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Northern Star (1837-1852), 21st June 1845, Edition 1 of 2, Page unpag, Untitled Article

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    • Jtofon intentflwtce*
    • tones' flftobemmte
    • tforfttomfoff ;$ketmg&
    • TO THE WORKING CLASSES.
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      Untitled Article

      (( have earnestly to request that every man that loves justice , and does not fear discngsion , will read this letter tttenfivelyj jlr Dsab Fbiekds , —As this letter is likel y to be along one , I cannot aford space for minute iDusttatien of the assumed feels of others which I mean to plus before you . I always told you flat ten the jgnd plan assumed a practical shape , those who jjed aneliorstum for the working classes would j ^ intosnorfatit InZfo ^ i New spaper of Saturday ffeek there was an article upon the subject of the ^ d . B : wndii weditorialartiele , although it * a s written by a Mr . Janus Hill , formerly Editor oftLe Star in riie& ^ alitQe paper that had no cir jalation . I do not complain of William Carpenter * PtfSfL *!? wpf . *¦ £ the fide tiunklfr »

      « : WI . Lloyd hasa m to p lan of huj hating feaeted it , because it exhibit * w iia ^(^ ceandTerybadtastc . Itiswritten in the worst , the vOsst , and most infelicitous style ' of prophecy . The same petaon wrote another article in Uatmeks number of Uoyi * , jg ewsaaper , j ^ y Carpenter fos ^ equivocally fathered , because it commences Am ^ Ve aw ha ppy to find , by let tesiecervediromaU partsof the kingdom , thatthe " remarks we oave felt it our duty to make on the tempting bait thrown out to the worldn * classes in thefonn of a Chartist Cooperative Land Society , hare not tea without effect . " Now , that ' s a er £ tuitousLWlie from beginning to end > y ^ Imowttosecfaonof the wldng classes of this country atorhanysoraal or political value whatever to Uoyd ' tNr-vspaptr . r .

      Thesame ^ has written a letter in the same swnberof V , ^ Paper , signed " anIndependent *** ChrrM . " Jf 0 T whaS ^ ^^ sighted genfeien must be to assume false titles , in the hope of i ^ , nating ; and to commence a crusade against a poplar practical movement in loud and boisterous pe . - v . iaal vituperation , without once touch ing tbeprinek ,.. ' sought to be assailed . However , as Jlr . HOI has thought proper to assail the question

      not upon its wrils , but upon its want of legality ~~ a want which ; , « does notseethe possibilit y of getting over , as he tt-5 .., « s that my deficiency in legal knowledge got iny . s . j and my dupes into York Castleshall try this qiitstion of legality with him presently after I take a short review of his best grounds of opposition to the Chartist Co-operative Land Society .

      He tells us hi the outset that " the Chartist Cooperative Land Society resembles the National Land and Building Association [ of which silly concoction fe is the insane uropounder ] about as much as a gilt farthing resembles a sovereign . " Now , here I beg leave to differ with the learned commentator . I be " leave to tell luui Jhat his one-fourth measure which thesovereigu is intended to represent , is not worth the s ilt farthing , or the farthing wWiout the gOt . The tvro measures resemble each other about as much as a horse chesnut and a chesnut horse—his being the torse chesnut , aud mine ( as he will have it that it is mine ) the chesnut horse . The whole of the first

      article is writien in ignorance of the value and effect of co-operattim , as well as upon a false assumption of the value of registration . When he speaks of a man being obliged to jay £ 310 s . for a whole house , he tells us that vulit years ' rent , added to his original sliare of £ 2 12 s ., would amount to more than the value of the « , :,, le house ; while this very stupid man &ep 3 ihe fa * ; out of sight altogether , that but for Hat CQ- i-ixraion uldch allowed the tenant to be a purchaser in the wholesale market , and a ttnant in . tie Klail market « t the wholesale price , he would not have the hoiM : and two acres for £ 50 a-year , nor vet for £ 10 a-year . u .-r vet at all !

      This is the , mrtion of the subject on which I have taken most i = ius to enlighten you ; and is one which , fcwever Mv-Ihil and the " surplus reserve" of editors may understand , yet they never will put you in possession of its practicability In last week ' s fortkm Star there were three columns and a half on 2 » National Reform Convention of the Labouring Classes in America . That was worth all the news iiat has appeared in every paper In England for the last twelve mouths . A Mr . Brisbane , one of the Slost powerful advocates of the working man's came , in describing the grievances under which the working classes labour , makes use of the following ienns , as regards the pres 3 of the United States : — "There are is the TJsited States two thodsisd

      ? BES 3 ES CO-VTBOLLED Br COMMERCE , POLITICS , AKD IHE 1 AW , WHICH HAVE BUT OJfE OBJECT ASD AIM—TO DECEIVE THE JIUXIOXS : ASD TT 15 JM > TF 03 DER THAI

      IHE WORKIXO-MES ABE SO BUNDED TO THKIB O « . \ GOOD TOES THET RECEIVE AS GOSPEL , DAT AFTER DAT , THS S 0 CTRI 5 ES ASD ASSERTIONS 0 ? THEIR BITTEREST ESEJ 5 SS . " Now , keep that in mind : and recollect that that description of the press is in Republican America , inhere the people Itave got the votes , but have not got the hnd : and remember more—that the association of which Mr . Brisbane spoke is organised for the purpsje of getting the land . In discussing the slave question in the House of Commons , LordPalmerston said that "the reason why tie French press was opposed to . the abolition of slavery was , because the whole press of France was under the control of those who had an interest in perpetuating slavery . " Jlind

      tkit , again ! However they may differ as to the relative merits of parties , and leaders of parties , they all agree upon the perpetuation of shivery . " And will you now point out one single paper in the British empire—one single paper , with the exception o f the Kortltem Star , that is not , directly or indirectly , controlled or influenced by the slave-owners ? It would cot do to offer open opposition even to a popular mania . You must be lured from what you cannot be driven . The fascinators think that , like the donkey , you will gallop faster after a bunch of carrots tied to the end of a shaft , and held before your nose —( which carrots are TAKEN OFF when the donkey gets to the end of THEIR JOURNEY ) -tiian from the whip .

