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Northern Star (1837-1852), 20th May 1843, Edition 1 of 5, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      EMIGRATION . -THERE TO , AND HOW TO PROCEED . OF •* * ° rB THBOCGH A PORTIOK OP CA 5 ADA ., f iXD SE ^ KBAL OF THE STATES 0 ? NOHTH lilEKlCA . FABTICUI-AttLT THE STATES OF ^ gSACBCSBTTS , RHODE I 8 LASD , SEW T » BK , P 55 XSTI-TAJIIA , OHIO , MICHIGAN , ILLINOIS . ¦ WISCONSIN . A 3 fD SEW JERSEY , WNDERIAKES •» 1 IB A TIEW OF ASCEB . TAI 5 ISG THE DEUjiSILlIT , OB . OTHBBWISB . OF EMIGRATION ; jj ) TO JCDCK OF THE BEST LOCATION . FOR J 5 GUSH EHISRAJ . TS , FROH ACTCaL OBSEETAtlOS . B LAWRENCE PITKETHLY , of Huddenfield . ( Continued from our last week's p * per . ) jnruxAl DESCRIPTION OF DUNKIRK , SANDUSKY , DETROIT , lee . ^

      Feidat , seth . —I begun my journey from Chester , 000 iSfrr ferak of Say ; Mr . and Mrs . Crowtber wyicx botts sot up and prepared a breakfast similar to tte tapper- Feeling annoyed at the delay occasioned w » so nnch cooking , I took some milk , and hastened Crt > r tber to « el ready the horse and bugey . Crowther aU » red to iccomptny me . He managed to drive much vgfjj- than I bad done , ard took a long stretch of -ao mnch better than that over which I had travelled . Sa& we had much difficulty in reaching Bei / vce , ¦ mbzTe ¦ we called upon a friend of Crowther ' s , named David Jfc 4 « cn , an Englishman , with a n ? o > t handsome viie and two charming daughters , very neatly dressed . rter irere all highly amused by my yesterday a advtntare , which I related -while the ladies were engaged in -repariBj dinner for us . They had dined . However ttej Bi down at the table , and after tasting txeated OtfjmelTe * » nd explained .

      jit Jedson informed me that Pork was selling at three ttS&pH poo 1 " * i Wheat per bushel fifty cents ; Indian Cora eig hteen to twenty-five cents ; Oats thirteen to jj | hteen ; Barley twenty-fire to thirty ; Millet little used-After taking leave of the amiable family of tbe J # dx ^ * e proceeded onward for Marshall , and took s different road to the one I had travelled . Tbe drive w »» wry pleasant and considerably cleared . We went to tbe Marshall House from whence the coach was to jart . Ii was soon ready ; bnt I did not feel eomfnrtjisle it the thought of having to travel over ron « h Hidi in the daik , it being then nine o ' clock at night ; however > I ioTini th * roads somewhat better than I an-^ gjttxeA . Tfcs coach , which was hun « on strong leathern jfciB , swung exceedingly . There are three seats to the iaaicsn stage coaches ; one at each end , and one in tbe middle , which is movtable . A strong leathern belt

      OdHei above tbe seats and forms a rest fot the btck , there are neither glass nor pannels at the sides , but tfeey are open with 8 sort of canvas apron to button np tX pleasure . The passenger * consisted of myself , six Tinkee dandies and a cheerful young lady . Tbe giadie * were very merry and not at ail choice in their election of phrases . The lady was equally free . They nade some joking remarks respecting myself ; but knowing where I was , I took them very patiently . The eo&rh hslUd at KaLaMazoo . In the Inn ftae Tas a vsry large wood fire , around which I was nrpnsed to see tha passengers crowd as though h had tem the middle of winter , while I knew not how to keep myself cooL We remained hereabout an henr , % ai kft behLud us tbe Doi * y gents and the loquacious lady . Tie to ~ n is handsome , well situated and wtli boilt ; and tie country around it is beautiful and iartite .

      Osepeeiisrity connected with American stage coach twwffiEf arrested my attention . There are not constant stjpj » ee » at the inns , aa with ua in England -, but the fo ^ f ^ mm carries with him a watering pail ; and when be comes to a saeim , or well , or pool , as the case may ie , be aft&a and waters his horses . Satvbday , 27 th—From this place , Kalahazoo , we next readied Paw Paw . Saving crossed the nvw Kalamsz- » , cm comae lay through a very fine country . We arrived it Paw PaW about nine o ' clock in tbe morning when we breakfasted , and then again proceeded ti-oBgh a rich course of country , having in the distance to our left , the White Pig « on Prairie , which is well settled by both Scotch and English emigrants . Tbe forests are ratter numeroaj ; yet there are Einy openings with n ^ at houaea and log huts . Tbe crops are m general good and heavy ; though the whole a mach damaged by smut .

      On our way we took up two young ladies named Woodreofs , whose father had been ft Methodist preacher , but bad some years ago taken up bis abode on i Tcry hindsome farm , on which be died , leaving a vidow and nunjenma family . These ladies were vtry jtiiiie , acd fumiibrd much valuable local information . We bkd also with us a person of the name of King , Tie travelled by ccach , having a " scruple of con-KStttee" against Sunday travelling , which be could not bra sToided had he gone round by tbe Lakes . He oil if be could not have crossed the Lake before Stmdiy . be would havs staid at S :. Joseph's till Tuesday , ttee brdng no coach on Monday , and , of course , no caster to cross . This gentleman spiritualized most Mr . 'Trrpi ? -wiih the young ladies .

      " Wfe liso took up a b jcksmiui , who , in conversation , aid iiai money could not be obtained , and that ptyple dailixLCB were seeking work daily , and none conM fiTr tten i ; for the want of means to psy them , although ¦ workmen of every description were much required . Alia- crossing a very long flit wooden bridge over 1 iwucp on the verze of the river , the coach ¦*» drawn on board a ferry boat on the St . Joseph b rJTer , icd landed at a town of tbe same same , which p * nlj ctssds o ^ the summit of a considerable elevation , » ai partly below on tbe margin of tbe river .

      The rirer here rather resembJ&d a bay of tbe lake , flan anything el » e , forming a very extensive mar » . h . 1 canrtnd&d tbit the marsh Bust be the source of much disease . The landlord , however , of tbe inn where tbe K * ci > stopped told ua he bad lived there thirty years ml bad iiwsTs etjoyed as good btaith as he then sj-jj-fcd , xcd h ' - was the most healthy looking and corptietl mm 1 bad seen in the Slates . On tbr opposite bank of the river from St . Joseph' ! , » rito of sar . d hii ]» ran alorg the verfe of ths lake y Srti'gsa , -wfeick in times of speculation were all sur-Tsysd tad liidout , ard vast * un&s of money paid for bnliiiiig lots , it rtdinded me uf accounts I had read rf the sardy deaerts of Arabia ; for it would have been Eiors radjual io hate built upon piles over the lake crtbe bay .

      At fire p . m . the steamer arrived with passengers , and the coach started for Jackson , by the route we tid come . Ws bad U > wait till the steamer was pr * - yii = d with wood for the fires , and got out of the bay J * oefore the twilight , having a good view of the iiv » . St 5 da . t , Sith . —On the pasrage across tbe lake , tbe frctieiBM who ipiritual : z » d with tbe ladies informed as that , hi 1534 , B company purchased , through their - * T ? ' *^ ^ ei ? fet square miles of as good land as any 0 Iiibou for a dollar per * ere , til prairie land ; ana t-5 t Uiey iftCTWaids bought about 1000 acres of wood is = l abemt ex miles distant from the lwgei purchase , K -tm one zl& a quarter to £ . Tfe doliars per acre- This " « K . id waj a good porcjjage .

