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y • w *- ^™»~»• ^^C? " T» * THE XiEADINGr JOURNAL OF IRELAND. ENLARGEMENT OF » THE WORLD NEWSPAPER. rwwm #_ _- _ - ^tt^t^**« ~ — ¦ •
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.tf crtf)cotntns Ci)art(0t |&?ettn$0«
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TO RICHARD COBDES, E£Q^ M.P.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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_ . If u now tvux YEARS since THB WORM * started into existence , and it can , without fear of contradiction , be asserted , that in its comparatively brief career , it has achieved more for the country in promoting good i measures and checking fraud and corruption , than all the other Journals put together , -which have been published j In Ireland for the last century . When THE WORLD commenced its labouia , xheie was to be found no Journal i [ n tbe Kingdom "which was not the slave of some party or faction ; and , ther « fora , it was impossible , amongst the j Irish Press , to look for independent advooates of popular rights or sound principle . True , it is , that good niea- ' sureB were sometimes espoused by our contemporaries , tut this only happened when those who exercised control j aver them bad some interest in their promotion . \ I THE WORLD being subservient to no man or faction , steered a different course , and BatisjSed that the advent ! of better times mighj .. be greatly accelerated by giving no quarter to a . bad system , no matter whether Whig or TORT held the reiks OJ POWER , it persevered through good and evil report in boldly and undeviatingly ¦ avowing its conviction . . ¦ ¦ I THE WORLD beheld Ireland , after a Legislative Union with England bad existed for more than forty years , ! tbe most wretched and misgoverned country in Europe ; acd , believisg that tbis state of thing * could not j bave continued under the fostering care of a resident andRiformed Parliament , it , from the hour it started ! until the present , urged tba necessity of temperately and legally agitating to procure the Repeal of tbe Act of Union . . ; Perceiving the injury iDfllcrsd upon society by monopolies of every description , THE WORLD has not failed ' upon every opportunity to denounce them . : j First—THE MONOPOLY OF REPRESENTATION , which , giving to a few the franchise , leaves tbe lives , liberties , and property : of tbe millions who are deprived of the sufiVage as completely in their hands as if the ai&epifEeQted clans were bond slaves . Secoli ^|^ -tHE MONOPOLY OF A STATE CHURCH , which insults the majority of the people , while it obliges them to contribute to r . upport a faith that tb » y believe to be erroneous . Thirdly—AN AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL MONOPOLY , in whioh we include the exclusive privileges conferred upon the B » nk of Ireland . To storm tbe fortress of College Green , and endeavour to obtain for Ireland that Freedom of Banking without which no country can be prosperous or happy , baa been the constant aim of THE WORLD , and tbis bas exposed it to tbe hatred and persecution of a powerful class—we mean tbe whole tribe of usurious money-lenders . THE WORLD will appear In its new Form on the 16 th of Mnrcb . It will be enlarged to the full extsnt allowed by Act of Parliament , and will thus contain no less than 3 , 060 superficial inches of Letter-Press—an effort bitberte unachieved in tbe Annals of Newspaper Literature . It will be printed oa an enormous Sheet ot beautiful colour and unequalled texture , manufactured expressly for the occasion . It will appear as usual every Saturday Mornirig , with a Second Edition for the Country at One o'Clock , containing all tue Parliamentary and other Ndwa brought by that Day ' s Mail . Tikms ( Payment in Advance ) : —Yearly , £ l 6 a . 0 J . ; Six Months , l : s . ed . ; Quarterly , 6 « . 6 d . j WORLD Office . Dublin , Marca 8 th , 1844 .
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NEW WOOLLEN CLOTH AND TAILORS' TRIMMING i ESTABLISHMENT , 57 , EK . IGGATE , LEEDS , AITS MARKET PLACE , DARLINGTON . A f H . DAVIS respectfully invites the attention of the Public to hia . VALUABLE and EXTENSIVE STOGK OF WOOLLEN CLOTHS ^ Whioh ho has purchased for Cash , and is determined to se'l for a very small amount of profit . The G ^ ods are of first-rate Manufacture , and not made for sale only , but will haee the good properties of weartu « well , and ensuring future ordors . Th » Stock consists of DOUBLE-MILLED WATERPROOF TWEEDS , BEAVERS , PILOTS KERSEYS , CASSIMERES , SUPERFINE YOUKSHIKti and WEST OF ENGLAND CLOTHS WOOLLEN and COTTON CORDS , FUSTIANS , &o . &c . Wai 9 tcoaun « s from Is . Gd . upwards , iu endless variety . ' . . M . II . D . takes this opportunity to thank the numerous body of TAILORS , who have patronized him since he dissolved Partnership with Mr . Cvllingwobtu , and begs to assure them that no House in the Trade shall undersell him in any ouo Article . The Working Classes are invited to purchase Fustians , Cords , and Moleskins , at the abovr . Establishmput ; they will find it more adva ' ta « eous to do bo , and employ their own Tailors , than encourage tho "Ready Made Clothes Sellmg Monopolists" who get rich al the expoiice of the Working Mitu , by paying him one half for a Garment thai other Mastors eive .
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IMPORTANT TO WORKING MEN IN TOWN OR COUNTRY ; rnilE UNITED PATRIOTS' BEI * RF ! T AND PROVIDENT SOCIETY , Instituted February 7 'h , X 1843 , Enrolled and Empowered by Aot of Parliament to extend over the United Kingdom . Free to a portion of Benefits on Entering . Office , 59 , Tottenham-Court , London . Upwards of 3 c j 0 Healthy Young Men joined thia Institution in less than Twelve Months . It affords an opportunity to healthy persons in Town or Country , to provide them ^ elvfs against Old A ^ e , Sickness , Doatn , ; and a Poor Law Unioa , whoso income or weekly earnings are from 10 s . to 24 * . per wetk . It ensures an Asylum in Old Age , with Annuity to its Members . Weekly MeetingB , for the admission of Members , every Tuesday Evening , at Eightio'Clock . Persons can enrol their names by paying tbe Entranoe Money at the Society's Meeting Hou ^ e , any day aud at any time . BRANCHES are being formed , and SUB SECRETARIES appointed , in all partBof the UNITED KINGDOM . ; Remember it is noblo , generous , aiH good , to live , knowing you can leave the World with the consoling reflection , that the Widow aad Orphans of your bosom are left to the Justice , not the Charily of your fellow-men . Blank Forms and Information , for the Admission of Country Members , can be obtained , by Letter , prc-paid , enclosing Three Postage Stamps , to D . W . RUFFY , General Secretary , 13 , Tottenham Court New Road , St . Pancraa .