      Now . this Mr . Hill is a most romantic person . The wandering Jew , the wandering Minstrel , Baron Trenck , and Baron Munchausea , were all spoonies to hia . In 1841 the League were at sea ; and great inducements were held out ( O the romantic and adventurous for the devisin ? of some immediate practical " legal" plaufor re ^ ealingthe Corn Laws . Well , thi » same Mr . Hill propounded the most fascinating , the most tempting , the surest , the most safe , the most legal piau for repealing the Corn Laws . He established tie National Daily Bread Society ! Ah ! who says there is nothing in a name ? And now , first , upon the question of " legality . " The object and purpose of the Daily Bread Society , as stated by its founder , was

      " to resist , to evade , and to break through Hie law . " Now , what -will our " physical force" friend , Carpenter , say to the "legality" of such a Society ? Hear what the Leeds Times said , in speaking about the " legal" plan propounded by Mr . Hill . It said : "There need be no mistake about the Daily Bread Society . It is as okoasised plas—perfectly legal and justifiable , we think , ia a moral point of view—for sreakisg ihe uhv . " What will my "poor dupes '' tbask of a perfectly " legal" association organised tobreakthelaw ? Ah ! t / iniweretheparticscallcdnpon to break it ; and ihe miscreant thai urged them to t ! ie apt would have sat in the jury box lo avenge the t'ffesded laws !

      I ' erhaps the reader will be astonished when I direct his attention to the Northern Star of the 23 rd ° f October , l&jl , to the immense flagellation that William Hill , of the NorUarn . Star , gave James Hill , ° f the Eastern Star , for the delusion that he then attempted to pass upon the people , and especially for Putting the People ' s Charter in a placard calling a Meeting at Carpenters' Hall , when the real object ^ to seduce the people to co-operate with the Lea gue . I mention the fact now , in order that you ^ J contrast the Nort ern Star of that date with *•» National llaformer of last Saturday .

      1 have not yet come to a consideration of the j « aflf ty ^ . y ^ ^ j 1 | s u legal" association , organised to j ^ k ihe law , was to effect a repeal of the Corn l&xs . TV ' eij , Leroitis . Every person who subscribed ° Se i * ^ ajj t 0 receiyg a printed card or ticket , * hicli constituted the right of membership . Those Pennies were to be sent to foreign countries to buy ^ P loads of corn ; and when those ships approached jJe shore , the people , if the Queen refused to repeal / * Gon » Laws , were to march in companies of ten or ™ " * y thousand , armed with , what do you think ?—« h muskr-ts 3 $ 0 : ha ^ jjh jjjpu j ^ g fOT the

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      ^ , , com without payingtheduty' > - fcw isn't that a whole-hog "^ principle" man for you ? In No . 1 of the Bread Eater , ' Advocate there appeared the following reaming . l ££ rr tetim : rc Ifthe P ~ P fe ^ the com ouUf the ship , oroutof-the bonding warehouse , bvforcT ££ nX ^ l 0 SS ° **• That the Corn S could not be imposed without bloodshed , nor conti-^ t ^ ° f Woodshed , was not adnutdasart « te ! ti ! S ?! fwbeit « colIected , C was Corn Law blood shed in W estminster in 1815 and Corn Law Wood shed at PeteSTn Sl 9 " o SsnwTr certain ^ «« ** w it should be suffered to exist . England has some £ intrhrcar UWmiDglylayd 0 Wflth

      ' 0 she has sons that never never Will stoop to be the landlords' slaves . While heav ' n has light Or earth has graves . ' WhenBarbarou sent a message to Marseilles that they were to send him 'sis hundred men who knew nowtoaio , 'the call was quickly responded to ; nor could suchacaU to Manchester be long unrcsponded to , thoughit is hoped it may not be necessary !!" Is not there tenderness of life there for you ' ? Is not that " moral force , " with a vengeance ? It was through such bad and reckless mea as tins legal Mr . Hill , and their false teaching , that filled the prisons of England , and not Feargus O'Connor . Althoughthis Mr . James Hill taunts me . with having

      got myself into prison , I teU him that I am not ashamed of spendingsixteen months in a condemned cell for having published the speeches of Mr . James OBnenand Mr . Deau Taylor , and for havuv denounced the atrociousPoor Law . At the time that Air . James Hill was running this DaUy-bread rig , like Dr . Bowring , he went beyond us . He was for enfranchising women , because , as he disinterestedly tells us , he had nine daughters ; and now that he wants to " hark off" the people , poor aged people of sixty and seventy-five years of age , from the Land scent , to lay them in the stink of one room for which they are to pay nearly £ 12 that they may vote for a Corn Law repealer , he assumes the title of " an Independent English Chartist . "

      In his foolish article of the 8 th of June , what are aU but impossibilities are argued , not as merely problematical , but as highly probable . The remotest contingencies are placed vividly before our eyes . The treasurer mat get the small-pox and die ; his will mat . be disputed ; all the trustees mat die , as if by concert to frustrate the object ; the tenants mat be all ejected for non-payment of rent ; they mat all have the pip together ; the bank mat fail ; the subscribers mat not be able to pay up their shares ; the land mat not be worth £ 5 an acre ; Mr . O'Connor mat jump Jim Crow ; the trustees mat be on the eve of purchasing an estate , and the treasurer mat not

      be in the humour to give the money . Now the only answer to all this is , that "the sky mat fall , and then we mat catch larks . " Did Mr . Hill know , and if he did why had he not the common decency to say so , that I told the Convention , as the organ of the committee who mapped the outline of the Chartist Cooperative Land plan , that it would take us a full month to mature it for satisfactory working , and that all we could then do was to propound the principle , and to lay down the skeleton of rules for management , until we should have 2000 subscribers sufficiently interestedin its good working to ensure a happy election of officers ; and then , if they chose t 6 ask

      for such protection from the law as they may require beyond confidence in their own appointed servants , they might do so , and take the proper steps to procure it . Did he not know that the present board of management was but the mere nurse of the infant ; and that when it arrives at maturity it may appoint its own guardian , whether of ihe law , " of society independent of the law ? There is an old saying , " never show your work half finished to a fool , or to a woman : " and T fear that Mr . Hill has been taking much female couusel . The letter of the "Independent English Chartist" is a fire of

