promoting improvements by "iatelleetua ) , " "legal , " aud " peaceable" means : — In 1818 , a kuot of men , influential from their social position or their intellectual faculties—Count Frederick _CanCilonieri , ConntPorro , Count PeccLio , tlie _Marquis de _BcSaw , Pellico , Borsieri , Romagnosi , and others , determined on trying if there were in Lombardy a means of peaceful realization for tlie cause of Italian progress . They established a literary journal , the Concitiiatore , whose aim was , with all the moderation that could make it acceptable to the Censorship , to advocate ameliorating
tendencies , material improvements , with liberal , large , and unprejudiced views in literature and education . They made an effort to practise what they taught : they founded schools ; they placed themselves atthe head of some industrial undertalungs . In 1819 this journal was suppressed , and its founders enrolled in the Austrian black-hook * . In 1822 , they were almost all at Spielberg _, they were compromised , you _irifl say , in the conspiracy of 1831 . Possibly : but do you thiuk these men would have become conspirators if they ctmld hare been aught e ] se—jf erery arenne of peaceful and gradual progression had not been closed against them I
_InlSSl , when the insurgents in the Papal States had succumbed to Austrian intervention , the provinces of Romagna and Bologna—encouraged by the memorandum which the five powers had addressed to the pope on the 21 st May , pointing out to him the necessity of reformresolved on essaying whether it were possible to obtain a few administrative ameliorations by legal routes , by a peaceful expression of their requirements . On evacuating the _Btstes , Austria had handed over tbe Marches of Pesaro and Ancona to the papal troops ; and Romagna and Bologna to the National Guard , on whom the pope had himself imposed the " maintenance of public order . That portion of this guard representing the city and province of Bologna , numbering more than sixty thousand , through the hands of their General-in-chief Giuseppe
Patnzzi , addressed to the Cardinal-Secretary of State Bernetti apetition _raUomee , settlngforth their grievances and indicating the remedies . Another petition , more or less to the same purpose , was presented on the part of the magistrates nnd the municipal corps of Perugia ; another by the provincial council of Itavenna , composed of men known for their devotion to the Government , with a Pro-legate ' for President ; another from the city of ForlT , bearing thousands of signatures , aud among them those ofthe Municipal Corps ' and the Bishop's Vicar ; more followed from different districts , town and country . The Judges and advocates of Bologna subscribed a separatouetition confined to judicial matters , addressed to the Pro-Legate Count Grassie . Finally , a deputation , chosen by the heads of the provincial magistracies , assembled at Bologna on the 2 _athla . * anaxy , l & 32 , to press
on tlie _Pro-iegates the prayers of theso petitions . In conformity with the memorandum of the fire powers , they prayed thc admission of laymen into all the offices of Government , theparticipation of thepeople in the election ofthe councils , and the establishment ofa central Junta , to watch over the higher branches of administration . The Secretary of Stato replied , thatno deputation would bo attended to ; the petitions received no answer ; the dissolution of thecivic guards was announced . With the aid of a loan facilitated by Austria , tlie Government formed a corps of five thousand men , principally raised from the prisons of Civita Castellana , San Leo , and _Sant _Angelo . They poured into the Romagna , where aged women and unresisting men were horribly massacred . And when , _exasperated at these cruelties , the younger population of certain cities flew to arms , for tho second time . Austria intervened , in July , 1832 .
Ia 183 * , shortly after the wholesaleslaughters atucnoa , Alexandria , and Chambery , _eflbrls in the path of popular education , similar to those in Lombardy of 1818 , were made in Piedmont . Some praiseworthy yonng men advocated the necessity of gradually enlightening the children of the poor ; they entreated means for this end ; tliey received subscriptions , and proposed gratuitous schools . Such was the list of promoters appended , that it was impossible openly to discountenance the project without exciting a dangerous spirit of discontent . The Government assented , but to have its own share in the undertaking , handed over the direction of fhe schools to the Jesuits , or to religious associations formed under their _auspica . Two _yeart of effort and sacrifice on the side of the nation **! party resulted in tlie surrender of some hundreds of young souls to . the enervating , mindstrangling corruption of Jesuitism . Now comes the question , that every true Englishman will answer as one man : —
I ask , then , of every truCEugushcian , After these facts , after this experience , can we entertain hopes of ouv _ftttnte through means pease / til ani legal % I pnt to every true Englishman tlus simple question—Imagine eighty thousand French soldiers stationed in Ireland or Scotland ; imagine that whenever the people in that portion of the English territory remaining free called for improvement , advancement , or change in their intcnuvllaws , the eighty thousand foreigners should intrude the ] K _> iats oftheir bayonets , and say , " in the name of brute force , stir not ; " what would jou do 1 _AVhat you * _rould do , we have made up our minds to do : and we are trying to understand each other , so as to be able to do it . That sums up the Italion question in that consists whj . _Uo- _*> . ny yon brand witli tho name of conspiracy—what you would hail to-morrow , should w _« triumph , with the title ofgloriotisvic ' ory .
Yes , yes , Sir James Graham , you "brand the cfibrts ofthe Italian patriots to save their fatherland with the name of conspiracy ; but not so , you , the British people—ai any rate , " all you who love liberty aud demand justice for yourselves—you regard that " conspiracy , " as you will hail its victory , as glorious . The only conspirators whom you will " brand " with your hatred and scorn are the conspirators against thc rights of _wan—hing ? , popes , and felonious _seaUircakers . Against them men of all nations conspire , and their conspiracy is a sacred and iudispeusiblc dutv .
? The Suppression Of Periodicals Entiret...
? The suppression of periodicals entirety literary , whoso _cri-ry line undergoes the supervision of censors ecclesiastical and political , would appear a fact _inuplicnbie : but it has often occurred in Italy . Tlio " ludicatere" of Genoa , the " lr . diesiu .-e" of Leghorn , tbo " Antolugi . i" of Florence , all in turn suffered this fate . Otiar literary ni _& reihinies , such r . s the " Suba . ;> 3 ju * of Turin , were compelled to iusert from time to time , as if from tlio editor , a political artiele furnished by the Government . HI ¦¦ ¦ I I II ¦ I III ¦! ¦! I ¦ I I I II _!»¦>¦¦»¦ I— I ¦ ¦ ullr _i l ~ W _^ III ' ¦ I _HW I _> ¦ _" ¦ _!—¦ *!
Ggmnliim Anh Idrtiniltuit.
_ggmnliim anH _iDrtiniltuiT .
Fisld-Galiden Operations. Far Tlte Week ...
FISLD-GAliDEN _OPERATIONS . Far tlte Week commencing Monday , Sept . ith , 1843 . [ Extracted from a Diary efjietuai . Operations on five small fenascn theestates ofthe late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , ia Yorkshire , published by Mr . . Noweli , of _Fai'iilcy Tyas , near _Hudderea ' _el-J , in order to guide Oilier possessors of iield gardens , hy showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tkeir own lauds . Tha farms selected as models arc—First . Two school farms at WiUingdon and Eastdean , of arc acres each , conducted by U . Crutteuden and Jehu
Harris . Second . J wo private farms , ol hrc or six acres : one worked by Jesse Pincr . the other by John L * u .. -. brell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at _JcviagtoL' —* i ) 3 of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several privaiemodei farms near tho rameplacc . _Theeonswutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate sad - . _l-rrita'tural value of the south with the north of England . The Viiax is aided b y '' Xotes and Observations " from the pen of Mr . KcvreH , calculated tor the time aud season , which we subjoin .