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LCTTEB IT . Sis , —Tie H 6 « cW&eiei in wMcb . jou hare appeared as advocate for tenant farmers and farming jsionrera is very laughable j and the manner in which you endeavoured to sustain this new cbal&ctei is truly lndicroos . It strikes mei that your sew position furnishes strong proof that you have failed is enlisfejg that support and sympathy which you expected to have derived from the manufactur ing classes . It is evident that yon must keep up the agitation for Free Trade ; and , failing to create iis required sensation amid yonr own slarB class , henceforth yon will rely upon the amount of encouragement and support that yon can squeeze out of the ignorant portion of the agricaiiaral population .
There are some pasages in your recent speech in the House of Commons on which I shall comment , because they tend to link the questions of agriculture and manufacturesj and because you appear to be as ignorant upon the former as you hire shown yourself to be upon the latter question . If yon had mored for a Committee for the purpose of dimsing mean 3 by which the Corn LawB B ight be Repealed , without injuriously affecting any interest in the state , yon might bare done some good ; because then the grievances which you declare the tenant farmers and farming labourers to ie sow labouring nnder ccold hare been proTed to
be a consequence of a bad system of Government and of agriculture , and not al all a consequence of the Coin Lavs . You stated several grievances under which tenant farmers labour ; and you endeavoured to deduce from some of your cases the feet , that a reduction in the price of corn- cosse ^ r ^^^ l ^ s ^ jB ^ I ^ f' ^^ rB , ^ 9 ^^^ 1 d > ot uperati prejadicially to the interest of the tenant former , or the fanning labourer ; while you were also compelled to admit the fact , that it would csose a reduction in the Tains of land . But really , Sir , you manufacture such a critical and seemingly plausible debtor and creditor aecount . between Landlord and Tenant , that 1 shall place it here before yon for a word of comment . You say : —
" They tola the fansera that they could not compeie With thfi fareignszs even if ftey had the land renl-fret They professed to put the Expenses on an acre of -wheat cultivation at £ 6 . Thsir fallacy had been explained to him bj an eminent agriculturist in the midland counties , Trkese Btsteaaent tras as f ollo-wa : — Ton ¦ will be lllfit by the assertion thst no alteration in the rent could make my difference to the tenantry ; and they Trill quote the expecces on a shi ? le crop of -wheat , and say ,
how Email th » proportion TcbAeh the re ^ t bears to the whole expenditure . Bet that is not the fair way of putting it . Wheat is the farmer ' s remuneration crop , which he does rat , however , Map more than one year 3 b three . Ths txpenses ol managing tfce whole farm jhonld be compared , with a vis- w te estimate the proportion ef expecse which is received by the landlord ; and I have , wcordinsly , anahzed the expenses en a Isrm of 460 acres , £ 30 arable and 370 pasture , as lOiloirs : —
• Parish and county-rates £ 90 Interest on capital 3 a& Tahccr . . . . . . „ SSO * Tr = £ EfjBeB ^ B bills ,. go * 3 Iacnre , lime , ie „ ... 70 ' IVear and tear , horses , &s ... ... 2 e 'Total ... „ . £ 7 & 0 Bent , £$ Q 0—iloud cries of Oh ! ' and laughter ) . Ss flat on this farm , -which is fsirly cultivated , the rent uronnts to more than a 3 ether iUnn tegtther , deluding iB srest on capital—( Ironical cries of 'iear , hear / and
Imgmer ) . Ami if 55 s . a quarter will , && the averago prica of ¦ wh * at , essbW the tenant to pay his rent at jnch a rate auk resbz ^ ovtr all expense ? £ 150 anccally byway of profit , en such a farm , it " is obvious that witbcmt aay rent be would be able to pay his labourers as welV&sd pat the ssxne amotmt in iiis pocket , at 30 s . per qnsrtei—sopposiog , even , that other procuc * were reduced prepcrtionately in price ; tut I believe the reduction in wheat will not be lower than 45 s . per ^ Barter , and lhat the fall in ueat , hotter , cheese , Sue ,, would not be proportionate upon a repeal of the preset t Cam law . ' '
2 vow , the evident object of the above fallacious aeconntj was to persuade tee pnblic , that the Landlord , and the Landlord only , was the gainer by the Corn Laws ; and ihai he , aud he only , would be the RiSerer by their repeaL // / could bring myself ie such a conclusion , 1 "would joik toe to-mokkow for a Repeal of the Corn Laws : not from any pariicnlir desire to rob the Landlords ; but from the hd , that you conld no ? rob them , without at the same time compelliEg them to do justice to all other classes of society , by evading the blGw which was intended exclusively for their order . I icould gladly pal a tax of fifty per ant . upon landed property ; for this xeasoii- because as land posie&ses the property of representation , the ovmtrs of it , if taxed theviielns , -H-oruj test sp £ EDilt sl ^ dcce the JtSDUa OP THB STATE TO THE PXCPLe ' s AB 1 L 1 TT
10 BEA 3 TSZM . However , Six , I can ot allow you to argue in favour of the perpetration of a great injustice against one class , without any good whatever accruing therefrom to any other class ; and , therefore , I must expose ihe fallacy , nay , the gross and absurd ignorance , evinced in the above extract . Yon argne thai Tent is the material item in the farmer ' s account j and , whimsically enongh , in your cited case , yon make it ten pounds over and above aU other expenditures , even , including ihe interest for capital .