      grapeshot indeed upon the two Irish O ' s—O'Connor and O'Brien : and the writer peppers poor O'Brieamost unmercifully . He says , " I contend that O'Brien ' s plan , if by say possibility it could be practised , would make the people far worse off than ever . For what a power would it not give to Government , if Government had all the land-letting ? What jobbing ! What corrupt uses of the rentals ! The people would be reduced to worse than feudal bondage ; while the minions of Government would fatten like the favourites of Henry VIII ., when that tyrant resumed the abbey lauds , or like the sequestrators under the Commonwealth . Human nature would

      never bear it . Horrible would be the state of society —tenfold worse than at present . " Now , that ' s what the "Independent English Chartist" says of the Irish demagogue , O'Brien . He says the Irish demagogue O'Connor ' s plan is much preferable . Now , this is very unpleasant : for in the National Reformer of the very same date as the Uoyd ' s from which I quote , I find the following comments upon Mr . Hill ' s plan : — The very best of these schemes which I have yet seen —by far the best—the scheme propounded by Mr . James HiD , late Editor of the Star in the East—even that scheme frill fail , I think , to realise the expectations of its

      projector . Not that there is anything essentially faulty or unsafein Mr . Hill ' s project . Quite the contrary , I think . Mr . Hill ' s project is the National Land avd ' Buildikg Association . Its object is to enable the members , through their own weekly subscriptions , to obtain a cottage and land of their own , in due course of time ; and the mode of doing this , as well as the rules ana principles of the society , are fully set forth by the founder in a well written periodical entitled The Commonweal , under the form of an article headed " Development of a measure for advancing the Political , the Social , and the Domestic Condition of the Working Classes . * I have read the first number of the Cmmonvxd , containing this articles and , as far asmy

      humble judgment goes , no sounder or safer project was ever devised to promote the welfare of tie parties adopting and acting upon it , as far as can be done under our exitthtg constitution ondtoes , than the plan or project of Mr . James Hill , and which forms the basis of the National Land and Building Association . There is every desirable security for the members , and there arc prospects of advantage held out to them which nothing but the grossest fraud or mismanagement of their officers can prevent them from realising . But , as we have noticed this admirable association elsewhere , in conjunction with Feargus ' s notable "Chartist Operative Land Society , " we

      shall say no more of it here than simply to observe , that were it consistent with our views and convictions to recommend Land Societies of any sort , as a measure to be generally acted upon by the people , it is unquestionably the National Land and Building Association we should rcconuuend in preference to : J 1 others . As compared v- ' Mi O'Connor ' s Land Abortion , it is ( as the editor of Lloyd's paper justly observes ) what a real sovereign is to a gilt farthing . In other words ( to quote Lloyd himself ) , " O'Connor ' s Chartist Cooperative Land Society is ( he gill farthing . The Rational Land and Building SO'Mty it th ( genuine sovereign . "

      Now , can't the reader at once see that Hill wrote in praise of Ms oivn child : while my "friend , " O'Brien , would make an angel of Hill to make a devil of me ? Let us now consider the plan , or rather the objects of this " National Land and Building Association . " I gelect the marrow of it from No . 1 of the Common two ? , where Mr . O'Brien savs he has found it ; and

      here it is : — The shares are to be each of the value of £ 20 ; but it is not required that the full amount of the share should be paid up . The proportion to be paid up has reference to the mode in which the principle of life annuities is to be app lied to work out the objects of the association ; and this may be understood by reference to a table , which , opposite to the column of ages , contains the amount required to be paid up byevery shareholder of thecorrespondiiigage . Thus , as will be seen on reference , the amount opposite to sixty years of age is £ 3 5 s 9 d : —that opposite seventy-five years of age , only £ 5 2 s . 2 d . ; the meaning of which is , that a subscriber of CO years of age , who has paid in the aggregate £ 9 5 s . 9 d ., —and one of 75 , who has paid £ 5 2 s . 2 d . ; will each be entitled to have conveved to him or herflie

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      S ~ KS ?« 5 S SS-2 HSS : ~ JS S ^^ " * ? ^* " * mmh ™ Corner ohX Z ° llZ % ? ' ' a sin 5 ler ° om would c 5 only £ 20 , and we then find the veteran of seventy-five be come the actual proprietor of his own dwelling weiUen ' Mated , and m a healthy situation , for £ 5 2 s . 2 d tefi httte money as is often paid ina single y ear for theren ££ & £ ?• t ^ " M ^ in London-i 2 ? ™ t ^ ° ™ l ™ - - ™ ( amounting to £ 5 U

      . abodTsno ^ r 111011 f ental Pai * ^ such wret 1 ed abodes !—I , ow observe , a freehold for life in theoccu nSS Proprietorship of an estate of the value of £ 100 p « annum , provided the value of the freehold for c 2 t J 5 , r - KiS the ™ I ><* <« , not the cost , which determines the right : 40 s . per annum is only M . per week ; and who shall say that this habitation of one room is not of the value of 9 d . per week ? 5 ? Tot vums that it is of that value : and hence the 1 £ ht and ^¦^^^ P ^^ votesmaybe created . ft isnot tobe uaderstoodthat

      shareholderss . 1 Treated to he po . sess . on of one room , or that the value Is necessarily wiuL JTf V ' = " **«« ™ WWtor shares wrfl he issued on the same scale of proportions ; no that a subscriber for a share and a quarter obtains a £ 25 room ^ a subscriber of a sliare and a half , one of £ 30-1 ?^ ¦ otoftr aplnnlity of shares , a proportionate nlber ofrooms . Whenashelterfordecunhig vearscanrSlL junedonsucl . easy temS , many a rna ' u X 5 £ 5 fl WvoL ^ i ^— S 6 CUre for hims elf * uch a shelter

      Filial affection may induce sons or daughters thus to provide for aged parents : parental * SK * ££ it to be done b y parents , as a provision or portion for fteirchudren . The more prosperous member of aS agjr may thus provide cheaply for poor relations ; em . * t ? Ll ? servants wh 0 have b ~ w * . Although four-room cottages are mentioned , it is not to be understood that the habitations are to be all of this class ; hut this was merely given as an illustration The