" It is a very pleasant sight to see children engaged m useful and healthy labour upon a snot of ground which they can call th _. ir oivu ; tliey shall he htpt spun from the vice and folly of the young men of the city . " Note . — -The school farms arc cultivated by toys , whs in return for three hours' teaching in t . ' . e morning , ( iiec three hours of their labour in tlie afternoon for tlic westers benefit , which renders the schools _selt-SLTi'Oi'Tl . vc . ) Yc believe that at Fanihj Tyas _sixsecentlts of the produce of the schiol fann will le atsi' flitd to tlie boys , _atul _oue-sevcntli io the master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their laud , and teach !/ ' «» , in addition to reading , writing , & c to convert their produce iiUo bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after fay ing rent and kvy , csuoiWfi tint * , in proportion to their services , and _letsHidahwiiadirccily to reach tlieirparenU in a way tlte _trtott > _ira-cfui to theirfedinos . ]
_SVSSV . X . _Mo-sdat— WiUingdon School . Boys thrashing wheat . Eustdean School . Hoys holyday ,-master ¦ hoeing between the fabbagcs , " aud _digging potatoes . Piper . _Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Carrying barley and wheat . I _-jsspay—WiUingdon School . Ucys thrashing :. _Fasfidcan School , hoys carrying wheat , thrashing it , . md p _ifkimr turnip leaves -foi" the cows . Piper . _Citvjjria-rJiicerne , and mending it _wiihJiqnid _maiiurc . * Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , carrying wheat .
•Pi.Ikxt.K'-—On She <>Ih Of September, W...
• _Pi . iKXT . K' - —On she _<> ih of September , when piper flppKci _li-mM in 3 i :- " isee .-ac , he had already cut it three jhees during the season , and w : _ss on the eve of cuttin _^ it tr i 2 _* _n- _' iK _< - /* - ' _** Tara . —At this scr . _son tha turnips-after taws _arVffei'crah _' . v _pui . e'I in t . _'ie ' . _* _M . !! _flj foi * the cattle , and _iiv-lv 3 r f > '» _¦ - _> - _* ' _*• " ¦* 'he winter i " _- '" _- •'••* v . _i . _F ; _/ _4 ? _sirc-njrJy J , 7 * -. _^ * _-i-: t p _h-niy cf i" : in"re si ' _.:-. _li _iw nfe ; i 7 _» r the ; crop * .- ' . _7 ' . ' „ . _> -, r f r iiir _jjhvs _, ; : _-, _c _!* _trve- ' . hat Mii _.-c- _i-.-uj _!? v . _ill not . ' . ' :- '" .. Vf _wxuri- _' _-s- .: ; _i £ Cru ;; he _&<& : _2 * _s _- j : _i-L ~ J , _ezsuot V' _-j- - ' - tl ., _i-il .
•Pi.Ikxt.K'-—On She <>Ih Of September, W...
W-ftDXKSDAY— Willingdon School . Hoys thrashing wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying privy tubs , and mixing up cow li quid with mould . Piper . Hoeing whi % turnips after tares , and pulling abundance for thc coirs , _f DumbrtU . Thrashing peas . _TmasvAY—WUingden School . Boys thrashing wheat and tying up straw . Eastdean School . Cleaning wheat , trussing straw , budding a wheat rick . Piper . Hoeing turnips . Dumbrell . Carrying wheat , hoeing turnips . Friday— Hillingdon School . Cleaning the allotment tenants' wheat , Eastdean School . Building two oat rieks , carrying wheat , and cleaning barley . Piper _^ Thrashing barley . Dumbrell . Hoeing barley . SATVRVAY—lVillingdon School . Boys cleaning wheat . . Eastbourne School . Boys cleaning the pigstye and school-room , aud emptying . the tank .. Piper . Digging ground for rye sowing . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , carrying seed tares and . dung with tlie heifer .
COW-FEEDIXG . WiUingdon School . Cows living on clover and white turnips . Dumbrdl . One cow grazed during the day , and fed in the stall morn and even with mange ] _wurad leaves . One cow and heifer entirely stail-i ' ed upon Ifiiffls . of clover .
Bones And Sulphuric Acid. Bt W. C. Bp00x...
BONES AND SULPHURIC ACID . BT W . C . BP 00 XER . ( From the Journal of tlie Royal Agricultural Society . ) As the council invites the attendance and co-operation of members , and as the subject of the application of bones and sulphuric acid has so recently engaged its attention , I beg to communicate thb result of an experiment tried by me during the last year . In the greater number of instances the bones and sulphuric acid have been applied in a liquid state , and though there is reason to believe that the most favourable results are likely to follow this mode of application , yet tho trouble and inconvenience _attending it , involving ; as it does in the first place , a serious outlay , and the difficulty of confining tho liquid to thc drills , are so great as to preclude farmers
generally from availing themselves of the important and valuable discovery . It must _therefore be very desirable to show tliem that the bones and acid can be applied by the common drill ; and having done so during the last year , I beg to communicate the information . Wishing to try several manures , I devoted a piece of land of about four acres to the purpose . On the 4 th of July the Swedes _( Matson ' _s ) were drilled under very unfavourable circumstances . The land , a loam on the London clay , was drained in May , and ¦ what -with the eavtage of the tiles , the clay brought to the surface , - nnd the remarkably dry weather that succeeded , the knobs were of such a nature as to defy the continual application of the harrows and the roller , and ( having no clodcrusherat the time ) could only be reduced to a comparative state of fineness bv
a number of men with sledge-hammors . The nature of tho land will be better understood by my saying that it precisely resembled the field immediately adjoining , oa -which the trial oi implements for heavy lands by your Society took place in July last . I intended to apply tho bones and acid at the rate of 3 } bushels per acre of the former , and one-half by weight ofthe latter . I accordingly prepared sufficient for half an acre , by putting the bones in thc state of dust ina tub , and adding about _dOlbs . of acid , and four times the quantity of water . After some hours a few bushels of fine mould was added , and the following day a sufficient quantity of coal-ashes , to mako the whole amount to fifteen bushels ; my object being to drill the field at tha rate of thirty bushels per acre . _iBUouldhavetriedthemhtureto a greater extent
_. but could not at that time procure the acid for less than 2 Jd . per lb . I also used other manures , such as South American guano , gypsum and guano , bones aud guano , and bone-dust , at the rate of sixteen bushels per acre with ashes . But having unfortunately lost theinenioriuiduni of the experiments , I can only speak fiom memory , and must therefore confine my remarks principally to the effects of the bones and acid , and the hones alone . This , hoirever I may say with regard to guano , that the experiment convinced me that this valuable manure can be readily and safely applied with the common drill ( without any particular provision being made for covering thc manure with earth before thc deposition of tho seed ) by merely mixing the guano with abont fourtimes the quantity of linomould , and
adding as much ashes as im drill will deposit . In tho case in question the gnano was used at the rate of tliree cwt . per acre , and the mould and ashes were added so as to make tho whole amount to thirty busfreia per acre . The bonea and acid were used three days after their preparation , and at thesanie time as the other mauures ; but whilst the latter wero consumed by the quantity of ground in tended for each , thc former , from being " in a somewhat damp state , often adhered to the cups or scoops of tbe drill ; and as I did not discover this tiil the intended half acre was nearly finished , the rcsuit waa that the bones and acid intended for one-half , extended to threeibnrths of an acre , being at the rate of little more than two bushels of bones per acre . Now tho remedies for this evil which _suggest themselves are , to