r > ow , allow me , Sir , to render my debtor and creditor account between the Eame parties , if this farm was indeed " fairly cultivated , " which yon say it is , but which from yonr own showing it is impossible it conld be . If it wa 3 properly culiirated the account would stand tbns : — „ £ s , diHterest of £ , CGO capital at 5 per cent . „ ... 2-0 0 0 Labour at £ 5 -per acre , being aot mere than hzlf the amount that might be beneficially applied ... 2 , 000 0 0 Tradesmen ' s Bills and wear and tear 250 0 0 Conmy Rates and Parochial charges 100 0 0
£ 2 , 600 0 0 Deduct R = nt ... ... ... 800 0 0 i * ow , in the above calculation you find , that the rtnt is , rot evtB ont-ihird of the gross liability ef a feriEer holding ard properly cultivating 400 acres of huid . Yon aUow £ 880 a-y # ar for labour , or less ihsn £ 1 an acrt : thatii , you allow tweJve men , at 12 a . a week each , for the management of 400 acre ?; "fairly cultivated" as yon call it ^ or a man to every ibirty-tlree acres . On this farm ofAQO acres would
he kept Un horses al the least ; and if the horses are to be used , they would require a man to every pair ; lsziitig seven men to perform ihe labour of 4 C 0 acres U 2 \ ow who do you suppose frill be blinded by BOgross an attempt at proving that rent is the material burden upon the farmer ! You have gone within ilO of thtbalance ; bnt 1 will make a better account for yon . £ a . a . 500 acres of land held at £ 2 an acre ... 1000 0 0
rei Contra . Interest on capital vested in stock of 1000 sheep and 50 cows , value £ 2 CQ 0 , at 3 per Cent loo 0 0 County and parochial charge ? ^ 100 0 0 ~ WzgeB # f two herdsmen asd two boy 3 80 0 0 Tradesmen —~ 0 0 0 Manure ..... — 0 0 0 "R " earandtear ..... 0 0 0
Total expencf £ 280 0 0 Amount of rent over total expenee £ 720 0 0 Kow that would be a proper way to make ont a 3 n speaking of the destitution of the agricultural ** naer ' s account for yonr-manufacturing friends . ' - ^ kosrers you say , " The ia * e of wages rarely exceeding 83 . or » 3 . -pet > * i ; on that a man and wife with two , three , foni , = > t , ex , or more xhildien have "to live ;* and the * 2 s of a labouTM pointedly declared , We could eat * sn tread if ax amid ad ill' while another gave most
< Kt > e Ie a&d painful evidence in a rerj simple yet fefciija ^ nianueu—' Om eemmon djtok is burnt'Cnut ¦»¦ "R " have balf-a-poBnd of togax per week . We *•»» h . " »» what it is to get enoagh . At the end jj v&ttl tt * children eould always eat more . The ^ ttn xi Te * iare-as mseh as they cac eat . When ^» 4 for -more 1 say to them , "Do you wish yonr - « ettto fot < " > l > ri * oa ? ' _ lc « j bel : e \ " % all that . Sir , perfectly ; and I can r ^ tit lo be t « od evidence whereon to gronnd a l ^ tfforaju ^^ on ; bnt I cannot admit ttat a ^ al ol the Co . ^ ° Xaws would ensure the reqnired fe ^^ " ItlS 2 M ) l tair to argae of a grievance froma jT ^^^^ tcd cases ; . ^ if Jon come to contrast the | j ^*** ^ toion ^^ ol / u * « *| jicnltoffal pppul&tion wiih
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that of the manufacturing population , I undertake to prove , that bad as the condition of the former is , it is oat of all comparison preferable to that of the latter . . Your tender solicitude for the people's morals as evinced in the following passage is trnly charaoteriotic of a free trader . Yon quoted from Mr . AAistm ' a report , and it mm thms : — " Ths Utepisg ofboys and girls , young men and yonnf
women , in ihe same room , tn beds almost tcmching one another , must have the effect of breaking down the great barriers between the w xes—the sense of modesty and decency on ihe part of women , and respect for the other Bex . on the part of the men . The eonsequenoes of the want of proper accommodation for sleeping in the cottages are seen in the early licentiousntis of the rural didricts ; licentiousness which has not always respected the family relationship . *"
Now , allow me to ask you , if you were anxioua to bring the whole ** Condition of England Question " before the House , why you did not quote from the evidenoe taken before the Committee upon the treatment ar * d oondition of the factory operatives ! Why did yon sot Tead-the © TideBorgiven by Mr , M « - shall * 8 overseers , and other overseers h ~ men all interested in their masters' service . Why , when so tender o ! the morals of females , not tell the House that mothei 3 and daughters were obliged to ask brutal ove ~ seers have to g § to the privy * and that men and women used the same privy in common ! Why not tell the House about little infants being lashed with a knout for falling asleep at their labonr , anu ofbeicg soused in a cistern of cold water in winter time for a second offeiice ? and about beine
made to stand upon one leg on a cold stone with their little hands up ! and all abont the poor father taking the little babe home in that condition , and hovr the little thing without the use of its crippled little legs was snpported , when laid down , by its little stiffened garments tl-at had been frozen around it ! Why not tell about the mother beiDg obliged to shake her little baby into artificial existence upon the morning following such treatment , to work again for ISdanimon ! Why not tell the House about the fur and flue that was 50 thick upon her poor diBuer that she could not eat it ! Why not tell
about her crippled childhood , her sterile womanhood , her premature old age , and her final consignment to a c » 3 d bastite ! Why not tell about English mothers And English daughters working in company with men in the " dog days , " almost in a state of Eudhy ! Why should your modesty be so shocked at brothers and sisters sleeping in the Eame room , aud not take alarm at strangers piggiog together in ihe loathsome cellars of Manchester , Leeds , Glasgow , and other large manufacturing towns ! and ,
when speaking of the evil consequences of Buch immorality , why cot mention the wcspiDg Widows of the modern Priam , a certain Major , a great manufacturer ! Why cot tell Sit Robert Inglis and the Eaints about the child of thirteen years of age , who said thai " he koew nothing about God" ; that " he itever htard of HE" ; but that " be was told that Christ was a Welshman" ? Ah ! Sir , before you again point to the " beam" in your neighbour ' s eye , take the *• mole" ont of yonr own .
