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Ciiavttstt iEntenujnur
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TO THE WORKING CLASSES. -
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j^ort^fommg C^arifjst iBe*im«k
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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m ' ' ' ^ mm- ^ * I TO THE EARL OF RADNOB . I &r Loed Hadxob , — 'As the following letter hast l ^ kf ^ * 1 T 01 * Q' * J a * * I musi presume ' l « aijou are tie author of it : There was a time , ] ¦ Ura Radnor , when such a compound of folly , con- ! ¦ ^ itt-Ioii , and nonsense might iave passed cnrrent ) I si . a . large section of society ; irat , thanks to the ! l ^« s and inconsistencies of jour order , the ! 1 * % name has lost its wonted InHuencei -and people ^ I ** sa u > ihiui fOr themselves . Even the " serfs" 1 ; *^ % immediate- circle of your feu dal power j I * W against y our authority , because job have failed { * Jenona the cond tions consequent : on the pro ^ ^ Worship of the son . I believe - toe Weekly Pis- j ^^ newspaper is the only organ that has been ] r *« CBonga , foolish enouga , or ignorant « nougb , to ' *** & 5 e your Terson of politieul economy . My ' - ¦* kf * ^ k *^ - * * * * ° dians * * principle of ; ¦** J 0 Q appeSr * ° J 0101 ^ ksa than , nothing , youj ¦ Md aoi hsTe better sacceepded . You profess IS ** * *» * snpporier ^> f Pree Trade . Yoht ¦^^ nes attach a- taHsmaaie iBfluene * to yonrj ¦ ^ 7 aani e ; while 1 venture to assert that the con- HW Jonr Iettejr ^ * 4 d tenfold to that ra ging H /* % I Which bow ^ exists ia the mind * of the Bjr ^ S dasxs against the principles of Free 1 ^ Ridaor t If I was a Schoolmaster , and yon mm " ^ £ t ^ ' * > «> d if yoa had written sneh a . ¦^ Jcj oa on the question of Tre e Trade , I would Bwt * " ^ Pped your bottom roundly , and sentyon to ¦ v ^ oni your sapper . I shall give your letter ¦ v ' . ^ then make such musing commentary l ^ isitdeserre ^ :- .
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BABX XADHOfc OH THE AIXOTJIBM SYSTEM . Deab olE ., —In the Chronicle of tie S 3 d there was a Iette ? signed " TV . " on " Allotments , " which begina by atsting that " the public attention is now occupied , bat still with hardly sufficient sense o ! the importance and merits of ibe scheme , " with the allotment ayitem . " Changing the words " importance and merits" into " nriichievousness and demerits , " I quite agree with "TV . '; and , thinking as I do , that , with some plausible points , very likely , when not folly considered , to captivate the benevolent and kind-hearted , it is fall of danger , and directly contrary to every principle of good government and of political economy , I trouble you with these lines on tta snhjecL 2 . In the first place , I would safe the friend * of the system whether they think the granting of allotments is a matter of - © wigBtioDi or of fBTour and kindness ? If of obligation , I would then
inquire—3 . First , ob whom the obligation lies ? -On all the landlords of a parish , or only on some of the principal ones ? If sot on all , who Is -to settle the persons on whom it lies ,, and the proportion in which it falls on each ? If on nil , what is to be done in the case oC sash landowners whose proportionate allotment might not he sufficient to raise a cabbage upon ? - - - 4 . Second ] j , ia favour of whom is this dntj to be performed ? Of all the labourers in the pariah , without reference to the !? circumstances , to their wages , to their families ( whether Single or married , and whether having large families or small ) , to their character , or ability , or inclination to make good and profitable use of their allotments ? IF these things are not to be attended to , bow unjustly and partially will the system work ! If they are attended to , who is the person to consider these matters ? The persons lying under tb . 6 obligation , each for himself ? This would be opening the door-to favouritism , partiality , and jobbing . ' The magistrate ? Bow long would it be before the regulating of the allotment system at the petty sessions woofd lapse info the-old system of making pp wages only by a method more complicated and difficult of adjustment ? - . ' i . But , supposing ill these ' difficulties satisfactorily got orer , aiad the system fjsirij at work , I'bold that nothing but evil would , ensue . 6- It is dearly ascertainBd tfcat agricultural employ . meat-doEs not increase commeniurately with agricultural produce . It is like-wise certain tbat the demand for workmen ia the manufacturing and mining districts is greater tian the ' natural supply ^ it is , therefore , most desirable for both parties that the Buperflaeni people of toe-cm district should supply the want of population in the other . The natural iBdi * poalUon of the agricultural labourer to leave his borne and the law of settlement raise considerable and unfortunate difficulties in the way of any migration for this purpose , Is it wise to concoct new ones ? and what can be more , likely ; to bisd a jb 3 d to his parish than the occupation of one of those allotments ? *• w . " talks of making labour scares and dear iy thesemeapsj is Itnotcleai ' that where it Is already cheap ana too abundant , it will be rendered more so UDdertbe operation of bis system ?
i 7 . It is , J believe , generally understood that cer-! tain rales are to be laid dowzr for the regulation of I those to whom aHotmenti are given—that they shall ; cultivate them according to a particolar system—shall ' forfeit them if convicted of any legal offence , or of drnnkenneis—that they shall be observers of the Sab > j . bath , &c . Does not Ibis lead directly to a system of < Epying and control on the ope band , of dependence and I cant and hypocrisy- on the other ? To me all these sys' terns of management and dlrfcctioa are most distasteful . . __ The T | ngl' » h labourer is a free man , and capable of \ managing himself and his own aSJura , oi he he Is not . K be is , leave Mm to his own m&Gsgem « at , dfrectioia ' , i and discretion . If he is not , then most assuredly , ' . 1 I ( . .-.
