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"And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , Withall who -war -with Thought !" •¦ I think I hear a little bird , who sings f h » people by and by will be the stronger . "—Btbon
THE AMERICAS REFORMERS . Our readers will find in our first page good news from America this week . Copies of Young America of yay 10 th and 17 th have come to hand , and from the jigtof these we have extracted the reportof the projeedings of the New York Convention , held on the Sth of May and succeeding days . That Convention was jttended by some of theablest and most distinguished rf the American Reformers—men whe , disagreeing ci , some points , have nevertheless agreed to unite on a common object-ife Freedom ofthe Public lands , as iheoriytruefoundationofallsocialrefonns . Another peat result has been wrought out by this Convention-men of all parties have agreed that the baliotboxis the medium through which they must strike
do « n land monopoly ; that the political rights possessed by the people of the states are invaluable as tiemeans by which they may achieve social justice the enlightenment of public opinion nein <* all that is neessary to render the ballot-box of ' 45 more powerfid than even the musket of ' 76 . Reformers , Socialjjti , Founentes , and Anti-Renters all seem to have admowledged this " great fact ; " and similar parties in this country and in Ireland might take a lesson noa our American Mends in this particular matter Wee this the case ; were the several sections of the mownt part y in this country combined under one aadard , inscribed " Political Equality the Means , Soaal Lqoahty the End , " no power could long op pose flie progress and success of the British mov £ raeat .
for the proceedings of the Convention we must jeferonr readers to the report . Sot a single resolu tion that wasadoptedbut will , we are sure , meet with ttCT hearty approval . Those resolutions breathe aetrue spirit of ' 76 ; and 0 , it is our fervent prayer , mt the men whose names we publish in this day ' s & «• as theleadersof thatmovement , may prove themselves worthy of their sires by completing the work tnos sires in blood and peril commenced ! It will be seen that the preparatory steps have been taken to can ? out the resolutions agreed to , by organising an Industrial Congress , which will meet in August next , in Albany , the capital of the " Empire State . " The of
aecessity noticing other matters prevents us commenting farther for the present on the proceedings ef the Convention ; but we hope those proceed" ^ purely read at every Chartist and Land Society meeting throughout the conntey . Tir e Foekiebites are progressing in America . An association ( community ) has been in existence at Brook Farm , Massachusetts , for about three years . The experiment bids fair to be successful , and is , says Young America , under the direction of intelli gent right-hearted men , wholly devoted to the cause , and ftdly impressed with the idea that they shall be able to solve the grand social problem which now forces itself on the attention of the civilised world
. Ihe Ash-Hesters continue the war , and will not be irat down , " as witness the following "titultS . •¦• the Sheriff ef Cattaraogns county went to eject a man iron * his home for die benefit of a landlord , hut a few benevolent Indians appeared and would not allow such an unchristian act . The sheriff went next day with a pater force , but the Indians were then 100 strong , and spin said Xay ! The Sheriff of Albany Junriig been deputed on an official errand to Schobarie connty on the subject of rent , she Indians have reappeared in that region .
As Lmtoee . Cosveshor has been held at New York . It was sttendedvrit appears , by about five hundred persons ; probably about one half of whom were ddegates representing ten states of the Union . Robebi Owes was present , and addressed the meeting . In the course of his address he said , — " He objected to the assumption of the name Infidel to distinguish tMs or any siniilar meeting . Thetermwastoo narrow , too negative in ito signification . It implied hostility and condemnation . If this meeting was actuated by the spirit and contemplated the objects which he believed rt did , he wouldprefer the title of Convention of the Friends of Universal Mental Freedom and Unlimited Charity . '" But aeeordinE
to lotmg America the delegates , after a protracted dfecossion , resolved to retain the name of Infidel , having organised themselves into a body under the title of "The lnfidelAssoeiation for the Protection of Mental Liberty . " Young America remarks : — " The spurious and inefficient Christianity of the day has given rise to ibis bold organisation . " No further particulars are given in the papers before us . 0 'CossEn jkd the Americans . —The recent offer ef O'Connell to furnish Irish troops to the British Government for the acquisition of Oregon on condition of an Irish Parliament in CoHese-sreen . has
called forth a storm of indignation against the worthy mountebank from his heretofore American admirers . Ihe most formidable of all the American Repeal Associations , that of Baltimore , has , in consequence of his speech , dissolved , and transferred its funds to ihe Hibemia Association . Some of the papers launch out against King Dan in no measured terms ; and , in reply to his anti-slavery diatribes , bid him look at home , where his fellow-countrymen , robbed of the soil , are reduced to a state of actual slavery , quite as galling as that of the black labourers of the southern states . True . Brother Jonathan !
PROGRESS OF DEMOCRACY IN SWEDEN . We refer the reader to our first page for the report cf the speech of King Oscar on closing the session of the Diet ; it is a very different sort of speech to those wmmonly uttered by European sovereigns , and stands in noble contr ast with the inanities and " soft sawder" invariably put into the mouth of our " most gracious Queen . " News from Sweden is serare that to have great difficulty in learning what is going on " a that noble country . It appears , however , that the press has achieved perfect freedom . The periodical press had been subject since 1812 to a particular tad of censure called "indagningsmakt , " or power rf suppression . This power of the Government has been relinquished by King Oscar . There hence iorwartl is to be triennial instead of quinquennial
Parliaments . By a law of the 19 th December , 1844 , most of the "foraprivilegiata" have been abolished . By a law of 2 Sth November , 1844 , several troublesome regulations affecting foreigners travelling in Sweden aave likewise been abolished . By the law of 21 st March , 1844 , all lotteries in Sweden , as also the sale rf tickets in foreign lotteries , have been prohibited . "Hie Government has proposed the adoption of a new uiminal law , vastlv superior to most monarchical t « 3 es . These are nnmistakcable signs of progress . A very favourable account of King Oscae recently appeared in the Spectator , in which the writer stated > "& the King was decidedly opposed to the continuance of the punishment of death , and was only pre sented by his ministers from proposing its abolitioa » ie writer adds the following ;—
« is said that he has refused to allow anymonejtobe aBployed in subsidy to a newspaper in behalf of the ^ isny ; sajing , "Ho ; let everybody write as they Jkase . We mean nothing but what is right ; and I am i ^ suaded that that which is right will find defenders in ^ press without a salary . " He had been heard to say tf the remarks of the press on his own measures , " In '• sis thej are right ; we have been mistaken ; " or , " Here % are wrong ; we win persevere , whatever noise they ^ t . Ihe measure is good , and the clamour will sub'¦ & after a time . " Success to the Swedes , and success to their lung , 3 long as he abides by , and acts up to the sentiments " ore ascribed to him !