I shall now give a very copious and significant extract from your Epeech , in which you would give the go-by to the immediate cause of the recited evih ? You say t" ' In some of the worst localities a rtnt of from £ 3 to £ 5 yearly is ehargtd for a hougfc with only one room 1 dew and one above It may serve to corroborate what I have sUUd of the ciowdiCg of il e -viUcges to add , that I have eow a lilt btfore me of 40 fsR : i ) its IslongiEg to othtr parishes in the BB : cn wto are now sctually residing in , t £ e town of Biatdlord . " This was the state of tbincs at which the manufacturing populstion in the
north revolted . It was the drtad of being brought down to that state , which was the p + jm&utnt condition of the agricultural labourers , -which cixiitd tuikes and eomn ! Hcns in the ffiaDufacturir . g districts . The evil progrfcEstd ; the landowner rtfuscd to Inild cottages , ana allowed the old cot -ige » to fall down . Tbis ¦ sres the reasoB why the labcurtrs and their fanjUifc * sV = d to the tu-srns . Let not the mannfactnrtis , then , t 2 blame * f 01 the cotditica of the towns -, for the population which the landowners , when these hovels in which the peoj-le livid fell down , for « t ! to go to tfce mai . nfactnriug tcwns , * K . me from what he mi ^ ht call a normal school of prostitution and vice . "'
2 * ow the above extract is a medley ; a portion taken frcm the report of Parson Osborne , and a portion ef it yenr comment thereon . Ent you having adopted the parson's Fkare , I shall treat it as a part of your speech . Why did you not tell the HoHse that in most cafes the factory slave is obliged to pay £ 8 , £ 10 , and £ 12 for a cottage , which if he was a Iree agent , he conld procure for £ 5 , £ 6 , or £ 7 1 and why not tell the House , especially as the contention is as to the means by which each man may get a quarter of wheat a-year " cheap" that the difference between the forced rent and the real
value of the operative slaves' cottage would give him two quarters of wheat a-year , at 50 * . a quarter ? Why cot tell the House that if the agricultural slave did pay £ 3 ct £ 5 a-ytax , he had work everj day in the year ; while if the operative slave 13 idle ior a fortnight the first deduction from his wages -when he returns to work is for the rest of the honse when he was idle ! Yon would ar&ue that the tumbY \ r > g of cottages , ihe ousting of agricultural labourers , and the tyranny of laridlords , T ? iS ± cossique > ce ct thb cobs laws ; and that the manufacturing town 3 offered an
asylum to the disinherited agricultural labourers , ^ ow , Sir , yeu thould have had the honesty to tell the Heuee that the first instalment of that political power which the Reform Bill conferred upon the Malthusian manufacturers of Ei-gland , was the Poor Law Amendment Act . That that Act , framed as the foundation of the principles of Free Trade , induced the landlords to consent to the parchase of the live lumber in their several parishes by the manufacturers , who were not then in possession of a sufficient amonnt of machinery to do without a considerable portion of manual labour . You should
have told the House , —true , the House knew it , but you should have reminded the House , —that you and your class opened a " slavghter-houie'' in Manchester ; that one Muggridge was yonr wholesale butcher there , to receive your consignments , of confidiDg agricultural Elaves from your district " salesmen . " You should have told the House that the landlords and the steam lords joined in the ; plunder of the poor ; that when the landlords stole the lands , you purchased the unprotected poor ; and that when you were provided with improved machinery to enable you to dispense with their labour you sent them back to ihe place from ivbecce they eame but to a place where there was no longer an asylum for them , Yoh substituted cold iron and wood for
flesh and blood , and the Landlords substituted horse power , and in many instances steam power for manual labour . And now , forsooth , having robbed lhe people between you , the land-plundererfl poor ont their sympathies for your wretched urchins , and yon retort by denouncing their atrocitieB ! Are you so foolish as to suppose that the people will not consider the three" great questions of Law , of Money , and of Poverty 1 the injustice of the law , made conjointly by the landed and manufacturing sympathisers : the fact of all the money under the law being in the possession of the two sympathising classes ; and the fact of all the poverty , and the poverty only , falling to the lot of their respective wards and clients !
The idea , Sir , of a country district constituting a normal school for that prostitution and vice with which the vxetcous manufacturing towns have been infected , is very laughable . It woald appear as if yonr speech was intended to disarm yonr opponents from charging upon the manufacturing class those several enormities known to exist in your society . And we therefore find the two following extracts relied npon * by jou for the pnrpose of shewing that the draw upon the funds levied upon the middle classes was occasioned by the destitution of the
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agricultural labourers consequent upon the tyranny and neglect of the Landlords . You relied Btrongly upon the two following reports : — " Dr . Southwood Smith had jast given bis annual report upon the state of the London Ftver Hospital daring the pact yeas , frqm which ifa appeared that the admisaions daring that period ware 1 , 462 , being an excess of 418 above that of any preceding year . A large proportion of the inmates , were agricultural labourers or provincial mechanics , who bad oome to London in search of employment , and woo were « wiz-d with the malady either on the road ox soon after their arrival , evincing the close connexion between fever and
destitution . These poor creatures ascribed their illness , some of them to sleeping by the sidts of hedges , and others to a want of clothing , many of them being without stockings , shirts , shoes , or any apparel capable of defending then , from the inclemency of the weather ; while the larger number attributed it to want of food , being driven by banger to eat raw vegetables , turnips , and rotten apples . Their disease wss attended with such extreme prostration as generally to require the » dmimistration of an unusually large proportion of wine , brandy , and &mir . osia , and other stimulants . Tbefiroaa mortality was 15 ^ per cent . An unprecedented ^ hnbwr of snnea and ouwr « er »» nt » «!? ^^ fcflWlta ^ s | ntre
afctacied witti fever , n&mdiy 2 % , of whom s ; k died . " * % i ¦ ¦'¦ " MBrlboroDgb'Street ^ The Mendicity Society constables and the police have brought a considerable number of beggars to this court recently . The majority of these persons are country labourers , aud their excuse for vagrancy has been of the same character—inability to get work from the farmers , and impossibility of supporting thenuelveB and families on the wages off-red them wbtn employment is to be had . It is impossible to describe thfa widened appearance of these men , moot of ¦« horn we abltbodied labourers , capable of performing
a hard day s work , and , according te their own statements , willing to do so , provided they could get anything to do . A great many if these vagrant agricnltur . il labourers have neither stockings nor thoes on their feet , &cd their ragged and famished appearance exceeds in Wietchedntss that of the Irish pe&uantry -who flad tbeir W 8 y to this metropolis . Tha magistrates , in almost eveiy instance , find themselves obliged to send these destitute persons to prison for a ehoit period , as the Ely means \> t temporarily rescuing them from starvation . SfcVtrsA individuals belonging to this class of beggars wen : yesttrdas committed . "
Now Sir , as regards the first report , that of Dr . Southwood Smith , he has furnished you wiih the convenient word *• or" whereon to make out a portion of your case . Ho states that tho applicants consisted of " agricultural labourers , oh provincial mechanics . " Now Sir , 1 assert without fear of contradiction by Mr . Smith , that nineteen in every twenty wtre provincial mechanics or operatives , who had been , even during the recent " c mmbrcial pbospkbitt , " driven from the manufacturing towns to the great metropolis , there to compete in the already overstocked market for the means of preserving a miserable existence for another hour of
misery . You seldom find one agricultural labourer in twenty of those who flock from the provinces to London in the hope of procuring work . And , Sir , if you scout the idea of Irishmea , who produce so much dying-for-want in the midst of their own production , have you no tear of compassion for the shirtless , coatless , shoeless , Btockingless , houseless , foodless , pennyless pauper , who has been constrained to fly in that hopeless naked condition from warehouses full of the production of his own labour ! Yes Sir , you may laugh at the idea of ill-clad agricultural labourers being profitable customers in the manufacturing market : but did it never strike you that
your own paupers had been rendered as unprofitable customers in the market of their owu production ! So much , Sir , of comment upon Dr . Southwood Smith ' s report ; and now for a word upon the police report . I have seen many of those creatures referred to myself , and in nine cases ia every ten , tho unfortunates are mechanics or manufacturing eperatives . They are to be seen in groups staggering through the street from very weakness , endeavouring to procure the » . ans of subsistence by singing . Tailors , shoemakers , hatteT ^ , joiners ,
bricklayers , stonemasons , painters , glaz ere , and those of other trade 3 , whose work has beeu rendered valueless in the manufacturing districts , are now flacking iu thousands and tens of thonsands to London as a last resourca ' , aad the destitution of one and ail is a consequence of machinery : while the reason that they coma to London , instead of going to their respective parishes is a consf quence of the Poor Law Amendment Act , which has closed the door against the reception of the rightful owner of the soil .