I those who have the care of him are much to ba blamed 1 far his present eondifion . W . " says that uBotments I la ths Eogiish agricultural " serfs are their provision grounds ; and the English slaveholders show the same fear of ttie Tesult whleb tbeb ? West Indian brethren ; did . "What a strange confusion of ideas ! It was the ' slave ¦ abo bad provision grounds , and clothes , " and care , , and superintendence ; the emancipated negro werks for ; vages- ** W . " would giw the English labourers pro-|; vision grounds . -soid carevaaa snperinteDdence—that is , ' . ; would put them en the noe footing , with regard to j their employers , as were the riaves in the West , Indies . . . ] 8 . 1 think that frora- what I have said , it is dear ' : thai the system -of allotments will really aggravate the ¦ evil which it is -snpposed likely to cure—first , by in-: creaeiEg the supply of agrieuHaral labourers , and by ' impbdin ? the free market of labour ; sad , secondly , by - mating the labourer more dependant . Is it not manifest , too , that . it must lead to a great subdiTision of occupation of laud ? Indeed , some benevolent persons anticipate Bueh subdivision and the creation of small farms as great improvements ; they call it a return to the - custom of cur ancestors . Bat can it be doubted ' that if we return to the practice of our ancestors in the ¦ matter of occupation of land , we shall also return to their practice in the matter of cultivation ? and that I all the improvements which have taken place , by which I tbs produce of the country has been greatly increased 4 ino * , indeed , h » the same ratio as the population , bat i still greatly- mereased ) , and which require skill and i capital , will soon be lost ? And , if so , we shall then , ' have , sot an increasing produce to supply , in some . degree , the demands of an increasing population , bnt j a population incre&smg in a still greater ratio , and de * ¦ pendant on a diminished and dimiuishing supply . This t will , I think , be the unavoidable cpn » fqnenee of this ' meawire of short-sighted . ' benevolence—of tbll charity j aot directed "by wisdom or principle . When tbi < scheme I is recommended by worthy p * ople , it ia always matUr - of astozdshmest- with as , that they do ' sot look to . Ireland . There tbeir favourite system is carried on as ; extensively as they can desire . Ireland is the land of 1 allotment * and of small farms ; is it net also the laud j of bad farming , poor farmers , low wages , and a dis-1 tresssed people ? j 1 * ' ; i ' ] ; ; I ¦ * * , \ j ' ] ' j ' ' | ] | . I ; '
9 . There are many ether reasons which might be urged against this plan—the uDjastifiable interference ¦ with property , the direct tendency to an agrarian law , its ntt « r inconsistency with that which , in all things , assists , promotes , and increases production—the division of labour ; bat I hope I have taid enough . At all events , 1 will not , further intrude npon yoor space at present I remain jouxs faithfully , October 25 . 1844 . Badsob .
In reply to your first paragraph 1 say that the granting of allotments is matter of obligation , and not of favour or kindness . In your second paragraph yon ask " apon whom the obligation liea ? " whether ° on all the landlords of a parish or only on some of the principal ones V To that I answer , on ALL the landlords of a parish—by scale commensurate with the Ttants of all the people in the pariah . The last Eentence of this paragraph smacks ofsnch a peculiar description of ignorance that 1 desire to print it in large characters to distinguish its Mij . It runs thus : if ox aix , what is to be done ik THE CASE 0 ? SrCH 1 A 5 D 0 WSKBS "WHO 3 B PB 0 P 0 SH 0 NATJB JOAOTMEKI M 1 GHJ .. H 0 I EB SBPF 1 CKST TO RUSE A CABBAGE UPOfl 1 " . " . ..
I really cannot comprehend your meaning . The sentence must have been meant to mystify , or it mnst denote an amount of destitution and pauperism in the parishes with which yen are connected , of a most appalling character . I should say , if called upon to give an answer to the absurd question , that those land-lords whose ** proportionate allotments might liot hi sufficient to raised cabbage on / 1 would come into the category of paupers , and would be entitled to a small holding from your Lordship ' s class . Of a trnth my Lord , your third paragraph is such a splendid specimen of the u hoens p&cns" policy , of your order , that ! feel convinced that yon did sot see its tendency- when yon wrote it .
i , . | The meaning of the whole paragraph : from lop lt > bottom is tbisY the difficulty of agreeing on any plan which has for its object the amelioration of the condition of thfr working elasses . Hence we find an amount of bngabookm—anarmy of difficulties , and whole mooniaias of obstacles , which you and your order alone can throw in ihe way of benefioial changes j and ire most infer from your parade of them thai yon are prepared "to interpose , them between jour own w 21 and ' the people ' s . Wants , There was no difficulty in projecting tie property of ; jour LcirdsniiB order in 1815 , by the ' inipo 4 ^ on of a i most unjust , because an uneonal , law .. There never ; is any difficulty in the way when . adTanU ^ gea are to i be conferred on ~ & 6 wealthy . But' the- discovery o ! - # ih -
( { I ! j j ! : ] \ j mm w ^»^^ r ^^ v ^^ v ^ w ^^^ - ~ w — l ^ 4 ^ & j the ' aeeesHUJ machinery for doing , simple jujliw to j the woridng " classes * l «« ay » a »» nnt » to an inposnbij lity J and th * most simpl « boon is marred by the j dread " qffavouritism ! partially and jobbing . " ( Ton * 8 k if they aie attended to , who is the perron I to consider these matters" J " The . GoTernment , my ! Lord , who are or ought to be the , acting trustees for -the whole people , and who hold the land of the ! conntry in trust to supply their wants . Why inter-\ pose the magisterial authority as an . obstacle to the [ fair working of the system 1 E&yelnot the great
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unpaid become sufficiently unpopular without the inference of yonr Lordship , that they copld not do justice . : In the fifth paragraph your Lordship relie 3 on the existence of a very unwholesome state of things , caused by mismanagement aa a reason for its continuance . You say , " It is clearly ascertained that agricultural employment does not increase commensnrately with agricultural population , or even agricultural produce ? Now these two very grievances are what the advocates of the Small Farm
System contend " against ; and they propose their system as a remedy for both . It is true that agricultural employment does not increase commensurately with agricultural population ; but it is equally true that it ought tpdo ; and it is also true that the Small Farm System can alone correct the evil . It is also a melancholy fact that agricultural employment does not increase eommeneurately even with agricultural-produce ; but tb&t ' s a consequence of your large-farm system , and your new-fangled political tenure at will , whereby you create at one and the same time political serfs and agricultural
paupers , fiow , my Lord , in the next sentence of this paragraph you have stumbled npon that egregious fallacy to which the Honourable and Rev . Baptist Noel attached so muoh importance . You seem to think that manufacturing is the natural avocation of man in England : and that tilling the soil at home is artificial labour . You Beem to imagine that migration from the soil to the pestilential manufacturing town ia natural , right , aud indispensable ; and you regret that the law of settlement raises considerable and unfortunate difficulties in the way of
such migration . And then in one short sentence you breathe the damning Free Trade principle . You say , "And-what can be more likel y to bind a ban TO Hi 3 ffA&lSH THXS THE OCCUPATION OP OIhE of those AiiOTMKrasV * What , my Lord , has it come to this ? And is this the patriotism , Che liberality , and the Radicalism of the Radical LoTd Radnor ? A misfortune to bind an honest work * man to the parish where he was born , and where he has been reared , and which by his labour he has enriched , and by which lie' haa acquired a title to
Support superior , far . superior , in the eyes of God and mas ,. to any that yonr Lordship ean produce . What , then , is this your Lordship ' s Free Tradeism 1 And while you speak of character as a test for the occupation of an allotment , would you drive the honest workman from that society where he has acquired a character , and where character is of value , to become a mere neglected unit in the aggregate of filth , dissipation , and lewdness , in the " free' * labour market , for the carrying out of your Lordship ' s darling principle \
My Lord , I shall have another word with you npon this , "damnable doctrine" before I conclude . Your paragraph endB thus ;—** W . talks of making labour scares and dear by these means ; is it not clear that where it is already cheap and too abundant , it will be rendered more bo under the operation of tnis system V Js ow , if I could condescend to reason with a man who appears to have lost his wits ,
I would answer you thus : While you combat the proposition of " ¦ W ., " you admit that labour is already flbeap and too'abundant by the existence of a surplus in the agricultural market ; and you propose the migration from . that market , to what you are pleased to term the free labour market , at a means , I presume , of increasing wages there by adding to the 'already existing surplus ; In truth , my Lord , you are a profound reasoner .
