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VERBATIM REPORT OF THE CHARTIST TRIALS AT LANCASTER.
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Ctjaritgt dEntemgmce
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10 THE PRODUCERS OF WEALTH, AND ALL THOSE WHO LITE BY INDUSTRY OS THE LAND.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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THIS DAY IS PUBLISHED , No . 3 , OF A VEBBAT 1 M B . EP 0 BT OF THE BECKNT TRIALS OF FEARGUS O'CONNOR AND 58 OTHERS , AT LANCASTER , FOR RIOT , SEDITION , TUMULT , AND CONSPIRACY . rpHE above Work will be Published in Weekly Numbers of 64 Pages of Royal Octavo , Edited by -L FEARGUS O'CONNOR , Esq ., Barrister-at-taw , and to whioh wiR be added A SHOST ACCOUNT OF THE CAUSES OF THE DISTURBANCES OF AUGUST £ LND SEPTEMBER LAST , With Notes npon the Trial ; also a Ded | oation to Baron ROLFE . A SPXiEZTOID PORTRAIT OF THE JUST JUDGE WHO PRESIDED , WILL BE PRESENTED WITH THE LAST NUMBER ( GRATIS ) To those who have been Subscribers to the Work . The Portrait will be Executed with a view to jts being placed as a Frontispiece , and when completed , which will be in about four Numbers ; the whole will make a valuable work . Price 7 d . a Number , iu a wrapper . The Portrait gratis . ** ' Subscribers and Agents are requested to give their Orders to Cleave , 1 , Shoe Lane , Fleet Street , London ; Betwood , 60 , Oldham Street , Manchester ; and Hobsou , Northern Star Office , Market
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} $ j Fjuetds , —1 nave eTer asserted , and shall ^ ontinne to assert , that the Tery existence of an ^ dminisiratioBa no matter of what political complexion , is strong presumptive evidence of the aemnescence of publio opinion in its favour . I shall tret contend for the right of the people of any country to resist the aggressions , or to destroy the power , of an unconstitutional Administration , by 3 > obcs : and tb&t the question of constitutionality , or cnconstitutionality , is one to be decided upon by the ¦ phole people ; and not by the King , the Lords , or the Comm ons , as at present chosen , or all of them
united . It may be argued , upon the other hand , that an administration upheld by force may continue by fores to hold the reins of government against the consent * f a large majority of the nation . It may be so for a time ; hut the Tery means used for its preservation trill , in the end , lead to its overthrow . _^ nd it is becaxse I believe that the usual appliances of might for the subjngation of right are now ex-¦ h& usted , or nearly so , that I select thB present as a B and proper tine for opening a new and fertile jeld of pi aclieal agitation , as a means of establishing £ he social and political bass "whereon the title to power shall henceforth securely rest .
Tee mere politician is , in my mind , a mere fool ;; sad nothiag more weakened our party in its infancy jiaa the inabiliiy of the supporters of Chartism to ' lea d theinqnistnemindto any reasonable conclusion r % s to oni ulterior object , or anticipated benefit from i i&e completion of oar measure * 1 admit that it vr as tiresome , and very repulsive , j jo hear nothing , night after night , but you are tho j ¦ producers of ail Trealth , and are entitled to a voice ! jn its representation ; once get the Charter , and ] then Ton destroy the power of your eaemies . "j Tasteless , surfeiting , and insufficient , as sneh repeti- ! fions were , they were , howBver , in the first stage of i
igftanoit , absolutely requisite and necessary for the ; parpen of forming a political party : for had we ; thrown an undigested , chimerical scheme before the ih £ n rnde and uncultivated mind of the country , j all the adroitness of hired opposition would have been enlisted in the exposure of our fallacies , our ; crudities , sad enr "srMms . " j Upon the other hand the growing belie f that the ' want of political power was the grand cause of the , great social inequality by which the nation was dis- ' tracted , has at length led to the wholesome coscln- i gir o , that pofitical pswer is but a hkaxs , and social ' tuppesss the END . ; I , I ¦
We then turn to a consideration of those m £ ams ; firstly , as to how political power has been cbtained , and how it has , in its present shape and form , been so successfully preserved in the hands © fits present possessors ; and , secondly , as to the means by which jj may be preserved by the people , and the objxcts io which , if once possessed , it would be directed . It is my desire to strip mj subject of all those ambiguities and technicalities with which the theorists and wild visionaries hare clothed it , and lay it before you in nature ' s simple dress :
" Nature ' s dress is loveliness . " In the present great conflict of parties , perhaps ihe most striking feature Is this , that the one thing , the only thing , about which all write , all talk , ail think of , and legislate upon , is THE LAND . It really appears to have become common property ; ¦ ht . cI though is xeaJ Talne is seldom assigned to it , or prominently deTfloped in the speeches and writings
of pani ? 5 , yet it is the foundation of 'hem alL What , after ail , does the question of the Corn Laws resolve itself into 3 A question of land either abboad or at ho 3 ie 1 "What are the questions of emigration and colonization , hut questions of Thx Lasd . Then , if we enter more minutely into detail , we have Drainage BiHs , Enclosure Bills , Improvement Bills , Allotment Bills , and so forth ; all questions immediately connected « iib the Lastd .
In the series of letters which I am now about tO address to you upon this subject , it ia my intention to point trat the capabilities of the soil under a wise and proper system of management ; and I hope to prove irrefutably that the people harre i soir in their power to present so large a practice , illustration of the successful resnli which must follow the fulfilment of icy plan as to enlist in its behalf a ooperaiion , an energy , a devotedness , and an
untiring agitation , sueh as no cause was ever yet distinguished by . I h * T © always to regret the nrmfl-nresi of my allotted 0 pace as compared with ihe magnitude of my subjects ; and here 1 am compelled to present the most important question ever yet submitted to the public mind , tail foremost ; and before I submit the plan itself , I am obliged to expose the means bj wiieh , when ihtfrongixly shaped , 3 mean to propose for 5 Is wo&ing .