It required the full development of the power of machinery to exhibit the real meaning , power , aud horror of the Poor Law Amendment Ac ! and to that damnable Act , and not to the Corn Laws , is to be attributed the several grievances which you would ioolishly ascribe to the latter measure . I have so far criticised your performance in your new cbsracter of advocate for the tenant farmer and farming labourer . I admit that Mr . Gladstone failed , wholly failed , in his attempt to reply to your s » eech . I am willing to allow that , ia tho
absence of " miisd" outfcide of the House of Commons , your speech wauld have beeu a powerful means of rousing national hostility against that system ot restriction which you used it to bring into contempt . 1 admit that it "was a clever speech ; a rattling speech ; and must have been a tel . iug speech againBt the co-conspirators on the other side of the HouBe ; while , at the same time , I must assure yo » that it will fail to have any , the . slightest effect upon the " hind" ontside the House , further than to confirm it in the conviction that you are
" BOGUES ALL J ROGUES ALL !" I am , Sir , Your obedient servant , Fbaeqos O'Connor . P . S . Your speech has afforded me jnst cause for continuing my correspondence upon the subject of the Land , of which 1 shall take advantage next week .
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DUBLIN . —Irish "Universal Suffrage Association . — ThiB body held itB usual weekly met-ting on Sunday , March 10 th , Mr . Patrick Rafter in the chair . After the minutes of last meeting had been read , and some subscriptions received , Mr . Dyott moved the suspension of the standing order , preparatory to moving a vote of thanks to Mr . Joseph Hayes , of Cork , ior his late declaration in favour of the Peopled Charter . This having been Becondod and passed , Mr . Dyott proceeded to say—that , it was well known that the persons who frequented that room were no man-worshippers , looked jealously on " leader ? , " and had a great contempt for mere Barnes . Their principles were condensed into a short creed containing only six points or paragraphs , and as far advo
as any able mas fearlessly and unflinchingly - cated those , they -would work beside or behind him ; but should the individual , no matter how talented or distinguished , aberrate from the path of political integrity , orTSCommtnd any zig-zag route , they should leave him te his whims , and press on in their straightforward course—( cheers ) . Mr . Feargus O'Connor still remained at the van of the movement , because he had done nothing to forfeit their confidence , if he had , the sonnd-thinking people of England would soon have discarded him . He ( Mr . D- ) knew uothiDg of Mr . Hayes , of Cork , more than that he was said to be very wealthy and highly respectable , usiug that word in its best sense ; and that he had always been a consistent democrat , to an extent indeed which was not pleasing to some ef the upper and middle class patriots with whom he associated , who found their resptctability might be tarnished by connot
tact with ragged Chartists —( hear ) . It was , however , his ( Mr . !>'» , ) business to deal with bygone matters , bnt to canvass the present crisis . They had all seen the noble avowal of Mr . Hayes at the late meeting in Cork—a meeting orer which the mayor of the city presided ; they had seen how that declaration had been received by the assemblage , whose cheers too plainly showed they were inoculated by the unhappy genius of Chartism—( cheers and laughter ) . "What would Mr . O'Connell say now 1 His declaration that the Chartists of Ireland were " few , " " insignificant , " and " no where to be found , " proved as little founded in truth as his doctrine regarding the resuscitation of the Irish Parliament by Queenly will —( hear / . Here were his constituents—no , not his constituents—he was member for the county , bnt their next door neighbours tho BepeaktB of the city of Cork declaring in
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puhi > c meeting assembled , in favour of tho Charter , and for cordial co-op « ration with the pooplw ot England—( hear and cheers ) . Might thwy not hope tho very best results from this great example « i mura ! courage and public vjrtuo ? Cnartism Heemed indeed mighty "fascinating'' to the good people ot Cork , anil he trusted tha ; oro long all Ireland would pronounce in its favour ( sneers ) . Tho sp < . ak < -r went into a close examination ot the d-jm&nd and history of tho Charter , and asked wnat might uoi the Hi'pealers have achicr d had they not acted by
the Enalisn people in tho insane manner they had respecting their proffered sympathy and assistance ; had they proceeded constitutionally , by im eg > ant and imposing petitions , strengthening their position in parliament , and putting on the pressure from without which a union with iho Charti > ts would havr- iupplied : would not Repeal be nearer than now * . wheu the Nation declared , after all its brae gad ocio , that tho people must look on it as a very distant though a certain event—( hear ) . Mr . O'Coonell has paid ho would place his head on the block if he had not Repeal on the 23 rd April next : he would mort likely be the inmate of a prison at that period . After a rapid review of the obstacles they , the
Chartists , had had to encounter in Ireland , and praising their persevtran « e , Mr . Dyott concluded amid the oncers of tho meeting by proposing th « following resolution : Ri'lsolvt-d , " That having st-en a report in tho publip papers of a meeting held in the cicy 01 Cark during tho past week , called together on a most numerous and rospectabio ri q'lisitiou , and presided over by the Mayor of the city , for the purpose of bustaiaing Mr . ( J'Connoll and tho 'Rcpealertof Ireland at tho present conjuncture ; and having seen amongst the proceedings reported a spaech at tributed to Joseph Hayes , E * q ., which from the wellknown consistent and ii . ii xibie patriotism ot that gentleman , we believe it to be strictly authentic , iu
which he declares , that regardless of all coiisequfneos he goes the full length of advocating every point contained in the celebrated document called the People ' s Charter , as ( ho only panacea for tht political evils which affl ct the empire ; and having further st-en that that declaration was received by the meeting wish unanimous and hearty acclamation , we the members of th Irish Universal Suffrage As sociation , do hereby express our heartfelt taeisfaoiion that the ' * genius of Chartism , " whioh is the genius of true liberty and real political equality , and only unhappy in being unable itumeoiatcly to realise itidonous object , ia so powerful in the Becoud city in tbis kingdom ; thereby giving a substantial refutation