march of the new reformation . The movement of the German Catholic Church '' - ntinues to advance , despite threatened and active Jaseeution . "We announced last week that Meiier-Kch had addressed the representatives of Austria at *! the German Courts , enjoining them to do all in 4 eir power to discourage the new movemeut . We ?» c now news down to the 16 th of May , from which :- appears that the King of Prussia , although he ¦ x * not declared against the new church , yet with * VUhis recognition of it , and without such recog ? tion ecclesiastical acts ( marriage , for instance ) which swlre legal rights are invalid . This renders the ^ tion of the Refonnersoneof great hardship , besides
Jptting as a real , though nnavowed , persecution of die oew opinions . In some places tie meetings of ff it * sect have been opposed by fanatics . An ! *« &-, too , was made on the person of Licht , one of f leaders of the movement , by aniob at Barncastel ^ I'Pil y he was rescued at a critical moment . An ^ pn pt Las been also made to assassinate Czersei , 3 ? ^ t person ' s relations are subjected to consider-° ?* Persecution . The attack on Czebski gave 5 * to the false report that Roxge had been assassinate d * \\ a ?* otllcr iand » additionalnnmber of Roman -atlKilic priestshave joinedthe new church ; amongst j T « sane Polish priests . The Grand Duchy of j 3 * Lannstadt has declared in favour of the new an * ' ' ' ' sitd amongst the seceders from Rome we « " ? speciall y mention Dr . Hesby Schbetbek , Ca-S ; Uc I'riest , and professor of history in the
nniver-\ Z . * reumrg , a stronghold of the Jesuits , wno £ * joined the German Catholic Church , Such is a tap . t ? Olnay of the events in relation to the move-? AWthel 6 thutt . teJ * " ^ e now to request the attention of our tS »;*\[ ° ^ following extracts from a curious ar-111 ^ English Churchman of the 5 th instant : — jj . ^ dubition of the " Holy Tunic of our Blessed ttf ^ f at Ireves , has been made the occasion of an *^^ Qlt ^ "" Precedented as it was unexpected , and ^ "as now lasted many mouths , and been attended hs ^ S ? , mon > entous and lamentable consequences . It ^ r **™ "Bef 3 rmer , a " second luther , " tt * anewsectl a ° nse * "& the Sennan Cathtjj ^ ' 'U the fiieme that fOls every month . From ** % a 1 ° * i 3 fs ' m the "ffal Payees of Dresden or * Jeehm . m * e hamVle cottages of Swiss valleys ; in ^ ° * roona of KonigBberg or Bonn , and on the
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WMm sS ^ - « -- ' =-Aufi ^ S he Plan ^ of admiring multitudes . W T * 8 lance one wo » l » Aink tliat there is prevacauseoTh ^ 6 ^ ° e ^ P <»™ rfuUy advanced the S 2 ^? " T * ng ; fteSe S ° People bestow tteu-applausema theatre-they are never seen to give thett prayers m a church-they subscribe towards pre senting a silver bowl or goblet to Range ; they sufferttL oLtIST ? ' ? ? ssion t 0 Ureas heathens rather than contrite towards supplying them with the ministrations the is of
J 2 £ ^ « charm S whatthe cause all this excitement It js the triumph of Rationalism . Alreadv in anhapabon , do they see the power , which alone during so many years has stemmed the tide of infidelity the power of the Catholic Church , swept away byfteFn creasing current ; already do they behold the time , when Bonge and Czersld , and their church , will bethmvn aside and forgotten , and Germany will be one in irreUgionand inference . Sor , to a certain extent havetfcey nS culated- for , even now has the confession of faith promulgated by Czersld been abandoned for one drawn Z tissaid h Bruno Bauer , the ultra-rationalist auttToro the " CritiqueofteGospds ; '' evennowhave hymns been introduced , the compositions of Heine , the infidel leader of the most democratic section of the school called "Young Germany . " * * JT
* The schism of Ronge would , however , have created but a temporary sensation , had not , by a strange coincidence another event occurred at the same time ; an event which although itmade less noise in the world , was of much greater real importance , the schism of Czerski , the Catholic priest at Schneidemuhl , and the formation by him of a "German Catholic Church , " independent of the Roman hierarch y . This body already numbers more than twenty congregations in some of the principal towns 6 f * any ; some of these congregations count their members b y thousands ; they have held a council- thej have put forth confessions of faith they have ordained
; ministers ; they are eagerl y and zealously making converts ; they are encouraged by the loudly expressed sympathy and the pecuniary aid of their Protestant countrymen ; they have on their side ( wiflithe single exception of the EpangcUsche KiraenzeUung ) the whole Protestant press of Germany . Even Dr . Bretschneider , the most distinguished , after Xeander , of German theologians , has warmly espoused their cause . On the other hand they are regarded with distrust , on account of the political pnnciples of their friends , by the Protestantgovernments ; an ^ they ate naturally opposed by the whole power of the Roman Church .
A curious article this truly , to appear in a Protestant paper ; but it must be remembered that this professedly Protestant paper is still more avowedly the organ of the Puscyites : and this article will give our readers who may know little or nothing of that ghostly sect , a very fair idea of their aims . See how ttus luseyite writer mourns over the decline of Komamsm in Germany , and the advance of the German people in Rational knowledge . His admissions oi tne wide-spreading influence of the newmovement
ana msliownngs at the "triumph of Rationalism " cannot fail to afford the friends of free thought no little pleasure . Whatis Rationalism 1 Theexercise of man ' s reasoninthepursuit of truth . Shallwethen deplore the triumph of reason , andlament the down fall of priestly bigotry ? Read the article from the Brighton Eerald we append to this , and learn from that what priests of all sects were in the days before Kafaonausmwas known amongst men . Let priestcraft triumph over Rationalism , anda return to those days would be inevitable .
THE CRIMES OF PRIESTS-EXCOMMUNICATION . ( From the Brighton Herald . ) Under the cathedral in the dry of Mexico there is buried the great idol which was worshipped by the inhabitants of that country before it was conquered by the Spaniards . Bullock had it disentombed , and a drawing made from it . A more hideous thing was never conceived by the brain ofpriests so prolific in all that is terrible . Itrepresented the Deity as a huge monster , with extended jaws eager to devour human victims . Nor was it a mere fictions representation , for 50 , 000 human victims were annually offered up to appease the supposed appetite of the infernal Deity for human blood . Horrid and appalling as this is , it was not more terrible to the most inoffensive people upon earth , the poor priest-ridden Mexicans , than the power and consequences of excommunication have been to the people of Christendom .