      Tie pnrcbase was made for tbe establishment of a ^ fcanitj . the Eiae of which is D £ Latan , near - _ f £ i > GFiELD . the capital of tbe State . Taia commu-^ s ? is , likem ^ jt other * , bound together by religious ties . ar . Kmg said that finding tbey bad made such an adj ^ t ^ eoM purchase , and were d . ing ao well , they ™ i * t a farm and erected a share saw mill upon it , * -fca prcrcd & dead loss to the amount of near 10 , 000 ^ "a rs ; a lots equivalent to tbe gain reaTzed by 0 l

      tf- f P ^ - -e ' ua * e 8 . The scene of their principal opcrai ? K " k ! TAi " WELL couEty , six milessouib of IU nois ' e * . fecnadrd by tbe Springfield aud Peoria road . ^ eoiLHJ' « ' ^ were offered a farm and saw mill , and ' " ** P- " *« r , ready for working , at a price which J * - "" k ^ e saved them 10 . 000 dollars , instead of lo » iDg ' ' Km hy ttt erection of the other , thus making a £ ** ay * of £ & 000 dollars . They have built a very jj ! ' * ^ tich was not required , and have otherwise *• " out ttcre mones t ^ Q vas p ^ a ^ t . tixe to have

      a ' - ^ f 6 ™ c » mmQnity are allowed spirits < J > ot possesr . iu , except tbe apothecaries , to be used ^ edicinal p ^ rpos ^ F ^ fe » ffV ** 1 wzs carried cut by ehareB , and when the tt-Ud L tfcfc faoasei » 'o * ° ther buiidiBgs were com-Q * Q . tfce trfeole was soli by auction , in loU , no ODe £ ^* adowfed to bid bnt tbe shareholders ; so that all - * iau chanse , ard the overplus went into the funds , ThT * ttnie back to »»» refescribera . fiar ^ L another lot about the s fc of the ene ju « t ^ oed on which tbe brother-in-law of Mr . King re-^ 7 ^ wnert 2000 acres conld he bought at from two ^ J ^ f ** to five dollars p * acre , Mr . King de-I Job * v * ltuat 3 on of other plota similar to the above . I * mm ^ S ^ tleman had a temporal view in all io jn , ^? : t * 1 Uf = tion of tbe land . One thing he tried •^ v *^ ** « I mind , namelv that it -wa » morn nro - land the Yank ees had

      , ^^ w purchase which cleared t ^ ^^ f rh 8 D Ior Englishmen to purciaae uncuati-K t » o ! f ^ ^ Chicago River on Sunday morning , j ^ o aock . Tbua , after » U Mr . King ' s resolves and ^ te did break the Sabbath" on hia journey , troa tn ?? J ? e Ptasage across the Lake . We started bore t ^ ^ rt ds ybreak , and prepared to go on ***« of &lat ! 0 IX f 0 BDd my frlend Mr * G * 01 ** Anderson . 1 *« ild nTv ° > * ^^ most ^ d me « aad d ^ i 1 ** fceed B « t ^ my st * 8 t bi * bonBe - He oon Uitrofcte * * T w ^^^^ n , from Glasgow , who also 1 , kLrfv-r ' > wko h&dlitejT arrived from Scot-46 to * i » f ° ^^ dtd to and robbed on the banks of UvTZ ^^ He ^ TerT recenUy come to this te epttirif ^ v ^^ » i < i of bis countryman , be is about ^ ucS ? " » « a cooper . At breakfart 1 was ¦* - ^ 1 ^« kT ™ AnderBon aDd Mra - Pinkerton - Mm - ^ TizitH » k R Jrar > 8 nd hM *** doin * » eH "d ^ oo * to !^ L ^ mforU of We 5 Jet * ke " *« *** 7 de-AJfe ? ^^ t ° Scotland . fc - BodJr 0 " I" * ^^ *> Anderson to visit a . ^ ey " ¦ ertV . faaji 3 v . reading in the same street ""^ to ^ T ^ ' 'nd- J Bt 4 - Ted to t ^ ' aDd waB in

      ^^ ^ ezuiio -yr , t , j "" " - " * " » u uiiiuy < ihj » Lay . k ** . tTt * ^ ¦ jTe ^ A- "i * 1 mystlf round the ** » £ 6 rf ^? ? f- ^ -e distance ; tbe tovTi being oc " *» ii ^?? kft Lc ^ fuT is ew York , atd aftrf ^ * 5 ^/ Ln ? ttat dty - he * ^ ' wt £ l - "Sc .. a farm Knie for : y ^^^ ^^ . ^^ t

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      from Chicago . He now earriea on aa excellent businew as % t » ilo » and draper . He rarer lived upon bii farnij but hired person * to attend to it ; and finding it a heavy charge , he sold it to a Mr . Fawcett , an old haebeler , who had been a commercial traveller in England , and bad at last at down here in perfect content , and I may « ay , folitud * . Mr . H . had lost two hundred dollars by the improvements he had made ; and he U sure that Mr . F . will be a loser by bis method ef managing the farm . About two months ago , Lord Morpeth arrived here , on a Sunday morning , and stayed at the City Hotel , opposite Mr . Hodgson ' s . He went te the church , and took possession of Captain Russell ' s pew . Mrs .

      Russell soon after arrived , when his lordship opened the door and walked out until she walked in . He then followed her and seated himself by her Bide . Mrs . Russell considered this an insult ; and made inquiries aa to who the person was , who conld be so rode as to take such a liberty in her husband ' s absence . Inquiry was made , and she was informed it was Lord Morpeth . " Yes , " she said , "I thought he must be some lowbred fellow , or he would not have bsen guilty of such a thing . This lady was of the first standing in the city , but Bbe had no respect for aristocrats . Mr . Van Bnrea had visited the city in the interim betwixt Lord Morpeth ' a visit and mine , and tbe cit'zsns turned oat and gave him a public entry , when the same lady was one of tbe front in tbe mounted procession .

      I may here observe that Lord Morpeth had sent a messenger before him to announce his arrival , evidently expecting that a demonstration would be got np by some of the American Wbiga . It was , however , " no go . " Therefore after his church-going , he took bis departure the same day on board the Great Western steamer , from the deck of which he showed himself as much sb possible ; yet , not a cheer was given in honour of the aristocrat and ex-Secretary of Ireland . The only parties who wei . t t « pay their respeets , were a pork curer and a draper ; bo : h Whigs , ef course . The wisdom of the Yankees was clearly shown in their

      contempt of empty titles . "Tan Burtn , who visited Chicago very shortly after the lord , met with a very different reception . The Militia , the Montgomery guard , and all the Volunteer Corps , turned out in full uniform ; and in tbe port the flag * were hoisted at every masthead , and every other manifestation of joy was made . In short , tbe ex-Preaident was received as a friend and a brother . Mr . Van Buren had been raised to the highest office by the voice of his brother cit Z ; ns , and he bad performed bis duty to their satiEfaction . How gratifying must it then have been to receive their appl&use , with a knowledge that be had earned it .