to those who have asserted that the Chartists of Ireland were few and insignificant ; that we tally agree with Mr . Hayes , that , junt principles can never be miaied by the miaconaact of individuals—tven granting such conduct to have taken place ; and that we do hereby offer our marked thanks to the Mayoi presiding , to Mr . Joseph Hayes , the champion of th ' Charter on this occasion , and 10 the vast , intelligent , and influential assemblage who so nobly responded to the glorious senumfntu so fearlessly put forward ; and we do hereby further pledge ourmlves to ust every moral and constitutional means within our power to assist our brethren of Cork in spreading widely tho opinions to which we mutually assent , a *
the only mtans of promoting individual oumfort and contentment , and ensuring national prosperity and peace ; perfectly agreeing with the resolution of Mr . Hayes , that there is no political good to be achieved for Ireland except by cordial co-operation with the English industrious elat ^' p , namely , the Cnartist ? , who have repeatedly tenth red u& their sincere and hearty assistance for tho auainmeut of our just rights . " Mr . O'Higgins rose to second the resolution . Hu said that ho hailed the metjtiug at C rk as the first effective step towards that which in the prt-Bent crisis , was above all other things most desirable , a cordial union between the English and tho Irish people . At the period of the legislative union , tht
bane of Ireland , it was the policy of Pitt and tht infamous 'Jastlereagh to effect a union of the aristocratic tyrants of England aud Ireland , and at the same time to exoite hatred and ill-will between the great body of the peoplo ot both countries . They succeeded in both instanced . Trie re ^ uluuoa proposed , and the speech made by Mr . Hayos at Cork , were eminently calculated to overthrew the propositions , the flagitious propositions , of Pitt and Casiiereagb . It ib tiro bounden dusy of every gyod Irishman to give his utmost aid to carry into practical effect Mr . Hayes ' s admirable resolution . Now , if it be a crime against the law to axoite jealousy and hatred between Her Majesty ' s people in England and in Ireland , but especially m England , u must be a
virtue to exoite good feeling , love , alfoctiou , and a hearty union between the people of both countries . It follows , therefore , that the Irish Attorney-General is bound to pay a public compliment to Mr . Hayes tor bis manly effort to tffeot that uuion . Had he , ( Mr . O'Higgins ) , a tenth part or even a hundredth part of the power of Mr . O'Connell , he would carry out to the fullest extent Mr . Hayes ' s resolution , and at the same time , comply with " the wishes of the Irish Attorney General , by allocating £ 2 , 000 of the Repeal Rent for the purpose of defraying-: Me expenses of thirty < tivo English Chartist lectuerera—on % > for e ; ch county in Ireland . Hu , ( Mr . O'H ) , would answer for it that thobe gentlemen would soon teach the Irish the value of the substantial btiueiitd which the
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people of Ireland would soon derive from a cordial union between them and ihe English . He oould get nine staunch Protestants , and Repealers too , to tea .-h he people of the nine Uiwt ' . r counties tru ^ political knowledge . This plan , which could readily be carried out , would mo > t assurod ' y do a vast deal of good , and 110 doubt meet the hearty approbation of the Iru-h Executive , the AtfTney General , au ; d tho Lord Chief Justice . They know ; hat it is by contrary virtues aud practices sins agniust tho soul are atoned for ; and
lurcly tho Kame principle mu .-t be s . bod with respect to political sins . Had he ( Mr . O'H . ) the power to do -o , he most assuredly would carry this plan into operation . Cork gave to Ireland a Father Mathew , who has done more good to Ireland than has been done since the days of St . Patrick . And who knows ' ml fork may give to Ireland a politician who will cad the people to political salvation . Mr . O'Higgins i-oncluded by saying , that the motion met his warm approval . It was then put and carried by acclatnauon . After which , Mr . Johu K-jeyan was called to he chair , and thanks having beeu voted to Mr . Halter , the meeting separated . :
The u-iml weekly melting of the Irish Universal Suffrage Association was held at ouo o ' clock , on Sunday the 17 . li instant , at No . [ 14 , North Anne-MrcQi . Mr . Henry Clark in tho chair . Mr . O'Higdns gave notice that he would move tho following resolution on Sunday next , tht 24 : h instant : — " Tha . recent proceodinga in Dublin ' and in London , between the Wfoigs and tho ; Repeal Leader indicate the entire abandonment of the Re- ' peal movement for the purpose of forming 1 coalition between the Vvlhiga and Ropealers , with a view to restore the Whig party to power ; that in the opinion of this Association , such
a coalmon would not only be fatal to Repeal , but to public liberty ; beoause the Whigs , whom Mr . O'Connnll jusfdy designated as ' base , bloody , and bruta ) , ' passed while in office , the English Poor Laws' Amendment Act ; the Irish Coercion , and neveral other Acts calcula'ed and intended to sap the f oundation of public liberty ; that while in power they have ever beeu the most insidious enemies of the peoplo ; that iu order to prevent this deceitful faction from getting into power a ^ ain by affecting sympathy for the wrongs and ; sufferings of the people of Ireland , or under the vague pretence of 'Justice to Ireland '; and with tan earnest desire
to accelerate the Repeal of the Uuion , and at the same time test the sincerity of those who so heartily cheered the Repeal Leader on entering the House of Commons ; and also to prove whether those Whig cheers for the man shall be carried into votes for that measure , the agitation of which elicited -uch unequivocal marks of their approbation ; u > c Chanists of Greta Britain are requested to use their iufluence with their parliamentary Leader , Thomas Slingsby jDuncombe , Esq . o bring forward a motion tor the Repeal of the Uuion between Great Britain and Ireland , on as early a day as possible before the 15 ; h of April nest ; to move a call of the House for the occasion ; aud
¦ a the event of being in a minority , to divide tho House upon tho question . " This being St . Patrick ' s Day , the meeting was but thinly attended . Alter ~ ouue pointed observations from Mr . Moran , Mr . ( Jlark , Mr . Woodward , and Mr . Keegan , upon the subject of placarding the notice of motion , and the right of the police to meddle with it , the meeting adjourned till Sunday next , the 24 * h instant , at one o ' clock . ALNWiCK . —At the weekly meeting of the Chartist body , held on Monday evening last , Mr . G . Pike , jim . delivered a spirited andjeloquent address in defence ot the character of the immortal Thomas Paine . i
Newcastle . —The Chartists of Newcastle and G ^ tesheau hdd their we . kly business meeting on Monday evening last , Mr . Kay in Che chair ; the whole of the business being of a loaal nature . Discussion commeuoes in thu Three TunB * long room every Sunday evening , at halt ' -past six o ' clock .