Excomnmnication , like the idol of the Mexicans , has had its day . Both are now entombed ; but with this difference—the idol is , as far as it can be , destroyed ; but the power of excommunication , though not exercised , still exists in our laws , and might , under circumstances , not probable , but possible , be revived . It is with no small satisfaction , therefore , we see that lord Cottenhamhas brought a Bill into the House of lords , which has been read without opposition , except from the Bench of Bishops , not indeed wholly to abolish the power of excommunication , but to remove it from the Ecclesiastical Courts , and confer it upon a new , central , and lay court . For such a court to exercise the spiritual power would manifestly be an absurdity , and we therefore conclude that the power of excommunication is to he virtually abolished ; but in such a way as to give as little offence as possible to the clergy , and their lordships on the Bislwps ' Benches .
The power of excommunication was exercised by the Roman Catholic church with great vigour during the " Ages of Faith f it was the usual preliminary to handing over some wretched man , woman , or child to the civil power to be burnt to death ! and was the prelude to the sacrifice of hundreds of thousands of human victims . But there is not a church in existence , or that ever had existence , but would have acted precisely as the church of Rome did under similar circumstances . John Knox , the author of the Scotch Presbyterian church , openly claimed this awful power . Inhis own history ( page 133 ) he says , "ye may perchance contemn and despise the excommunication of the ( Presbyterian ! tbis reformed !) church now , by God ' s mighty power erected among us , as a thing of no force ; but doubt we nothing bnt that our church and the true ministers of the same nave the same power which our master Jesus Christ granted to the Apostles . "
"Itis not possible , " says the Edinburgh Renew { " On Civil and Religious Liberty" ) , " for the most bigotted Catholic to inculcate more distinctly the complete extirpation of the opinions and worship of the Protestants , than John Knox inculcated , as a most sacred duty incumbent on the Civil Government in the first instance , and , if the Civil Government be remiss , on the people ( whom Knox himself called a "rascal multitude" ) , to extirpate completely the opinions and worship of the Catholics , and even to massacre the Catholics , man , woman , and ckUd . ' " We here see the same priestly , arrogant , cruel , and reckless eagerness for blood in this founder of the Scottish church as animated the clergy of the Catholic church in the "Ages of Faith . " Cranmer was the Knox of the English church .
"Everybody knows , " says the Edhiburgh Review ( the words of which weprefer to our own ) , " that the warrant for the execution ( of Joanna Bocher ) was extorted from the young and reluctant Prince ( Edward VI . ) by the urgent remonstrances of Cranmer , the Protestant Primate ; who , by a just retribution , suffered himself as a heretic , in the succeeding age . " How has the poet ' s line , " The mercy I to others show , that mercy show to me , " been forgotten by priests ! " Grotius and Lardner , Locke and Newton , those great aad pious men , who are an honour to human nature and the most illustrious advocates of Christianity , would hare been adjudged by the first reformers , as well as by Catholics , —by Cranmer and Knox as well as by Bonner and Beaton , —to be worthy of death in the present world ; and of everlasting misery in the world to come . The mar tyrdoms of Servctus ( by the Calvinists ) , and of Joanna Bocher in England , are notable instances of the religious freedom which prevailed in the pure and primitive state of the Protestant churches . "—Edinburgh Review .
And in all cases of persecution and death the victims were first excommunicated and then burnt under the writ tie heretico combttrendo . * Thus , in consequence of a letter of Innocent Till ., 80 , 000 women and children were burnt to death in a few years as witches , in which acts the hands of Protestants were as deeply imbrued as Catholics . Thus , so long as churches were sanctioned in their sanguinary objects by the State , were one portion of mankind permitted to sacrifice another , and all , as they pretended , for the glory of God ! In point of number the victims to intolerance in Christendom may perhaps fall short of the victims of intolerance in Pagan Mexico , and perhaps not ; but in both cases we see a tyrannical priesthood , the scourge of mankind .
" Excommunication , under our mild reformed church , saysBlackstone ( vol . 3 , page 101 ) , "istwo-fold—the less and the greater . " The less excludes the accused party from the sacraments : a right which every congregation possesses and ought to possess . And here the power ought to begin and end . But the law , to use the mild language of Tory Blackstone , " compassionately" steps in to the aid of ecclesiastical jurisdiction , and kindly lends a hand to an otherwise tottering authority ; and then we are told that a person
excommunicated by our tolerant church cannot , 1 st , be heard as a witness in court ; 2 nd , cannot serve on juries ; 3 rd , cannot bring an action , either real or personal , to recover lands or money due to him ; 4 tb , if the victim does not acknowledge his fault within forty days , he may he imprisoned till reconciled to the church ( that is , for ever ) . Blackstone passes very lightl y over these frightful laws stai on the statute-boob . An excommunicated person is put out of the protection of the law , and was " accursed , " and may be deprived of every civil right , such as being guardiantrustee&cArc
, , , The form of excommunication makes one ' s blood curdle with horror and indignation . We give one , as a specimen of the priestly artof cursing ( the whole may be found in a work in everybody ' s hands , Sterne ' s Tristram Shandy , with Uncle Toby ' s ejaculations on the reading thereof ) . An excommunication was published in the "Ages of Faith" by every parish priest in his holy vestments ( we quote Henry's History of England ) , with bells tolling , and candles lighted , before the congregation , in the mother tongue , on Christmas , Easter ,
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- ^ ° X ^ LTT ' That these excommuni-Sssarsrsarsats SStsS ^^ tr ^^/ S SSEi , ^ *?• ¦? tMr thro ° ' their *»»" andtiheir breasts ; theirfcetan d their legs # # # mtnem remainaccursedfrom the bottom of the foot to nn / pTV tb < : ? ea < 5 > Unl 6 SS they betWnk tlicnuelves 2 fT ? -. satlsfacll 0 n ; ana J « st as this candle is de-SnhS BreS < m SoMthembe aePrivcd of their Many of the " curses" are too horrid and indecent to be repeated .
But why , " it maybe asked , " rake up these things now 1 To remind Governments and people from what they have escaped ; to guard them against ever permit , nng the civU Lot to aid priests and churches in their aspirations for power , which , in their hands , is always accompanied bytjrannyand cruelty ; and to express our gratification that the power to excommunicate is , by Lord Cottenbam ' s Bill , to be taken from the clergy in England for ever .