prepare the compost lor _s longer period , previously using » less quantity of _irater and a greater quantity of ashes , and looking occasionally to the scoops of the drill , and cleansing them out . But as the application of manures to the turnip crop in a damp state must be ( if practicable ) of great importance and advantage , it is , I venture to suggest , a matter well worthy the consideration of the inventors and judges of drills , to contrive that the scoops shall not retain the manure , though damp , after each rotation , either by rendering them less concave , or otherwise altering their shape , or having some method of scraping or cleaning them . The bones and acid turnips were the first to ' appear above ground ; the tops grew luxuriantly , and for some time maintained a superiority over the rest of the field : tho guano turnips ,
however , alter some time , rivalled them ; and those manured with bones alone , though lagging behind terribly at first , made amends towards the latter end ofthe autumn and on weighing a few rods in the month of December , scarcely auy difference could be dweovcred . The bones and acid roots were the largest , but exhibited more bare spots , probably owing to the irregularity of the deposition of the manure from the cause before mentioned . Besides which I should state that they laboured under tlie disadvantage of being on the outside of tho Held , and near a high Ucd _^ c . To say thc least , however , two bushels of bones , with tho audition of the acid , successfully rivalled eight times the quantity of bones , though the latter was employed on land considered previously much superior io the other . I beg to conclude my
remarks on this interesting subject with the obser-TAtion that , when we find that sulphuric _ueid enters very largely into thc constituent parte ofthe Swedish turnip , are we not justified in concluding that the remarkable elieet attending the application of the bones and acid united is in some measure to be attributed to the specific virtue of the aeid in affording food , to ibc plant 1 100 , 000 P _' . wls Swedish turnips contain no less _thanS-30 parts of sulphuric acid , being twice the quantity of phosphoric aeid possessed , whilst the common turnip has hut forty-one parts of tho former aud seventy-three of the latter . Would not some experiments with common turnips drilled wilh bones and add , ami also guano for comparison , throw some light on the subject , and deserve the recommendation of thc council ?—Southampton , April 23 , 1845 .
Perfect Decomposition. Like Carbonic Aci...
perfect decomposition . Like carbonic acid carbonic ovide extiiuiuiskes the flame ofa taper , and oi ainicss all other combustibles ; but , unlike carbonic . rati , it is itself combustible , fiid burns in contact of , or nnxci . with , air . with a peculiar blue Hamc . Wc sometimes ob-erve , in a clear coal fire , that a blue htmbciit flame plays upon the surlace oftlie fuel this-arises Iran the conversion of the carbonic acid which is _hr _. -t formed , into carbonic oxide ; that is , thc carbonic acid produced by the first access of oxygen to thc fire , acquires , bypassing throimli the hot coals , an additional atom of carbon . This production ot carbonic oxide , also is apt to ensue where common find is burning with a . very limited access of air ; it sometimes is produced i » 3 ) r . Arnotl ' s stoves ; and when tuei'e
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . a dioesi rROM toe _ikcibess or professor _rnusDE . ( Continued from our last . ) " Organic Chemistry signifies tlio chemie *! history of the various proximate principles which have been observed in thc . inimal . ina _regetalAe kingdoms , and winch are tv , cre associated together , so » s to produce a peculiar structure , termed oiv « iiw , such as is never seen in any oi the products of the mineral hingilow . Guin , sugar , starch , woody fibre , albumen , iibriue _, gelatine , anil all those numerous substances of which plauts and the bodies of animals ave _composed , constitute those i . roxwnat _« _priuciii . cs wliich are the products oi ' animated nature . — J ) r . li . B . Jk ' id . , IS . Carbonic oxide is the result of a great number of operations , in which carbonic acid undergoes *
1111-jiappcus to be any cavity in which it can accumulate , and where it gets blended with acertain adequate _quantity of atmospheric air , it may perelumcc lorm an exnlosivc mixture— for carbonic oxide Kin ! oxygen , iu equal volumes , explode violently when ignited , and produce carbonic acid . ]{? . Carbonic aeid is thcpnid'fet . of so many opsvatiens , natural as well as artificial , that a detailed history of it cannot here be entered into , but some ol Its most prominent sources may be _iiolici-d . And , _fii-at—it is evolved in au enormous quantity in that extraordinary process called fermentation . If sugar and waterbemised . with theadilitiou ofa little yeast , after a iluie time the sugar begins fo disappear , assd iu its place there is a quantity of alcohol and airborne r . eiii ionised . Nmv it mav bo inferred from ttji . _** , Ih _' . t
_siiti-jrcDiitains * he elements ol alcohol ar . il til _carboin . _' acid ; and wc will find , that , _ilurjiiir the progress ol this fermentation , in proportion as the sugar _disappears _, thc liquor becomes spirituous , nr . d cavboine acid h * produced . Tbe processor fermentation , therefore , amounts to a slow eombindiou of _sugiu _* , during whicli it is rbsolvtii into c _' . v * io . _* . ie aeid aud a !< : o ! . ? s ! . — - Then , respirat . ' _-Jfi-i-- a v .: _* y _abmrdant sourrc nf cir-1 o _: _ii- * ' aci'i ; in fact , weaivfconti ; . 'ii . _* _il } . y _ihiw . _'i . ' _.-g off _t-srb-v . _ile _ach , fis-m _liiflnn _^ . _- ; in an enormous _qusiiiity . _, _!^ _f . j ; : i-j-y is iiio _ch-uvoal V « : itaii * cd in ouv fu _* jd , _«•! . ; ... _' , bv a _l-rastiis _ana _^ y ;? to slow _conibaislien . yielus
Perfect Decomposition. Like Carbonic Aci...
C arbonic acid , and evolves heat so as to maintain tho temperaturo . of the body ? The amount of tho carbon thus thrown off by . respiration / and emitted along with aqueous vapour from the blood as ifpasscs tlirough the lungs , amounts , in the course of twenty four hours , w about eleven ounces . It is found that the amount ot carbonic acid given off in this wav varies in different individuals , and the game individuals at dmevent times m the day . Soon after a hearty meal , a considerably larger , quantity , is given off than in the morning , or when the stomach is empty . The reason ofthis will be shown afterwards . — . But among the most common sources from which we obtain carbonic acid , are the varieties of carbonate of lime—viz ., chalk , marble , and limestone If a piece of marble
( which is carbamate of lime ) be broken up , put into a bottle , somowatei' poured upon it , and then a 1 / tWo muriatic acid added , an effevvesconco ensues and carbonic acid is given off with great facility , and in great abundance . Chalk and limestone roclcs contain carbonic acid to the amount of many thousand tons , and in the operation oflirae-burning it is set free , and goes into tbe atmosphere , where it performs a very important part in reference to the nutrition of plants bywhiclntisabsorbedand decomposed ; they , in fact assimilate its carbon , and return the oxygen to the atmosphere ; and , strange to say , it appears to bo from this source that nearly all the carbon of the animal creation is , as it were , principal derived : but of this more hereiu ter .