I believe that many , very many pei 3 onB , not of the working order , are anxious for a large experiment ¦ cpon the plan of home coloxizatio > " ; and that we can iTilisi a great portion of individnal or corporate snppt" < n in its behalf , if the assurance is once given , that Cje re is to be no " underhand tcork , ' no " La torn trnpUon ,- " no " Captivating Prospectuses f no * coirlg io Parliament for Enlarged Pozcers : " no " Inco tporations with power to sue , and to be suedf MBorn . - > aiidiEne of tie first caio ., * to giTe Increased
seecritj to the Directors : I say , that if I can present a scheme in support of which no law , beyond that tlreaSy in existence , ffra-Tl be required , and in the earryin * o , it of which no law expenses wiH be SBwJed , aua l ist « very farthing raised will . go to t h * bentih olihez v « 5 » Jyit £ elf , under prudent , beneficial , and economical management , then I think it will be enthled to the universal support of all industrious persons , more ps rncnlariy when the existing ' aw gfrfs us all the see urity that we could derive either from a - " Charter L ^ corporation , ' * or a " special Ad of Par . Bsmert /'
At the head of mana ^ emeni , as trustees , I hope to see Thomas Duncombe ,. E ^ -s M . K , John Fielden , £ sq-, 1 LP-, and &uirm m Crawford , Esq ., M . P ., — t iuee gentlemen in -whose political integrity , and in whose deare for social re& Generation the people have tverj reason to confide . 1 here blend the social an ^ political character j ^ aanceh as the agitation for the Charter , and the ^ amimeans of achieving it , are *** S ° hand in hand asd iE&sc . Tica as those who pc ^ stss a love of our principle ? , but abhorrence of onri , leans for acquiring &ar recognition , vrill be put to a fi ' -ir te ^» I cannot Bee how any parties can refuse their eo-operation .
In tie ouiset I must guard mys elf against the ^ ip-traps by which faction , when driv . in from arguttat , -Bin eudeaToor io meet me . The cry of * 5 Dna 5 jj 7 r » mn be raised when axga . Tatni fails ; ist 1 ttU jcu that my plan has no m ore to do * ith SodaSsm than it ha 3 to do \ fiti . the ecaet . «¦ Faith" is a term which Eh % ll not « 2 « appear in any of my addresses . " Re igjoa " I ^ allnot say < me word about , farther than toat I «^ 5 ve tiieaceompibhment of my views wonld gfre ifflple &ne to all to bestow more thought and re-&stira upon the subject .
^ ^ nsntiiy of land that I propose to assign to 6 . " » -d > farming kboarer is four acres ; the conditions fca / n 25 are usually contained in leases made between Isaaiord and tenani , free from those absurd tliSH -5 -whieli pre ^ erre to the former rights and P ^ e ^ es such as he has no right io possess 3 ia Di-: trict School , with its free-ground , for ^ PPon , tTilrivated in common by the tenants of the ^ iet to which it would be allotted ; tho Medical fetebliihin& . * its , and means of preventing litigation
* y chosen lUtferees , are subjects which in time lia& have due consideraUon : but I here announce ¦ fiat ay chief aim and object is b 6 to locate the ipiest working man that he may ¦ nninterruptibly ajtv the comforts of Mb own natural lahovrt , and « fi > rt the 32 jiiofM » y , in next year , 1 do fondly ' ^ StapV ^ fiie opening of » XandedX » bour Market so l ^ ie j bo Ji >* cinating , » ad so was , that the implor-^ X sUve ym } nolosgerie co » pelled to beg liberty to ^ i for * a caistence-pittftnea in the Artificial
Hat . Q ? eoarse , m the k * 3 ^ of letters which I am about t « idd ress to you up ^ Q * e Bobject , you mil find todi of politics j but as . mine is a means of acquiring * && happiness by politic ^ power , you must not fonder at it ; inasmuch a 3 ti"e nghk to expend free « 3 bcnr upon the land for the husbandman ' s oven bruit is ihe great advantage tijat I expeot the
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people to derive from the acquisition of-political power . I have more than once reminded you that in agitation there are three stages : — Firstly , the creation of a sound political opinion . Secondly , the organization of that opinion ; and , Thirdly , the proper direction of public opinion . Eely upon it , that the improved mind of this country , will reqnire from the professors of
liberality some better account of proposed measures than the mere repetition of wholesale anticipations , and flummery phrases to captivate excited feelings . ** / would put my head upon the block "— " May my right arm be severed from my body when I desert ihe cause "— " 1 xm / uld die ten thousand deaths , " and so forth , are but ihe A . B . C . of agitation . We have g omb betond that ! and now every man can understand the grammar of politics , and each hearer expects to learn what he iB to contend for .
First principles -will find no place in my letters . I leave such considerations to ihosa who , when once located in a free Btate upon the land , will be in an improved condition to discuss ' those vital , but not just now pertiaent questions . The man -who begins to build Mb house downwards , is & bad architect ; and bo wonld it be injudicious , and out of place , here to argoo man ' s right of participation in that , on which , at present , he cannot acquire the power of even workine fo » himself .
¦ living from band to mouth creates a servile despondency upon the will of the capitalist . Land is the only raw material to which individual labour can be successfully applied . The application of machinery to agrienltnral purposes never can be used to the disadvantage of him who produces his own means of livelihood by the sweat of his own brow . Combination , centralization , and competitioa will not render his fields sterile , nor yet paralize his arm . In the midst of all , he Will , whether cheap » r dear , hare the means of providing for his own and his family ' s requirements , without being I unhoused as " surplus poor , " or persecuted as a i u dissatisfied pauper . "
To the plan -which I mean to propose I shall devote my most untiring , unpaid exertions , and cheerfully fill any situation in which I can be of any service . Under the Friendly Societies' Act , I think we can ensure ample security and protection ; while by a vigourous exertion we can do for ourselves , that which , till done , will ever leave the working classeB the mere sport of faction , and , when done , will give a practical prtof not only that they are the producers of wealth , but that they are about to be the source of all power .