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h * n « J ? ^ T a *« » Wo ^ regret of the clergy ) , by 29 Car . 2 but the abolition was not extended to America till after the war of Independence
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Mnday , June VJih , 1844 . [ Extracted from a Diary of Actual Operations on nvesmaUfarmsontheestates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Ea stbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model terns on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at blwthwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , ol Jfarnley Tyas , near Iluddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—Fust . Iwo school farms at Willinedon and EasMfinn nf
hye acreseach , conducted by G . Cruttenden and 3 ohn Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell-the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevmgton—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several privatemodelfarms near the sameplace . Theconsecutiveoperationsinthesereports wiU enable the curious reader to compare the clunate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diart is aided by "Notesand Observations from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the tune and season , which we subjoin
" The culture of the ground is thy happiest state , O man ! Envy not the possession of gold , silver , or fine raiment . Theirjoysmaynot be so great as thine : for these joys lead unto sloth , and a life of slothfuluess is prone to vanity and imaginings of evil . " Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , wh » in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give dtree hours of their labour in the afternoon for ihe master ' s benefit , which renders Hie schools selfsupporting . We believe that at Fanily Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-swenih to the master , who wilt reeetue flic usual school fees , help ihe boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , &c , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-Jceeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst ihem , in proportion to their services , and bemadeihusindirecil y toreach their parents in a wav the most grateful to their feelings . }
BUSSES . Mosdat— Willingdon School . Boys sowing white turnips where the mangel wurzel missed . Eastdean School . Boys mowing clover for hay , digging between and earthing potatoes , and nipping off the blossoms . Piper . Hoeing potatoes . Jhtmbrell . Cutting up tare stubble to put in the pig-ground . Tuesday— Willingdon School . Boys sowing white turnips as yesterday . Eastdean School . Boys hoeing forward turnips , transplanting some , and preparing ground for cabbage . Piper . Driving mould to the mixen . Dumbrett . Digging up tare ground , and planting cabbages . Wedxesday —Willingdon School . Boys hoeing among the potatoes . Eastdean School . " Boys emptying pails , planting cabbages , and pouring tank liquid around them . Piper . Emptying the tank liquid
on the mixen . Dumbrcll . Hoeing potatoes , and digging rye grass . Thursday— WiUingdon School . Boys digg ing for white turnips . Eastdean School . Boys turning clover , hoeing mangel wurzel and potatoes , and picking blossom . Piper . Digging up tare ground , ana pouring all the . liquid I can get upon it . Dimibrell ^ Hoeing potatoes , and digging up rye grass . Friday . —Willingdon School . Boys hoeing and weeding carrots . Eastdean School . Boys carrying clover hay , digging between the carrot rows , and picking weeds . Piper . Digging tare ground , and sowing turnips . Dumbrett . Cutting up tare stubble , stacking hay . Saturday— WiUingdon School . Boys hoeing and weeding carrots . Eastdean School . Boys thatching the hay-rick , cleaning out pails and piggery . Piper Hoeing potatoes . Dumbrcll . Digging up rye grass
YORKSHIRE . Operations during the week . Slaiihuiaite School . Boys preparing rye and tare stubble , planting 1500 cabbages , digging , breaking clods , gathering roots . C . Varley weeding and hoeing potatoes , emptying tank , applying liquid to cabbages , emptying privy pails . COW-FEEDING . WiUingdon School . Cows stall-fed on clover . Piper ' s . Cows stall-fed on clover and lucerne , doing well . DumbreWs . Two cows stall-fed with tares . Slaithwaite School . Cows stall-fed with tares and rye . C . Varley ' s fed on mown grass .
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . The Cottage Comforter , or Cow . —The most valuable breed for cottagers is perhaps the Scotch or Irish . They are more hardy than the higher breeds of cattle , and let it be the end , aim , and hope of the cottager to get one of these valuable creatures if he can . Their milk is rich , and yields a quantity of capital cream ; neither are they dry so long as the larger breeds , which makes them valuable to a poot man . When once you do become possessed of one of these best gifts , use her kindly , keep her warm , and well littered with fern or straw . Give her good seasoned and well salted food , —as much water as she likes to drink , —and often use the currycomb .
; \ a , t I III I i f 1 in I % o i i I I I I I I I < J i -o oa a a < okjH O §! " < % i \ * 1 I M l ! 2 IL § s I « I i 2 § ii | * * * * h 1 w 8 >> ° S * ii 1 I 1 * 2 a i S In I I I !__ ! _! 1 h it 8 « « « t < From A to B a path is laid down , dividing the plots , by which manure is wheeled from the yard , and more easily applied to the right or left beds , both under the same crop . In this plan the same crop returns once in seven years . For instance , take the plot No . 1 , which suppose cropped with oats or barley the present year ; then the second or next year it will be cropped with clover , the third year with autumn potatos , and , whesthey come off , with a stolen or double crop that year . The fourth year ' s crop will be winter potatos , &c . ; after the seventh year the crop will again be followed by oats , &c . Or , take another example . In the fourth division , winter potatos will be followed by tares and a stolen or second crop , then by winter potatos the sixth year . Thus , according to Mr . Blacker ' s design , on a two-acre farm , supposing the house , offices , & « ., and garden to occupy one rood , the field-gardener will have one rood of grain , one rood of turnips , three roods of potatos , one rood of tares , one rood of clover , two roods of stolen crop , viz ., rape after tares , and stubble turnips after cany potatos .
TABLE . A ' tttritree power of various substances , deduced from experiment . liH S d » Good Meadow Hay 100 worth 3 8 Good Clover Hay 90 " 3 3 Green Clover ., 475 " 58 "Wheat Straw 430 " 10 8 Barley Straw 300 ' * 3 7 Oat Straw 300 " 6 3 Pea Straw 125 " 16 New Potatos 200 " 5 0 OldPetatos 400 " 10 0 Carrots 275 " 60 Tonups 600 " 46 Cabbage 250 " 3 0 Peas and Beans 40 " 3 0 Wheat 40 " 4 0 Barley , 55 " 6 0
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AN EXAMPLE OF A SMALL FARMER . ? wSrvf » - SeDSe ; and we « " « atour fiends in the country to think over it , and act on it :-dJ 2 thSl 7 V on this eartll < but se ™ ™* Sixpence , the price of one honneen ; nothing on my back S r ° ;! othes ' «™ & the bnndlf I had on m } - stick ; but blessed be God , I was not beholden for all that his ^ reverence Mr . Montgomery , gave ae a charS under h . s hand , and with that to produce , I got Sin the county Xrtdare , where there ' s a power of knXdgc
« Mr . Fitzgerald was not a rale estated gentleman his self , hut he managed the estate for the head of his family and I soon found that all agents are not alike , it ' s no lie to say that he has ' ent his match ; what 1 saw in his place was a rale curiosity ; such draining , and crops , and cattle and manuring ; the weeds quite as scarce as the ha-pence in my pocket ; and I had ' ent , when I first began inhis service , one farthing left ejeeptwhat was gone in travelling expenses . " Ten-pence a day was my reg'lar wages , the master allowed no holidays , and had work for foul weather as well as fair . I was rattier handy ; and the mistress gave me odd jobs of the evenings , after I had done wid the master—basket-making and other nic-nacs , always paying me very exact either to the hour or for the job , so that I could count on my airnings ; but what set mo up entirely , was leave to sleep in the offices , for Mr . Fitzgerald soon perceived that I was ' ent one for keeping company , and that I made no acquaintance out of the place .