My Lord , in ypur sixth paragraph you inform ua as tonne rules by-which ilia understood allotments are to be regulated . And then you tell ns those rales . And then you make a bit of Radical bounce about * dependence , cant , and hypocrisy "; aud you farther tell us that all these are distasteful to your Free Trade Radical soul . : But , my Lord , you appear to have forgotten that when the system becomes general , it will be governed by laws and not by caprice ! and that " although drunkenness is a very great sin , that neither drunkenness or
non-attendance at the church on Sunday will be sufficient cause of forfeiture of tenure . Indeed , if it should ever be so—thai is , if ever a small farmer should be ejectedirom his holding in consequence of drunkenness or non-observance of the Sabbath , your Lordship's Order had better look out ; for be assured that the pianki of your order , and their present impunity ia not going to last lor ever . We seek , my Lord , to make the laws equally protective of the labourer ' s cottage , the peer's mansion , and the monarch ' s palace . And , believe me , that there is a mind now abroad with which it is dangerous to tamper .
. I am ready te admit , my Lord , that it was the slave who had provision grounds and clothes , and eare , and superinteadence ^ but then , my Lord , though your proud soul may loathe the term " slave , " even with those accompaniments , give it to me a a thousand times over , rather than the proud appellation of fbeeman" without ground , or clothes , or care , or superintendence . The life of the slava was valuable to his owner . The life of the ** freeman" is rendered slavish by the disregard of his owner . Yes , my Lord , it is a sad reality ; bat yet U is so , that iu this country the great and the wealthy are as much owners of the lowly and the poor as the West-Indian slave-owners were of their slaves .
In yonr seventh paragraph you tell us that the holding ; of land would make the labourer more dependant . " What folly ! And then you put us in possession-of what must be the necessary consequence of the allotment system , as if yon had made a great discovery . You tell us " that it must lead to a great snb-division of occupation of land . " Why , my Lord , you might just as well tell us that you bad discovered something new in the fact that eating will relieve hunger , or drinking satisfy thirst ! Why there ' s no doubt that the Small-Farm System would lead to a great sub-division of land ; and that ' s its value . Now I come to the sentence which caps the climax of your lordship ' s folly . You say : "Bui
CAN IT BE DOUBTED THAT IF WB RETURN TO THE PKACTI . CE OP OTJB , ASCESTOBS IS THE MATIEB 0 ? OCCUPATION OF LAND "WE SHALL ALSO BETUBN TO THKIB PBACTICE IN THE MATTEB OP CULTIVATION ? " What folly ! Whategregions nonsense ! Who but a Lord could have written it ? Youmightjustas well have said " can it be doubted that if we abandon the printing machine , and letnrn to the old wooden printing press , that Mr . D'Israeli will cease to write good political novels , Sheridan Kuowles to write good domefltie Comedies , or that the best of all writers , Punch , will write treason against the people instead of articles in favour of popular liberty ? You may aa well say , JLhaV if all the machinery worked by steam was broken to atoms , that none of the
improvements learned during its existence'would t ) B perpetnatedljy tt ^ nnal labour . In fact , my Lordi you nare made jour ghost too bloody to create anything but ridicule . Do you think that there would be one exotio less produced because there would be more competitors in the market I Do you suppose that there would be fewer ships engaged im the importation of guano in consequence of an increase in the ntuaber who rtquire tkat article ! Do yoa iaagiB * that one of the market gardeners who supply London with vegetables and flowers , would abandon the pursuit and restore their , improved grounds to their original Btate ! On the contrary , iai it not evident that the increased number of competitors in the agricultural market would lead to increased emulation !
And are you not aware of this fact that a surplus of { food in a country is better than a surplus of manufactured goods ! and that the surplus is better
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still when it consists of the superabundance of the produce of each after consumption ? I don't think that yonr Lordship understands the difference between productive and non-productive labour . Cultivating the land is productive labour ; because the labourer can go ou re-producing and living upon his own produce . He oan live upon the erops of 1844 , while he ia producing those of 1845 . That ' s productive labour : but if you put a man into the Mint to coin sovereigns out of tons of gold , that ' s non-productive labour , because if you lock the Mint b . 8 must starve .
Now I'll give your Lordship an apt illustration of non-productive labour . I met a man at Holmfirth who in ten years had woven as much woollen cloth as would clothe 2753 persons and during the whole of that time he never was able to buy one yard 61 his own produce ; and he had then upon him a coat eleven years old . Now my Lord , would you disinherit the agricultural labourer from his parish to
compete with that man , in what you call the " free labour" market , to make him more comfortable On the contrary , don't you think that if he had four acres of land on lease for ever at a corn-rent , that he'd be able to buy a coat , or two coats , or three OOats in the year ? And don't you think that he would be a better customer in the overstocked market that he had left than he fc now !