      . bmlduigsmay either be cottages of two , or four , or anv greater number of rooms ; or a continuous range of rooms under one roof . Nor is it very important , in working out the principle , if h shall be found in practice that comfortable and commodious rooms cannot be pro vided at £ 20 each . If the cost shall be £ 25 , the only difference will be , that the shareholder of sixty years of aE 8 witt be required to pay £ 1112 S . 2 d ., instead of £ 9 5 s . 9 d and the , one of seventy-five , £ G 7 * . 8 d ., instead of

      ti , Ji ^! - renC l . aexpense b ^ veeH alarge number of the habitations being constructed under the same plan , and by the same : builder , instead of a person building a single house , lS known to be very great . He who erects a single house , purchases the site by the foot , or by the yard ; those who buila ^^ vmauuo h ^ ^ Those who build several , avoid the expense of separate gables-are enabled to save fifteen or twenty per cent in the cost of materials and execution of the work , whilst those who the

      pay increased price for the erection of a siugle house after all often have a building without arch . tectural design , and , perhaps , inan unhealthy situation . Ut only may those who erect a considerable number adopt the most improved and most economic arrangements , and choose healthy and eligible situations , but they may adopt the associative principle in heating , lighting , and domestic economy , just as far as does not trench inconveniently on individual habits aud inclinations , and no farther .

      iSiow , reader , what do you think of that ? £ 20 shares ! And if a veteran of sixty pays £ 1112 s . 2 d ., he'll be entitled to spend the remainder of his days in a room that it has cost £ 25 to build ; and when he dies , another veteran of the same age may have it for his life for a similar amount . Mind , it is a " freehold for life . " What a high sounding term ! and worth Hid . a week ; for if it cost £ 20 , Mi-. Hill tella us it is worth 9 d . a week ; and of course if it cost £ 25 , it is worth a fifth more , or Hid . And this is "the grand freehold" that is "to give a 40 a .

      vote ! Yk hy , if the poor man went to an assurance company with £ 1210 s ., he would get £ 2 10 s . for life . This much-vaunted society , therefore , becomes a very doubtful , precarious , and insecure insurance company . Cheap coffins for . the aeed—living tombs for our " veterans . " " Thattk ' ee for nothing ; " Mr . Hill . But then your shares are £ 20 . Now , give me 2 , 000 members , not paying up , but securing £ 20 shares , and I'll undertake to locate every man of them upon 10 acres of their own for ever , with a good house , and all their money back in less than six years . A single

      room for a £ 20 share ! " Marry , come up , " indeed ! This is " progression" with a vengeance . Let the reader read all about the "breezes that blow" around the " veteran , " and the "fragrance , " and " perfume , " and " ventilation , " in which he luxuriates , in " a healthy situation" in one room of ANOTHER MAX'S HOUSE , after paying £ 5 2 s . 2 d . 1 dream'd I dwel'd in perfum'd halls , With O'Brien and Hill at my side ; And of all who assembled within the walls , I was the hope and the pride .

      But stop ! stop ! stop 1 Let us see what we can eke out of the reasoning upon which this Elysium is built . Our concocter says : " £ 5 2 s . 2 d . is as LITTLE MOXEr AS IS OFTEN' PAID LV A SIXGLE TEAR FOB IBB HEX ! OF A DARK , DIBIT , UNHEALTHY CELLAR OR GARRET IS LOSDOX—IT BEISC WELL KXOWN THAT 2 S . PER WEEK ( AMOUNTING TO £ 5 4 s . PER ANNUM ) IS K COMMO . V RENTAL PAID JOR StTCH WRETCRED ABODES . " Now , Mr . Hill , how came your essay on "practical philosophy , " to make such a foolish admission . Perhaps , when you wrote it , you were not aware that we propose to give , and will give , a good cottage , with suitable offices , and two acres of land on a lease for ever , and something for sustenance money till the first crops are grown , for is . a year less than the rent

      of one dirty , wretched , squalid room ; Don't you see that the great difference between your horse chesnut and ourchesnut horse is just this ; you demand an enormous amount of rent , in the shape of shares , — just as the Irish landlords take all the incoming tenant ' s capital by way of fine , —before your tenant gets possession : so that in your case , the " grinding capitalists" get the money first : and in our case the tenants get the land and house first . But , heaven help us ! poor ignorant wights . We lack the quality of " law" while the "NationalLand and Building Association" is under the protection of 10 [ Geo . IV ., cap . 56 ; 4 and 5 Will . TV ., cap . 40 ; 6 and 7 Will . IV ., c . 32 ; 7 and 8 Viet ., cap . 110 ., sec . 5 ; and so on . Ours is only under the 1 st of National Regeneration , cap . 1 .

      Man alive ! do you suppose that all plan 3 are to be frustrated that are dangerous to money-mongers and newspaper-makers ? Do you suppose that the people who hate the law ; who are ground down by the law ; and who are impoverished by the law , will look to ' the law alone for their regeneration ? If we had £ 100 , 000 to-moi ' row , levied for the amelioration of the people , and " protected" by all the statutes 01 Westminster Hall , the law and the law-makers would step in , as guardians and trustees , and would interpose the law ' s tenderness , under the semblance of protection to the working classes , until nearly the j whole was swallowed up by the " harpies" of the law . Do you not know , that wider the present laws

      you cannot ameliorate the condition of the working classes ? Has not Lord Jolm Uussett insolently told you so ? Then what I seek to do is , to change the laws , —by showing the working classes , firstly , the value of organisation ; and secondly , the channel through which change must come . As to your 40 s . voters , do you not think that a man with a cottage and two acres of land to protect by his vote , would be as good an elector as the " veteran of 75 " who had paid double the value for his living tomb befovo lm was allowed to occupy it ? 1 christen your association the " Seventy-five Assurance Association : " and its rates of policy are £ 20 percent , higher than those of any assurance company established in London .