I may here mention that the means by which the fond will be raised will be in shares , payable by instalments of sixpence per week ; bnt that the payment in fall will by no means be required for admitting a shareholder to all the proposed benefits of the Society ; and , should it be objected that a BhareholdeT would have to wait for years for any benefit , the answer is , that the funds te carry out the scheme are not expected to come solely from persons expecting to be located upon the land , but are
expected to come from persons investing capital upon the proposed security of " satdbb ' s in-DrsTRT , " with the guarantee that not a farthing will be foolishly expended . Sick Clubs , Benefit Societies , Trade Societies , and other parties , having now but a slender seenrity for their funds , will see , firstly , that when applied as intended they will be better Becured ; and that till applied , they will have , & 3 now , foil controol orer them , under the management of three honourable and upright gentlemen .
Already a number of middle class men , to whom I have , in part , developed my plan , have expressed their determination to take shares , not with a -new to becoming farming labourers , bnt with the doublt intention of bentfitting the people , and insuring security for their spare funds . Indeed , none but resident working men will be entitled to any portion of land ; while the indispensable necessity of the required number of shop-keepers and trades-people , fo each district , who wonld have no land , would considerably increase the seenrity of share-holderg .
So much of the outlines I now lay before yon , having , in a previous letter , explained , roughly , the machinery by which I propose to carry it out ; because we never must separate the question of politics from social economy . While upon the subject of that letter , in which I threw out a rmde plan of organization , I beg to say that I did so merely to Bet the mind thinking . I do not intend to say one word more upon
the subject until all who are now in bonds shall be free , and until the people shall elect a few discreet men according to our principles , to whom as a national delegation , all plans shall be submitted with a view of agreeing upon improved machinery for onr improved position , and of still further strengthening onr hands ; and to that body I also propose to submit my whole plan for jetting possession of a portion of the la > t > .
I am aware of the great risk men run who are the . first to propose any plan for the redemption of the working classes . I know that those who do their utmost to frustrate his b * st intentions , are afterwards the very first to taunt him with his failure . It was so in the case of those Birmingham deserters , whose professions led me to fond expectations ; and which upon Bncb foolish pretensions I was foolish enough to express and then , when the hope failed through their desertion and treason , they turned round upon me , and tannted me -with leading the people astray : whereas , had thet mjuised tbub , the hope tcould have been realised . But , my friends , so long as 1 resolve up » n
holding no office under the board ; of touching none of the cash ; and of deriving no benefit beyond that —to me the greatest in this world—of giving a home to the wanderer , clothes to the naked , and protection to the weak and the undefended , I shall still have your confidence , although my plans may not bear the test of picking , cr iticism , and searching . If my plans but furnish food for contemplation , in their very absurdities the wise will find matter for discussion and thought ! As in many other instances , the inventor may bear his share of unmerited reproach , yet if the discovery shall ultimately succeed , that success shall be my greatest , my ODly reward . From the pursuit I will not be driven , nor yet turned .
The times are ripe for the change . ' Circumstances demand the change ! Machinery has rendered ihe change necessary ! and if not produced by that power vested in your hands , yon must proclaim yoHreelvesa nation of willing slaves . ! 1 In my next 1 shall go more folly into the details of xnj plan . I am , Your obliged and faithful servant , Feabgds O'Cojwob .
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NEWCASTLE . —Mr . Beesley , the district lecturer , lectured io the Half Moon Inn long room , on Wednesday evening last , on the capabilities of the land , and the natural elaim of toe people to the possession of that land . Me . Beesley lectured in the Chartist Hal ] , Goat Inn , Clotb-market , on Sunday evening , on the impossibility of any man ( whatever hfs professions might bej to act up to tbe principles of pure , practical Christianity without being a thorough-going Chartist It was announced that Mr . Kydd , of Glasgow , would lecture in tbe Chartist Hall , nest Sunday evening , and that Mr . Beesley would lecture in the same place on
Monday evening ; the lecture to commence each evening at half-past seven o ' clock . Tho Chartists of Newcastle and Gateshead held tbeir weekly business meeting on Monday evening , Mr . Wm . Smith in tbe chair . Tbe minutes of the previous meeting having been read and confirmed , Messrs . Smith and Sinclair were elected to represent the Chartists of Newcastle and Gateshead at the meeting of delegates from Vbe counties of Northumberland and Durham to be beld in the Chartists' Hall , Goat Inn , Clotb-matket , on Suniiny . at one o'clock in the-afternoon . Some local bnsines :-having been disposed of , and the Newcastle share of the lecturers' salary ordered to be sent to the district treasurer , tbe meetiDg adjourned .
In consequence ef some misunderstanding , the Chartist delegate meeting to be held In the Chartists ' Hall , Goat Inn , Cloth-market , on Sunday , the 18 th of April , wm announced in last week ' s Star to be held at SbincJiff Hill Top ; we nope this mistake will not prevent such localities in the counties of Northumberland and Parbam as wish to see our principles carried into effect from sending delegates to the meeting in the Goat inn , on Sunday , at one o clock in the afternoon as buaineBS of great importance will be brought before the delegates on that occosion . It is hoped that Bncb localities as cannot Bend a delegate will , by letter , state the part they are willing to take in supporting a lecturer for tbe two counties' district Jamea Sinclair , 25 , High Bridge , Newcastle . [ This was not our mistake—Ed . A . S ]
SUNDEBtAND- —Mr . Beesley , of AccringtoD , delivered a lecture in the Golden Lion , Lonti-rooia , Queen-street , on tho Charter . His lecture occupied two hours in delivery . After the lecture , several new members were enrolled . Sodth Shields . —Mr . Beesley lectured in Sontb Shields , on Monday night last , upon the land , in the large room belonging to the Scarboro' Spa . The room wa 3 well filled . The lecture occupied two houre in the delivery , and gave the greatest satisfaction . Several personB , at the close of the lecture , eame forward , and joined the Association . Mb . Beeslet lectured upon the Sands , by the sea shore , on Sunday morning , to a very attentive audience , and gave much saueftotion . Six persons at the close enrolled themselves members of the Association . We art going on gloriously ia this place .