The North Lancashire delegate Meeting was held at Mrs . Beesloy ' s , Aecringtou , on Sunday , March 17 th . Delegates were present from Colne , Blackburn , Hisliogrten , Padiham , Ciitheroe , Gborley , Burnley , Preston , Sabden , Bacup , and Acrington . Mr , Gilbert Kushton officiated us ebuirmau . The delegates then gave in their several contributions to the District Fund , and after the stipulated allowance bad been paid to those delegates who came from a distance , the District Secretary announced that the sum amounted to £ 1 Is . 2 . 1 . The nominations were then given in as follows .- —Preston , Mr . Maraden ; Collie , Mr . Marsden ; Blackburn , Mr . Dixon : Haslingden , Mr . Dixon ;
Ciitheroe , Mr . Dixon ; Burnley , Mr . Dixon , Sabdon , Mr . Dixon ; Bacup , Mr . Dixon ; Accrington , Mr . Manden ; The Burnley delegates urged the necpasity of Bending as many representatives as pussible to tbe forthcoming Convention , and moved the following resolution : — " That we nominate Mr . Dixon as tbe district representative , and that the various localities in North Lan cashite , join at the expenee of sending him , and we further recommend to our various constituencies , the propriety of sending as many representatives as possnle . " It was then resolved , " Thar tbe next delegate meeting be held here tbe second Sunday after tbe Convention . " i
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Mr . Clark ' s TcCb . ~ On Mondsy , the 4 : h , I ha tared at Northampton , Mr . J . Robins in tho chair The auditory was numerous , and very auest < v < % Chartism has been slumbering in that important town , bnt I . think it is now on the ri » e , as index ! it is all through the county . On Tuesday , I vi ^; d the Radi'iai town of Kettering , and had a most excellent meeting . At ; he close of my address , waich occupied two hours in the delivt-ry , I had thg pleasure of enrolling several new member ? - On , Wednesday , I went from Kettering to Welleuborough , where I had a fine spirited meeting , attentive and enthusiastic At the close , I disposed of thirty oards . I was highly gratified to witness the oneness of feeling so manifest in tho proceedings of the
Chartists of this place . The body here appear to be deeply sensible of the value of unanimity , and act accordingly . On Thursday , I again returned to Kottenng , and in the evening lectured to a large audience , on the " fallacies of Free Trade . " Tho utmost attention was paid until I had nearly oacludcd , when I was interrupted by a person wishing to offer a proposition . I immediately came to a . close , and invited the man forward , when he appeared on the platform . He ttirnod oat to bo a Mr . Leatherland , once a flaming Chartist He advanced some of the fag-end of Cobden's speeches , and ended np with the old ridiculous nonsense , about the price ot labour being regulated by the demand . I replied , and the discussion was continued till near twelve o ' clock , which then closed by
Mr . Leatfieriand moving a resolution condemnatory of the Corn Law ? , whi ^ h was met by a Chartist ameudment , condemning Free Trade under existing circumstances . On being put , the amendment wag carried by twenty to one . I then moved the thanks of the me ; ting to Mr . Leatherland for his kindness in assisting to expose tha fallacious and treacherous schemes of tho Anti-Corn Law League , which was carried unanimously . Thirty cards were taken ont . Oa Friday , I delivered a third lecture at K « tteriag on tho Land as a romedy for national distress . The moeting was very numerous and enthusiastic . Afc the conclusion , the thanks of the meeting were voted to me ; and I had the gratiflcatiou to find that my lectures had had the effect of setting Chartism upon it 3 legs once , more at Kettering . —Thomas Clark . — Nottingham , Tueati&y .
Staffordshire PoTrERiES . —Iq closin / r ay labours under the direction of the Executive Committee , iu the Potteries District , in justice to the Chartists of that part , I feel proud to eay that they rank am-ing the first and bravest of democrats ; and yet I believe there is no part in this country where the Caanists have b « cn bo much persecuted as ia the Potteries . Man after man has been turned adrift by the' League manufacturers ; and yet this base and cruel treatment has only tended to maka the menmore firm and decided . Our meeting at Hanley have gradually increased from the first of
my commg into the Potteries . The large room ig already too email . At Tunst&ll the cause is low , for . the want of a room in which to hold meetings . At Longton the polico have deprived U 9 of two rooms ; but the friends have bought a piece of grosud to erect a hall of their own ; and Hanley is taking a similar step . The summor will afford a fine opportunity in thia district for the spread of our principles . Taking the Potteries as a whole , the prospect is pleasing . In conclusion , I wiBh to tcader my thanks to the Chartists of tha Potteries for the kind manner in which they have assisted me ia my laViftiirs among iht-m . Henrt Dokuan , March
18 : h , 1844 . GREBMOCB :. —Resurrection op Chaktisw — On Tuesday , March 12 n , Mr . Peddio visaed Greenock and lectured the same evening in the Chartist meeting room . Af er the delivery oi an able address , and a leDgrby discmsion which followed , the meeting was adjourned to the following evening . Wednesday . —The room was crowded ; Mr . J rues Wilson iu the chair . Mr , Peddio delivered an able address , which was enthusiastically responded to , and tue meeting again adjourned to tiie following evening .
