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goriaiiturt an& Sorttcnltnrr*
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Ctetfet Intelligence.
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Goriaiiturt An& Sorttcnltnrr*
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ELECTRICITY ON VEGETATION . [ A Riatk liv . ra- ytu to a company of Manufacturing MUa-u-: » J Tenant * , dauwj in the Old Baronial Halt ofdt :- ' ,- Uiudhrd . ] Sia , —Tl ; e times in which we lire are truly wonderful , : tu-i pregnant with great events . We : dready seodojr iliOiithUi with the speed of the whirlwind through OTVanic wires ; and by means of galvanic mres , » v are , it appears , about to increase the powers » f vegetation . A drop of water cannot erapiiriUt -. rithout a disturbance of electricity ; and when if ji ;» i gone into the air , we have , since the time of I ' lvtiiklui , occasionally fetched it down agaiu by the decirieal bite ; but now , it appears , we arc going t 4 i bang wires oa high to catch the errant
electneity «! she air , and bring it silently to the earth , aetttug it tu work to promote the growth of our corn . Foe scwral years past \ arious experiments have been m i-rogress on this curious subject ; and the application a ! the galvanic battery has been for some time m : i ' ie subservient to the growth of garden vegctaMes , i « - liaving a galvanic chain in action CXClfcd bv acitU Ui the usual manner . Four years ago I was inviicd to witness the results of an ' experiment made a : his residence in Shropshire , by a philosophical geuvWman of that county , but 1 was unable to avail im s' ! f of it . lie had a galvanic battery in full activity in his garden , and on a small scale was im .-ducmg !« :-, t luxuriant crops of garden vegetables
cucuml-. r-. , cresses , mustard , salad , herbs , and even com- tt hen we consider that electricity h ? s an undoubted ii'ilucnce on vegciation , we shall cease to be surprised at tlie results above mentioned : for the eleefneai , . he galvanic , and the magnetic fluids are mere nitrifi cations of one another , * and ukder certain circumstances , mutually convertible and adapted to the Mir , " purposes . In France , the electricity oi the att :-. *]» hcre has been withdrawn artificially in Boane li- *;; ties by the erection of electrical rod * or coaducioi . - ujton the mountains . % this means the riearie ^ x r , uui . w , es silentl y to the earth . Thus thcr ai-rt with success , sudden discharges of it ; and stow * of hail awl rain , which formerly destroyed the whole crops in vineyards and in the fields in the
, southern provinces of that country , are greatly pre vented . I ' erhaps we may see the day when storms Of nail , ihuuder , asd lightning will be almost un-Klowii ; asid when even rain is brought down , not in heavy « r « . « , but in the form of dew or mist , or haze , to enter thcoartk gradually and unnoted , but still in a uaancr uot the less efficacious . These are matters luiwcvcr , of mere philosophical speculation i » consi-. i- . amcofthe ! csearchesof !' rotessorsChristie , Barlow , . » , d others , it is now proved that Utere is a const * a current of free electrical jluid in motion round the tnrUi jrom east to west ; and it has been found
auplicxMe ;< j the electrisation of portions of tie earth under particular management , which 1 shall endeavour to vxpkin without attempting to explain the philosopiinal theory of it now . It seems that the excitement of galvanic or electrical action by artificial means is not necessary , as we have a continual Store of it circulating in the circumambient air , pro-Tided we hang up wires to catch It . At the last meeting of tiicWwt Hiding Polytechnic Soeietv . a communication was read describing an experiment made Ja . M year by Dr . Forster , of Findrassic Home near hium , and slating that he had threshed Wcjgiied . anu measured his electro-cultured chevalii-r
Barley , juid the proauce of the porfiouof the field CTltivatcdbj electricity was 104 bushels , 54 Jibs . to the bushel , or 13 quarters per acre . The tail corn V * Jn l measured - Tue w « % ut of the straw was S ^ OOlbs . per acre . The produce of the remaining portion of the held was the usual quantity of 5 to « quaKcrs to the acre . Even if we allow a very handsome discount from this statement , there can be no excuse for our not tryjug the experiment on a small « ak , as it is not an expensive one . 1 wished myself , to avoid the sneers of " wise people , " and did not venture upon making it this year ; but a friend of miue , Mr . JoH-ph Thornton , has buldlr put up his dtctrie rodat
s Paddock , near lluddeisfield , which you may see , and snake yourselves acquainted with theresu . ts . 'lire following aecount of the result of an experiment on a small scale is taken from the 7 T j !> ril 2 st » :- "Two small precis ol laustat *! seed weresw ,, : to one vlvctricitv was applied ; tue other was left to its usual course . The rerfut was , that while the former grew 3 i iuches the farter grew oiuv 1 i « d .. " Air . Solly and Mr . Sidncv have lately made interesting experiment * at the gardca « f the Royal Horticultural Society in London ; airiit lm been fm . ud that potatoes , " mustard and erea ,, cinerarias , fuchsias , and other plants have ttesr development . . aiid in some instances , their pro dm ^ y eness increased by being made to gn . w bctw ' cei a copper and a ziue plate connected by a conductinwre , while on the < , tJier hand , geraniums and baE sams are d . stroycd b y the same influence . The question as to agriculture may be decided when more « xperunenb aic tnea . and the philosophy of the cxperjuients full y determined , ELECTRICAL AH 1 UXGEJIEM .