20 . Having dwelt upon carbonic acid at greater length than may , perhaps , bethought necessary , we shall now direct attention to anothcrsubstance found in the atmosphere , though in very minute quantitywhich is ammonia . It will be recollected tliat our atmosphere is a mechanical mixture of tho different substances whicli are found in it , and not a chemical compound ( par 8 ) . We have , fer the great bulk of thc air , oxygen and nitrogen ; to thesearc superadded carbonic acid , in the proportion of only 1 to 1000 , and ' ammonia , about which we are now to treat . 21 . If we analyse the atmosphere with the utmost care , we cannot find ammonia in it , or at least nothing beyond the slightest occasional trace ; but if we expose water for a long time to the contact of the air ,
it will ultimately be found to have acquired ammonia . If we examine the _^ ain as it falls through the atmosphere , wca . 8 _bfinditinminutequahtities ofammoiiia . It isi clear , therefore , that though womay possibl y find no ammonia in tho atmosphere , we do find it in certain things which have been exposed to it , for ammonia is a very soluble , and a very combinablc body j and many substances eagerly take it up , when exposed to gaseous mixtuves which only contain traces of it . No sooner does a shower of rairi fall through the air , than ammonia is carried down in aqueous solution . Certain kinds of limestone and sandstone , when exposed to the air , also absorb _ammotwa , awl so does oxide of iron . In short , it will be found thatammonia , minute indeed in quantity as it is in the air , performs
nevertheless , a most important part m regard to the nutritive powers ofthe soil , in fitting it for thegrowfch , of vegetables . This subject has been lately importantly elucidated by the researches of Dumas and Liebig ; and one of the most striking parts of the new doctrine consists in calling _orn attention to ammonia , if the source ofnitrogen was there , but wc never know precisely where it came from . We know that nitrogen constituted the great bulk ofthe atmosphere , ami that it was the medium through which many other things are diffused ( pars . 8 , 9 ); but tvo had no evidence that this niti '< JgeftV . _'aattt any extent absorbed either by plants or animals ; and , in fact , the source ofthe nitrogen which these contain waa never clearly _understood , till recent investigations taught \\ s tbat
ammonia was its adequate and efficient source . In fact , vegetables derive nitrogen from the soil , absorbing it in the form of _aimnoiwiv _* , and , although certain fertile soils may possibly not contain ammonia , wo sliall probably find in them nitrogen in somo other shape . Ammonia , therefore , is a highly important substance in organic and agricultural chemistry ; and , consequently , its presence in the atmosphere , and in soils and manure , —its sources , and the means of producing and econo- mising it—aro subjects which wo shall have frequently to dwell upon . 22 . We wiU now notice a few facts , bearing upon the composition , and upon thc properties and distinctive characters of ammonia . Some of the properties of hydrogen aud of nitrogen have , already been adverted to ( pars . 0 , 12 ) . Hydrogen is an inflammable gas , nitrogen an iuflammabk one ; and neither of them are what are called supporters of combustiouthat is , they both ' extinguish flame . If three parts
ol hydrogen , and ono _of'jiitrogon .- by bulk , be mixed together , the relative weights of the gases aye to each other as 3 to 14—the density , or specific gravity , of nitrogen being to that of hydrogen as 14 is to 1 . Again , tfuac three volumes of h ydrogen , and one volume ofnitrogen , wiil form four volumes ofa mere mechanical mixture of tlio two gases : under these circumstances they manifest not the slightest inclination Id enter into chemical combination , How , then , can we bring about their union , or _inducotbem so lo form ammonia ?—ammonia , being a compound of _certain proportions of these two elements . Wc can do this very readily , by presenting them to each other in their nascent state;—that is , if , instead of collecting hydrogon separately , and nitrogen separately , and mixing them together , they are dieted irom their various compounds at one and the same time , in eontact with each other , they will then combine to f orm ammonia . Thc following is the exact composition of
ammonia . ;— Atoms . Biuivalcnt weight . Per cent . Nitrogen , 1 .. It .. 81 * 1 * 3 Hydrogen , 3 . 3 .. 1 _S-87 Ammonia , 1 . » 17 « _ICO'OO Or , Gr . iins 50 cubic inches of _nvh-Dgon .. = 15-08 150 ditto hydrogen .. = _8-1 S 100 ditto ammonia .. = 1 _S' 2 C Thus wo _findthat ono volume of nitrogen and three volumes ol * hydrogen become combined and condensed so aa to constitute only two volumes of ammonia , —or in other words , that 5 ( J cubic inches of nitrogen and 150 of hydrogen do not form 200 , but only 100 cubic inches of ammonia ,.
23 . Ammonia ia a very , extraordinary body . It has no colour , but has a very strong and peculiar odour , and if it gets iuto thc nostrils in its undiluted state , itis a most caustic substance , but if diluted with air , is an agreeable stimulant , constituting , in fact , the stimulant part of smelling salts . Ammonia furnishes a good instance " of the extraordinary change of properties which result from chemical combination , and of ji compound in allrcspccta unlike its components . Nitrogen and hydrogen are insoluble in water , and quite tasteless ; ammonia is very pungent and acrid , and very soluble in water ; nitrogen and hydrogen have no alkaline properties : ammonia is " a very powerful alkaline base . _Amiiioniacxtiiigiiislicsfl . iiiic _' ; a mixture of hvdrogen and nitrogen is _infimnmable ;
whilst nitrogen alone extinguishes llanie _, and hydrogen alone is inflammable . Another character belonging to ammonia is , thatit is alkaline—that is , it reacts on vegetable colours in the same manner as potash , soda , and other bodies wliich arc called alkalies . If a piece of yellow tumeric paper is put into ammonia , it immediately becomes brown or red , and _njucce of reddened _litmuspaperhasits blue restored . Ammonia , again , is . very soluble in water . "Water takes up many hundred times its volume of ammonia , so that if only a few drops of water bo put into a jar of ammonia , thc water will take up the whole oi it . "When thus dissolved in water , a strong alkaline solution is formed . If ammonia bo absorbed by acids , ammoniacal salts arc obtained : one of tliese , and a very important one , is obtained by passing ammonia into dilute muriatic acid ( or by mixing ammoniaand muriatic acid eases ); this is the salt
formerly known as _nal ammoniac , now called muriate , or liydrochlorato , ofaniinonia , or sometimes chloride of ammonium . Tho evolution of ammonia is often made ni . iii / _fi'sfc by tho abundant white fumes whicli arc in such cases produced by the approximation ofa glass rod dipped in muriatic acid , and whicli arise out of the formation and condensation of sal ammoniac . If a piece or glass , moistened with muriatic acid , bo exposed to the atmosphere , it is not uncommon , in particular situations , to find that tbe acid absorbs a _sunicioiiey of ammonia to saturate it , and to cause thc _tbrriiatiou of crystals of sal ammoniac . In short , wherever a great deal of coa ! is burned , any whci'c organie bodies are undergoing putrefaction , wc find a proportionate formation or _erohiticn ol " ammonia . In London , una !! stellated crvstalsait ' often observed upon dirty windows , and , if examined , they arc foaud to ho cither crystal of sal ammoniac , or of sulphate ol ammonia .