Now my Lord for one word on the concluding sen * tence in this paragraph . You Bay : " When this scheme is recommended by worthy people , it is always matter of astonishment with me , that they do not look to Ireland . There their favourite system i 3 carried on as extensively aa they can desire . Ireland is theiaud of allotments and small farms ; is it not also the land of bad farming , poor farmers , low wages , and a distressed people V My Lord , here ' s another noble blunder—another false conclusion squeezed bnt of a false assumption ^ In truth , it is not wonderful that the Irish people should look for self-government , when they find her present legislators so wholly ignorant of their
concerna . // is the large farm system , and not the allotment system that constitutes the wretchedness of Ireland . It is the bad principle of representation that leads to the large farm s 5 Btem . When there were nearly 400 , 000 political Blares , in Inland called forty-shilling freeholders , they were better off than they are now : but when their allotments were
deprived of their representative quality , those small allotments were knocked into now political farms ; and the 400 , 000 who were thus disinherited to achieve politioal power for their chiefs were heads of families , * and allowing five to a family , and the usual increase on population , these 400 , 000 and their families now constitute the 2 , 000 , 000 Irish paupers for whom we hear so muoh sympathy .
Since the passing of the Reform Bill , the rural constituencies have been frightfully diminished from two causes . Firstly , by the ousting of Catholic tenants who could not be made political slaves ; and , secondly , from the landlords preferring to rely on the subserviency qf tenants who had a large " take *' and heavy stock that could not be removed at pleasure , to relying upon those who had not so large an interest under them . Again , where the small farm system does , exist , to any extent ia Ireland , its failure is a consequence of the injustice of the
landlords rather than of the inapplicability of the system . If a tenant takes twenty acres of land , at » pound an acre ; and expends his little all , and his whole labour , from sunrise to sunset upon it ; and if he increases its value from oue pound to thirty shillings an acre , the landlord either ousts him , or increases nis rent . Ho prefers ousting him , because he then gets a fine from tho incoming tenant . Those tenants generally hold upon an unstamped * ' aocepted proposal , " which is not a legal document : and , should he even hold upon lease , which
is very unusual , ; as a landlord of steel can break a tenant of straw , ic is no protection to him . Should he be obstinate and resist the rise of rent or the surrender , he becomes a marked man at the magistrates petty sessions . He ' s a " whiteboy , " a " ribbonman , " a " Repeal warden , " & " Repealer / ' or a " Tithe Abolitionist . " He B had up every sessions day ; and is worried one way or the other out of his farm . But if that man had a lease for ever of his twenty acres ; and if he had cheap law at his own door to establish his title
he'd be able to purchase the twenty acres in less than ten years . Therefore I show you that it is uncertainty of tenure and bad laws , and not the allotment system , that creates wretchedness in Ireland . Read Colonel Blaoker ' s book , and there you will find that although the Small Farm system recently brought iDto operation through his influence is very imperfect , yet the resalt has been in every case an almost inconceivable improvement in the tenant ' s condition . Mr . Blacker ' s plan is erroneous for two
reasons : firstly the allotments are too large ; and secondly the first manifestation of improvement lha we hear of ia the addition of ahorse to the small tenant ' s stock—a thing that he ought to hiie and not keep , as the keep alone costs more than three times the rent . The fact is , my Lord , that the present system offers a reward for idleness . If a man takes twenty acres and does not improve it , but merely exists upon it , he offers no temptation to the landlord ' s lust . He is allowed to become deteriorated in value , and that constitutes his title to existence .
My Lord , I have commented pretty fully upon your very absurd letter , and I beg to conclude mine by telling you what your title to the land is , and what your ** obligations" to the people are . We find it thus written in the Bible , in the 23 rd chapter of Leviticus , and 22 nd verse : — " And when ye reap the harvest of your land , thou shalt not make clean riddance of th « corners of the field when thou reapest , neither sbalt thou gather any gleaning of thy barvest ; thou shalt leave them unto the poor and to the stranger : I am the Lord your God . " Now , my
Lord , according to that verse , I hold that if there is one poor person or 'one stranger in your parish , thatyou orione of your tenants should leave " a corner of the field" unreaped , or a sufficient amount of gleaning to supply him . I also bold that if the said poor or strangers are so large in amount as to require the whole field , that they have the first right to it . But , my Lord , as the heavenly proclamations contained in the Bible have been rendered obsolete by the grinding statutes of wicked man ; and if mortal , whether he belting or potentate , has conferred
other title upon your L « rdahip , either by grant or patent , you will find in it a condition that you are " to keep hospitality and farm bouse fox Jbe stranger and the poor , ' Arid , my Lord , if there is no such condition in the agreement under which you hold , toub title is bad : for you can only hold possession upon the condition that you discharge the requisite obligations . " 1 tell you that the land is not yours ; and that you cannot «* LUG" it from threepence to eightpence at your will and pleasure .
You would relieve yourself from those ^ © bligatwms * that possession imposes upon yon , by driving the labourer , whose wants impose fresh " obligation ! , " into what you all the " fro * labour market . " l » j fresh obligations ; because I contend for it that every individual bora iu the country hau a right to maintenance from the land superior to your right . And slightly though the addition of one to the whole population may increase the obligations of all , yet you are compelled to divide those obligations amongst you . And it is because thQ iucieafiing popul-
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ation has come slowly and by degrees , and because your order have not by the same graduated scale provided for the increase , that now society at large is beginning to canvas its rights and your * ' obligations . ' I doubt that they will recognise in your letter those means by which their rights can be protected , and your obligations enforced . With every million of increase to ! the population of the country there is a fresh " obligation" imposed on the land ; and my Lord , however | the principles of Free Trade in the hey-day of production may enable you to reconcile the Englishman to disinheritance by
driving him from his parish , yet believe me that when the paroxysm ia over ! the " stbangeb" will return to the " corners of Hisjfield" and the " gleaning of his land , " and tell you with a voice of thunder that he is a man , and thatyou are no more , and that God created the land for his benefit as trail as yours ; and that you are only tolerated in possession of it < so long as you are the faithful distributor of its produce . i I am , my Lord , i Your obedient Servant , Feabgd 9 O'Connor .