« A in « divided "itooblongsquares , 76 yards long and 40 yards wule , and therefore comai . um : just out acre each At each of the points A , U , C , and D pegs are driwii into the ground leaning outwards ' : around these four pe g * a square of wire passes in one continued lme , < u , J ,. < hurled ! inches / ,- /„ ,, * , **„; , * % *** JPy "' - At the points E ami F i . oli-a 15 " fri-t Jj" ? HS « tfc . sn . nL it ' tt oiSif K a wire is . cawcu d mih the enss wiie buried be-
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neath the ground ; it is then carried up the pole , and passed through a hole at the top , and then forwards , hanging over the ground to- the other pole , 70 yards distance , through a hole at its top down the pole , and connected with the cross wire beneath . The wire between the poles must hang loosely , so that by changes in the weather any variation iu its length may not cause it to break . This wire mutt hang in a line due north and south , by which means the current of electricity , which is continually passing from east to west , will be arrested , and carried down the poles < m the wire forming the fquare , and the space included will thus be iu a different electrical condition .
Vhe line IIG must be placed as well as the ends A , C B . 1 ) , due west . To determine the place of the poles to the northward fix upon a point £ . Place down the polo , and when the sun is on the meridian ( twelve o ' clock at noon by the sun dial ) , let an attendant hold the other pole towards the south , varying his position , till you find , by looking from the first , that the other is in an exact line with the sun . When the position is found mark the place , and fix the pole there ; afterwards complete the square and the other arrangements . In this respect 1 am sorry to say that Mr . Thornton ' s arrangement is imperfect , his line being 10 or 15 degrees in error , which will , I fear , diminish the effect
It is found that immediately above the buried wire the effect is much greater than in the intermediate parts of the square , aud that the crops grow there with great luxuriance . If it is hereafter found that by thus acting the part of Prometheus , and stealing fire from above , the inhabitants of the mountains suffer from want of rain , why , then , scieuce must be called to our aid , and we must make electricity artificially . It lias been ingeniously prouoscd that for this pmposc it will only be necessary to bury a bag of charcoal in the ground a * , the point G , and plates of zinc at the poiut II , and connect the two by a wire passing over two poles similar to those at E and F , and crossing the square in a direction east and west , by which means we should let alone the atmospheric electricity , and dispense with its assistance .
When we consider these things , and witness the astonishing progress of discovery , we cannot fail to be struck with the fact , that at " the time a manure wherein great power is contained in small compass , is becoming exhausted , our attention is directed to the conversion of things that have been greatly neglected into purposes of utility , and our domestic manures are likely to be properly husbanded ; and science just at the right time , too , gives us the means of making subservient to our wants a mighty power , the electricity of the atmosphere , so that we arc likdy to receive a full compensation for the exhaustion of Ichaboe and the rocks of Peru of their stores of guano .
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nccted with a pneumatic trough , and fitted to a retort at the other end , by which steam may be passed into the tube ; -at first scarcely any carbonic acid is set free , but by keeping up a supply of steam the gas is rapidly produced , and the lime becomes very soon completely caustic . 06 . Carbonic acid consists of carbon , one equivalent , united to two equivalents of oxygen , or sixteen : therefore the equivalent of carbonic acid is twentytwo . 67 . Perhaps this is the best place for introducing a few words omuagnesian limestone . This is distinguished from common limestone bv dissolving
more slowly in acids , as before stated ( 53 ) . When burnt to lime , it absorbs carbonic acid gas from the air more slowly than common lime ; ana this is one reason why magnosian limestone , when burnt or calcined , has been supposed prejudicial to vegetation . But neither the fact nor the explanation seems very conclusively established . Fur magnesia , burnt to lime , is mcrelv calcined magnesia—a bland , tasteless , insoluble-powder , very unlikely to injure vegetation . Magnesia is much more soluble than lnuo in excess of carbonic acid ; whether in this state it is capable of acting in one way or another , does not seem to be generally known . ( Tobe continued ) .