" One half of my wages kept me in food , and 1 soon got a few decent rags on my back ; then came the time for saving my wages , and och!—how thankful 1 was that our master did ' ent keep holidays , especially when I came to put my savings into the bank ; mostly , ten shillings a month , s » that at the year ' s end I had nearly six pounds . Mr . Fitzgerald ' s farm was a picture ; I never see'd the like for regulation and cleanliness . M y heart rir . when I looked at the comfort and plenty , and what could be made out of land . Its theti 1 longed for as mueh as one rood to myself ; to be watching the seeds growing after my hand , and to try if I could ' ent do something . Well , at long and last , I took courage and spoke to the master , for he had no more pride nor a child ; and , sure , enough , he lets me have an acre . A prouder boy was ' ent in Kildare , and that ' s a big word , than myself that same night , especially when I sat down alone wid my luck , the rushlight , and the sallies , working in the loft at mistress ' s baskets , and thinking of the marcy and goodness that followed me , undesarving as I was of the same .
"The bit of afield was poor enough , but I had it for twenty shillings , cess and rent-charge included ; and , being full of hillocks and hollows , wid plenty of stones on the surface , was no bad practice for a young beginner . 1 set a small boy to gather the stones by task-work ; and on the twenty-fifth day of March , afore day in the morning , just sixteen months after laving home , I put my first spade into my own bit of land , and dug at a drain till the labourer ' s bell rang at the master ' s ; for ye may believe I was ' ent going to quit his employment , no not for one week in the year . My little farm had a wet bottom , and draining is expensive in point of time , but there ' s nothing pays so well as well-made drains : some calls them French ; but supposing thej are , its bad to be above learning , even from one ' s enemies , as I ' ve often observed when I came to know something .
"As the evenings grew longer , my work got on lively . I hired a small diligent boy to help me in . afe-hwaa " , and by the middle of April we had covered in some of the drains and was putting in ray first potatoes . The land was rale ould pasture ; and by laying out a trifle on manure I had an early and plentiful crop , for the seeds were of the best , and they were kept as clane as the mistress ' s flower-beds . By the end of September my field was a picture to look at , as flat as your hand , and ready for wheat ; the master , God bless him , lent me his beautiful plough and lovely harrow , for I'll do the quality that justice , Master Furlong , they are noways discouraging , especially wid young beginners , and where they see an inclination to industry .
"The half-acre of wheat brought me eight pounds clear profit ; the rood of eavly potatoes four , and the other rood , which I kept for seed , was valued at five , so y er will see that in the course of one year I had Substance to the worth of seventeen pounds , not counting the straw nor the clover coming on , nor a pretty decent show of rape put in after the early potatoes . I mostly working with Mr . Fitzgerald at my regular wages , except the few days I was putting in my little crops , or digging out the garden , and that was mostly done after hours . The early morning and the evenings , for eight months in the year , with a little gossoon at three-pence a-day , kept the ground clear and gathered manure : it ' s a waste of time , above alHWugs , that brings poverty . I hare now nearly six years' experience as a labouring man and a small farmer , and know to a farthing the value of fifteen minutes . "
"Signs on ye , Martin , " responded the mistress of the house with ready approbation ; " why that one acre of ground and the usage you gave it , was no less than a bank at command . " " The best of all banks , ma am ( replied Martin ) , more safe and profitable , paying interest with honesty three times a year , and increasing in wealth the more that ' s drew from it . The clover shouldering the wheat , and the turnips running after the early potatoes , not forgetting the lucerne distancing all . " "You live convenient to the Curragh ( observed Furlong ) ; who knows but the luck blows in that quarter V " . By no means , Master Furlong , it ' s neithur a gambling nor a horse-racing spec , that I ' m advocating ; but the rotation fawn , and the system , the clean crops , the drain ing , and , above all , the manure heap . When I threshed out the wheat and had plenty of straw , my next gain was a springer for ' ed in calf . "
' \ " Heaven saveus ! ( criedMrs , Furlong ) a springing cow widout one rood of pasture ; why , man alive , where did she graze ? or was she kept up like a coach-horse V "You ' re not far out there , Mistress Furlong ; cleanliness and comfort are as wholesome for cattle as for Christians ; I saw plain enough how well the master ' s cows throve with good usage , and was resolved not to be behind hand ; a small shed was easily built up in the corner of the field , and a little bit of a straw-yard . And what wid the rape , and the small potatoes , and the cabbages , and some cabbages that edged the potatoe-ridge , with a trifle of bought hay , the cratur didn ' t starve . I had a small patch of , lucernc , too , which cuts over and over , so that between the green food and the warm lodging , she came on surprising ; her manure soon cleared the cost of the hay . Och , how my heart riz , when I milked my own cow , rubbed her down like a horse , and led her to the water . She was in poor condition when I bought her , but of a good breed , and became in no time the greatest beauty in the place . "
Michael looked at Rosy , she smiled ; his heart riz toothey both thought of Norah , and Martin went on . " It ' s the greatest of waste , Mister Furlong , to pasture a milch cow ; no one would believe it that hadn ' t tried the two ways , but its waste of all kinds which ruins the country ; all sorts of food is as wholesome fresh cut , as eat off the field ; and clover especially is much better after some hours , Then to see that same growing again and again , instead of being trampled down and run over ; a few shillings' -worth of Gypsum , if thrown on overnight when the dew ' s on the grass , or a prospect of a shower , will bring on a second crop most surprising ; but I havn't come yet to guano , which is the wonderfulest of all . However , they say that our own druggists at home can make manure equal to any sorts of animals , and if
that be the case any poor man can farm a bit of land , or turn his hand to a small garden , without the expense of a cow , supposing he ' s a turn for industry ; but it ' s idleness and loss of time which keeps down the generality . If the day comes on wet , and a man laves off work , he walks into the house and sits down by the fire , or shrinks away to the forge to talk to the smith ; till the place gets so throng they can ' t blow the bellows , while many a job is wanting at home , which the rain woldn't hinder at all . The walls of the barn moulding with dirt , or the cowhouse unpaved , the hens roosting about , and losing their eggs for want of a bit of a hen-house ; or the fox taking the turkeys because there is a hole in the door , or the rats eating the young ducks , when a few slates would secure them , or a bit of board would secure the whole clutch . "