      In tbe fiist Chicago Democrat published after his lordship ^ visit , it was sta' -ed that " Lord Marpeth has visited this city , and had the honour of sitting next to us at dinner . " This was the only public notice taken of him . Mr . King , of Ber > adottk , Fulton County , Illinois , who had migrated from tbe New England States to Rochester , in the West of New York State , was here watching the turn of event * , ready to dart upon any place which would be advantageous . Bbbnadotte is 200 miles from Chicago ; 90 miles to travel by coach and tbe remainder by steam-boat His residence is 16 miles from tbe Illinois river , which he regularly visits , returnirg with com which is generally sent to ST . lTOCis , where they color Bait and other merchandise .

      MojfDiT 29 tb —Mr . Ware , who was apprenticed to an engraver , in New Yotk , bnt who is now making boots and shoes for the citiz ; ns of Chicago , and whose father i * a farmer at Ot * i * o , six miles south of Southport , in Illinois , gave me the following information : — Mr . Wells , to wbom he had been apprenticed , had been shown a plan of an intended city , 1 000 miles from any white settlement , and 1 500 mile * south-west of this piuce . or described to be so by Mr . Kinnerley , who professed to be the proprietor , bnt who never owned a yard oi the land , and who it is believed had never been in the country ; but who bad procured imaginary

      dfsiena , acd beautifully coloured descriptions of what tbe city would arrive at in a few yean ; with roads , bridges , navigable riven , railways , steamers , lakes , and minerals in abundance ; the prairies cf the richest kind ; timber of the finest quality . In fact it was described as a perfect paradise . . Upon these bare assertion , Mr . Wells paid down 6 , 000 dolt an , and be was not the only one thus duped by a mode of swindling quite new to me ; and a mode too not m > soon detected , as a lifetime might be spent before finding tbe district , a distance , it was said , of 3 , 000 miles from New York .

      1 was informed that a Mr . Franklin came to this place tone yean ago , with considerable capital , and was asked 100 dollars for a town plot of land . This he considered to be too mueb , and after looking round , he faid be conld do no good with his capital , and therefore be returned to England . Some time after be came out again , and offered the amount be had been before asked for the plot , but was then asked 4000 dollars . This so alarmed him , that be anin returned borne . And , as if to prove the oft . repeated assertion , that when a person bad once visited America he cannot rest when from it , he returned to Chicago once more , and was asked 14 , f 00 dollars for the * sid plot of land .

      Three yean age it was disposed of for 40 , 000 dollars . Tr . ua shewing what this gentleman might have saved in travelling expenses and realized in profit bad be at first paid down tfce 100 dollars . It also shews the rapidly iccrea » iEg vaiue of town land in const quence of the speculating mania . This land was put in possession of a banking company as security , and during the panic they £ « ld it by aucti-n for 17 , 000 dols . About this time Illinois paper fell from 100 to 35 cents per dollar . Colonel Hamilton , who held all the offices in this place when in its infancy , bought a lot for 100 dollara , be was afterwardj offered for the tame plot 18 . dollars ; be stood cut and would take no leas than 24 , 000 , and it is now worth no more than 4 500 dollars .

      Messrs . Moseley and Mtcord bought a lot for 37 , 000 dollars , to be paid for by instalments . They have paid more than one half the amount It is now worth no more than 200 dollars . A gentleman , in the height of the manii , bon ; bt a Urge lot , on -which he buiit a splendid mansion about a mii 6 ont of tbe city . He paid at that time forty dollars per thousand for bricks . Now they can be bought at three-and-a-half dollar * . Carpenter's w » p > es were then three dollars a day ; now they have not half that sum ; and be paid for everything in tbejsame proportion . This bouse bas now passed from its owner , and in like a de sert ^ d villace .

      Farm servants' wages were here one dollar per day , with board in harvest Now they have twenty dollars p * r moEth- Butcher ' s meat when at the highest is , for beef two and a half and three cents , wholesale ; retail three cents . Tbe ofial is thrown to the dogs . Mutton two and two and a half cents by the quarter ; in small cuts four ai ; d five cents . Veal , retail , four cents . Pork , during autumn and winter , ( in summer it la little used ) one and a half cents . Chickens six shillings York , or or three shillings and a halfpenny English , per Actzv . Oa an average they are one dollar per dizen . Flour

      three dollars per barrel of 196 pounds . Indian corn one and a half dollars per bushel , rough off tbe cobb . Oats twenty cento , and wheat sixty-five cents per bushel . Vegetables are now very plentiful , and consequently very cheap ; apples eighteen cents or ninepence per bushel ; peacheB thirty-seven and a half cents . Fresh butter eigbt cents per lb . Cheese from seven to eight cents' per lb . Potatoes eighteen cents per bushe ! . Sugar ten cents per Ib . Best Hyson tea seventy-five cents ptr lb . Ccff'se eight lbs . for one dollar . Fiah six cents per lb-, and smoked ham b " ix cents per lb .

      My box not having arrived , I spent the afternoon with Mr . Hodgson and family . The day was very hot Yesterday , a gentleman on his way to church , baving on a black cap , which concentrated tbe snn's rays , was Sun-struck , and was in a very dangerous state ; however , he recovered about tea-time . Mr . Hodgson drove me out to tbe extent of tbe intended city , which , like all America- ; intended cities , is of lo mean extent . In our circuit we paased upwards of 200 waggons from Indiana ; some were drawn by cxen and others bad horses ; they were all unyoked and feeding by tbe sides of tbe waggons . They were waiting until next morning , when they would go into the city to dispose of tbe produce , which principally consisted of wheat . They also bring fruit , which sometime * is sold exceedingly chtap , tbe market being frequently glutted .

      I was at a loss 0 know what tbe people meant when ttlkiiig about tha " husiers , " until I waB told that it ts-as the tame generally given to the Indiana farmers . They encamp during the night on tbe verge of the lake , ana furm no mean appearance , their encampment re-BeinMing th&t of an invading army . Tbe waggons had , in general , six or eight oxen attached to them ; some of a smaller t ' had two or four horses . These proprietors , or farmers , are very different in their habits to our proud English farmers , who send their servants with the ttams . while they ride on horseback and put up at the first inns , even when an aristocratic landlord is waiting for their last shilling . Tbe appearance of these Indiana farmers is quite novel , and might be mistaken for an army of gypsies preparing to lay siege to Fort Daarborn , which is situated between the lake and the city , on the south side of tbe river , and was erected for the defence of the settlers against the incursions of the Indiana .

      1 found that the settlen of the States around here have eucb a sort of bye-name , as the following -. —Connecticut , " Yellow-bellied Yankees : " Ohio , " Corn Craktis ; " Michuan , " Buckeys ; " Illinois , " Suckers ;" and Indiana , •* Hosiers . " Mr ! Heron , of Pircost , west of here , on the Fox River , * aid be wanted a man witk a small family to take charge of his eattls ; and he desired I would look out for one . The wages he proposed to give were sixteen or eighteen dollars per month , to live rent-free , but to provide for himself ; although he might grow as many vegetables as hia family required , have as much milk as they could use , kill a pig when be liked , have Indian corn at 24 cents and wheat at 60 cents per bushel , beef at 2 or 3 cents , and salted pork at 1 and 1 ^ cents per lb . His living , therefore , would not amount to more than one-sixth of his wages .