24 . Ammonia may be produced by tbe destvnetivo distillation of azotised organic bodies , if some horn shaving ? , or ivory , o ? bone-dust depot into a retort , -Mid heated , ammonia is formed . Thc substances il ' question contain _« 0 _prc-exMcnt ammonia , but they contain nitrogen atul hydrogen . During tlie experiment , they are presented to each other at tho moment of evolution , or , as it has just been termed ,- in their nascent slate , and , under such circumstauccs , they combine and farm ammonia : this is easijvshown , by suffering _theevolved vapours to come in contact with tumeric paper , which is immediatel y reddened . Another similar formation of ammonia ensues when ctmimon coal is distilled , as in tho ordinary processes of innmifaeti . ro of coal-gas . This ammonia , _though partially _corulcnrcci , and entering into new
combinations , used formerly to find its way in inconsiderable quantity into the gas ninin 3 and service _ni-jc * . ami was productive of lniinne mischief in . its co _^ rnsivo Mtion upon ihe brass and copper _fittings—besidet all whicli , it tended considerably to dimiiii-h -he ¦ _" _' _! - minuting power ol the-gas when burned ; am' it _}* believed , to , 11 : c _oceusiomvl formation nf „ ii ,.: " , ; ' e ;(} . Now , _liowBTcr , it is carefully abstracted am ! absorbed by _pacing the gas _tiirpugh dilute sulphuric acid , awl , in _ti'ftway a yery large quantity ofsulplmte ol ' _aiaaioiiia « oo .. me < j . i his product has _wsqusred coi _.-gidcraWe interest , } . ,, ¦ ¦• l _^ _vmg heen Intclv used m si ii ! . im . r *; and it nppesrs likely to become ii verv _impoi-tiijit one , _eonsi-mwnee of ihe quantity of availlibit * _ni'TPjre ' ' ' wlfieh . it . cb ! Jt . _ij ; i . « . . . ' . j . - _Niti _-.- ! _-en'is an e : ; lvtm ,. ! i : jmiiorfflhloI . rae . it in or _' _jtr . uc ma ' . _' . _ei-s , _Minionc of tlio groat objects in ; . _r-.. - - _tiei ' l _aJVicmiure co ; ' . ;*' * - i _: r fixing , or _abswihiim it
Perfect Decomposition. Like Carbonic Aci...
but this is a subject whieh will bo discussed more at length hereafter . Tliere is a curious question arising out of this matter , —which is , how'far nitric acid—a compound of nitrogen and oxygen—can itself be considered as a manure , or how " i ' ar , in fact , it can be considered as contributing to the nourishment and growth of vegetables , as a « oureo of nitrogen . Ammonia certainly contributes to the growth of plants , aud so docs nitric acid in some way or other , but we do hot understand how . Wo know that nitrate of soda , nitrate of potash—the common nitre of commerce—and other nitrates , are very important maaims : —but thc discussion of theso belongs to thomost advanced part of our inquiry . There ave several manures , as they are called , tbat seem to act merely by fixing carbonate of ammonia—ono of the results
pf the decay of organic matter—and thus become verv important agents in thegrowth of crops : for instance " , there is gypsum , or sulphate of lime—sometimes called " plaster of Paris . "—which , when reduced to powder , and moistened , contributes very much to the growth of certain crops ;—a great part of its operation seems to depend on its power of combiuing with carbonate ofammoiiia . If carbonate of ammonia be added to a solution of gypsum , decomposition takes place , and thero is thrown down carbonate of lime , or chalk , and sulphate of ammonia is not so volatileso liable to escape into the air—as carbonate of ammonia _, and , therefore , it does not go away until the root of the vegetable comes to look for it , and takes it up for food . There is , as wo have already said , an enormous quantity of sulphate of ammonia
manufactured in our gas works , and it is found to he a very valuable manure ; and ifc is so because it contains nitrogen in the form of ammonia . Many burnt clays act as ammoniacal absorbents , * and many clays derive a great part oftheir value from fixing , or , as it were , drawing ammonia into their pores . Charcoal is another substance which , in a remarkable degree , absorbs ammonia from the , air , and thus beomes a valuable manure , and contributes to thc fertilization ofthe soil . As far as manures generally are concerned , we may say that their valucis mainly in proportion to the quantity ofnitrogen tliey contain . If , for instance , wc take certain vegetables that contain
very little nitrogen , such as potatoes or rice , we can livo on these , but we are obliged to cat enormous quantities of them . On the other hand , we can live upon comparatively small quantities of animal fibre , or ofthoso vegetables that contain a large quantity of albumen or gluten , inasmuch as there is _aeonsiderableqinhtity ofnitrogen contained in their composition . __ _-Vefind , in fact , that therclativc value of difl _' eent kinds of food may be expressed in terms relating to the quantity ofnitrogen they contain . "Wheat , peas , and several other grains , contain a large quantity of nitrogen , and hence their comparatively great nutritive power . ( Tobe continued ) .
.£Aitojjts., #*C*
. _£ _aitojjts ., # _* c *
Bankrupts. (From Friday's Gazette, Augus...
BANKRUPTS . ( From Friday's Gazette , August 22 nd , IS _15 . ) Thomas Howell . Queen ' s ITcad-passagc . _Newgate-strcet _, hotel-keeper—John Sims , Tollard Koyal , Wiltshire , _wheelirriglit—James AhintiePi ' . _'itt _. lleniers-strcet _. O . xford-street , _wine-merehant—John _Kirknian , Lupus-street , Pimlico , butcher—Benjamin Ling , Pore street , I . imchouse , _timbeidealcr— "Edward Thomas Hogg and William Ncale Walton , _UiiK-es-slreet _. ArieJ _/ _ihi _, _trine-merchants—JJatlnm Solomons and _Elcnwr Solomons , Church-lime , WhUechnpel , hoot nnd shoe-makers—Robert Sugdcn , Hogthornc , Yorkshire , manufacturer of worsted goods—John Hohnan Suckling , _llirniingli-im , ironmonger .
BANKRUPTS . ( From the Gazelle of Tuesday , August 20 . ) John Kirkham , Lupus-strcct , Pimlico , butcher—Robert Bloomficld Chirke , Gowor street Xorth , St . _Pancr-is _, plumber—V ? iViinni Vcrcy , _lligli-strcet , Kiugshmtl , victualler—William Matthew Ifnusiird , Park-road , _HolUvw-. iy , florist—Jolm Hodgson , Liverpool , scrivener— AUKi ' _i-itu Hindes und Gyhn Thompson , Lewis , stock and sluive brokers .