"Ye say nothing but what ' s true ( returned Furlong ) , but how can poor creatures help their misfortunes ? Now there's Judy Qoss lost seven young geese , and if sixpence could buy her the compliment of slates , she couldn't , I'll answev , compass that , same . " " I can't believe it , Mister Furlong , begjjing your pardon . Wouldn't the price of one barrel of potatoes fix up a tidy place for the poultry ; and liow many stones and half-stones does Judy or the likes of her sell to buy tea ? It ' not the want of a sixpence betimeii , or the manes of raising it , but it ' s the untidiness and the want of forethought . Didn't the sow eat up chicken after chicken from her floor , as she told us , and all becase she went on the same way , Hawing them their food on the open yard or the kitchen floor ? Now where was the sty , or the p ig-trough \ or where was her son , letting all go to loss 1 " "larry Gossis after what wont come to much good , I fear ( observed old Furlong ) . He's not going the way to pay bis own rent , or keep the roof over his mother ' s head , only idling his time , and keeping company himself and
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his whole family , working-days and holidays , at home and abroad , Butgoonwidyourstory , we have . not come to the wife yet . They say in these parts that she is ' ent the worst of yer luck , and that she brought ye a fortune . " "I had fifteen pounds from her father , sure enough , but the money wasn't what I thought most of when choosing a companion ; for many a woman wastes more than sho brings . It was what I saw of her conduct that settled my mind , her quiet behaviour , and stay-at-home ways . What she gathered herself was more than her fortunea goort ftathcr bed , . 1 box full of clotlies , two quilted quUts , two wheels , : m < l twvlvo teen of yarn . Now there ' s few girls that mightn ' t have the like , if they kept to the house and minded their work . But I didn't think of a wife till I had a place to keep her . From less to move , tne master
increased my little holding ; I got a tidy farm of four acres , and a snug cabin , and an enclosed yard ; we are in it these two year last Lady-day , and keep three dairy cows . For there ' s no better hand for butter than Ellen ; she gets the head of the market ' for her cools , and a shilling a pound from private families for what sbe sells fresh , when the quality is in Dublin . Av course I no longer work out by the day , except when Mr . Fitigcrald is liun-ied , or the like . Of winter ' s nights I still make baskets for the mistress ; neythcr man nor boy should be above earning an honest penny , and the wagcs of industry arc sweet . Our cows are well fed , and as I keep them constantl y in the straw-yard , they take time and trouble ,
but it is time well spent to good profit , for they are making manure all the summer , never without plenty of bedding and plenty of food—clover , mangel-wurzel , and turnips in turn—for since this stuff called guano was brought from foreign parts , no man need be without his complement of turnips , and I ' ve seen enough now not to be despising trials . You'll be surprised to hear that we skim our crame , not sweet , like some , but after three males . There ' s greater profit of butter , and the bottoms of the crocks is more nourishing for man and bnste than buttermilk . We have three pigs fattening for bacon—a breeding sow of the first quality , and poultry , av couvse . Plenty to eat for every cratur , ourselves , the ass , and the two ' prentice children . "
Most of Martin ' s hearers had heard his tale before ; but it was no less interesting , and Michael , full of admiration , felt all his energies at work again . Not quite six years and six months!—beginning as a daily labourer , without a shilling to the fore , laying by money out of his wages—and now a farmer . Keeping a dairy ; possessed of three cows , two calves , apprentice boy and girl , pigs and poultry ; yet all was accounted for , all brought about b y the personal diligence , economy , and observation of one man . By making the most of every hour—b y learning from those who had knowledge to teach—by abstaining from liquor—from combinations —meetings—and unprofitable company .
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SHEFFIELD . On Wednesday , June 4 th , a meeting was held in the Democratic Reading-room , Fig-tree-lane , to take into consideration the propriety of forming a branch ot the Chartist Co-operative Land Society ; Mr . Carthage was called to the chair . The rules having been read , the following resolution was unanimously agreed to : — " That we form a branch of the Chartist to-operative Land Society forthwith . " Thirteen paid an instalment on their shares directly ; and from the enthusiasm manifested since the meeting , it is fully expected that by the next meeting we shall number about forty . The following persons were elected as a committee : —Henry Prycr , Charles Lievsley , Aaron BMrinstaw , George Goudara , George Uallemore ; Thomas Briggs , treasurer ; GoergeCavill , sub-secretary . It was afterwards arranged that the meetings should be held every Wednesday nieht at eight o cclok .
LANCASHIRE . Meeting op the South Lancashire Deputies . — A meeting of deputies from the various localities of south Lancashire in connection with the National Charter Association , was held on Sunday last , in the large anti-room of the Carpenters' Hall , Garret-road , Manchester , to consider the best mode of again arousing the energies of the Chartists in this division of the county . The meeting was well attended , there being delegates from all the principal towns in South Lancashire present , all of whom manifested an earnest desire that the Charter agitation should assume thatvi govoraanu determined cnaraeterit formerly possessed in this part of the country . On the motion of Mr . W . Bell , seconded by Mr . A . Hirst , Mr . John
Murray was called on to preside . He opened the meeting in a , brief speech , in which lie pointed out the importance of the business which had called them together ; and hoped that their deliberations would be conducted with calmness and good feeling , and eventually be the means of restoring South . Lancashire to its former proud place in the agitation fov universal justice . The meeting was then addressed by Messrs . Bell , Donovan , Rankin , Hirst , Leach , Clark , Doyle , Roberts , Dixon , Hamer , and other gentlemen . After which the following resolutions were passed unanimously : — " That we , the Chartists of South Lancashire , act strictly in accordance with the plan of organisation . " " That we recommend there-establishment of the South Lancashire Local Lecturer ' s Plan . Likewise the formation of
Reeistration and Election Committees throughout this district . " " That the South Lancashire secretary be instructed to write to the Executive , to allow Messrs . Doyle and Clark to lecture in this district for some time . " "Thatwerecommend to thedifferent localities in South Lancashire to consider the Land plan laul down by the late Convention , so that each delegate may he able to report at the next delegate meeting , to j > e held at Ileywood on the last Sunday in June . " That there be a committee appointed to report on the propriety of getting out a local journal , and give in their report at the Heywood meeting . " The tuanksof the meeting were then given to the chairman , and the deputies separated , each determined to renew their exertions , in order to make the Charter a legislative enactment .