      Mr . Heron is by trade a carpenter , and formerly wcrjttd fur a dollar a-day . He afterwards commenced jobbing wi . rk , and stated tbut te would now werk in no oiher way ; be also said be would labour for no man for itass rban three bushels of wheat , er fifty lbs . weight of poik per day . He has land , cattle , and buildings , in addition- 10 his own business , at which he worked for sll ^ hc w -ulJ eni ploy him . He had come forty miles ¦ s- uh LLs whea * , winch he had sold , and wenid return tLe / oKowmg inon . iiig . From the Biiure of my inquiries , he supposed that I -was lwikind ou * ** -r a settlement . He therefore

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      pressed me very mnch to accompany him , offering to take me free of charge , and provide far me while I remained . Of course , be , like all others , wanted neighboon , that thereby the value of hia property might be enhanced . These people are very hospitable ; and I should hare accepted this kind man's invitation , had I not suffered too much fatigue , and tbe weather being so extremely hot He informed me of several good locations in his neighbourhood , but there was a deficiency of timber , and they wero compelled to grow It He said the vicinity of tbe Rock River was better than that of the Fox , for th 6 growth of wheat ; but the latter was better for tbe growth of Indian corn . He likewise described a suttlement , principally Scotch , who were at a great distance from timber ; bnt they were bow planting . He gave them great praise for sobriety and industry .

      This man informed me that ten miles on his way home ( westward 1 the rise above the level of Chicago is only four feet , and that all the way there was a perfect level as far as his own borne . More westward the land had alight elevations , but for hundreds of miles there are ne prominent hills . Mr . Hogdson told me that he always kept his smoked hams und ^ r round stones , or what , in Yorkshire , are called " Boulders ; " be had also a kind of large double bux stuffed between the boards with hay , in which he preserved bis potatoes from the frost .

      I here learned that public principle was prostrated at tha shrine of Mammom , in regard to tbe New York and Erie railway , by many pledging themselves to vote for such candidates for Congress , as would guarantee to support the carrying out of that work , however much they might disagree in politics . The line of railway is intended to carry the trade directly west , and will oppose tbe Boston and Albany railways . Vo d » ubt it would be advantageous to a large district of country and will greatly augment the value of property . Property is here idolized ! So much so , that I am told many openly advocate a property qualification for voters . Mr . Hodgson showed me a house , which was smrfll , for which be had paid 350 dollars per annum rent , but the landlord asking 400 , he built one for himself . The house he rented cost only 500 dollars . It now lets for 10 6 dollars .

      Mr . Hessey , an Englishman , bought a plot of building ground for 10 , 000 dollars for which he was afterw . ir . 1 a eflvred 50 , 000 . He said if it was worth that sum to others , it was of t qua ) worth to himself ; he , therefore , refused to take less than 100 000 . Tbe speculation mania ceased . The crash came ; tbe banks cloned 1 and hib plot would only realise a mere trifle . Sub 8 t % nently this gentleman had to make a voyage to England to raise money to pay his taxes , his boasted property having so n . uch depreciated in value , as net to be worth one half tbe sum he paid for it . Mr . B Morgan purchased a plot of building land , on which be erected a bouse at a cost of eeven hundred dollars ; be paid fer the plot , by instalments , 150 » dollars , which was half the purchase money . Dr . Foster , of whom he had purchased the plot , agreed to accept the plot , tbe boose , and the 1500 dollars paid , and free him from tbe remaining 15 S 0 .

      The plan of the city , extending along the shore of the lake and two miles to the westward , was sold in Iota at snch enormous prices as to involve moBt of the purchasers in ruin . In my absence , a Mr . Mawley , or Crawley , called and enquired for me at Mr . Andereon ' s . He had travelled over Iowa , Wisconsin , and Illinois , and bad booght 1500 acres of land on Fox River , Illinois , and was much pleased with his settlement He bad got fifty acres improved , and had come to dispose of kis wheat . I was sorry I did not see him , as I might have obtained much valuable information . When in England he was secretary to a Chartist Association ; and hearing of me at Chicago , he had called on me as a Cbartist .

      I was introduced to Mr . Dnrand , one of tbe refugee Canadian patriots , who is settled here as a lawyer . He told me many things respecting Mr . W . L . Mackenzie , with regard to his general good character and valour . He admitted that he had an hasty temper , snd was very jealous of lawyers . I bad considerable conversation witn this gentleman relative to Messrs . Hume and Roebuck ; and be seemed convinced of tbe dangerous and destructive ten d ency of their Maltbusisn principles , when I explained them to him . He , however , obserred that if I called upon Mackenzie , and expressed my opinion in the same manner to him , a quarrel w ^ uld most assuredly ensue ; and , in fact , I fchoold not be safe in Lower Canada were I to give utterance to my sentiments .

      TU 2 SDAY , 30 th . —I met with Mr . George Armorer , a Scotchman , living at Otawa ; his brother , a baker , also resides at tfce same place . He informs me that tbe difference between that place and this is scarcely perceptible . They have plenty of coal at 6 cents , per basbel . He raises wceat , Indian corn , oats , and flax . > 1 t . Anderson told me that be saw tbe amount of 15 000 dollars " in paper" sold for 16 s . This is banking u-ith a vengeance J I met with Mr . Bower , from Netherthong , near Huddersfidld . H § had worked 21 years at a factory at Bridgpcrt , Connecticut , where he had saved some money , and was now in qacBt of a suitable plot of land . Kit sou had gone on foot to Wisconsin , and he was going by steam to meet bleu at Racine . I intended to accompany him , but could not arrange to do bo . His family wore residing at PoiKiti'SIE , and lodging with an old friend of SoutLicotian-notoritty , formerly of Mould Green , Huddwafield .

      Mr . Hodgson drove me this evening ovpr a wid « extent of prairie , principally for the purpose of showing sin the superficial manner in 'vthich they construct tbeir railways , one of which , intended to be carried to Galena , is now ljii g dt-rniant It bad been begun wi b great spirit ; but " the panic" dried up the funds , and stayed its further progress-Wednesday , 3 lst—Tbe population of this city iChicacOJ is abcut 6 000 : they are a mixture of Yankees , Iri&h , Scotch and English . One of the streets runs close to , and parallel with tbe river . About 200 yards dutant is the main street , running westward and parallel with tbe one before mentioned , which is intersected by others at regular distances , some of which are business streets . TUere are a few stores , but

      more warehouses . The main street is mostly composed of stores , some professing to be wbolssale . This street is about three quarters of a mile in length , and , as is generally tbe case in America , very spacious . One portion of tfee city , on the north bank of the river , to which there are two draw bridges , is but indifferently paved , having stagnant water on the sides of tbe road . In const quence of its being on a level with the river and lake , 1 : 0 cellars are dug . At tbe extremity of tbe buildings , to the west , tbe river divides ; the south branch only extending about six miles , and is therefore called an outlet or Indian skonk creek . The north branch which is not navigable , extends forty miUs in a

      northwest direction . It has no current , and when the wind is strong from the lake the water is blown backward and rais . d to a considerable height . Tbe whole of the streets in the city , as also the prairie as far as tbe eye can reach , have frtquentJy been unrter water . Five years ago tbe lake was five feet bight * than usual , which ciused the inhabitants to be alarmed for the safety of their lives and their dwellings . Tbe Indians 8 ffirm that such ribiDg of the water occurs every seventh year ; the people therefore fear its return . Ao opinion extensively prevails that tbe lake formerly emptied itself into tee Illinois river , which opinion is Btrenghened by tbe marked course on the rocks as seen at the tides nod also by the surface of tbe land .