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IiONDON . —Metropolitan Delegate Council , 2 , Turnogain-Lune , November 10-th . Mr . Wheeler laid before the Council a letter from Mrs . Ellis ; npon which a resolution was passed ; calling on tho localities to render all the assistance In' their power . A communication was read from Mr . H . Ross , suggesting the Retting up of a public meeting to welcome the Northern Star to London . The idea was moat favourably received ; the delegates weie ordered to bring the' subject before , their localities , and report on Sunday next . Mr . Westray took his fceafc tot the City locality , vice Tucker resigned . A aub-committee of five was appointed to decide on applications for Mr . Bairatow ' s services during his London engagement ! All applications to be made to Mr . T . M . Wheeler , at 248 £ , Strand . The motion for the appointment of & sub-committee to ' attend to Registration was postponed in consequence of the absence of the mover ( Mr . Stallwood ) caused by severeindisposition . :
PSNZANCS . —On Friday last a public mesfcipgw&B convened for the purpose of memorialing her Majesty in behalf of Frost , Williams , j&nd Jones . Ike chair was taken by Mr . John Blackpey Bead , the recently elected Town Councillor ; many middle-class men attended . The general , feeling was such as to gratify the exiles' most sincere frteDda . Mr . C Doyle gave an outline of the proceedings ! that led to the conviction of the patriots . This appeal to the assembled was htatt-stirring , and drew from all present expressions of the deepest sympathy . The memorial ) to be transmitted to T . S . JDuQCombe , Esq ., M . P . ) , was carried without a dissentient By particular desire , Mr . C i > oyle is to lecture here on Thursday next on the People ' s Charter , when we expect the attendance of hundred j . In consequence of two of oar Town Council being elected Aldermen , we bave another candio&ie in the field with ecery prospect of success .
MANCHESTER . — -I bave the satisfaction in being able to iaform your readers that for some time past there has been a great improvement in the publie mind in the neighborhood of Miles Platting ; alt parties begin to perceive that the country can never be regenerated till there ia a period pat to both Whig and Tory domination , which can only be done by making the People's Charter the law of the land . On the 6 th instant , a number of respectable persons of various political parlies and religious puramasfems sat down to an excellent sapper at the house of Mr . Henry Burgess , dogger ' s Arms . Oldbam-road , to celebrate the birthday of that unflinching advocate of the people ' s rights , the lute H . Hunt , Esq . After the cloth was removed , numerous appropriate toasts were given from the chair , "which were drunk with j enthusiasm , and were responded to ^ ith considerable l ability , The evening Y 7 M spent "with the greatest hilarity , and at a reasonable hour , the patty retired , highly delighted with th « entertainmenti I
The Cooper Tzstimonul .--To the People . — Fri £ . nps— The existence of a branch of the Chartist body denominated the * ' fiampdeb Section" of Leicester Chartists , may not bo generally known , because of its recent formation , and no announcement having been made thereof in the columns of the Northern Star . The members Of the above-named branah , consider it a duty they owe to the Chartist cause , to assist that unflinching and untirable advocates ef the rights of the people , Mr . Thomas Cooper , of Leicester , who during , the the last eighteen months has been confined in Stafford gaol . At a full meeting , specially : convened , on Sunday the 3 rd inst , the aftersigned were duly elected to form a committee to be called " The Cooper Teatimoulal Committee . " Our object ia simply to provide Mr . Cooper
with a suitable sum of money to present to him on his release from Stafford gaol ou the 3 rd of May next , that he may not suffer the want of domestic and personal comfort , through hia unbounded benevolence to the suffering and unpitied sons and daughters of poverty . This part of Mr . Cooper ' s character alone we conclude , loudly demands and fully justifies : this proceeding ; and we most earnestly invite the hearty co-operation of the entire Chartist body . It ia a fact ! that Mr . Cooper has incurred liabilities exceeding £ 100 , entirely t& serve and save the injured poor . Shall he then be released from his dungeon in May next , to face the acofflng tyrants pennyless ? No 2 we soberly promise to do our duty , and we know our brethren , the Leicester Shaksperians will not fail to do theirs . ' Mrs , Cooper resides in the house of our treasurer ; and jour secretary is a near neighbour ; so that our whole accounts will always be open to Mrs . Cooper ' s observation ; and any female
friends or private subscribers can ;( if they prefer ) communicate direct with Mre . Cooper . Each locality throughout the kingdom can be immediately supplied by us witfa printed subscription lists to be filled up every four weeks , the amounts of such subscriptions to be remitted to our secretary on the first of each month , receipts for which will be promptly sent , and each amount will also be published ii » the Northern Star . We are , with sincere regard , your ! fellow-helpers in the cause of the oppressed— Wm . Stevenson , baker , No . 8 , Stamford-atreet ; George ^ tanloD , iwool comber , Church Gate ; Wm , Stafford , cabinet ma | 6 r , St . Peter ' a-lane ; Thomas Tatlow , accountant , Welford-road ; Ziicaariah Astill . joiner , Fleet-street ; Wm , Tatlow , hardwareman , We { ford-road , secretary ; John Parkins , baker , Dukestreet , treasurer . —Leicester , 6 tb Nov . 1844 . —N . B . —Our meetings for the present , are held on Sundays , at halfpast two o'clock , p . m , at the house of Mr . Oades , boot anfl shoe maker , St Nicholas-square , Leicester .