      Mr . Hill , is your ' s to be a bachelors' association ? or a barren association ? Are the " veterans of CO and 75 " to have ho families ? and if they have families , are they all to piq togetiter in your " per-

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      fumed ? ' chamber ? Youv ' a is a kind of barrack plan forwhilol attach all importance . to the Land , you dispose of it thus : "leaving it wholly and entirely in the hands of the managers , unless indeed it may be found in practice to attach A SMALL SECTION of garden ground or allotment to each abode . " Now hoi * is . tho way you dispose of the Land : — Although habitations are to be conveyed to individuals , no part of the land of the association is to be individual

      property , except it may be found in practice advantageous toattacha smaUgection of garden ground , or allotment , to each abode . . The remainder will bo the property , and afford the security to those depositors and shareholders who have not had habitations conveyed to them , and the kind will be made to yield the best revenue which the board consider attainable-either by being lot to members or to non . membors , and cultivated in large portions or in smaU allotments , astnay be judged best , and found in practice to be the best .

      Although ^ pu attach but slight importance to the co-operative system , you are obliged to aid your plan by admitting its value ; for in talking of your buildings , you say " those who build several are enabled to save fifteen or twenty per cent , in the cost of mate , rials and execution of the work . " Now , after making this admission , why did you quarrel with the assertion that our society would get £ 6000 for £ 5000 worth of land subdivided and made more valuable ? Don't you know that that is little more than sixteen

      per cent ., while you speak of a twenty per cent , increase ; and we may allow the odd four per cent , to go against the sustenance money to be paid to each occupant . If I was to take your whole reasoning from beginning to end , you furnish a much more exaggerated notion of co-operation than I have presented : but there is one consideration that you have left wholly out of the question . How is the occupation of a single room , or o f a whole house , to establish

      a fair standard of wages in the market ? How is it to relieve each trade of its '' surplus ? " How is it to teach each man the value of his own labour , whether he occupies land or not ? How is it to make him a freeman instead of a slave ? How is it to insure for him wholesome exercise , good food , contentment , ; ind education for his family ? And who are the parties in whom the veterans are to have confidence for "COMPENSATION" and "FIXITY OF

      TENURE . " Sir , you have brought this contest upon yourself in a most cowardly underhand manner , by getting another person to father your nonsense . You have attacked me personally , most unfairly , and most unjustifiably : and you must bear the consequences , I tell you , then , that the people have more confidence in me than ever they will have in all the interested supporters of your twaddle . They know that my sliare of the profit arising from the Co-operative Land Society is the pleasure of teaching , and no more . They know that I vm \ M risk my life rather than

      allow any man living unfairly to diminish their funds one farthing . They know that Mr . Roberts is a man of property , and would rather go to bed supperless than extract one farthing from their hard-earned pence : and , if my incarceration for the acts o f others'Is any proof of my want of "legal'A knowledge , they know that Mr . Roberts is a man of legal wisdom , of high character , and nice honour and that even , if not asked , his very first step will be so to secure the funds of the poor people as that neither -law-maker nor law-broakcr can touch them ov divert tlicm from tlioir legitimate source .

      But , sir , as the question is a large one , and but little understood , I do not desire that mere confidfcncfcin myself should be its attraction : and if you are sincere , ' you must be desirous of discussion and publicity . To insure both , I challenge you to name your day , your hour , and place of meeting , when , all other business being laid aside , I'll meet you on the public platform , anil there discuss the relative merit * of "tho gilt farthing" and "the sovereign , " with more temper and courtesy than you have vouchsafed to introduce it , under the false colour of friendly admonition . -

      how , sir , write no more , I pray you ; or , if you do , write as I do : write in your own proper name . The time has arrived when the working classes dare to canvass the reasoning even of the great " WE . " I wish , sir , you had written in a style which would have allowed me to subscribe myself Your obedient and humble servant , Feargus O'Connor . P . S . —I shall be in Lancashire till Monday week next . After that date , name your hour and place of meeting . My only stipulation shall be , that the meeting be an open one .

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      consider . M . Leclercq , the Procurour duRoi in the Gourde Cassation , was also sent for by the Kin" Up to halt-past seven this evening nothing further had transpired .

      n o SWITZERLAND . Dr . Steioer . —The New Zurich Gazette of the 13 th , mentions a report that Dr . Stciger lias accepted an otter made to Jura by the Government of Lucerne to spare Ins Me , on condition of his exUing himself in benoa or Alexandria , in Italy , there to remain under the surveillance of the police . Another letter says : — " Dr . Steiger has been compelled to sign a letter , addressed by him to the Saruiman Government , in which he solicits permission to enter its states and practise his profession , in the event of his obtaining his pardon . He has also been compelled to sign an engagement Hot to set his foot on the Helvetic soil without permission of the Grand touncil . He had his choice either to sign these documents or tp be shot . . His wife has been recommended to persuade him to yield . The affair will shortlv come under the deliberation of the Grand Council . " "

      D , SYRIA . tu V X S F Vw ) IC t ra p ° IU TO TUB COXSULS OF thei iivK Po \ VERS .--Havii ) g stated that the disorders vOi ° i j Lob » uon , liad occurred previous to his arri-SW * TW his effo ? ts t 0 brhl S the Druse and Maionite chiofs tp an understanding , for which the ' < You ^ lT ! 9 rt' ^ JchiP ^ mprocecds :-mni ^ ^ ° ?^ atc that hc Ottomimtroops have remained inactive since the disorders have broken out in the Libanus , which has tended to aggravate the evil . The conduct of the officers and the troops throughout the whole extent of the Libanus is , on the contrary , above all reproach . They have hpmi sent by detachments wherever their presence was necessary . Ihe disorders have only taken place where no troops were stationed , and the presence of the tovces directed on these points has immediatel y restored tranquillity . For my part I have Heglcctcd nothing to maintain order , "i ou are well aware what zeal I have displayed since my arrival at Bevrout to

      attain tlusobject . I have also sent Bakri Pacha to Der and kanicr with instructions , of which I have lot-warded you a copy . The Mowing avc tl \ c arrangements 1 have concerted with the Emir Emmin and the Emir Becliir Ahmedi . To-morrow I shall so to khan Khaspi , and after having convoked the \ ekils , I shall concert with them on the best means to be employed to establish the tranquillity of the Libanus ; and when we are agreed I shall have the opinions written and signed by all the members , ami with this declaration I shall go into all the districts where any disturbance may take place , in order to arrest and punish . tl \ e guilty parties . In the event of this declaration being refused , I shall march with the troops under my orders , and shall cause reinforcements to be sent wherever they may bo required to prevent any assemblages . In this manner I have no doubt that tranquillity will bo speedily re-established in the mountain . This is the decision I have come to on the subject . "