ABERDEEN . —On Monday evening last , Mr Abram Duncan concluded his lectures in this city ; and , it is bat bare justice to gay , that he has , on ereij occasion , acquitted himself among oe in a very consistent manner ; and ia the meantime haB been awarded that mark of public approbation which his honest endeavouw to promote the growth of Chartism so richly deserve .. ; ASHTW-OHPSB-I . YNB . —Mr . T . Clarke , of Stockport , delivered a lecture here on Tuesday , which completely xiyetted the attention of tbe audience . At the eonelugioB of whioh he xeoeWed » unanimous vote of thanks .
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BIRMINGHAM—The Council of the Birmingham Cbariists ui « t as usual on Sunday , at the Aston-street Rooms . Mr , Moiitt in the ehalt . Toe SBcratary read over the minutes of the preceding meeting , which were confirmed , after which it was resolved that a public out-door meeting should be held on Easter Monday , to make known to tbe Government the fearful state of public distress that now exists throughout the country ; after which Messrs . Newhouse , Mason , Reece and Potts , were elected as delegates from Birmingham , to the delegate meeting to be beld on Easter Sunday . The amount of the . funds brought in showed a steady increase of the funds of the Association , thereby shewing that the council still has the confidence of the people .
Aston street—On Sunday evening Mr . White addressed a meeting at tbe above place , in which he gave an account of his late trial and the misrepresentations of the press respecting it . People ^ Hall or Science . —A crowded meeting of the Chartists of Birniingnatn Was held at the Mechanics' Institute , Great Charles Street , in order to devise weans for the speedy erection of tbe above hall for the use of ths Chartists , and tbe working classes geuerally . The building has remained in stutu quo for more than a year , in consequence of the working
chisses having no faith in the parties who originated it , feut it is now thrown completely into the hands of the people , and , judging from the energy and activity displayed by the Caartfsts , there is little doubt but that it will soon be completed by , and for tbe uue of , the real Chartists . On the above occasion , spirited addresses were delivered by Messrs . Mason , Mead , O'Neii , und others . The working men present responded nobly to tho call , and there is now little doubt tbat tbe Chartists of tbiB town will soon have a noblu building in which to propagate their principles .
COVENTRY—Mr . George White delivered an tutoress in the Association Room , on Monday evening , to a numerous and respectable audience , satisfactorily showing that no remedy exists for tbe present evils that affliot society , but the People ' s Charter . BARNSLEY . —Tbe Chartists of this town held their weekly meeting on Monday night . The subscription books to the Defence Fund were audited , and the treasurer was authorised to send the monies on hand to Mr . Cleave , being the sum of £ 1 14 s . 7 d ., fourteen shillings of which was from the Chartists of Ackworth , : ind four shillings from the Chartists of Cawthorne .
JfOTTINGHAIYI . —The Chartists met at the Democratic Cbapel on Sunday morning , when it was resoWed tbat a tea party do take place in Mr . Bean ' s Rooms , on Easter Monday , and that the twenty-six victims of magisterial oppression , who have been confined in Southwell Bouse of Correction for various terms , from two to six months , be invited . Tickets eigbtpenoe each to be had of Mitchell and Rodgers . LONDON . —The Metropolitan Delegate Meeting was held on Sunday , Mr . Wheeler in the chair .
Four shillings and eightpence was received from the Star , Golden-Jane , and 3 s . from Somerstown . Mr . Salmon reported from the committee appointed to net up the meeting to Mr . Duncombe . Mr . Simpson reported from the finance committee , and severs ) debts were discharged . On a motion of Mr M » ynard , the secretary was ordered to write to all the cielosates , requesting their attendance on the ensuing Sunday , to discuss Mr . O'Connor's proposal for a new organization ; the meeting then adjourned .
Mr . Wheeler lectured on Sunday evening , at the Political Institution , Turnagaiu-lane , aud was highly applauded . Messrs . ParKer , Cowan , and others , briefly addressed the meeting in support of the principles put forward by the lecturer . An animated discussion then took place upon the subject of the '' land , " in which Mr . Brown , who acted as chairman , Mr . Carey , and Mr . Rathboue , took part . Lambeth . —A young men ' s locality has been formed here , in lieu of the youth's locality , which formerly existed . They have sent us their list of councillors , which shall appear next week .
Walworth , Subrev . —At the usual weekly meeting , held at ' the Montpelier Tavorn , on Monday , it was proposed by Mr , Dale , seconded by Mr . Allen , and carried unanimously , that our best thanks are due to Mr . Thomas Duncombn , for his attendance at Nottingham , in support of that great and glorious principle the People ' s Charter ; and it is sincerely hoped , individually and eollectively , that Mr . Gisborne , tho n « wly elected member for Nottingham , will follow the same example , in advocating , and strenuously supporting right against might and justice against oppression .
Lambeth . —A district meeting took place in this locality on Tuesday evening , when the subject of the land and how to obtain it , ww ably diBcussed , and it was clearly demonstrated that the working classes have it in their power , by weekly subscriptions , or by carrying on a plan of exclusive dealing to obtain ample means to enable them to purchase land , build houses , employ their own members , support schools for tbeir own children , and cause Chartism to become the practice and la , w of the land . It was announced that Mr . Keen would lecture here next Tuesday evening . The General Council residing in Surrey and Kent , met as Ubual on Sunday last , at the Rotunda . Mr . Thorpe reported from St . John ' s and St . Olaby . Mr . O'Connor ' s plan of Organization was discussed , and the meeting adjourned until Sunday next .
South London Locality , Rotwda . —The members met on Monday night . Mr- O'Connor ' s plan was entered into and ably discussed . The meeting adjourned in consequence of Easter Monday , to the 24 th April , on which night Mr . Martin will lecture . Four new members were enrolled , Chaktjst Magazine Committee . —This committee held its usual weekly meeting at the Craven Head , Orury-lane , oo tho 8-h wit ., when tv » o new members were added , and favourable reports received from the City , Southwark , and Marylebone . After other important busine&s , tbe meeting adjourned . MarylebonR . —At a general meeting of the membT 8 of this locality , a resolution , proposed b y Mr . Watkins , was carried by a large majority to the tfiect , thatwerecal our delegates from the Metropolitan Delegate Meeting .