HANXjEY . —A large meeting of th » inhabitants of this town was held at the Crown Bant , at two o ' clock , oii Sunday afternoon , to bear a lecture from Mr . M'GT&th , of the Executive . The business > of the meeting was commenced at the appointed hour by the assembly , which consisted of several hundreds , singing one of our Chartist odes to liberty . Mr . M'Grath then addressed them for nearly two hours on tbej '' Just principles of Government , and the evils entailed on Society by their infringement . " Several policemen Iu disguise and in uniform , including the Superintendent and Inspector , honoured the lecturer with their attendance . The speaker was listened to with the most marked attention , and haying concluded was complimented with a unanimous vote of approbation . 1
MACCTiESFIELD . —On Monday evening , the Chartist Hall , Stanley-street , was crowded to excess to hear a lecture from Mr . M'Grath- Mr . Nxsaon was appointed chairman . The lecturer fixed , for an hour and a half , the attention of the . meeting on the cause of labour ' s wrongs and their remedy ; At the conclusion thirty cards of membership were disposed Of , BIRMINGHAM . —On Thursday evening , a public meeting of the inhabitants of this town was held in the Putlic Office , to memorialise the Qaeen for the liberation of Frost , Williams , and Jones . At eight o ' clock
the ball was crowded . Mr . W . Thorne was called to the chair . A resolution , expressive of the justice of presenting a memorial for the immediate restoration of the patriot * , ablj _ moved and seconded by Messrs lAngaton and Wilkins , was unanimously carried , A memorial waa then proposed and adopted . It waa suppor ted by Messrs . Maaon and M ? 6 rath , in gpeechei whiob elicited the waraeal approbation of the meeting . A vote of thanks having , been awarded to Mr . M'Grath for hia attendant on the occasion , the meeting then dissolved . ;
BIASTON . —On Friday evening , we had here a crowded meeting , to adopt a memorial to bet Mijeaty for the isamediat * liberation of Ftost , Williams , and Joises . Tho oiij « et of the nweting ¦] waa powerfWJ * « t foraed by M «* nr Xixjnev » nd M'Gratb . The memorial wu aas * Imo « ily adopted . ! OLDHAKL—Oa Sunday la » t , Mr . Edward Clark deliver *} » very taergetio lecture in th « Chartist Room , GreaveMtteet , which g » v » genital wtlafaction . TOBMORXJBN . —Mr . Wat . Jones , in company with one of tie Spanish Refugees , vlalted this place en Sunday last , on which occasion Mr . Jones delivered two lectures to numerous and respectable audiences in the Odd Fellows' HalL At the coBclusion of each lecture , a collection was made for the Spanish Refugees , which , in the whole , amounted to £ U 3 » 3 $ cU j
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'/^// r ^^ J ( jh&i BOtTOMf—AH comrannfcitlona must bfi Sefitt © Thomas Lomar , Great Moor-street . _ ' \ _ . , LOTJGHBO ilOtJCHI . —A public nieenni ; wajj . aeni here on Tiuirsdav evening , the 7 th io . st * , in . tbe roofii , Union Y ; trd . to adopt a memorial to her Majesty ,, in favour of F . ost . Williams ,, and Jones . , Mr . Harrold , baker , was called to the chair . Mr . Turner moved a resolution that & memorial be , sent . Mr . Bucknall seconded it in a short » peecb . —Carried . - Mr . Skevington then spoke for some time , and concluded by movinj tbe memorial , which was seconded by Mr . Harding ^ and carried unanimously . ¦ . . ¦ ; , -.. - ¦ ¦ ffORTHATHPTON . —The members of tha new locality met on Monday last ; them waa a good attendance ., Mr . Cherry brought the ; subject of the Bancomba Testimonial before the meeting , and a : committee , < onsisllng of Messrs . Watson , Cherry , JEioUoweU , Clayden , and Gsmmage , was appointed , r BRADFORD . — On Sunday evening Mr . Joseph Alderson lectured in the large room . Bntterworth-buQdinsjs , to a large and attentive ; audienee , and gave general aatisfaction . ' ¦
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LowDiKf . —On Sunday morning next , the discusaio 01 at tho City Chartist Hall ,. l , Turnagam-Iane , wiU be resumed at half-past ten o ' clock . —The MetrOp ?* litan Delegate Council will meet for diapatoh of bnsrr ness , at three o ' clock of the same day . Fbost , WffiUAHs , and Jones . —A public meeting will be held a ; the . Hail , 1 , Turnagain-lanc , Skinnerstreet , on Tuesday erenittfr , next , the'I&h inst ., "to memorialise the Queen for a-free pardon for tha above exiled patriots . Chair to be taken at half > past seven o ' clock- —F . O'Connor , Esq ., and J . H . R , Baimow are expected to attend . - ¦ Ma . Baibstow will lecture in the St . George ' * Temperance Hall , on Sunday evening next , at seven o ' clock .
A public meeting , on behalf of Frost , Williams ; and Jones , will be held on Tuesday evening , at the Hall , Turaagaiu-lane . Feargug O'Connor , Esq . and Mr . Jonathan Bairstow will address the audience . Admission free . Ms . Bairstow will lecture at the Investigation Hall , Circus-sDreet , Marylebone , on Thursday evening . , ; Somees' Town . ~ Mr . John Smell will give an aceouut of hi * late tour through Franca at Mr . Duddridge ' s Rooms , 18 , Tenbridge-street , New Road , on Sunday evening , at eight o ' clock . The ? members are requested to meet at seveu o ' clock preeiaely . ' . ' . . - >¦¦
Stanmkgley . —Mr . Joseph Alderson mil addre ^ r the Chartists of Scaoflingley , in their room , on Sunday evening , at six o ' clock . At the conclusion , a > Committee-will be elected , for the purpose of organizing-the locality . Manchester . —CAB * E * rEBs' Haxi ~—A lecture will be delivered in the above Hall , on Sunday ' evening , next , by Mr , M'Grathj President of thaf , Executive . Chair to be taken at half-past six o ' clock ; Mosslet . —A Tea Party will be held in the Chartist room , Brookbottom , oh Saturday evening next , when Mr . Wm . Dison of Manchester , and Mr . Wm . Aitkinof Aahton-under-Lynej will be in attendance .. Sheffielb . —On Sunday nexvMr . Oiley will left * ture in the Chartist room , Fjj * Tree-lane , on l * pape r Money , and its evil effects on the Working Classes ^** Lecture to commence at half-past six . —On Tuesday next , a Ball will take place in the above room , and on Saturday next , an Harmonic Meeting will be held * to commence at eight o ' clock .
Rotton . —On Sunday next , Mr . James Leach of Manchester , will deliver two lectures in the Chartist ' room ; ia the afternoon at two o ' clock , and in the evening at half-past five . Heywood , —A discussion will take place in the Chartist room , on Sunday evening next : subject ; " Have the improvements in Machinery during the present century , tended to advance or retrogade the moral and physical condition of the people V Emi&kation to thb Tropics . —This Societr holds its meeciii £ 3 at the Fartheniusa , St . Martin ' s-fane , on each Sunday afternoon , to receive the names of Shareholders , and deposits on those already takea . Next Sunday a lecture will be delivered by a lady , to commence at three o ' clock in the afternoon . Oidbam —On Sunday , ( to-ra 6 rrow ) , Mr . William Dixon will lecture in the ' Chartist , Room , Greavesstreet , at ' six o ' clock in tho evening .
Buur . —Mr . James Leach , of Manchester , will lecture in the Garden-street Lecture Room , next Sunday evening , to commence at six o ' clock . Nottiksham . —Mr . Lilly Trill address the people in the Democratic Chapel , on Sunday evening aexV at six o ' clock . ' . ;¦ ' The Members of the Byron Ward locality will meet at Mr . J . Sweet ' s , on Monday evening next , at eight o ' clock . Halifax . —Mr . B . Rushton will preach in tha Chartist Koom , Bull Close Lane , Barham Top , oa Sunday ( to-morrow ) , to commence at half-past six . in the evening . ROCHDALE . —Mr . Predewck Taylor , of Royton , is espeoted to deliver two lectures on Sanday , The Nobth Nottinghamjhire Distriot Council will be held on Sunday next , . Nov . 17 th , at three o ' clock precisely , at the Flying Horso Inn , Arnold .