      Tbe building of this city was commenced about seven years ago . Ttn yeais since tbe Indiana were ranged all round the burnt down " Fort Dearborn , " which was r ebuilt , but is , now dismantled . Toe water for the suppiy of tbe city is raised by a steam engine , from the Lake by pipes laid in an inclined plane to a considerable distance into the Luke . It is conveyed into large wooden cisterns , and without filtering , or any other process , is conducted from tbe elevation in wooden pipes to all parts of tbe city . This is under tbe inimacenu-nt of a chartered company . The lowest charge for

      toe smallest family is to be ( when the works are completed ) ten dollars , and more according to the nnmber of tbe family , ic . Their mede of baring the wooden pipes ie most ingenious and expeditious . Tbe logs are eight feet long , and by the same power with which tbe water is raised , the bore is made , each one in the short space of three minutes . These pipes are not tapered , like ours , an <) let into each other at tbe ends , but are joined by an iron socket which is fixed with white lead , or other competition less expensive . They are perfectly water-tight

      Cultivation is little known here The cit ' zens send their cattle to the prairie , when and where they please , and they cut what they require where most suitable , no one asking them a question . Yet with these advantages , milk is sold in summer at four cents , and in winter at six cents , per quart . The milk-men ride in handsome spring carts , and bring the milk along with them . Business is here much better than in any place I have visited . Tbe people are all well employed at good w .. ees . Tbe immense influx of "husitrs , " ( Indiana farmers ) and the " sackers , " ( Illinois farmers ; with tbeir wheat and fruit , te this city , causes a great bustle and considerable trade .

      It is difficult to form an estimate of the number of farmers who come here annually . I saw upwards of 300 in one day ; some of them as humbly clad as many of the poorest labourers . They , however , live well on their own produce , and are the most independent people in the world , baving plenty , and to sparv ' , of the good things of this life . ( To b $ continued . )

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      Ddblin , May 12—la consequence of the excitement arising oat of the recent Repeal display , or raih « r affray , at Clouee . ithas been deemed expedient to station a troop of the 3 rd Dragoon Guards , lately arrived from England , at ftlonaghan . The Fermanagh paper also announces that on Wednesday a troop of the 12 ih Lancers ajrired at Enniskillen . and are quartered at the Artillery barracks , where it is understood a troop will be permanently stationed . Government has placed them at Enniskilbn for the purpose of sustaining the police should any necessity arise ont of the Repeal movement . It is rumoured that artillery and a regiment will aleo be sent there , and when the importance of the pass between ; he west and north is considered , the wonder is that Enni'kiHen should ever have been left "Without a considerable force .

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      SYDNEY , NEW SOUTH WALES . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STARSir , —We feel it a doty incumbent on ourselves as well as what we owe to our countrymen , to address you in consequence of tbe scaroity of employment in New South Wales , for boot and shoe makers , and the insatiable demand some of the employers pretend to have for more men . One of tbe Immigration Committee has waited on one of our employers ( and only one ) to ascertain tbe average rate of wages earned weekly by our trade , ( this evidence was given before the Immigration committee en

      Wednesday , June 8 tb , 1842 , and repablished in tbe Sydney Herald , September 28 th , 1842 . )—who most unjustly overrated tbe wagea which a man can possioly earn should he be employed , and work hard sixteen hoars every day in the week , which would not have been tbe result if other employers had been consultedthey would undoubtedly have acted in a mere conscientious manner , and not have endeavoured , by a fa ^ se statement , to brine men who perhaps have wives and children , from their homes in Great Britain and Ireland , to be not half employed in New South Wales .

      The above statement was doubtlueaiy thrown out as a bait te entrap our fellow tradesmen at home to Emigrate to this Colony , fer the express purpose of lowering the present rate of wages . There are now , Mr . Editor , too many boot and shoemnkera here , and we are sure that one-third of them aie destitute of employment ; others have been obliged to leave Sydney and engage as sbepberdB , bullock , drivers , or stock keepers . Surely , sir , such employment is repugnant , not only to the inclination , but to the ability of shoemakers , particularly as their wages are very low , and the rations they receive not sufficient for their support , so that their wages are reduced to nothing by their paying exorbitant prices to tbeir employers , from whom they must purchase every wticta they want in addition to tho rations allowed them . Surely , Mr Editor , this does not appear like a demand for more shoemakers , particularly at a time when tbe market is glutted with English work .

      Boots to tbe amount of £ 18 000 were imported to this colony alone last year . This any person must be very well aware , would materially affect tbe journeymen and the trade in general These facts we will leave to the careful consideration of our suffering fellow countrymen , and bope they may have tbe desired effect of opening their eyes , that they may not be kidnapped to leave their native homes under tha delusive hopes held out to tbeui by the mercenary agents of the United Kingdom . Every emigrant to this colony , that leaves hia home and friends , to better his condition in life , under the impression that on his arrival in Sydney he will meet ample remuneration , will find himself disappointed ; for when he comes , he finds himself not half employed , provisions duar , and rents at the unparalleled rate they are ; and if out of employment for only a short time , he can scarcely recover bis loss by tbe most unremitting diligence . See the reports of insolvency , they will argue more than we hnve language to express .

      The insertion of the above in your valuable journal , will greatly oblige , Sir , Yours very respectfully , The Operative Cordwainersof New South Wales , Signed on behalf , George GaRton , Presidant . Thos . Wood , Secretary . Crown and Anchor Tavern , George-st , Sydney , Jan . 1 st , 1843 .

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      v TO MR . JOHN LINTON . Sir , —As , in giving on actount of your very interesting experiment upon your small plot of land , you have not gone Bufnuieutly into detail , to enable me , not in practice , to follow you with great clearness , will you be kind enou « h to answer me the following questions , in order that I may more fully comprehend yoat admirab ' e system ? You say , " I have 4 , 021 square yards of land , divided into four parts , with crops as follows" : — No . 1 . —925 square yards , first crcpJPotatoes , second crop Sweedish Turnips . No . 2 . — 023 square yards , first crop Cabbage , aecond crop Potatoes . No . 3 . ~ y 23 square yards , firBt crop Cabbage , second crop Swedish Turnip ? . First then , at what time and in whati inanner do you plant the potatoes on No . 1—and at what time do you reap them so that they can be followed by a crop of Sweedish turnips ?

      Do you sow your turnips broad ( or open ) cast , or you drill them ; or do you raise them in bads apart ( mm tbe lot and then transplant them ? If you transplant at what time do you sow your seed bed , and what breadth of ground does it occupy ? At wbat time do you sow the cabbage seed which is to form the first crop for No . 2 ? At what time do you transplant them into tlie placc-s where they are to form the first crop of No . 2 ; and at what lime do y » u reap th « ni , so tbat they can be followed by a crop of potatoes ? Do you sow and transplant the cabbage-seed for No . 3 at the same time as that for No . 2 ? What breadth cf ground do the plants , when pricked out for Noa . 2 and 3 occupy ? What time do you reap them so that tiiey can be followed by a crop of Swedish turnips 1 Do you treat your turnip seed tbe same as for No . 1 ?

      At wbat time do you reap the crops on Nos . 2 and 3 , bo that you can throw tLe land up in ridgea in November ? And how do you preserve the crop for use ? Is vbe twenty quarts of milk per day for forty-six weeks the result of actual observation , or of estimate ? Does tbe forty-seven days' labour include till the mowing , digging , sowing , planting , tran * pirmtin > j . hoeing , getting in the crops , preparing the liuily food of the cows , milking , and cleaning after tbe cows ; in short , does it include the . whole to be done both at land and cattle ? If you will have the goodness to answer these questions in detail , and give any other little matter that strikes you as necessary to tbe carrying out the experiment , yon will oblige yours , truly , A James Penny .