      CIRCASSIA . lho Mowing is from the correspondent of the Morning Herald : —Constantinople , May 28 . —Some Circassians having reached this capital on the 23 rd inst ., I have finally been able to pick up news from that quarter of an intelligible character . Count Woronzoft , on his journey trom" the coast to Tiilis opened communications with tlio warriors of Abascia couched in the most friendly tone . He said , " We have now been fighting together for a long succession of years ; an infinity of blood has been spilt to no purpose , as neither your interests arc thereby advanced nor our own . Let us , then , make a permanent peace , or if . that is not possible , at least suspend hostilities until such a peace can be brought about , under guarantees to mutual satisfaction . If you will eneaee

      so emnly to remain quiet . I , on my part , will undertake to withdraw from the castles on the southern part of your coast all the Russian troops now cantoned there . " The Circassians perceived that the count wished to collect all his disposable forces , in order to crush Shamil Bey , and they consequently refused to give even an answer to this amicable message . * Ho then proposed to get down the Crimea wane Mussplinon doctors of the law to meet the Circassian cadis , liinting that the former were perfectly capable of convincing the latter that they ( the Circassians ) were bound by the tenor of the Koran to cultivate terms of good fellowship with a neighbouring power , who , above all , wished to preserve peace with them . The mountaineers still reiused to give a reply to Count Woronzoff , and he pursued his journey . It will be known to some of your readers that Mehmed EffemVi .-rtie representative of Shamil Bey in Abascia , died some time back , lie hasnoir been replaced by Ilagi Hasan Effendi . wha

      has arrived with extensive powers , and is now exercising great influence there . He has urged the warriors oi" ( the tribes hostile to Russia to be constant in their resistance , and on no account to acknowledge even nominally tho sovereignty or authority of the L-mperor Nicholas . If m their resistance they should bo again attacked by the northern hosts , he promises to come and assist them in person , at the head of 60 , 000 men m the mean time Ilagi Hasan Effendi is to remain with them as plenipotentiary . My informant can give me no positive intelligence concerning the present state of Shamil Bey , but he says it was rumoured in his own country that about a month ago Count Woronzoff ; at the head of a strong force , went out on a reconnoitring expedition . Seeing that the Deghestanlees were about to attack him on all sides , he sounded a retreat , and withdrew without a shot being fired or a blow struck . He adds that in all quarters the Russians were disconcerted and dismayed .

      GERMANY . Iue New Reformation . —A letter from Berlin of the 26 th ultimo , in the Observateur du Min , says : — " Our Government has come to a resolution on the subject of the German Catholics , and has addressed the following circular to the regencies and the consistories . As religious liberty exists in Prussia , the movements of the German Catholic Church cannot be arrested , nor can the German Catholics be prevented from following the exercise of their mode of worship . Nevertheless , the time is not come for deciding whether this church shall be acknowledged , because the direction of this movement is not yet clearly established . It is upon these principles that the authorities are to act . Thus , they are not to give officially to the German Catholics the appellation of community , nor the title of nvesidfintto thn

      , directors ; neither is the new church to be designated the German Catholic Church , because this may offend the Roman Catholic Church . It is forbidden to grant to the German Catholics the use of evangelical churches for the performance of their worship . Ihe acts of their priests shall have no legal effect They may baptize and bury , but these births and deaths must be inscribed in the registers of the nearest evangelical church . They cannot solemnise mar-« ages , because such marriages would not be legal . Kut this does not apply to the Rhenish provinces , where civil marriages still exist . Consequently , marriages of German Catholics must , with permissioi ot the consistory , be celebrated by a Protestant pastor , who will inscribe them in the register of his church . These regulations are expected to be followed by others .

      Persecution of me German Patriots . —The Leipsu Gazette publishes twelve condemnations by the Criminal Court of Darmstantfor political offences , fcme were sentenced to imprisonment for from a year and a half to three years , for participation in the society called Alliance of Prescripts ; two to be imprisoned for four years , for participation in the society of the Rights of Man , founded at Darmstadt m 1834 ; and the twelfth to imprisonment for three years , for having been a- member of the Alliance of Germans at Paris . INDIA AND CHINA .-OVERLAND MAIL . ihe usual extraordinary express in anticipation of the Overland Mail reached London on Wednesday , bringing letters and journals from Bombay of the 12 th , and Calcutta of the 3 rd , and Madras o f the I l hcI 1 CTS 0 U B » tbthis is

      ^ . ^ -, > . ^ y conveyance omparatively unimportant , adding little to that nttt •? Cd " % by th ? last mail - I ** ""** important items are from thePunjaub , where the eternal Singh s continue their intrigues against each other , but for a wonder we have no deed of blood and butchery to record this time as having occurred in that delightful (?) country . Scinde remained pcriectly tranquil , and the health of the troops had gveatty improved . In Southern Maliratta all appearance of agitation had subsided . In Afghanistan , Dost Mahomroed and his son , Akbar Khan , were only awaiting the result of the anarchy in Lahore to seize upon Peshawur . From China wo I have accounts to the 31 st of March . A rumour was current there that the Emperor was disposed to tolerate Christianity in his domains . ALGERIA .

      Fbencd # Glory . —Murder AND RqbBBRY . — TllC French Ministci- of War has received dispatches from the Uvernor-Geiieral of Algeria . In the one dated from the bivouac on the Oued-Bou-Zeazag , the 31 st ult ., the Marshal gives an account of several aflatfs with the hostile Arabs , in one of which he Killed fifty-five , wounded a great number , took some prisoners , and captured 3000 head of cattle . At the close of this dispatch the marshal says , in allusion to a letter which he had received from General de Lumoriciere : —• " I always thought that Abd-el-Kader , if he could not succeed in creating for himself an | empire i

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      FRANCE . The Jesuits . —The Jesuit question again occupies our Pans contemporaries , owing to the discussion revived by the Count de Montalembcrt in the Chamber of Peers . Letters from Rome , received in Paris on Sunday , state that M . Rossi has had an ineffectual conference , regarding the Jesuits , with Cardinal Lanibruschini . M . Rossi was about to address a note to the Cardinal to engage the Pope ' s interference with the French bishops . Strike of the Paris Carpenters . —We regret to learn from the Paris National that the carnentera

      have struck for higher wages , to the number of between 3000 and 4000 . No disorders have taken place . The carpenters demand an increase of fromfourtofive francs a day , based upon calculations which look so reasonable that the masters would do wisely to consider them dispassionately . The carpenters allege that , taking the year round , the pay of an able-bodied man averages but two francs eighty centimes , while the prices of the necessaries of life are yearly on the increase . —Morning Herald .