Bbamdbd . —A lecture ml ) be delivered in the large room , Butterworth-bnildings , on Sunday evening , at half-past six o ' clock . At the conclusion , of the lecture , a meeting : will be held to form a committee , to carry out the resolution passed at a public meeting on the 23 rd of October , to form a united Trades' Protection Society . ' Leeds . —The Rev . W . V . Jackson , from Man Chester , will deliver two lectures to-morrow after * noon , at half-past two , and in the evening , at halfpast six . ! On Monday Evening , at eight o ' clock , the members ' meeting will beheld for the nomination of a new councl . On Sunday , the 24 th list ., Mr . James Leach will deliver two lectures .
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TO TBE EDITOR OF THE NORTHEBN STAR . Sir , —la the Star of Saturday last appeared a letter signed P . M . M'Douall , which , after giving us somewhat of that gentleman ' s political biography , and of the monies that he has at various times received from the Caartist body , goes ou to say : — " A committee was establuhed in Manchester tax tbe purpose of restoring me to my profession , and it Is of that I would more particularly speak , because It is in reference to this latter proposition that so many illnatured remarks have been made . The committee never published any statement of receipts , neither do I know how muck they eves received . The only fact ot which I am acquainted is that of receiving the sum of eight pounds from Mr . Leach , the treasurer . -What became of the remainder , if there was any , is best known to . the commutes and Mr . Leach . "
How Mr . M'Douall could make this statement is « matter of muoh surprise to me , for whilst he was in M&BcheBter the whole business of that committee was fully explained to him , and the amount of money collected , as nearly as it could be ascertained , laid before him at-the tine . From the commencement of the paragraph in Mr . ATDouaH ' a letter to tbe last line ia it , there ifl evidently an insidious thrust at my character . I am at a loss how to accouBt for this ; but as a member of the National Charter Association , believing .
as I do , " that when one of our body is injured , it is an injury on tbe whole , " I demand at the hands of tha Manchester Council a full investigation into the whela of the transactions , as far as I am concerned , in order that this which I consider a foul attempt to injure me may be either justified or eKpOBed . I am the mON BUS * prised at Mr . M'Doaall ' a letter ; for whilst in Manchester , ' so well satisfied was ho with the information given him respecting the fund of which he speaks , that he gave me a receipt , of which the following ia a verbatim copy : —
( COPT . ) Received from James Leach , bookseller , No . 40 , Oak-street , Manchester , the sum of eighteen pounds sterling , being the whole of the snm placed ia baa hands by various subscribers for ray benefit ; for which I now sign him a discharge iri full , this Thirteenth Day of June , 1844 , as witness my hand , June 13 th , 1844 . p . M . WDOVXLh . I am averse at all times to squabbling and recriminattoD either fnnewspapers or out of them ; yet at tha same titpe , I cannot consent to lay under the auspicious which this letter ia likely to create , nor quietly submit to so base an attack on iny character . I there fore trust the Council of Manchester wiU , afford m& the opportunity I seek , by calling on M'Douall to come forward and either justify or retract the foul insinuations his letter contains . Whether M'Douall is a member of the Association I know not ; but this do I know , I am ; and at the hands of that bo 4 y I demand Justice . )
Sir , aa Mr . M'Doaall ' s letter , taa appeared ia iheStar I hope yon give insertion to this . Bj bo doing , you Will oblige . Sir , yours * faithfully , . James Leach . Manchester , Nov . 13 th , 1844 . F . S . I have sent to M'Douall the following sums , for which I have received the receipt ; but they have not appeared ia the Star , namely , — £ lioi ; ttoM : 31 aakbnrn , per Mr . Hey wood , Oldham-street , Mancheetoj £ 116 a . 8 d . from Bolton j and 5 a . from Hiudley . * ; ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦¦ " - x ' t .
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Opsbatitb Cottoh SnmsBS . - ~ A meeting of ddegatea frora Maneheater . Ashton-uuder-Lyne . OldbanK 5 i «* port ;^ eyww > d ^ Buj ryV ^^ isburn , Exes ^* Chowbent Distneti Wiwn , ; Hindlty * FarringtOB ! Cuerden Green , Lwb , Wateihead MM , Chorley ! Ho ^ eh , . Aaaton-in Maokeifield , Hyde , &o . waa held at r B 0 U 011 on Sanuay last , ai which it waa resolved to engage Mr . Roberts , attorney-gwieral for the colliers , to obtain a redress of the grievancea of 80 V 8 of the raeiobers . It was also resolved , "" That it is the opinion of ihia meeting that each district should do all in its power for the men of Stockport during their present straggle for an advance of wajcea , and that each district shall call meetings next week ; for the purpose of taking the subject into their most BiriottS / Consideration . "
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' _ Mt FsrEtiSi—On Saturday last , the Northern gtaT newspaper had eorupleted its seventh year . -When I established that " organ of communication b etween the " working classes , who were never before faithfully represented In the press , some Allowed it fate months , some six months , a few nine months , but none twelvemonths to live . Theywere prophets rfao im agined that they had the power to fulfil their ^ wa prediction . They were aware of tie difficulties and the
l ^ jt they conld throw m my way means to = n 3 neb they ^ ould xesort to put * me out of tie W » J . . ^ G oTe rniBeai prosecu tion was instituted ag ainskme upon the appearance of the first number ; and from jjjat day to me present hour vengeance and i > ersecuton h ave done their worst . Not a year has passed 0 Ta ray head that I iave not been the victim of -goTerainentlpersecution : and yet I have baffled the jua cbrnaviDns of all ; and ih&Star siill lived , asd ^ HAii li ve , in spite of all .