ECCX . ES , near Manchester . —On Monday eveniug last , a public supper was given at the house of Mr . Caitrall , sign of the Hare and Hounds , to commemorate the liberation of several friends , who had been incarcerated in Kiikdale Gaol , for having taken a prominent part in the late strike . About seventy persons sat down to aa excellent repast ; and , after doing ample justice to the eubstantials , the tables were removed , and Mr . Da rid Morrison was called to the chair . Mr . Morrison briefly addressed the meeting , and then introduced Mr . James Leach , of Manchester , who was received with the most marked 'affection and esteem . When order
was restored , Mr . Leach proceeded to address the meeting in h \ % usual effective manner , and was loudly applauded . Mr . Leach's address occupied nearly an hour , and , at the conclusion , a resolution was passed by the meeting , expressive of their determination to re-organise the Association . A gentleman present of the name of Tomlinson offered a room in his premises for the use of the Association , free of expence . A number of persons then came forward , and enrolled their names as members ; and , after » number of recitations and patriotic songs had -been given and sung by Beveral gentlemen present , the meeting broke up , highly delighted with > he rational and instructive manner in which they had spent th « evening .
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MANCHESTER , —Carpenters' Hall —Mr . John West , late of Macctestield , delivered two lectures in the above Hall , to large and respectable audiences . Sodth Lancashire j Delegate Meeting . —The South Lancashire delegate meeting was held in the Chartist Room , brown-street , Manchester , on Sunday last , when the following delegates were present —Carpenter ' s Hail , Manchester , Mr . John Nattall , Mr . Wm . Groeott , Mr . i Wm . Gresty , Mr . Thomas Siddley ; Stockport Youths ' , Mr . Wm . Brown ; Ratoliffc Bridge , Mr . J . jlsherwood ; Halsham Moor , Mr . J . Gaskell ; Ashtou-under Lyne , Mr J . Simpson ; JRochdale , Mr . Robf rt White ; Hollingwood , Mr . James Ash ton ; Qldham , Mr . Henry Chappie . Mr . Gresty was unanimously called to the chair . Tho Seoretary read the \ miuutes of the last meeting which were confirmed . ! The following sums were then paid in by the delegates present .
SOUTH LANCASHIKE LECTURERS FUND . £ s d Carpenters ' Hall 0 15 0 Stockport Youths' 0 16 Halshaw Moor 0 14 Ratcliffe Bridge 0 1 0 Rochdale ... 0 5 10 £ 14 8 IRISH FUND Stookport Youtha' 0 10 Rochdale ... ; 0 0 4 Ashton-under-Lyne 0 10 Oldham 0 10
£ 0 3 4 DEFENCE FUNDRatoliffc Bridge , per J . Ibherweod ... 0 10 Mr . Nuttall proposed the following resolution ; — " That the Charirman of ; the Soath Lancashire Council shall have his vote , aa a delegate , independatit of the casting vote as Chairman when the votes are equal . " Mr . Robert White briefly seconded the motion ; which after some little discussion , was carried . Mr . Nuttall moved , " ThaA each locality be supplied with two of the local lecturers' plans , and each lecturer on the plan with the samo number from the county fund . iAnd if any of the localities desire a greater number , they must give their orders to the Secretary before jthe plans « o to the press , such plans to be paid for by the localities rece ving
thorn , at the price paid tor printing . " Mr . Gaskeli seconded the motion , which was carried unanimously , Mr . Groeott moved , and Mr . Simpson seconded . 11 That the levy be discontinued for the next month ; and that those localities that are in debt to the lecturers' fund , will endeavjour to bring in such arrears to the next delegate meeting . " Carried . Mr . Gas kell then moved , " That'an address be drawn up ly this meeting , calling upon those places in the district that have neglected to send delegates to the County Council to come forward : in future and lead us their aid . " Carried . The following persons were constituted a committee to draw up the address : —Messrs . Groeott , Nuttall , and ] Dixon . Thy meeting was then adjourned until Sunday , the 30 th of April , when the lecturers , iu the South Lancashire plan are requested to mtet the delegates at ten o ' clock in the forenoon , in the Brown-street room .
BRADFORD . —On Sunday , the members Of the Council met in their room , BuUerworth-buildings . The Chartists of Little Horton paid 6 d 10 ^ d contributions ; James-street Is 7 d . The following resolutions were unanimously adopted : ' That a Chartist book shop and newspaper agency be established , the proceeds to be appropriated to forward the Chartist cause . " " That the foregoing resolutions be laid before the Chartists of each locality , aud their opinion be sent to the Council , on Sunday , at two o ' clock in the afternoon . " '" Tnat a special meeting of the Council be held : on Sunday ntxi , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , and every member be invited to attend . "
On Sunday evening , a lecture was delivered in the Council room , on ihe past and present conditiou of Ireland , politically anS socially . After the lecture several questions Were asked respecting the remedy . The lecturer traced th <; evils to class legislation , and contended for ' the right of every mau to enjoy tbo elective power . The Chartists of Little Horton met in their room , Park-lane , on Sunday , and unanimously resolved to recommend to the Council tho establishing of a Chartist book shop and agency . The Chartists of James-street met on Tuesday evening , when they rasolved to call a special meeting of the members , on Tuesday next , on the question of a Chartist book shop .
The Chartists of Bowling Back-Lane met on Sunday iu ihe association Iruoui , wheu they resolved to take up the question iof establishing a Chartist book shop and agency . They request a full attendance on Sunday next , at ten o ' clock , in the morning . On Monda y , a publio meeting was held in front of the Odd Fellows' Kail , convened by requisition , to take into consideration the bill now before Par 1 iament for the education of Factory Children , and fixing the hours of labour . Mr . Titlcy was called to the chair . Mr . Edward Hurley addressed the meeting at considerable length , on the urgent demand for education , and proposed'the following resolution : — " That , in the ! opinion of this meeting , the Bill now before Parliament for the Education of Children Employed in Factories , is not calculated to give to the rising generation a sound practical
education ; but we receive it as a means to extend education amongst the people , and also believing that it will be ultimately instrumental in reducing the hours of adult labour to ten hours per day , under the present circumstances wo receive the Bill , provided some Ofjtlie clauses were attend , such as placing the election of Trusses in the Ratepayers , and extending thp time to niue ytars ior children te commence labour in icill ^ , —a ^ we conceive it would be iujuriojas to employ a child at eight 5 ears of age . " Mr . Tlnomas lbbotson seconded the resolution Mr . Henry Hodgson moved an amendment , That the whole of the Educational part should be expunged ( from the Bill . Mr . G . Fletcher seconded th ~ amendment . Mr . Ross supported the Bill . The resolution was carried by a large majority .