The Address of the Deputies to tU Chartists of South Lancashire , Brother Democrats , —Our object in addressing you at this time is to call your serious consideration and attention to the resolutions and suggestions we have made during our deliberations ; and likewise to consider the resolutions adopted by the late Convention , and whichyouv Executive GovaieU are endeavouring to carry out to the utmost . These arc measures which we feel confident , if you assist the Executive in carrying them out , will finally achieve for you a decisive victory over your oppressors , and hasten the day of universal redemption . We particularly recommend to your consideration the immediate formation of Registration and Election Committees , in order to be
prepared to give the factions battle at the forthcoming general election . Now is the time to prepare tit machinery , so that nothing may be wanting when it is needed . We trust , therefore , you will not neglect this important duty . We would also impress upon you the importance of the Land plan propounded by the Convention , which plan places it within the reach of all who are willing to make the effort to become possessors of the soil , and at once emancipate themselves from the fangs of the cruel aristocracy and tyrant millocracy , who have fattened on their sweat and toil . This , brother Chartists , is worth making an effort to attain . We would also suggest for your consideration the propriety of publishing a cheap local journal , or tract , embodying moral , political ,
and scientific essays , and other productions , which would be the means of disseminating amongst the people the true and genuine principles of democracy and morality ; and thereby teach them , and lead their minds to a proper sense of their position in society : thus enabling them to know the value of liberty , that once having it , they may know how to make use of and keep it . Wo particularly request that this will meet with your serious consideration , and that you will instruct your delegates to the next county meeting , to be held at Ileywood , on the last Sunday of this month , to take this question up in a considerate manner , and give it their best attention . In conclusion , brethren , we entreat you , by your love of freedom—by those ties which bind
you to fatherland—by your anxiety for the happiness , comfort , and contentment of your wives and little ones , to arouse from that culpable apathy which has too long enshrouded you . Awake from your slumbers ! and , by actively carrying into practice the plans laid down hy the late Convention , prove to the world you are determined to be free . We are sorry to say it—but it is a great truth—that the people of this country have contented themselves h y talking about freedom , without taking any practical step towards obtaining it . It is equally true that former Conventions have met—have deliberated —have brought out plans : but , alas ! it grieves us to say the people have neglected to do their part , namely , to carry them into practice . Let , however , " bygones be ty- » ones , " and let the time that is past more than suffice wherein our backwardness to amend our social and political condition has been so apparent . Arouse , then , and embrace the golden opportunity of workinout
g your own salvation , by at once , and without delay , adopting the Land and other plans laid down by your own Parliament for the amelioration of your condition . We trust that this , our appeal , will not be made in vain ; but that all who profess to be Chartists will do their duty to the country , their families , themselves , and mankind universally . This , brethren , is the sincere desire and earnest prayer of yours , in the bonds of Democracy ( on behalf of the deputies assembled ) , John Murray , Richard Radfobd , Wiiliam Dixon . Manchester , June Oth , 1845 . Lecture . — A lecture was delivered in the Carpenters' Hall , Garret-road , on Sunday evening last , by Mr . A . Hurst , of Oldham . The audience was large , respectable , and attentive . The thanks of the meeting were given to the lecturer at the close of Mb
discourse . KIDDERMINSTER . On Monday Eveniso a meeting was held at Mr . George Holloway ' s , Nag ' s Head , Kidderminster , for the purpose of forming a branch of the National Land Society , when a number of members enrolled their , names , and the entrance money was paid of eleven shares .
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Losdon Corn . Exchange ; Monday , June 9 . —The arrivals of wheat and ilour coastwise were quite moderate during the past week , and those , of barley , oats , beans , ana peas scanty . From Scotland a few hundred quarters of barley and one small lot of oats were received , but of the latter article a fair quantity came to hand from Ireland . From abroad the receipts of grain were to a fair extent . At this morning ' s market there was . 1 small show of wheat by landcarriage samples , from the neighbouring counties . Of barley there was very little up , nor were the fresh , arrivals of oats by any means large , whilst of beam and peas there were lew offering . During the latter part of the past week tho temperature was low for the advanced period of the year , but we have since increased h « at . At the commencement of business hue fresh wheat was held very firmly this morning at rather above the rates of Monday last , and for the best qualities full prices were paid ; subsequent ^ the sale became move difficultbnt buyers were unable to
, purchascat lower terms . Duty-paid foreign wheat met with very little attention ; holders refrained , , T : T \ ' ^ P ^ g' « ss , and the few parcels which changed hands brought about former terms . In bond a cargo of fine Dantzic was taken by a miller ? wif Pqr < * Ioi V Vas lieId , ™ ly . and many of tne millers continue to quote the nominal ton price 4 t « . per sack . Barley , though but little inquired for , was certainly not cheaper , indeed superior qualities ( whether of English or foreign growth ) could scarcely be bought on as easy terms as on this day se ' nnijiht . Malt was likewise held very firmly at late rates . The recently established advance on * oats w » 9 not only maintained , but in some instances a further small improvement was realised for really sweet fresh corn . Beans were sought after , and commanded fully as much money . Peas were about Is . per qr . dearer . In seed there was very little doing , and quotations remained nominally unaltered .
CURRENT PRICES OF GBA 1 N , PER IMPERIAL QDARTER-JSritisA . s » 1 X "" 1 ; , Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 43 49 WhiU 50 65 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 44 45 Ditto 43 32 XortUum . and Scotch white 43 48 Fine 49 53 Irish red old 0 0 Red 43 45 White 47 48 gJ . OW SO 31 Xew 28 30 Brank 3 * 85 M u S niltU " e- 21 26 Distil . 27 30 Mak . 30 3 S Malt Brown 52 6 i Palo 55 59 Ware 60 « 2 Beans Ticks old & new 3 t 37 Harrow SB 89 Pigeon 40 « Peas Grey . . 35 38 Maple 37 38 White 38 39 Oat » Iancolns k Yorkshire Feed 22 24 Poland " 4 26 ^ P ™ Angus 23 25 Potato 2 S 29 P « 9 « nih " ; , Wlute 20 2 * Black 21 22 _ Pei 2 < "b . net . s s Per 280 lb . net . » s Town-made Flour ... 42 44 Norfolk tfc Stockton 33 34 Essex and Keut 35 % ) Irish . 35 » e
,. . Free . Bond * Foreign- t « ¦ ¦ Wheat , Dantsie , Konigsburg , ic 58 57 S 8 42 Marks , Mecklenburg 51 52 33 36 Vanish , Holstein , and Frieslaiid red 43 45 l' 8 30 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft . . . 44 4 R o 99 Italian , Red . . 47 48 White . . . 01 i 2 32 35 Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft .... 48 52 31 34 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 28 30 Undricd . . 28 30 22 24 Barley , Grinding . 24 2 G Malting . . 28 32 19 2 * Beans , Ticks . . 34 35 Egyptian . 34 35 27 39 Peas , White . . 37 39 Maple . . 36 37 28 34 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 26 20 22 Russian feed , 21 22 15 18 Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 04 26 19 21
London Smitufield Cattle Market , Moxdat . June 9 .-Sinee this day se ' nnight the imports of foswgn stock for this maxftet have been again extensive , they having comprised 171 oxen and cows , 41 sheep , and T calves , all from Rotterdam , per the Ocean , Batavier , and Columbine steamers . Generally speaking , tliese importations have proved extremely good in quality , though the sheep and calves do not come up to the expectation of the butchers To-day \ ve had on offer 49 head of beasts , the whole of which found ready buyers at a considerable improvement in their quotations . At theoutports about 200 beasts and thirty sheep have been imported from Holland . The arrivals of beasts fresh up from our own grazing districts being very limited for the time of year , and tiie attendance of both town and country buyers numerous , we have to report a very brisk * demand tor beef , at an advance in the quotations obtained on Monday last of from 4 d . to Cd . per 81 b ., some of the pritnest Scots producing as much as os . ner 81 b .