      BELGIUM . Resig . nation of tiie Belgian- Ministry . — The following is from the correspondence of the Morning Herald : —Brussels , June 16 . —It has been already stated in a recent communication that the elections for the partial renewal of the Chamber of Representatives were unfavourable to ministers in this city and Antwerp , and it was added that the cabinet would still command a sufficient majority in the above Chamber , notwithstanding their losses . The moral effect , however , of the check experienced by ministers in the two . cities just named ( where eleven candidates , who may be reckoned amongst the bitterest opponents ot the cabinet , and who bolone to

      the extreme liberal opinion , were returned ) has not been lost to them , and I am enabled to state exclusively ( tornot a single journal of this evening appears to be aware ot the fact ) that they have tendered en masse their resignation . This step has not been taken without due consideration , nor without a strenuous opposition at first on the part of two members of the Government-viz ., M . Nothumb , Minister of the Interior , and M . Mercier , Minister of Finance . Both contended ( particularly the former ) , at recent cabinet councils , presided over by the King , that a constitutional cabinet should not retire because their candidates were defeated in two or more places , but should await the decision of the Chambersand

      , be guided by the expressed opinions of the majority . I his opinion was not entertained by the other members of the Government , particularly by Count Goblet , the Minister of Foreign Affairs , who was the first to direct the attention of the King to the difficult position of the administration , and the first to expr ess the necessity of resigning . His Majesty , it appears , was at first disposed to coincide with the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Finance but afterwards , as I have been informed , yielded to the arguments of Count Goblet . The ministers themselves finally resolved , in order to loavn M . p . Kim .

      Iree to accept or not the resignation of all oram-oi the members ot the cabinet , to tender thoir 1-GSip . ttwns , which ^ they all accordingly did . Meantime , Mr . Lonway had been sent by the King to Namur to Baron D Huart , formerly the Minister of Finance , and at present the governor of that town and proymcc , who immediately set off for this city , and who rnu aiong interview yesterday with his Majesty . ihe otter was then made to him to form an administration . Had the baron expressed his immediate readiness to undertake , that mission the retirement of ministers would have been no doubt o fficially announced this day : but he required a day or two to

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      / f ' \^ C ( y u ^ f ^ ^^ t ^ -C ^ ^ r ^ , J ( fP dd ^ isiJ 9-— ^^_^ r \^ Morocco , would come and fix himself in tho midst the hostile tribes of the desert of Mascara and Tlemcen . These tribes have a population of 108 000 , which . gives from 20 , QQ 9 to 25 , W 0 cran \) atimts . YTltil the moving forces of this population Abd-el-Kader can easily keep on the alert the greater part of the troops of the province of Oran , who are obliged to remain on the defensive on account of the Season , and because they arc not prepared with the" means oi attackingan enemy in a distant country inwhich tuej could find no other resources than such dsthey t

      could take with them , and where they would have frequently to inarch lor two or three days without finding water . Here is a fact which proves that we cannot stop short in our conquest . We must drive Abd-el-Kader out of this country . We cannot cortinually remain upon a ruinous and dangerous defensive . The marshal encloses a report of General iiedean , giving an account of an affair in the Aures , which , ho says , has led to the entire submission of that part of the country . The enemy lost a great many men ami the French burnt their villages . On tnemdoof the French tho loss was only four killed ami twelve wounded .

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      THE SHOEMAKERS OF IRELAND . TO THE SHOEMAKERS OP ENGLAJfD . Associated Suopmates , —According to the arrangements of the Conference ol'Shoemakers , held in London on April 1 st , for sending a missionary to Ireland , Mr Jjiuyth arrived in Cork on the 7 th inst ., and addressed the Women ' s-inen on the 9 th in their meeting-room , and afterwards explained the objects of the Association to the men ' s trade of Cork , also to the men of loughal , county of Cork , the latter expressing their entir e concurrence in the principles as expounded by the delegate . The Men ' s-men adjourned their meeting to Wednesday , June lltli , on which day Mr .

      amytn addr essed them , and m an able manner urged on them the benefits of union . A great number of questions were put to tho delegate respecting th » feeling of English operatives with respect to Ireland , and the working out of the rules ; which were answered to the general satisfaction of the meeting , and they unanimously resolved to become members of the Mutual Assist ance Cordwainers'Association . A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr . Smyth . On Wednesday two officers of the trade , in company with tho detato . visited the Cove of Cork , and succeeded in lornung an association , which promises to become very strong . Thus , in the course of a few daya , sevel soctions have been

      m formed , plainly proving that w * only want a clear and honest explanation of the system adopted by our shopmates in England to join heart and hand with them in the struggle of riirht against might . We thank our English shopmatM for selecting Mr . Smvth for this mission , as hia thorough knowledge of the system and lucid exphv . nation renders him a powerful and successful advocate oi the cause , and will insure a triumphant , and honourable termination of his tour through ourmuch neglected country . Wishing you speed the . cause we arc yours faithfully , on behalf ofthe Cork Shoemakers' Society , . " TlIOS . IIORSFORD AND B . SllEEIIAN .

      Clonmei . ( Ireland ) Shoemakers' Society ' On Friday Mr . Smyth , of Bradford , had an interview with tuc mctv of Clonmel , when arrangements w&-c made for holding a meeting of the trade on Monday , June 16 th , to re-organise the association under the hnglish system , and form a district of the Cordwaincrs Mutual Assistance Association . On' Monday evening the Shoemakers of Waterford , of both branches , held a meeting in the Trades Hall , to hear an address from { Mr . Smyth . The meeting was numerous ; and after the rules had been read and explained , questions were nut to the deleeate . who fniW

      satisfied tho meeting of the superiority of the English system , and the facility of putting the rules in operation . A vote of thanks was tendered to the delegate for his able and minute explanation of tho rules , and both Men ' s-men and Women ' s-men unanimously resolved to join the Cordwainers * Mutual Assistance Association . Several townB in the county are expected immediately to follow , . the 'example < iof Vfatcvfosd ; and thus , eve long , ' the Association will be able to resist the most powerful opposition that can be offered to the just claim of " a fair day ' s wage for a fair day ' s work . " . .