mviDESDB . Sept . 18 , T . P , Lucas , Long _Bucfciiy , _JVertiuimptonshire , money scrivener—Sept . 18 , J . M . _Lwiiler , Oxford-street , _coiich-nv . ihcr—Sept . 11 ) , 1 ) . Chandler , _Staninore , Middlesex , ironmonger—Sept . 18 , T . Scildon , _Ciiltliorpc-phice , Gvay _' _sinn-rodd , upholsterer— Sept . 17 , J , Holroyd , _Wucsiily _, Yorkshire , _eotton-ivarp-inakcr—Sept . 19 , L , J ., and J . lvGstrou _, Manchester , manufacturers — Sept . 19 , Vf , Mainwaving , Uhinin >; hnin , surgeon—Sept . 19 , C . Parker , ih'isto ! _, tailor—Sept . 10 , W . May , Liverpool , draper . _CuaTincATrs to ho granted , unless cause he shown to tho contrary on the day of meeting . Sept . W , Vf . 31 . ltnwc _. _Portsea _, J lumps-hire , currier— Sept . 18 . _H . King , Newgate-street , City , warehouseman—Sept . 13 , \ V . Warlters , llurcourtstrcct , Marylchuue _, silk-mercer —Sept . IS , B . Thomas , Clifton ' . Bristol , ivino-mercliant—Sept . ID , G . Byi ' onl , Liverpool , wholesale grocer—Sept . 18 , l . Mack , Liverpool , pawnbroker—Sent . 18 , T , Wauley ,
Liverpool , broker—Sept . IS , J . b . Wood , Liverpool , wiuemcruhant—Sept . 18 , J . Evans , Liverpool , ironmonger—Sept . 18 , 1 ) . Parry , Ruthin , Deubigshire _, currier—Sept . 19 , i . M . Giwdnw , _Uvevpoc _.., _winc-mcrchant—Sept . 23 , _C . i \ . Gutclitlc _, Pilton , Devonshire , surgeon—Sept . 'its , 3 . 1 'itt , Plymouth , grocer—Sept . 10 , _S- Ilussell , Sheffield , Uritanum metal manufacturer—Sept . 16 , J . Pcsteil , _licoitou _, Bedfordshire , corn-factor—Sept . Id . W . Astle , Wolverhampton , Sudfmdshivo , plumber—Sept . 16 , J . Jfohon and ltichard Simons , Mincing-l . 'ine , City , _lrine-inercii'iiits—Sept . 10 , 11 . S . Jones , Wroekwnrdiuo . Shropshire , grocer —Sept . 1-5 , V . _-Pei-Iis . jun ., Stourbridse , Worcestershire , hatter—Scpt . lfi , J . Turner , Mnnrliorpe cum Little Gonerhy , Lincolnshire , wool-buyer—Sept . 26 , " J . J . _^ yioii _, South . Shield *! , linen-draper—Sept . 10 , J . Peters , Kent-street , _naggerston _, fancy trimiuing-niiiniiP . ictiii'cr—Sept . 10 , W . h . Brown , Liverpool , merchant—Sept . 16 , G . Slater , London-terrace , Hackney-road , grocer—Sept . 10 , J . Hardy , Wisbech St . Peter , Cambridgeshire , grocer .
_PAllTNEISSIIll' !! DISSOLVED . W . B . mid II , Duller , _Kev-ark . upon- 'i ' rent _, Nottinghamshire , mercers—W . Tooth and T . Taylor , Gateshead _^ Durham , ghUiS-iusisufiieturers—J . B . llceve and X , Cracknel ] , Ifalesworth , Suffolk , brewers—W . II . Trcwavas and J . Crabh , Liverpool , provision -dealers —11 . Weston and 33 . P . P . _'iirt ' _iornc , Urackley , _Ivorthainjitoiishirc , attorneys—A . Hill and J . Hates—T . Shutter and J . B . Johnstone , . Torinyn-strcot ,. St . James ' s , tailors—W . Smith and W . Collins , ilridport , Dorsetshire , ¦ _jrocers—P . A . Phillips and E D . . Boulter , Quean-street , Cheiipsido , cottou-ninnunicturers—T . North and W . Wise , 13 ! . _ickiViai _* . s-ryad ,
ziuciiuuuifacturevi—T . C . _Wou * . _;* anil 1 . Gooch _, _Norwich , upholsterers—J . _Maritime mid J . Gilii . n , _Poul-i | _iiiiy , _Montgomeryshire _, miners—T . M'Turk , S . Puckering , ami W . T . . _'lakijis , _Kingston- pmi- !> i ' ill , _woolleii-drapera ; as fatas regards T . Jl'Turk—If . Kills and W . Dickinson , _i- ' ree Sehool-stveet , SouIUwmV . —W . i _' _uUev av , 0 _. G . 'Viw . ir . s _, Kosfon , carmen—J . Asfuuore and 11 . Smith , _Hinniiijjliiini , carriers—J . llall _n-. _nl 1 . _Goviion , _LWerjiool , hrokws—J . Stewart , It . _Ajiplehy , aud W . Gibson , _Xcwenstlc-iipoii-Tync , builders—E . 15 . Long and W . T , Sanderson , V , 'i _« ion , Cnnibci'hind _, _ironmongers—K . . Miller and C . Selkirk , Spring-street , _Pad'Hii'tton , glass-dealers—T . and If . _Jlar-¦ shall , _Steyning , Sussex , drapers .
I&Arftt F Fctfcllfsencr*
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Livbnrooi. Cimu M.Wikkt, Iloxdat, August...
LivBnrooi . Cimu M . _wikkt , _iloxDAt _, August 25 . —There is no _iiltcrntion to state in the supply of onr eattle niavketiroin lust week , tlio number hei * * *!*• ii I ' liir average , but the greatc . _** t _jiortiou o ! " inferior quality . There wns n _nimieroiis attendance of buyers , antl anything » ooil was eagerly Eouglit after at high prices . Beef 6 d . to Cid .. mutton _fi ' id . to 'id ., and _JambGJd . to 7 d . per lb . Cattle imported into Liverpool from thn 18 th to the 2 Stli of AiigiHt : — cows 2343 ; calves Ti ; sheep H ' , 233 ; Limbs 41 * 0 ; pigs 3 _« a 2 : horses 10 .
L 0 . VD 0 . V Con . v Excii _^ . _yoe , _Moxdav , Auo . 25 . — Shnilar iveatlier to that experienced here appears to have prevailed in all parts of the kingdom since Wednesday , and under its _luvoiiring _inliueiices the grain _cvoys live everywhere _progressing rapidly to _matnrity . In all tlie counties lying this side of the river 11 umber the cutting of wheat , barley , and outs has become quite genet -- *! ; and should the weather remain propitious till Die close of the week , nn immense quantity of grain will be secured in good order . Though the reports from those districts where the Sientest progress lias been made with the harvest nre not altogether _aslsiviunvdilo as eould be wished , sti !! thoy avo fully as satis ' . ' c ory as wo were led t _« expect would bo the case ; and we are inclined to
_tl-. inkt .. at . vfiui a lino _inoiith ol September the produce of wheat would uot , after all , prove much below an average , whilst the _yieln o f spring corn and pulse will , if well secured , undoubtedly bo large . Wcare sorry , however , to learn that the potato crop lias been extensively attacked in tlio south raid west of _lingiami , as well as in tho Channel Islands , by a species of blight , and a very great deficiency in the produce nf this article must , we ( oar , be calculated on . * Owing to farmers having been fully engaged witli Held work , 8 on . ii _lalling oil' in ti . _eMtpplies of _eiain has lately taken place , notwithstanding which , business iii wheat has become e . _tceeiliiigiy du )} . A t many of the markets held on 1 _' viday a » * . ' Sa ' . woay lhe turn w _.-is decidedly in favour of V .. e buyer ; anil at Mark-lane ,
this morning , tiie trade was lai . _jruid in the extreme . There , was much less wheat , oilering by _laud-carringt * samples from the home counties thau on iMouday Inst , but the quantity exhibited proved more than equal to the demand . In the early part of the day faetors refused to make she _slightest concession , and the millers being unwilling io pay former terms , scarcely a sale was made tiil near the close . An abatement of Is , to Ss . per qr . was ihcn submitted to , at whieh some progress towards a clearance was effected . There were only a few small lois of new-wheat at market , the quality and condition by no means lint' . It must be recollected , however , that the wheat- now brought forward must have been carried _dttrinirthi _* wet we . itk'r . Next week ire _cvncci to see : i decided improvement in the samples . _Iloldeia of foreign wheat remained linn , and the liner-kinds could
ecarccly . _li'ivc been bought cheaper than on Monuay last . JJonded parcels were nio : e _pressingly offered , and it would not have been _diliicnlt to havo bi . > ug |* t Si . per quarter beimv thu lop prices of last week . Town mantifaeturai ffcur hung heavily on hand , and ship marks wero certainl y , the turn cheaper . Oi English barley there was very Utile on sale , and bavin ; a _sliriitly improved inquiry for lhe liner sorts , ralher . mliii ' . K'ed terms wove realised .. Bonded barley mot with some demand ¦ for * 4 sinncnt to Holland . _Uurliiir ri ; c past , week ¦ between 'iOOO and 4000 qrs . _wvi-e _.- ' _xpiu-icd fi-om _htiicctuKoiferdan ) , asd further _qmiiiliiics are likely fo . ' c _akcri . 'I he frait _arrivals i . _'i ' _imts f . ,- 'i _:: i imr on ; . * _rm-.-i : ' . iid Scoi _' . ind were _uiiai !; hjviii' ; , l _.-owever ; v : co ' . - _' ' -i : •» _« uot ! supplv iVem _li'cl : i ; : d during the past s . _c-k , nnd a fair _itiuuitiM voir .