HEYWOOD . —Saturday last being the expiration of the term of William iBell ' s incarceration , the Chartists of Heywood determined to honour him with a public dinner on the occasion , and although but a few days notice was given , upwards of fifty sterling Chartists sat down .- at the house of Mr . John Whithead , Wxigley Brook , Heywood . After the good things of this life ha . d been discussed , and the cloth withdrawn , Mr . John Hampeon was called to the chair , and opened the business of the evening by introducing our liberated friend , who was enthusiastically cheered . Ho gave a long outline ot his bufferings while in Kirkdale G ^ al , and delivered an excellent Chartist lecture . Tne veteran James Read also addressed the meeting .
The fohmation of a co-operative store is actively going on , in connection with the i > roylo . » d > -n and Newton Heath Joint Stock Companies . Per ^ uis desirous of taking shares are requested to apply to James Locket , Cavenc ! i = h-strQet , Cotton-atreet , Ashton . CrliASCrOVT . — ( From our own Correspondent . J — It is an old saying , and ofti n a true one , ' Murder will out . " The attempt tq betray the causo of the people into the hands of a meicrnary faction is now placed boyond suspicion . A meeting of the leading men of the Complete Suffrage parly , if ( hey can im called a party , was held a ; few days ago in Bell ' s Coffee-fcousc , for the purpose of lui-min ^ " a Fre « Trade Association . " T . ie meeting , such as it was
unanimously agreed that a ] Freo Trade A ^ sociatiou should be formed ; and in order to give proper impetus to this mighty obj-cf , it was resolved that thty should meet on an early uight , when they should have the assistance of Mr , James Aclaud . We never doubted but that there were some well meaning individuals codnected with tho Complete Suffrage party , but as to the renegades who turned their back on the Chartist motement , we had but one opinion , namely , that they were Whigs to the back bone , but professing to bejChartists , so that they might worm themselves intojtho people '? confidence , calculating upon beiDg able , at some convenient period , to turn the tide of pppular feeling in favour of their own allies , the dying rump of Whiggery . To make mention of these tricksters in any public manner is almost waste of time ; but we consider it
onr duty to make the above fact known to the people as proving the oft-expressed ! opinion of ouselves and others , regarding this joint in the tail of Whiggery Some of these trimmers appear to have thrown ali feelings of honour to the winds . This is evident in the conduct of certain members of the late " Central Committee forj Scotland . " U } B well known that the leading members of that self-sufficient junta jhad endeavoured by everything which low cunning could devise , to cut out for themselves jobs by which they could act the gentleman at the expense of a virtuous but confiding people * but on finding their schemes not to raccecd they , after having led their treasurer , Mr . G . Ross ' into debt , amounting to something more than £ 12 o ' left that gentleman to extricate himself as he mighi think proper . True , they got up a eoiree , when i
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' ^ WW * " vukuru ^ i , " ¦ - ~ yi £# / & ** # ** - / r dJh , <•/ ¦ ' ••/ Sturge and S . Crawford were in Glasgow , the proceeds of which were to go to liquidate the above rfebt , but for reasons best known to the party , the Treasurer has never , to the knowledge of Mr . Roes Or the public , produced any balance sheet Of the said soiree . We were present along with Meprs . Ross , Moir , and some other friends , at tbe meeting where the soiree was , on the motion of Mr . W . C . Pattison , agreed upon , and which resolution specially provided that the proceeds should go to liquidate the debt OH the Chartist Circular , due to Mr . Ross . Many attended that soiree on account of Mr . Rosa , yet Sir .
Ross knew no more of that soiree , excepting that it took place , than does the Emperor of Japan ; but this is not all . At the late Scottish Convention , held at Glasgow , our countrymen know tbe part these canters about morality acted . The " unprincipled O'Connorites" were to be put down , to prove these fellows love of morality , though they kuew that a debt of near £ 200 had bsen contracted by them , and for which their treasurer , Mr . G . Ross , was bound . Notwithstanding they having a paid secretary , another person was appointed to act aa secretary for the Convention ; this follow got the minute book of the Central Committee away to his own house , to enable him to write the minutes at his own convenience . Sometime ago Mr . Ross , in
endeavouring to wind up the affairs of the Central Committee , as a matter of course , found it necessary to have the minute book ; be accordingly applied to the person who acted as secretary for the Convention , and in whose possession the book Was , to have it returned , but this-person , instead of assisting in relieving Mr . Ross from his liabilities , demanded £ 2 for his trouble iu writing the miiiutes of Convention , ( tolerable for three days ) , howler , Mr . Ross paid the £ 2 ; . after which , to his utter astonishment , he was told that Wm . Pattison had the book . Mr . Ross immediately applied to Pastisoa for it : but , that gentleman , instead of handi :, tc tbe book to Mr . R ., coolly told him he would nor give the book without a written order from Mr .
Malcolm ; if he did even then . Comment on such conduct would be superflou 8 . We content ourselves with stating the facts , leaving the people to draw their own inference . We have inquired at Mr . Ro 3 s ' s this morning ( Monday ) , and find the h nrk is not yet returned . For what purpose the minu > esof th » Central Committee is thus kept ap by one of its members , we cannot well conceive . Some saj it is to serve some purpose in the action of " Ro ' aers against Moir , " for defamation of character . Tnte action is said to be pressed by othor parties a .-v-mst the wish of Rodgers . In justice to Mr . John Rodgers , from what we have hitherto known ot'h ' in . we are of opinion , that if left to himself , he would never be guilty of such unmanly conduct as b . 6 if- now in
paid to be pur-ui / i ^ 'owards Moir this nrioa . No man who knows John Rodgers can b . 'lir . o him to be the author of charging Moir in a libti summons , with being a member of a physical fom j * 3 Ocia ' ion , and a follower of Feargus O'Connor . If this be true , there can be but one opinion as io the intent , viz ., an aitempt to prejudice the Court against Mr . Moir ; but be tbat as it may , wo do dm tax John Rodirers as being tho author . The fa-: . ons , both Whigs and wou ) d-be demucrats , are r-uid at the resalt of the Lancaster trials . They fond . ' y expected that Fearsfus should be got rid of oa chat occasion ; and now that he has got all but citsar off they baselv attempt to insinuate away his character , declaring that he is in league with the Goverument .