      Rochdale . —Important to Coal Miners . —At the Rochdale Police Court , on Friday last , a case o f much importance connected with the coal miners of this district was brought before Messrs . W . Chadwick and II . Kclsall , Esqrs ., magistrates , arising out of various coal proprietors requiring a fortnight ' s notice from the men in their employment . The men have resisted this oppressive measure , contending that as the masters gave no notice when they discharged the men from the pits , it W 8 unfair to require it from the men . The court was crowded by coal miners and others , who appeared to take a lively interest in the icase . It may be as well to state , for the information of the reader , that tkis charge of leaving work without notice arose out of a case of three mennamed

      , Joseph Howard , William Wood , and Abraham Howard , who were summoned before the bench on the 6 th inst ., by Jacob Rogers , manager to Knowles and Co ., extensive coal proprietors . The ^ wo former appeared , and after a lengthy investigation the defendants were ordek-od to return to work out the notice : the latter rcluscd to attend , when a warrant was granted for his apprehension . He appeared in court on the present occasion , and was ably defended by Mr . Roberts , the coal miners' advocate . Mr . Hunt , solicitor , appeared for Knowles and Co . On the case being called on , Mr . Hunt said that Rogers , the manager , was not in court . There was a mistake as to the ilay fixed for the hearing of this case . —The bench said Mr . Hunt had agreed to the postponement on

      Monctay last , that Mr . Roberts might attend . —Mr . Roberts said that lie was in attendance to defend his client , and as the complainant was not in court the prisoner was entitled to his discharge—Mr . Hunt contended that the prisoner had not given himself up till hc came into court with Mr . Roberts . He muse say that it was not fair . They were taken by surffTT Mr . Chadwick said it was an understanding that it the complainant did not attend , the prisoner was to bedischarged .-Mr . Roberts understood that it was intended to bring this case up again . lie knew of no statute that gave that power ; and he believed that Rogers was ashamed to come into court . Ho was entitled to the expenses of the day . —Mr Chadwick said if Mr . Hunt fixed that day week for tho hearing of the case he ought to pay the exnensea .

      —Mr . Hunt : I am not expressly engaged as the advocate in this case . It belongs to Mr . Lord , solicitor , who is not in attendance . —Mr . Roberts : I do not think that you could find a magistrate in the county who would allow the case to be brought again into court . —Mr . Chadwick would not allow the case to be brought up again . The man must be discharged . —Mr . Roberts said he felt anxious to have the case gone into , and if Rogers could be brought he would wait ten minutes . —Mr . Hunt stated that he had sent a cab for that purpose . —The case was allowed to stand till the close of the court , when Mr . Chadwick said he should discharge the prisoner . He was . entitled to costs amounting to £ 2 0 s . 6 d . —Mr . Roberta said it was always the case when lie attended for these poor men , the parties w 6 tild not come into court .

      Barnsley Miners . —The whole of the workmen at Mr . Micklewaite ' s colliery , where the explosion took place , as reported in the"last ' number o f the Star , have turned out . They number about forty-four getters and fifty havrievs . Their ca \ isc of complaint is , that the owner , under pretence of accommodating the men , has enlarged the coal tubs , in order that the men niight not endanger themselves by filling tke tubs full . Oicwt . iswhateachtubsAouftZcontaur . the measure is enlarged 1 % inches , and the owner requires the men to fill that enlarged tub as full as the lesser one , which will make the weight more than 8 cwt . The men demand that in future they be paid by weight , whether the tubs be large or small ; and they ( the workmen ) will engage a person at weekly wages to superintend the weighing on their part . This reasonable demand is refused ; and the men are consequently out . As the pit has the character of being a vtry dangtrous one , there is not much to fear from black sheep taking their places .

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      Mr . O'Connor will address the people of Mancheater , in Carpenters' Hall , on Sunday evening next . Subject : The Land and Registration . On Monday cvenmp , at half-past eight , he will address the people of Stockport ; and on Wednesday the people of Oldham , on the same subjects . Hc will be prepared with cards and rules for the enrolment of members ; and also prepared to meet any party in discussion who has anything to wge against the principles of the Co-operative Land Association , or in f avour of any opposing plan for the amelioration of the working classes .

      Dewsbury District . —The Chartists of the Dwrsbury district are informed that a meeting of the shareholders in the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , and all who wish to become shareholders , will be held in the Chartist-room , Dewsbury , on Sunday , at two o ' clock . Ashton-under-Lyxe . —The committee of the Ashton-undcr-lync branch of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society meet every Sunday afternoon , from two to four o ' clock , in the National Charter Association lloom , "Benfrack-stveet j for the purpose of leceiving subscriptions and enrolling new shareholders .

      North Lancashire , —The next delegate meeting of the North Lancashire district will be held at Bradshaw ' s Temperance Hotel , Curzon-street , Burn-Icy , on Sunday , July 6 th , when the attendance of delegates from each locality is particularly requested , Business will commence at one o ' clock . " T "; Brighton . —Mr . P . M'Grath will deliver a lecWft in the Town Hal ) , Brighton ( which has been granted by the authorities for this purpose ) , on Thuredtt evening-subject , "The Land and its capable * . k fft 4

      Jtofon Intentflwtce*

      Jtofon intentflwtce *

      Tones' Flftobemmte

      tones' flftobemmte

      Tforfttomfoff ;$Ketmg&

      tforfttomfoff ; $ ketmg&

      To The Working Classes.

      TO THE WORKING CLASSES .

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      T"" "' U purpose of defying the preventive service andlandirmiR aMlanilin — *• ^ Xm svrTTP ^ JUNF 21 1845 . »«« . . II 1 rn . WM . rtaw . 9 mrm

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      »» . ^ T ^ &M ^ mDESyo UENAL . '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 21, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1320/page/1/