Livbnrooi. Cimu M.Wikkt, Iloxdat, August...
abroad , there was a plentiful show of samp les th * morning . The finer qualities were certainly nog cheaper ; and though inferior aorta were somewha * easier to buy , the decline was not of suflicieut imporr tance to render any alteration in quotations nece _** sary . Beans did not move off so readily as ot late , and having rather an increased quantity on sale , pupchasers had the turn in their favour . The few pa-peels of new white peas offering were of good quanta , and realised iOs . to 43 s . per qr . Of grey aud DiapJe peas there were none on sale . CURRENT PRICES O _? GUA 1 N , PER IMPERIAL _qVARTER-Sritish . s s « * Wheat , _Etser , is K « nt ,. new < fc old rod 48 60 _IVTdte 49 _< £ —• Norfolk and Lincoln . . .. do 49 . 15 Ditto 67 a » — Northum . aud Scotch white * ll » 51 Fine fio of . —¦ Irish red old 0 0 Ited 48 51 White 52 UU
Rye Old 29 82 fair 29 30 Brank 34 £ 5 Barley Grinflhw . _'" . 2 « 27 Distil . 28 30 Malt . 31 IS Malt Brown .... 82 54 Pale 85 59 Ware 60 69 Weans TieksoldJ : _ueir 37 38 Harrow 38 40 Pigaon 41 4 ! f Peas Grey 85 38 Maple 37 S 3 White 88 40 Oats Liucolns & Yorkshire Feed 22 24 Poland 24 28 Scotch Angus 23 25 Potato 26 2 $ Irish White 20 23 Black 20 23 Pev 2801 h . net . s s | Per 2801 b . net . s % Town-inado Flour . . . 51 531 _Norfolk & Stockton 80 89 Essex aud Kent .... 88 42 | Irish ....... 87 SSI Free . Bond * Foreign . _s a a a
Wheat , Dantsic , Konigshurg , & o 63 01 88 it Marks , Mecklenburg 5 G 68 33 SO Danish , _Eolstcm , anil Friesland red _48 52 23 3 _*> _ttussiim , Hard 4 S 52 Soft ... 48 53 28 2 ff ~ Italian , Red . ' . 50 52 "White ... S _* 58 32 35 . Spanish , Hard . So § 2 Soft .... 52 » 2 31 34 ; Rye , _llaltic , Dried , ... 28 80 "Jniiricd . . 25 30 22 24 , Barley , Grinding . 24 26 Malting . . 28 80 19 24 . Beans , Ticks . . 34 S 6 Egyptian . 34 35 38 83 Peas , White . . % l » a Mttplo . . S 6 37 28 JO Oat » , Dutch , Brew and Thick 23 25 20 22 Russian feed 20 22 14 lfi Danish , Friesland feed , 20 22 14 17 flour , per barrel 28 30 21 23
AVERAGE PRICES Of thc last six weeks , which regelate the Duties from the 21 st to the 27 th of August .
Wheat Barley OaU . Rye . Beans i PcAK Week ending s d s * _*** s d s * _< - s *• July 12 , 1815 .. 48 10 23 0 22 6 33 11 35 S S 8 11 Week ending I July 19 , 1845 .. 50 0 20 6 22 i 32 8 39 3 40 2 Week ending < _July 2 <; , lA'lo .. 51 7 29 9 23 5 31 T 40 3 SS U Week ending Aug . 2 , 18 _f 3 .. 53 3 29 8 22 5 34 _S 40 5 41 0 Week ending Aug . 9 , 1615 .. 55 S 23 7 22 8 3 S 10 il 0 30 0 Week ending Aug . 16 , 18 ( 5 .. 57 0 29 4 22 2 34 4 41 2 39 7
Aggregate aver . uge of the lust six weeks .. 62 8 29 4 23 5 33 0 40 i 39 7 London aver . ages ( ending A tig . 19 , 1 S _15 ) SO 1 28 7 22 3 0 0 42 2 40 11 Duties ., ., 18 0 00 00 96 26 38
Imports fkom August 18 to August 24 , inclusive . _uxctisn scotch , wisn . foreign total . Wheat .. .. 11 , 617 5 a 0 3 _. SGI 15 , 558 Barley .. .. 78 0 1 , ( 125 1 , 850 3 , 051 Oats .. .. 14 0 20 , 034 ll , 94 l 31 , 979 Rye .... o o o o o Deans .. .. SM O _o 0 3 g 4 l'cas .. .. S 5 S 0 0 ' - 38 41 ( 5 Malt .. „ o _/ _Mg 0 1 « 0 3 , 5-39 Tares .. .. 0 0 fl o 0 Linseed .. ( I o 5 J 1 , S 55 1 , 905 _Itaptsced .. 20 0 0 27 47 Floui _* , sacks 5 , 540 0 100 l > 5 , G 4 U Ditto _bifs ... 0 0 1 0 0 0
London _Smiiufield Catti . e _Makkjct , Mo . vd . 4 T , Aug . 25 . —Since tliia day se ' nnight the imports of live stock from abroad for our market havo consisted of 4 'd oxen ivn & cows , together -with 100 sheep , 20 Iambs , and 0 calves , per tiie Neptune and John Bull , from Hani h _iiiyJi ; as a ( s 0 u 3 ( -casts , GO sheep , 20 _lamta , and 14 calves , per tho Batavier , Ocean , and _M'illiam _Jolliffe , " from Rotterdam . The Batavier having encountered a terrific storm on lier passage , 20 of tlie oxen on board of her were smothered , ths remainder being so much injured that tliey vverb killed on being landed . Such waa tbe bad state in wliich this stock was landed that tho beasts ivere scarcely worth £ 1 pet * _iiead . To-day we had on offer 50 beasts atul CO sheep , chiefly from llolland . As tliey were of very inferior quality , they commanded
very little attention , and were disposed of at miserably low figures . Our letters from _Ilaiaburgb and Rotterdam slate that thc prices ef Hie stock thereare considerably on thc iucvea & e , with every prospect of a further advance in them . The arrivals at Hull have amounted to 120 boasts aud 200 sheep , cliielty " from Rotterdam . Compared with those ou Monday last , the number or beasts from our own districts was on the decrease , and of but middling quality , though . there were some well mado up _auimla aynongsfctlicim . Although the beef trade waa by no means active , tho priniest Scots sold steadily at prices rjuilo equal to those paid last week , the middling aud inferior breeds moving ; off slowly at barely late rates . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , wcreceived 800 Scots , shorthorns , and homebred ; - * , from the
western and midland counties , 500 lierelbrds , runts , Dcvons , Irish beasts , & c . ; from other parts of England , 61 . 10 of various breeds , * and from Scotland 200 horned and polled Scots , tho remainder ofthe supplv being chiefly derived from the nei ghbourhood of tlie metropolis . The number of Klwcp v _. _-as small for the time of year ; yet they were fully adequate to the wants of thc buyers . For the priniest old Downs , which were scarce the demand ivas steady , at full irices , * but all other breeds were heavy , and the turn lower . The supply of lambs was somewhat on tha increase , owing to " which the lamb trade ruled dull at barely the late depression in tho quotations . Calves were in moderate supply , aud heavy demand , at last week ' s prices . Prime small pigs sold freely , otherwise the pork trade was dull . From Ireland wa had _ncarlv 200 on oiler .