      Millbridge , May 15 , 1843 . P . S . Will you be kind enough to say in what manner you manure , and what kinds of cabbage and potatoes you plant ?

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      - •• THE NATIONAL BENEFIT SOCIETY . TO THE CHARTIST PUBLIC . Persecuted yet Persevering Bb £ Thh £ . y , — Having by our united energies pu > aed tbrough the fiery ordeal of prejudice and distorted clas .- - -made Iawa , we appear to have arrived upon the eve of another crisis , when the commencement of a new era is about to open unto us with its new operations calculated to lead ua by more easy means to tbe goal for which we have struggled , even tbe Charter and the people ' s laws . Our ckampion O'Connor hath lifted the broad curtain of tbe new stage , yet old , tbe stage of n . iture , and displayed with a masterly hand the immense advantage . « within the reach of our united exe . tioiis , en the broad fields of our native land , wh « . re nature -with fctr sun , her wind , and ram , faileth not to reward the Lusbandninn for hia toil a hundred-fold .

      Come , brothers , with a Biroug faith in nature , and tbe powers she hath invested us with , our skiU and imfmiry let us strive to pass tbe threshold of hei temple , antl return like loving children to the inviting bosom of our mother earth ; she is teeming still , her paps are full to oveiflowing ; she sigheth for her children to fatten on her milk and honey . True we are poor , and ttie hind of our fathers is held in a sterile state by a band of usurpers , invaders of the natural rights of tbeir more useful brethren , reoreant children of a but too forbearing parent . Yet may we , by a union of our order , the oppressed , and our wonted perseverance , pass the barriers they have erected , and once and for life btcoiue possessors of our native soil , and glad our last hours with the rich bequest of our happy inheritance to cur cb . ldien .

      Up , then ¦ ' Let us prepare to purchase and provide for our jjurney to this " land of promise . " I have proposed in , my previous letters , a National Benefit Society , as the most necessary for tbe attainment of our object , and the supplying our wants by the way . In my letter of last week , I set forth how I proposed to do this , as far as money matters and business operations are concerned , to which I again refer you . In continuation , I have , in providing for general adult instruction , proposed several kinds of meetings , —such as lectures , long and short addresses , conversation meetings , classes for reading , writing , « fec ; and for the expedition of business und instruction , 1 have proposed seveial committees , for superintending the studies in grammar , arithmetic , writing , fcc ,, &u . Thus we may train up our members fie for any office that the Society may require to be filled . Under tbe bead of business operations , the opening of warehouses or

      stores is provided for , for the purpose of supplying our members , and the public generally , with a good article , at a moderate price ; and increasing the funds of the Society . Therefore , every membeT . would be interested in purchasing at the store ; to which there could not possibly be any objection , as the rate of profits , and the election of officers , is placed in the hands of the body at large . In this department , we should be enabled to dispose of tho produce of our land and workshops , at the retail price , instead of tbe wholesale , which would add some 15 per cent , to tbe common stock , besides giving employment to members on the funds , or box , as porters , servers , &c . for ¦ wlncV . another rule provides . Thus much of the plan 1 recommmend , I have Inid before yoa , with c view tu ett you th ' iikirg ti ;> vc-on ; Lelv . vi ^ g \\ . « * ; hi -vvili indeed thick with my , that such a plan it ,.- ^ 0- *^; - and practicable .

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      Brothers , —I have provided and must insist tha * . all offices should be filled upon the strictest pnnc !?> 1 ? of democracy ; by election , and ejection , by the votes of the members . Now , although I admit tbe three principles set forth by Mr . Qalpin in his letter eighth , and believe their reception by the mind of man as _ necessary to the cultivation and maintenance of charity with aU men , yet I must inform Mr . Gr . that we have a fund impotal principle as necessary * o the maintenance of order , in any community or nation , i . e . the democratic principle , government by the people , either personally or by representation ; the first is what is termed a simple

      democracy , the latter a representative democracy , and I respectfully submit to our Social friend , tbat bis proposition for the election of a piesident , and giving him the power to chose the council , would be a violation of our fundamental principle , under which the council should rather elect the preside t than the preaidnut the council It would be more proper that the council and president , with all other offices , should be ekctetl to tbeir respective ofiices by the members in their several localities . I am at a loss to discover wheef _> re the Socialists should prefer beginning at tlie top of th « tree and going downwards , -whilst nature ever begins at , thft bottom and directs her coarse upwards .

      Upon the next question , i . e , who should be tbe President , it is but natural that Mr . Q . sh . juit , - < 3 a Socialist , think the founder of the Social system . Mr . Owen , tbe most fitted to fill the office ; and it is but reasonable that I should , bb a Cinrtist . think some person in our ranks more fit Further , it is but natural , as an aspirant to tbe name I have signed . it the bottom of these letters , oat of a desire to emulate the virui . a of thosa . Roman Tribunes , that I should give the preference to our Quintus Cincicnatus , which name I should interpret , a lover of agriculture—a noble and modest man ; and infer , from a desire to emulate these virtues this Roman name was assumed by our indtf ttigable O Connor , in recommendation of whom to the ofl&ce of President of our new National Society I shall shortly write , setting forth his excellencies and capabilities of directing so great a movement . For the present I refer my brethren to bis letters , which prove he ie a practical man , —one great point in recommendation .

      The next point of disagreement between Mr . G . and tnya-dlf is Air . Owen ' s Charter . In letter eighth , *» lr . Galpin sets forth that the President an * Council should publish n manifesto or preliminary charter , and £ < -t np an agitation , and petition the Legislature to pass it . Again , in letter nine , Mr . < J recommends Mr . O ^ en ' a preliminary charter as the manifesto of tbe new JS- > ci < tty , the rorid to which Charter I submit to you would be through the People ' s Charter , and that the agitation that w . iutcl carry Mr . Owen ' s , would cirry the more important measure of political rights , v » hen the people would be enabled to pass and maintain any or all of the points of Mr . Owen ' s Charter that may be deemed necessary . Again , our new simety would be able to carry tbe most important parts into

      effect , and would only require tbe People ' s Charter to enable them to preserve their new position from the assaults of class legislation . Therefore , to urgu aa agitation for Mr . Owen's Charter before the P > -. » ple' 8 Charter would be seeking to run the people after the " herring's trail . " Indeed , this Prelinjin iry Charter of the Rational System would serve better as an open question in the new society than as its manifesto . The minds of tbe working class are not sufficiently weaned from what in that Charter i % designated fundamental errors , to be- won to the whole of its clauses , and it will take much discussion even in the new society , ere they will adopt it as a whole . However , time and its teaching will do wonders , and to it we must leave the venerable Mr . Owen's principlts . But Mr . Galpin has promised to show the advantages of Mr . Owen ' s Charter , after which I may a # ain write thereon . In the meantime , let it not be thought tbat I , a yoang man , would disparage Mr . Owen . NO , justice and

      modesty forbid it . I believe he hath conferred an everlasting benefit upon the world , in setting prominently forth opinions that to ear priest-locked minds appear new , —opinions which he believes are true , and believing , bath a right to teach , and by teaching faith set mankind thinking thereon ; and if rhey are Uue , not all tha flendisbnesa of this worldly hell can crush them ; and the greater the rancour against tbp » i and him , the greater the honour when they shall be received . I need not remind Mr . Owen of the murder of Socrates , and the worship of Socrates . In conclnsion , brethren , let us not be among tbe persecutors of any man , for we have known what it is to be persecuted ; and be ever mindful to think any one who teacheth us any truth , or doeth us any good , however we may differ with him ; let us never f jrget to thank him for tbe good he doctb us , remembering that all mankind are brothers , and that it is a crime to injure oar fellow man .