In the Glasgow Post , of — March , we find tbe folow-inu : precious morsel , also is the Paisley Dtpurtor , and lvhich , we believe , is from the pen of a Q , = ker . "At the rpcnt trials at Lancaster Mr . F . o-gus O'Connor has done more , we conceive , than . , -tied duspiiiion of his acting for the Tories . He has tiven . good grounds for believing that he has acted i . connection with the present Government and rheir adherents . " He then entered into a history t > f Mr . O'Connor's abuse of the Whigs , and conclufVd as follows— " In addition to these transactions it ia worth ? of remark , that the whole tenor of Mr . O'Connor ' s opening speech was an eulogium on the Attorney-General and the Government for their conduct . If he did not in direct words say to , the
import of Mr . O'Connor ' s speech was to tUiiuk the Government for having broughi him and tnoae arraigned with him to trial . " Now what wiH this canting professor of liberality think , when « e tell him that if these trials had taken place in Scotland , under similar circums ! anct » 8 , the whole of th-3 prisoners would have been dismissed , not by a * ordict of the jury , such would not have been asked , b , u by the Judgas . Having found that these wick < < i and malicious insinuations , from the pen of John H > . aaerson , had conveyed false impressions in the a' ^ ence of a thorough knowledge of the case , to many , / dIineaning minds , we were led to inquire into th law of evidence in Scotland , to see whether thci « va 3 room for the insinuations of the reputed E < iu > r of
the GISsffou Post , and in the hope that the re * . t of our inquiry may be the means of enabling b- ; n to square his actions with his professions , as well ¦ i to save him in future from theh « mility of betray u . ^ his ignoranco of the criminal laws of hi 9 couan v , we quote the following from Allison's Practice of t . Vminal Laws— " If an attempt is made to tutor or practice on a witness in thn course of his examina" <> n , or before it , the person gailtyof such practices is i ib ! e to summary trial and punishment . " It is freqn ^ utly made a question whether a witness may refer to notos or memorandums , made up'to assist his memory . On this subject , the rule is that notes or aicmorandums made by the witness at the moment , or just after the fact , may be lo-ked to , in order to refresh
his memory . Gordon Kmloch ' s case , 29 . h June , 1795 , Burnett ( 459 ) ; but if they were made H ^ at the distance of weeks or months thereafter ^ aud Ktill more , if done at the recommendation of one ( if ohfl purties , they &ee not admirable . It ia accordingly usual to allow witnesses to look to their memorandums , made at the time , of dates , distance , appearauces of dead bodies , lists of stolen goods , » r 'he like , before emitting his testimony—or even to read euch notes to the jury as his evidence , ho ! aring first sworn tbat they were m-ide at the tim >\ and faithfully done . With the exception , however , of such memorandums , a witness is not permiuei to refer a written paper as containing his depositions , for that would annihilate the whole advantatr . s of
parole evidence , and viva vece examination , and convert jury trials into a mere considerate ^ of written evidtnee . Page 550—If any attenvt is made to tutor or practice on a witness in tbe course of his examination , or before it , the person guilty of such practices is liable to summary trial and punishment . Thus a female was sent to jail for pmnely whispering to a witness in course of a tr il . — Wm . Smjth , « th July , 1714 . " It is a genera ! rule in the law of Scotland that the witnesses shouh be examined separately . It is founded on the importance of having the story of each witness fresh ; ii his own recollection , unmingled with the impre ^ -uuns received from hearing the depositions of otNr . in the same case ; and , although it is impo-sib e to
prevent conversations between them , yet the exigence of this comparatively inconsiderable evii . w ' iicn cannot bo avoided , is justly considered as ue reaoon for voluntarily incurring a greater at the rery moment of trial . It is impossible that a person v . ho hears the evidence at a trial can avoid taking up aa impression one way or other , as to the facts which . it involves ; and , if the witnesses are to be < j'led late in the day , have heard important evij-,-ice from those who have gone before them , it is aot in human nature , that they should not give at ore decided testimony , one way or the other , than tiiey
would have done if their minds had been un ^ a ^ ed by ev-rything excepting what they thfiin ^ 'iveg had witnessed , and it is hoped when other p > iria of our iiistitutions are swept away in the growini' passion for innovation , th ; s at l ^ ast will be allo « f » o' to remain a monument of tbe wisdom and hum 1 i . e .- of the-Scottish iggigi . 'iHiro . Let Provost Henderson md those croakers who are base enough to insinuate that " Feargus O'Connor has given good groun i « for believing that he is anting in connection xr ' uii the present Government and its political adherents . '' cjatrast the above , as the foundation of the law * f . _ vidence in Scotland , witk the manner in which
nitnrSies were lulortd and practised an at aad prt-vi-ms to tho late trial at Lancaster , and try if thry can point to a single fact , and say " Here is proo' that Feargns O'Connor h acting in connection wi b the present Govern meut . " ft t } j no , they will not i / ioertake the task ; it suits their purpose much ben-: r to eal in generalities , and pay to their dupes , " F"argu ? O'Connor is acting with the Tories . " Tht-t , ik . wg know they lie wV en 'hey ^ ay * o . Trial by Jury was lutic sftorr , of a m . 'iv f . rra ac Lancaster ; the witne ? fcs were tnt « rid aad practised on ; the iopositioub taken bewr < - < he magistrates were rt-. d to tla-rn in presence of each other , and that oa the