Thursdav . —Another crowded meeting was held , when Mr . Peddie triumphantly exposed the fallacies of tha Leaguers . A resola : ion wa-t proposed by Mr . Alexander Macgregor , binding tbe meeting to agitate for tbe Charter only . Thanks were voted to T . S . Dpncornbe , Esq ., and tho lecturer . We are all in higb spirits through Mr . Pediiie ' s visit . GLASGOW . — A meeting was held in the Academy , Cellege-Htreet , on Monday evening , for the puupueo of making the necessary arraDgcmeDib- for the olocuon of a delegate to represent Glasgow ia the forthcoming Conference , Mr . J . Smith in ihe chair . Mr . CoJquhoun , oa the part of the Committee * gave a statemeut of the arrangements already gone into . He said they had written to Mr . Robert ? ,
requesting him to address the public meeting oa Monday evening next . Mr . Colqutioun read a letter which he had received from Mr . Roberta ' s clerk , stating that it was Mr . R . ' s intention to be in G ' asgow on the 25 h ; and that he had ho doubt but he would be happy to attend their meeting . Mr . Barrel I suggosied that the delegate should be irihtrijcttfd-to vote for a national system of organisation ; sui jeot to some alterations in tho presout pKn , Mr . Dennis M'Milian suggested that the Exrcu ive should be intruded to publish the "People ' s Charter" in a neat form , and that it be sold at prim « co ^ t . On the motion of Mr . M'Doualti the coaiaiittee were instructed to embody tho above tugget- 'ions in a subataniivo resolution , to bo bubmirted to tho public moeting on Monday evening aa pan . of the instructions to the delegates .
611 kff 1 KLD . —Waa christened lately , at the Parish Church , bheffield , John Julian Harney West , infant son of Mary and John West , Chartist lecturer for tho West Ridiug of Yorkshire . Also , lately registered . Fuargus M'Douall Holland , son of John ana Sarah Holland , both of Sheffield .
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London . —A meeting will be held at the Croivn G-fioe Houie , 14 , Leather-lane , Holboru , ou Sunnay afternoon , at three o ' clock , to form a new locaiay . A discussion will be held every Tuesday evening , 10 commence at half-past eight o ' clock . Victih Cohmittee . —This committee will cscst for a final settlement of affairs at Mr . Kucx'a , Skinner-street . Snow-hill , on Wednesday evening next , M * rch 27 < -h , at eight o ' clock . Ail persona hoiding tickets connected with the George White dinner , are requested to return the same , or tha money , imaiediatoly . A Pcbmc Meeting of the shareholders of the City of London Institution , will be held on Sumiay morning , March 24 . h , at ten o ' clock , at the nail , Turnagain-iane , to elect direotors , and tr&n ^ uot other important business .
A Public . Meeting will be held on Sunday cyriaing , March 24 th , at the Chartist Hall , Turuagainlane . Chair to be taken at seven o'clock . South . London Chahtist Ham . —The Chandra of the above locality are requested to meet oa Sunday morning next , at ten o'clock . The shireholders of tho above hall are requested to meet on Sunday afternoon , at throe o ' clock . Jambs Brontebre O'Brien will lectare at the South London Char tie t Hall , oa Sunday eveuiug next , at half past seven o ' clock . Feargus O'Connor , Esq . will lecture at the South London Chani&t Hall , on Monday even-ng next , at seven o ' clock . A Tea Pabtt and Ball will take place at ihe Scuth Loadon Chartist Hail , on Easter Monday , io honour of the Executive .
London . —Mv . Alfred Hmuuball will deliver a lecture , on Sunday evening uext , at seven o ' clock , at tho Workiogman ' s Hall , Mile Eud . SoMSKSTowN . —Mr . James Mee will deliver a lecture at the Bricklayer ' s Arms , Tonbridgestreet , Cromer-street , on Sunday evening next , at half-past seven , Emmett Bbisadk . —Mr . Thomas M . Wheeler will daliver an address at the Bricklayer ' s Arms , Hoavrstreet , New Koad , on Sunday evening next , at halfpast seven . Westminster . —Mr . Ruffy Ridley will deliver a public lecture at the Golden Liou Tavern , D « anstreet , Soho , on Sunday evening uext , March 24 . b , at half-past seven o ' clock .
City Hall , Turn-again Lane . —Mr . P . M'Grath will deliver a public lecture on Sunday evening , ( tomorrow ) , to commence at seven o ' clock . Tower Hamlets . —Mr . J . Sewell will deliver an address at the White Horse , St . Mary-street , Whitechapel , on Sunday evening next , to commence afc ha , ' ! -past seven o'clock . Marylebone . — Mr . Gardiner will deliver aa address at the Mechanics' Institute , Circus-street , on Sunday evening nuxt , at half-past seven o ' clock precisely . Holluvwood—Mr . Joseph Wilde , of Rochdale , will deliver a lecture in the Chartist Room , Pew Nook , on Sunday ( to-morrow ) , at six o ' clock in tho evening . ¦ _ _ _ .
Hanley , Staffordshire Potteries . —Mr . G . B . Mart , of Stoke , will deliver an addresa on Sunday , March 24 ch , on " War , and its effaces , " in the largo Room , Trumpet Inn Yard ; March 26 ih , Mr . Moses Simpson will deliver a lecture , oa " the utility and principles of tbe People ' s Charter , " in the above room . RocHDitB . —Frederick A . Taylor , of Royton , will deliver two leaturea , ou Sunday next , iu the Chartist Association Room , Rochdale . Nottingham . —Mr , J . Barber will deliver * feature , in the large room of Mr . Swann ' s Coffee-house , Drury Hill , oa Saturday , 23 rd instant , the chair to be taken precisely at eight o ' clock . Me . R . T . Morriuon vtill deliver a lecture at the above p lace * on Saturday , the 30 th instant , tha ohair to be taken at the same .
Sunderland . —A meeting will be held on Sunday ( to-morrow ) morning , at naif-past ten o ' clock , in the Chartist Room , Clarke ' s Passage , High-street Stockpobt . —Mr . Christopher Doyle , of Manchester , will leo . urein the Chartist room , Bomber '* Brow , on-Sunday next , at half-past six o ' clock in W 9 evening .
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y ¦ j w * - ^™»~»• ^^ C ? " T » * . " toil- tii- no . 332 . Saturday ; march 23 ~ wu . '~~ piice ^~ ~™ : ° -
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AND LEIDS GENEE 1 L ADVERTISER . ! _ - ' :
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 23, 1844, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1257/page/1/
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