      Hoping , brothers , that I shall be enabled in the ourse of these letters to inspire you with a firm faith in yourselves as the only power of emancipation from the present and increasing misery , a strong hope in tbe means now set before you , a thorough determination to take advantage of all available means to gain the objects we have in view—universal happiness , I remain yours , in faith , Gracchus .

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      MB . LANE FOX AND MR . O'CONNELL . LANE FOX , ESQ , M . P ., TO D . O ' CONNELL , ESQ ., M .. P . Sib —In consequence of yonr declining to come and take part in the discussion which I proposed to bring forward in tbe House of Commons , relative to the agitation you are now carrying on , for the purpose , as you say , ot effecting a repeal of the legislative union between England and Ireland , I take the liberty of writing to inform you , that , as you and your followers so completely set at nought the Catholic Emancipation Ac % by virtue of which you are entitled to sit in the British Parliament , and so licbtly esteem the privileges granted to you by that act , that I feel justified in making a motion that the act be repealed ; and

      as I am going to question the wisdom of that measure , I shall b « glad if you will favour me with a line to say if you will come and do your part in defending a measure which you were so instrumental in causing to be carried . I am determined that tbe people of England ami Ireland shall no longer labour under the delusion that . the passing of that measure was , as they supposed , the settlement of a great question , but taey shall know that it was exactly the reverse—that it was tbe unsettling of a great question , which had been iu progress of settlement from the first century of the Christian era till tbe revolution ef 1688 . You are now justifying your agitation by saying that England bas done nothing fe r Ireland . If ttie three estates of

      the realm , forfeiting all claim to freedom by refusing to contend for that truth , by contending for which they weie alone entitled to the liberty they wijoyed—4 f you say tbat making such tremendous sacrifices to yoa and Ireland's clamour is doing nothing for Ireland , yoa must be a cormorant with a vengeance ; it is truth that is ultimately to make men and nations free . Truth is in England , not in Rome . You are by your restless proceedings biinging on a religious war between England and Rime , and you appear to be perfectly sensible how much money and funds are the sinews of war ; but yoa have hitherto had the ingenuity to accumulate a great deal of sinew without committing any actual war . Your peaceable agitation is a sort of hermaohrodite

      war ; a half ami half state of things , which is half peace and half war ; hut if you will come and hear what I have to say , I think that I can show you why you ought to do one thing er tbe other ; yeu cannot hide from me th ;> t religion is the main sprint of all thit yon are d *» inR . My chief object in writing to you is to ssy . that I must make personal allusions t" yoa and tbe head of your church ; and although you might fiay tbat 1 wa ? perfectly at liberty to say what I pic used about you in } ouj absence , I bad rather not do so . Bat surely the regenerator of bold and chivalrous Ireland will not shiiiik from corning to defend his absent friend . Come , thp : efore . . ai"l be present in that House where your formt-r vui nr entitles you to a seat . Aa it is my opinion , frum the signs of tbe times in

      which we live , tuat we are on the eve of a new e a in the hittory of E . iglnnu and Ireland , I shall take the liberty of making this letter public , that the Protestants of both countms may be prepared to stand by the assureii truth , that Protestant ascendancy and no surrender is tbe law of Christ , and tbat England is the power which , Gjd b . 3 s called into existence to maintain religious principle ; and she will now do her duty . " Tnenwill th » earth be full of the knowledge of the Lord as tbe water ? cover the sea , " and a Papist will be a ram avis in terris . i have the honour to be , S't , Your obedient servant , S . L . Fox . 3 , St . Janio&'a-aquare , May 10 .

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      A Welsh Witness —The attorney for an opposing effeditor io a bankruptcy case , on Thursday , before Mr . Cwmzais ^ uncT Stevenson , thinking that a youth " whom h « was about to examine had rehearsed his part with the bankrupt prior to 6 uter » Dg _ , jtho court , put ihfc question usually pu >« 6 ^^<*^> flj ^ Ef \ .-uipicivni .- o . tii ; . t son ari .- 'c : —** WeU , 'My man ^ h jjTjb — * yon not b . en iho bankrupt since the ' . iae MBe ^ QM ^ OyJV " Yea , I Irnve , ' was th . ready auaycg ! . 'ft ^^ V ^ pi £ ^<^\ \ ( and b ,. cautious '• - <<< . y i ; u auswtktisp ^ ue . & | ioijj ^ 6 fl \* r \ your oa ; h 5 vhu- c : J he -cay to } ' 0 i | j !| . ^ WSp , I % ASO ^«« Ajl ? 5 l nciii -hit 1 Ai . i ' . !' iiaf ! ! "C ( Mdmi ^^^^ ttl ^ / H /^ fceaiL-waniy jaau . " - -liri stol MirraF ^ , ii ** ^ -- _ ' ^ . Q' J ?} j * I H YX 8

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      HARMONY HALL . LETTER X , TO THE EDITOR OF THE NOBTHKBM STAtt . 6 m—I have eugaged In this letter to point oat some of the substantive advantages that would be derived from the adoption of Mr . Owen ' s preliminary Charter , as tbe basis of a strongly united movement , and to endeavour to shew the ease with which it may be obtained . This Ii bo large and extensive a subject as to requfre a long series ot letters te do anything like adequate justice to it ; but as I am anxious to proceed to lay before your readers as early aa possible , some of the succeeding praotJcal atepa , I shall content myself with a cursory survey at present , and will , with your permission , at some fntuTe period treat more in detail .

      L—National production employment for all who desire it , every one must readily admit , will relieve an immense mass of misery which now exists ; and will do away with any necessity for further agitation for a repeal of the corn laws , or any other petty measures and stratagems , for providing food for the people , or for procuring customers for their manufactories , when we have the greatest abundance of land lying idle , or at the beBt very partially cultivated ; and have millions of people not only willing to be employed , but desirous of bein ? better c ! othed and lodged , and also desirous of taking advantage of every discovery either in science .

      mechanics , « tbe fine arts . Again , with regard to obtaining national employment , who can deny , or who , on calm consideration , would desire to deny the right of employment to all who need it ? We have now to support all who live , and if ai 8 r * t they are awkward at occupation , they kave not previously been accustomed to , it will be easily 8 een that the mere habits of order , acquired by industry , will be immense advantages ; and if the labour be wisely divided , and made attractive instead of repulsive , who can estimate the wealth that would soon be produced by a good system of national employment

      2 . —National unexclusive superior practical education for all who require it , is a * measure of immense magnitude and importance , and wanted for every being in existence Education , at least as hitherto conducted , has simply been the training of man for the developenient of some small portion of his faculties to the neglect of all the others ; and the most learned , or the most skilled , are still very imperfect and irrational on most subjects . Tbe education to which Mr . Owen refers can only be given under extensive and well combined arrangements with united interests , and will cultivate all the powers and faculties , physical , mental , moral , and practical of every individual . The exhibition of the effects of such an education , even in one moderate combination , will produce an entire change in tbe feelings and co&v . ctious of all who witness them ; and will prepare the way in tbe most rapid manner ; for the whole of the ulterior proceedings ; and whose interest will it be to oppose this ?