morning before they were examined , which , a .-. . > Hing to the law of Scotland , converted the " trial i V * a mere consideration of written evidence . " We have thus as britfly as posMblo placed the unfounded ; tcou-« ationsof the Glasgow Post side by side wrh the laws of Scotland , as regards trial by jury , and according to tbn abov * law , as laid down by that ornament to Scottish jurisprudence , Professor Hume , Burnett , Allison , and others . We challenge John Henoerton , or any other to show why Mr . O'Connor and his fellow prisoners should not have been dismissed by the Judge in consequence of the manner in which the witnesses had been " tutored and practised on . " '
_ The DiuEcroBs of th © Glasgow Charter Association met on Friday evening for the transaction of their ordinary business . At the close of the business , Mr . J . Colquhoun moved that a special me ting ?» * ke directors be held on Monday evening , tha ¦ I 7 * h ipstant , to take into consideration the propriety of getting up a social meeting on the evening of the third Mpnday in May , being the anniversary oi the day ( 2 m May ) on which the People's Charter was ' first publicly proclaimed cd the Green of Glasgow . Mr . Ross asked whether Mr . Colquboun intended that any of our friends from a distance should be invited 1 Mr . C . eaid he should bo happy u > pee Mr . Hill , Editor of the Northern Star , and Mef-sra . " Duncombe and O'Connor at their meeting , which he hoped would be & soiree on a splendid scale « - « M «» 3 . Smitfi , Brown , and o ; . hers ^^!^§ l'ui 3 i 3 *| ffm acquiescence in the propositiM ^ ftejyrtftill ^^ esbe lution was unanimously agn ^^ i ^ p ^( i 3 f' ^ fe /\ w ^ M ^ rB \ ; A ^ j *^ ¦ <^ P M ' ¦ ^ gj | $ f 0 § ¦
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' TO MY BROTHER * CONSPIRATORS . " Mr JsiBJn > 3 , —Mr . Roberts is now labouring hard to put our aflairs in a proper position ; but , doubtless , ihe poor fellowi who have been convicted will expect Jos to report progress . I may then say , that if tbe Atv « n « j . Gisne » l intends to call toy of the parties op fo , r judgement , sufficient notice will b « given to them on seqiurinB their personal nppearanct in the Qaeen ' BBene * J when wft * hallnave « n opportunity of moving as K » shall be Advised , in arrest of judgment . Jones's case iB occupying a great deal of onr attention , bnt it would not be prudtnt to publish the manner in which we hope to have it reopened or re-considered . . I suppose about nine days notice mil be given to the defendants j but as tbe Court appears to be fully
Verbatim Report Of The Chartist Trials At Lancaster.
VERBATIM REPORT OF THE CHARTIST TRIALS AT LANCASTER .
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supplied with business for some time , it is not likely that an early appearance will be required to deprive men of their liberty who , without recognizances , appear to be leading aa honest and industrious life . Thus you Bee , while all the work ia left to Mr . Roberts and myself , you take it very quietly ; for we are allowed to proceed upon the pure Malthusian prineipte—upon " OCR own bksOURCES . " I never
bother you much about funds ; but now I tell you that the time is at hand : and unless you supply them , your friends must go to gaol ; whereas if you supply them , we are resolved upon fighting every inch of ground . The whole amount subscribed , from first to last , for the Special Commission , for the Lancaster trials , for Cooper ' s , White ' 9 , for York and all others , with expence . « occasioned by removing the trial , does not reach £ 700 . ; while I send you the subjoined account of the amount spent by Government in the Special Commission only , and then ask your selves if this is fair : —
" SPECIAL COMMISSION . " A Statement of Expenses incurred during the lat » Special Commission , for which the sum of £ 15 , 000 is estimated to be required in th * Miscellaneous Estimates , No III . ; distinguishing the amount incurred at Stafford , Ghester , and Liverpool , for the Expenses of Judges ,, Fees to Coansel , and Fees to Solicitors , with the Expenses of Witnesses , and the number of dsys the Judges eat at each place . " LXNCASH 1 BE AND CH . ESHI&K Si'ECUL COMMISSIONS .
£ s . d . Jndges' expenses ... 372 0 1 Judges' officers 360 ) 7 0 Fees to counsel and clerks , Lancashire 2 . 747 iB 3 Ditto Cheshire 1 , 733 2 9 Fees to Solicitors ) Paid on ao- ) n qq * a o Expenses of witnesses ) count ... /
£ 7 , 013 ia * ' STAP 70 RSHIBE SPECIAL COMMISSION . £ . s . d . Expenses of Judges 329 10 0 Judges' officers , court fees , and clerks of assize 786 2 Foes to counsel and clerks 4 . fl 91 14 0 Fees to solicitors { agents' bills ) ... 2 , 718 12 9 Expenses of witness ... 1 , 979 17 9 Travelling expenses and hotel expenses of counsel , solicitors , &c , previously to and at the late special commission 138 I 2 Sheriff , under-shonff , and gaoler ... 475 17 0 £ 10 , 51 S , U 8 M The Judges sat at Chester ... 4 days . Ditto Liverpool 4 „ Ditto Stafford ... 13 „ " The expenses incurred under the Special Commission , and in prosecution of indictments found under the same , beyond the sum of £ 15 , 000 , will be defrayed from the sum to be provided in the present session for ordinary law charges . " " April 7 . " * G . Maule . " Now you have read what it cost for twenty-one days persecution , and add to that what we have been called upon to meet , and say have you done your duty ? I really must implore you to remit , forthwith , to Mr . Cleave , such Bums as can be spared . Yours , faithfully , Fbaegds O'Connor ,.
Ctjaritgt Dentemgmce
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10 The Producers Of Wealth, And All Those Who Lite By Industry Os The Land.
10 THE PRODUCERS OF WEALTH , AND ALL THOSE WHO LITE BY INDUSTRY OS THE LAND .
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70 L- VI- NO . 383 . SATURDAY , APRIL 15 , 1843 . *^» g ? Sg , r £ or
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gr AND LEEDS GENERAL AIWERTISEE .
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 15, 1843, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1208/page/1/
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