By ths quantities of _6 ! 1 j ., sinking tlic _ofml , S . <] . S . d . Inferior _coarso boasts . . . 3 8 ?> _« Second quality .... 323 * Prime largo osen . . . . 3 G 8 10 Priuie Scot ? , & e -10 4 _^ Course _inlurior _ihccp ... 3 4 3 S Second quality . . . . 3 li ) 4 4 Prime _cunrris _wooiled ... 4648 Prime Southdown . . . 4 10 S > > Lambs 4 8 5 ? Large coarse calves . . . . 3 ( i 4 'i Prime small 4 4 4 8 SueUlinpr _eslvcs , each . . . IS 0 £ 3 _\> Large hogs 3 D US Kcat small poi ' _- _'t-rs . . . 3 10 -l 4 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 1 G 0 20 *' _JIKAD O ? CATTDK OS SALE . ll ' rran thc Boohs of _fho Clerk of the Jf . » rhet . J Beasts ,, ' _vVwiJ-Slieop ami Lambs , 23 , 850—Calves ,
211-Pijjs , 800 . IIiciimoxd Cons Makkct , August ' 23 . —Wo had no great supply of grain in our n . _arl'ct to-day . Vrheat sold from fa * to Ss . tld . ; oats from 3 s . to 4 s . ; barley from is . to is . $ d . ; beans from -Is . Od . to 5 s . per bushel . AiAxwiKsrnB CoiixMAtiKKT , _Satohuy , Al _* ocst 23 . —¦ Tho very boisterous and ungeniai weather experienced iu the early part of the weelr , wliich appears to have extended _throughout tho kingdom , and is rciMH'teil in some districts to have produced
disastrous effects on the crops , and to have retarded harvest operations already in progress , lias been succeeded by a favourable change , and tho trade , under ilshifftteiicc , lost the eyeitement previously exhibited ; a _.-teady consumptive demand , however , taking o ff all fresh supplies of flour as tbey arrive , at the currency oi' last week , may bo noted . At our _marlco _^ this morning there was but a Unfiled extent of business iva .. _s'M * teil , and in ihe quotations of thiti day _su _iKii-jht wc make no alterations . Towards thc close of tho market there was : i very hoary shower , ami lhe weather has _atsuiued a very _luuifcpitioua
appearance . "Lirr . _iii' 001 . Cons Market , _JfoxniY , Aucv _/ _si 25 . — 'fhe imports of wheat and flour from Ireland continue to be of fair extent * , of oats and oatmeal the supply 33 limited . The duly on Foreign wheat * ind rye has declined Is . per quarter on each . The _Kctttl _' . ev during the past week has been _vei y changeable . On Wednesday , Saturday , _inul yest ? r * . aywc had rain nearly tho whole of eaeh day , ami on _thoMs dav . * au active speculative business was done iu wheat and flour , both f ree and bonded , at _iniprovimj tuicc- ,. The chief _traiifactions were in lhe best
qualities oi ' lrish wheat _ntSs . loSs . _4 d ., ati ( l Kustockand Sk'ttii ., in bond , at fe . tofia . 3 d . _perfOlbs . United Stall's sweet fionr , in _Ixmd , brought _2-is . Gd . to So * . OvL , aud aim * 21 a . _Io 22 * . _^ ct Wei . Tiie .-.-ales of Canadian flour have _bc-en _ntSls . to , 2 s . Cd . per barrel for line and superior brand : . Ko particular _ciianpe has occurred in tho _vaiue of other art _iclcs _* , and { lie demand has been very moderate ; thc best Imh oafs Lave commanded os . 3 d . lo 3 s . id . per * _1 . 5 ib *; . Oatmeal 20 * :. Oil . to Tts . 0 d . _p _? '' _Sahibs ; pfuiifmg barley 3-. Sd . to it . 3 il . per GOibs . ; l . _t-yptiaaI ¦( . •¦• ns , " . is . to lio--., ami Indian com 50 * . to 32 _s , per _-ISOlbs . _Canadian peas , " 3 os . to 3 b \ i . _perSOllbs .
l _. _i- 'Eiis Cum ! Markets . —Since onr last the ol of h market _h-M Homewhat recovered from its depression . In ike _warehouses there has been a fair bu . iine . ss _doi ' fii *; ami at the eloth halls on Tuesday _lisere was a marked improvement . Should the woathei- taken , _fiivnurablc _t ' lirii for the harvest , a good autumn trade mav be _eonlidoiitlvcxiiccted .
Lr . r . ns Conn _Maukst _, _Ttrmnxv , A" « t- _* ST 2 _' 1 . --Vfilh _theextTplinn ofa six hours' rain _yes-tenmy aftrnioon , fhe ' weather has Umi fsir sirce _latr . _1 V . _- : ( 1 . ' _.-i _* . s 1 . _-ii * ; it is ( iue _ajiatu to-day . Tho arrival of who . it during ( he week is large , and a good show of samples on the _ataiuUtliia iiuiriuu ;; , foiv . wl-. kh _tlsa-e is a . very iimiicslticii . i . iid at fully oue i * . _jiev * j \ i , Vi itv below hist Tuesday ' s rales . - OkIs aud beanscci _* . ti : nw in _reqnwtal full prices , aud the iwjyiry i ' or barky and _t'salt iaciva _.-e- _; . _Mai . _t-im Cons Ma : ik _:--t , Ai : < iusi : 2-j . _—Wchav-shnd a _-, (> . a f . _- . _r-. p _' jy _i , f wheat _olil-riuv ; tu this day ' s marset ; br _IJji ; : _* r : i _!* oi > , whicli vivi _ssoui oa nitic ! . " _fhii t : m _> . e ferms _;;* . ; . _? .. _% ' _Ct .- ; - .. In _wi ' _a ' wemaht- no alur -ili : M ,. _^• " i . uat _. v _.-il _, _IVvi . s li :: . jo (¦ . _•* _< _, ; w \ : \ i . e i : Itto , _ft * '•' > '>!> _- . pcrqv . _Ki-lci' of-ID j ;!«; _os : OS' . -, iiid . so _ii-sd per _.-. _toi-. a .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 30, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_30081845/page/7/
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