      3 . —A graduated property tax , commencing with properties yielding an income of not less than two hundred pounds a-year . This , as the imposition of a burden , will fer a time be resisted by some ; but calm consideration will soon shew them that their own interests , their position in society , and tbe welfare of themselves , their families , and the class to which they belong , will render it prudent and desirable that they should accede to this most just proposal ; eupported as it will be not only by the millions of the operative classes ; but also by those who are now pressed and worn down by tbe Income Tax , which is a per centage on all properties large or small , or , however derivable , whilst this being only on accumulated property , and on a graduated scale in proportion to its extent , would be felt only by those to whom the relief of disposing of somo of their continually increasing surplus would be a great boon .

      4—The abolition of all existing taxes and monopolies , few wonld object to ; whilst tho advantages to be derived from it would be beyond all eonimen estimate , and cannot he powerfully resisted . 5—Free trade in all things with all the world , will also supersede the necessity « f further agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws , or any other such puerile measures as now agitate the public mind , and will extend civilization and social intercourse to an unheardof extend , and will be eagerly embraced by all parties when they can see tbe easy mode of obtaining it . 6—Free egress and ingress to all i ; a '; ives and foreigners , except to foes in open hostility . This is one of the juat rights of humanity , that will make itself desired by all , and there will soon be no toea in open hostility to lo . se the advantages of it

      7—Unrestricted liberty of speech , writing , and publication . This again is a right of man , irresistable by any oppoBitien that can be offered to it ; when it shall be demanded in that calm , firm , aud determined manner , which will shew that the patties have resolved on exercis i ng it properly . S and 8—The abandonment of the three fundamental eirora on which society bas hitherto bten based , and the adoption of the three opposite fundamental truths . This perhapa will be tbe most difficult to aak to perform , bat the progress that is new daily being made , is a moat sure indication of ultimate and even speedy buccess ; for never did the important advantages to be derived from tbe adoption of true principles manifest themselves so rapidly to tho pubiicmind .

      10—The abandonment of foreign and all artificialmade money , and the adoption of ntv . ional-nmdo money to represent the exact value of t ^ changeable wealth . Taia is a measure of the most pressing necessity to allow of the free exercise of labour , and when clearly understood , as it soon may be , will be eagerly sought for by every class and party . 11—The abandonment of the practice of creating anything inferior , when it may be m ; i < 1 e superioi . The annual amount of 1 loss incurred by creating inferior articles of every description , far exceeds what may bo conceived possible by parties who have not sufficiently investigated the subject ; and there will be very little objection to a cbrinpe in this respect being made , when a full explanation respecting the advantages to be derived from it shall have taken place .

      12—The exchangeable 'value of & 11 wealth to be ilecided by properly qualified officers , appointed by the nation , wbo will have no private interest to bias their judgment A step of this kind as preliminary to associations on principles ot united interests may be must advantageously taken ; and , when clearly understood , will meet with scarcely any opposition . As I stated in the early part of this letter , I hope on seine future occasion to enter more into detail respecting this Charter ; but I trust that what I have already

      said will shew your readers that it contains immense practical advantages , and that these advantages will receive very little opposition from any great number of tbe population when the t-ubject shall become understood . Each point will however provide topics of immense importance for the miasionaries and the press ; and it will be in proportion as a united and vigorous agitation can be made , aud the subject thereby become clearly under-Btnod by the public , that its popularity will be apparent , and an irresistible public opinion will be formed tbat will carry all opposition before it .

      In considering the manner in which this agitation should be carried forward , let us look at the best means ot concentrating the power of the people , as I stated in a former letter , the reason why those who perform all the businea of society are in their present wretched condition , calling aud appealieg for aid and aaistance to those wbo can only live from the amount of this wealth that they have already obtained , can only arise from their ignorance of tow to combine and wisely direct the means they possets . If we take the comparison of

      numbers the sunerern have an immense Jraajority ; they have individually more physical strength ; and they bring up among their ranks the moat skilled and talented persons who are gradually drawn off to join the ranks of their oppressors through a false system of society being adopted . With the intelligence now pos-Feared with respect to true first principles , a single miud fully competent to organise the strength and numbers of the people up ^ n these principles , may almost immediately be enabled to btir . g a powet in action infinitely stronger than any law before witnessed .

      I know tbat in arguing for an organi&itlon directed by a single mind , 1 am exciting prejudices of tbe most powerful character against the other observations I may make ; but this wilt be no hindrance to me . The subject is beyond all personal , class , sect , or party considerations , and must be grappled with in a manner proportionate to its magnitude . We can no longer halt between two opinions 1 We must either boldly advance , and meet every difficulty and overcome it , or we must gradually ste our fellow-men sink deeper in poverty , vice , crime and misery , aud speedily become involved ourselves iu the same vortex , and ultimately overwhelmed .

      The increased powers of machinery , not in this country alone , but in every other , will daily increase tbe misery which exists , until some great change shall take place , ami this change will either be one of coercion , or extended liberty , tu proportion as the combined intelligence of man bba ' tl direct it . I have no fear of ultimate results ; for tbe light of truth is too widely d ffused to fettt its being again overshadowed by error , but there will be some most convulsive throes in the collisions that will take place , and these will be more or less disastrous in their effects , in proportion as tbe subject on which I have treated , shall be understood or otherwise .

      At present I am aware the great body of the operative classes hold th « opinion that committees and elected agents are the best parties to advise what shall be d * ne for them bat with this opinion I shall have to combat , and all I ask of your readers is a aim and patient suvey of what I shall urge . Opposed aa I ball be at first by all the feelings which have been engendered by the oppression , that the operative classes have hitherto received , if my opinions are erroneous they will soon acquire their deserved insignificance and may easily be overcome ; but if on the other band , the plans I shall la ; down are correct , and I receive your permission to explain them freely t « the public , the examination they will receive will enable them to be well tested , aud their truth or otherwise made manifest

      The time has now arrived , as I have previously stated , when we must part with all * ur long cherished prejudices and feelings , provided theae aie not in accordance with the sciences of human nature and of society ; and consequently , with th > three great fundamental truths , or frisKv ^ s ** bith inns ? , ff-m thf basis on which to trganbo suce a society aa tho one I have referred to .

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      The follnvrln ? : is the reply of Mr . O'Connell to the above . —Thu Bub / in Pilot of Saturday publishes the following " card , " being the only reply vouchsafed by Me . O Connell to the ittter addressed through the Times newspaper tu the Hon . and Learned Gentleman by Mr . Lane Fox : — *• Mr . O Connell has read in the Times a letter ad « dreeaed to him by Mr . Line Fox , a copy of which tbat unhappy gentleman has taken the trouble of sending to Mr . O ' Conuell in manuscript , after he bad printed tha

      original in the newspapers . Of course it will not be expected that Mr . O'Connell should say one word in reply to that strange and maniacal epistle , but he feels that , as a gentleman and a Christian , he i s bound earnestly to implore the friends of Mr . Lane Fox to obtain for him that protection which the Court iu matters of iunacy is enabled to give the persons who , like Mr . Lane Fcx , ate manifestly incompetent to the management of affairs , either public or private . —Merrion-6 quare , May 12 . "

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      To lessen as much as possible any misconception thit may exist in the minds of those who read these letters on the nature of the powers to be vested in the president and council of the society , I will in my next letter point ont the kind of authority or power I would propose to vest them with . I am . Sir , Your obedient servant , WlLLIiH QaLTIN . Harmony Hall , near Stockbridge , Hants , May 15 , 1843 .

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      _^^ == _ ========= _ THE NORTHERN STA R . 7

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 20, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1213/page/7/