It was my intention to put the Headers and j Agents in possession of the requisite information con * i se quent upon the removal of the Slat to London j Cu 3 week . However , my engagements have been j such , and my time for discharging them bo Bhort , ] ihat I am obliged to postpone the subject until next ] vee ^ , when I shall fully explain the good that 1 ; anr icipat * from tbe change , and the day upon . "wnicn 5 t sball talfefl place . O £ ona tMng , iowever , the ' rea ders of the Star may rest assured ; " and that is ^ { bough it changes its locality it neversnall change Ss principles , or pass ont of ' my possession . It is the op inion of all whom I have consulted that London is the place ftrr Labour ' s organ ; and so convinced are the London people of this fact , that they mean to celebrate the advent by a grand jubilee . j I invite yon to keep yonr eje steadily fixed npon Jhe great Trades' Movement now manifesting itself ihTongfeout the country , and 3 -wonld iajploreyon 10 ; aciiy All other trades as you bave aoted by the . ' Colliers . Attend their Beetings , swell their numbers \ asdrgiTetiHm . yourBympathy ; but npon no account ' intdr ™? se the Charter as an obstacle to their proeeediu ? 3 . AElaboui and all labourers was * , jmite ; inliiey will speediSy discover that the Charter is : £ be only stancard under which they can successfully \ jaUy : bnt . donH interpose it to the interruption of I iieir proceedings . ' j "Within tbe last seven weets | have addressed the j people of ^ Newcastle four times j of " Sonderland ; twice j Shields once ; Carlisles ones ; Leeds three f janes :: Bradford twice ; Hadoersfield twice ; Halifax ) OBee ; Idle once jHebden Bridge once ^ Manchester !
four iun £ 3 j tie Pofteries once ; and ioudon oacs- j 2 fow ! his gives me a £ air oppc-rtanity of judging of ) tie present state of political opinion , and I uneqoi- f Tot ^ ly declare that in 18 S 9 , tbe hottest jear of ! Chartism there were neither as many Chartists or as \ jpod Chartism as there is now . - j Oa Sundiy night last I addressed tbe largest and ! fits * important in-door meeting that I everatlended zi Manchester ; and iny speech appeared to give ' jsneral satisfaction . " 3 vras Ctilighted beyond ex- j presaon to learn that there is a growing disposi- ; timi on the pan of the Trades to bave a general re- i
preseBtitJOD of tbe whole of the Trade 3 , in London ; TriHe the feeling of admiration for , and confidence jb , thatjtreat and powerful advocate Mr . Roberts , five me joy , sneb as . I never felt before . 3 assert , iritboat text of contradiction , that a combination of tEe Trades of England under bis management and Erection , would be the greatest move ever witnessed ¦ witbin the last century . It would be practical "' Chartism ; and tberefore it is our duty to aid atd assist ij , and not to mar it by imprudent interference . 2-left MauchesECT on , Mond » j , wid on Monday
isgbt eoMeersted a jmagaiSeent Chartist Hall at Iqagion , to the cause of truth and jnstiee . 1 never saw sneb an exMbitioB in my life . Th * poor fellows baHij it ibemselTes in five shilling shares , because iisy were kicked out of every public-house ir > Longtea . Thit ' a liie way -fe ) do it . There was previ-Kiily not even an Association in Longtonj and I erolled fifty-four members to begin with . You ¦ sill see a report of tbe proceediags ; but I was so £ ued that 1 spoke lor three boors and a quarter : ! ad I wonder I wa 3 able to keep to my subject , for I I never saw , aor ariy other man ever saw so many beautiful women in one assembly . I don ' t think fcere ' s * n ugly woman in tbe Potteries . At all ethhs I cuaHa ' s see -one . I didn ' t get to bed till Wo , and was up at half-past nvej and off to London , I reached London at six , and attended a splendid Seeling at the Soatb London Temperance Hall at cgbi ; and there was tbe greatest . triempb I ever hd . Hy audieDee -was cbie ^ y con ? po 5 ed of Irish Bepealcrs . I laid my whole political life before them , I ud 1 never wit&esed in my life a more sensible sditow for the injastice that their suspicions had I tee me . "Wednesday , therefore , being the only iyat my disposal for -sniSag , I have devoted nib Ms Isiisr and < me U > Lord Badnor . I bave to srjrcss a hope that my letter to tbe Jfoble Eari bit ba read alond , slowly and distincdy , at ersry Association on &rndsy next : and also that Ms letter that called it forth » ay , beMead a 3 » Eptdmen of lordly Free Trade principles . Upon ay return I found many letters containing pis * - * Scs orders wMeh bad been lying bere , some c ? them nearly two months , and all of which will ie found acknowledged in tbe present week . Aao&gst orfier 3 l received an anonymous- one from Viktneld , stating that Martin Jude bad complained I ibs he couldn ^ t get the money that bad been sent te tie S ! ar Office for the Minera . la reply to this , i 1 kg Isave to . stata that I dont believe Martin I
Jiis esp&Ue of isatinp saeh an ssssrtion ; and ' fc ? di = r that 3 was in my office by mere chance on •' Jciij night last , when I saw my clerk pay Mariin ; ^ ds £ 15 16 a ^ being &e wnele- of tbe subscriptions rscaTcd ; ib&t 1 saw him signing a receipt for tbe Bo ^ j ; that 3 beard him thank my clerk for the ] ten iad satisfactory manner in which be kept tbe > * eeonms , having received , as be said , ibevouchers in j tea print and writing . It 13 really too bad 1
1 * 1 ; SO maen additional trouble should be imposed f i ? mi Mr . Ardill , who receives nothing for it ; and i tit I should be thu 3 bothered and pestered about [ feb matters . ¦; In conclusion , my friends , 1 bope in nsxt week ' s [ £ & , to pnt vou in possession of some new and im- J lotted machinery for earrying out the Registration ^ nsctand the Chartist movement . 1 have been ! I l 5 tkb tbe cradle -and singing-to tbe baby since 1 'fciinsi , 1842 ; and although intimidation on the ! i tesbaiid and improved trade npon the otber , kept :
m + WW + l § fia Woj quiet for a while , yet 1 never once donbted ] g Sajr . wohM again rise from itB BlBmbtr and march I 1 to wfia increased strength and « gonr . It baa risen : ) H V £ with the blessing of God , as 3 bave watched it 3 j g Psmh , 1 shall lire to witness its triumph . j B Ever yonr iaithfnl friend , ( 1 TZXZGVS CCOSSOB . ; m ^
To The Working Classes. -
TO THE WORKING CLASSES . -
J^Ort^Fommg C^Arifjst Ibe*Im«K
j ^ ort ^ fommg C ^ arifjst iBe * im « k
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YOL- flir ^ o . 366 , " " SATURDAY , l ^ OYEMBER 16 , 1844 " FR > C ^ ^ SSISX ££ *" ~
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¦ ^^^ - ^ " _ -. . t ¦ ¦ i - - - A 1 N D LEEDS GENEE 1 L ADVEUTISEE . |
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 16, 1844, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1289/page/1/
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