though the more general figures ranged from 4 s . 8 d . to 4 s . lOd . Although there were some well made up animals , a decided falling offin weight was observable From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire we received 1200 shorthorns , Scots , and homebreds ; from the northern , western , and midland counties , 300 Herefords , Devons , shorthorns , Ac . ; from other parts of England , 300 of various breeds ; and from Scot * land , 4 < J 0 horned and polled Scots . For the time of year we had an unusually short supply of sheep offering , there being , as was the case last week , nearly thirteen thotisand head less exhibited than was the case at the corresponding market day in 1844 . As might therefore , be expected , the mutton trade was brisk , at fully last week ' s currencies . Lambs , 151 of which came to hand from the Isle of Wight , were in short supply , and steady inquiry , at extreme quotations . Calves , though in fair supply , moved off freely , and late rates were wellsupported . In pigs a full average amount of business was again transacted .
By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . s . ( 1 . s , d . Inferior coarse beasts . , , a 2 3 8 Second quality 3 10 4 2 Prime large oxen .... 4 4 4 6 Prime Scots , &c 4 8 4 10 Coarse inferior sheep ... 3 8 4 0 Second quality .... 4244 Prime coarse woolled . . . 4 ( 4 g Prime Southdown ... 4 10 S Lambs 5 0 C I Large coarse calves . ... 3 10 4 S Prime small 4 8 8 0 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 » Largehogs 3 0 3 R Neat small porkers ... 3 10 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 1 G 2 o o
BEAD OF CATTLE ON BALE . ( Prom the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 2 , 835-Sheep and Lambs , 28 , 590—Calves 164—Pigs , 300 . York Corn Market , June 5 . —There is only a moderate display of samples at this day ' s market . Frak-wheat is in fair demand , at last week ' s prices , but chambered samples are dull sale . No Wley offering . Oats scarce , but no alteration in their value ; the same may be said of beans . Leeds Cor . v Market , Tuesday , June 10 . —Our arrivals are moderate , and the supplies now coming forward do not seem likely to exceed the wants of the trade . Wheat is in better demand this morning , and last week ' s prices arc firmly maintained , in some instances rather exceeded . The malting season being very nearly over , little barley is required ; in its value there is no change . Oats , shelling , and beans , are in very fair request at full prices . We have now a ranch warmer temperature , and vegetation will be rapidly promoted by it .
Leeds Cloth Markets . —Business has been of a more active character than for many weeks past . The stocks are comparativelyjlow—in fact , lower than is usually the case at this season .. The month of May is always considered a dull month—but the dullness is passing away , and , judging from the transactions at the Cloth-halla ; and . we may also say at the warehouses , a brisk trade appears to be commencing , particularly in goods of a fine and middle quality . There is also a good trade in fancv cloakings and shawls . Liverpool Corn Market , Monday , June 0 . —We have this week a good arrival of Irish sack flour , but of other free produce or manufacture tho arrivals are small . The chief import from abroad is upwards of 7000 quarters of Baltic red wheat . There has been no change in the scale of duties this week . The weather , upon the whole , has been much more
favourable , and the country around us has sreatly improved in appearance within the last ten days . A few cargoes of bonded wheat have chai .- < rcd hands during the week , at 4 s 7 d to _ 4 s 8 d per 7 olb ' s for Rostock and Stettin , but the business generally has been of a limited kind . The millers and dealers have bought cautiously of free wheat , and have been able to supply themselves at a small reduction in prices ; good samples of Irish red have been sold at 6 s 4 d to 6 s 7 dper 701 bs , and Cs 9 d maybe considered a full value for the choicest . Sack flour has met a moderate demand , and the value has declined Cd to Is per 280 lbs . Oats and oatmeal have each commanded fully last Tuesday ' s rates , but there has been no particular extent of business in cither article . BeanB have brought an advance of 6 d to Is per quarter . Barley , Indian corn , and peas continue much the same as last quoted .
Manchester Corn Market , Saturday , Mat 7 . — During the week , the weather having been of an exceedingly favourable character , the demand for flour relapsed into a state of inactivity : in the absence , however , of any anxiety amongst holders to press sales , prices have undergone no material change . In either oats or oatmeal but little has been passing , and former rates wore with difficulty realized for the latter article . There was an extremely limited inquiry for wheat at our market this morning , and on inferior runs a decline of Id . per 701 bs . must be noted . Flour movedoff very slowly ; but in the quotations of tms day so nmglit no change can be made . Oats were likewise in moderate request only , without alteration in value , i or oatmeal the demand was trifling , and theturn of prices in favour of the buyer . Beans excited very little attention , but were not cheaper . Manchester , Tuesdat June 10 . —There has been a good demand for yarn , and former prices have been maintained with an advance in some instances . Piece goods steady in price and fair demand .
Bedaie Fortnight Fair , June 10 . —We had a good supply of both beasts and sheep at this day ' s market . Beef rather , h « avy , while mutton main , tamed ite price . Beef 6 sGd toft per stone ; mutton , Cd per lb . ' Malton Corn Market , June 7 . — We have t moderate supply of all kinds of grain offering to tbii day ' s market . Wheat Is per qr . lower ; barley Zi ^ ? nu / ' Rr ' " ^ ' 478 t < >««;^ ™* 2 » 50 s 64 b per qr . of 40 stones . Barley , 2 T to 31 s per 32 st . Oats , lid to lHd per stone
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SS'LE '* . » ~ - S ^ . »;^«*^ Sa ' lei ffi propeitj Una its duties as we I as its rights " Afready a church an * school are reared foXeSfit of their people . They are chaste indes ^ n andI oma ! ments of the nei ghbourhood . There " s ano £ ornament-an appendage to the factories , in an Industrial Farmot afew acres , where the uncmKd SM % V * TV alIy occup , ied in the P «™ of WrfW" We ^ ope i ? relot ! s > t 0 seetlle little hands of children employed in such pursuits , learning to gam their daily bread from the soil , while they receive m the school , during part of the day , a share of learning . If the surplus labour of the factory be applied in this manner to adorn that glen , it may be made even more beautiful than it was left by nature
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Untitled Article
_^_ — — - —¦ J . 1 V All X J K 5 ONE 14 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 14, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1319/page/7/
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