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~ " '"" ++ ¦¦** + f ~^^^^^~** ****** + *^ +++ * PROCEEDINGS AT A PUBLIC MEETING , CONVENED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE INDEPENDENT OHDEIt OF ODD-FELLOWS , LATELY HELD IN THE MEAL HOUSE , NICHOLAS CltOFT , MANCHESTER . _ [ We have received requests from Manchester and Hudilcrsheld to publish the following report of a meeting , as it is deemed to be of great importance by a cousid ; rable number of members of the Order of Odd iellows . Much dissatisfaction exists respecting we . mode in which the business of that * Institution is conducted by the " ruling few , " wi a recent decision of the . " Annual Moveablo . Conference , " lately assembled at Glasgow , is held to be contrary , to the General Laws of the Order '; and , therefore ; a breach of the f aith entered into with , each member when he . joined the brotherhood . Compliance with the alleged "illegal" resolution has been refused by many " districts ; " and this has been followed by •' suspension from benefits" bv the crenernl secretary
and board of directors . The Manchester and Salford districts , numbering some 13 , 000 members , are " suspended . " In Liverpool , out of 133 Lodges , 130 arc " suspended ;" , and also tho whole of tho Lodges of Wigan . The Lodges in the IIuddersHeM district , with an exception scarcely wortli naming , have shared a similar fate . The breach , therefore , in a wide one : one that will take much adroitness and finesse to heal . The ground of difference- is such as almost to preclude compromise . The "dominant party" proclaim the rule of " passive obedience " and " non-resistanoe ; " and the paying membm have raised the standard of sklv-covkrnmknt . The two principles are thus at war : and there can be little doubt as to the result . It cannot be expected that those who pay will submit to every requirement which an almost absolute and irresponsible authoritv demands of then ,. The following report will show the manner m which the question has town fabKn im
m Manchester and Salford , and the sort of pewciplm op action which tho " suspended" Lodges advocate . mi the rule of governance . Next wcok wo shall give the report of a second meeting ; and if any ot our readers can aid us to the necessary dosumento an . > "formation , we w . ll give a history and account ot the whole dispute , and offer such suggestions to mtertorence as the ease seems to call for . ] Mr .. Bi . iL , of tho Salfbrd District , was unanimously caui'dto tho ehni ,,, and opened the TOrtlnir by stating m . it they had met that evening for the purpose of tUrising rome nnnm 1 which they might agniu call themselves ami meet together , as Odd Fellows . There was a time when he could apply that term to the whole of the meet-»»»; but recent occurrences had taken place which prevented them meeting together as such , « nd the pleasure lielKlt in again meeting them was veal and gratifying . He then intryaucca Mv , Dixon of Wigan ,
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Mr . Dixon commenced by saying he hail no doubt his motives would be impugned by interested parties in his appearing- before them that evening ; but the circumstances which actuated him in thus presenting himself ts their notice , ought to stimulate every member of the Order to do likewise . He said a very strong blow had been struck at the independence of the institution , by which the Order was bereft of many of its fairest features , and its usefulness and benevolence impaired , and its sphere of doing good narrowed and limited . He came forward to defend the sound principles of the Institution , which , in thousands of instances , had made the widow ' s heart to dance for joy , made merry and glad the hearts of
many orphans , and stretched out a kind and warm hand to the helpless and afllieted ; and base must be the heart of that m : m who could attempt for a moment to oppose pure Oild-ffllowsliip , or endeavour to destroy that principle of independence by which it had ever been distinguished , lie would ask what was it that brought the Order of Odd Fellows into existence ? It was a strong conviction of the necessity which existed for the union of all fo . r the purpose of accomplishing what they could nut achieve by individual exertions . It was that they might alleviate the sorrows of each of their members when on the bed of sickness , and assist his relatives to pay the last tribute of respect to his remains should death snap the cord which bound him to tln-m as a father and brother .
It was that they might assist his sorrowing relict , when they had closed the grave over his remains , that they might stretch out a willing hand to help her to shield her tender offspring from the snares which beset unguarded youth . It was that they might mitigate the severity of that man ' s sufferings , who , in ranging the country with despairing mind and breaking hnart , wearied and travelworn , penniless and friendless , had expended his last P ' -mir , uml was still unsuccessful in obtaining his object ; that they might stop i : i here , and though they might not lie ablii to assist him to achieve his object , they could at least procure him the means of subsistence on his journey . With objects such as these their Society had progressed in an amazing manner , and received the respect and admiration of all . Bad men had crept in , and been invested with power to exercise for the benefit of all .
They had misused that power , and legislated for the advantage of themselves , reckless and careless of what became of the Institution , so that they themselves might be enriched . ( Great cheers . ) What have they done ? They have taken away our independence . They have succeeded ia obtaining a measure passed by which Lodges are disfranchised . They have succeeded iu obtaining the means to silence every member who dares to stand up and defend his independence . If u man attempt to urge upon the intention of the members the gross wrongs continually perpetrated , he was met by sneers of this official , ami jeers of that official ; he was told that he might appeal to this Committeee and to that Committee if things did not suit his taste , anil were not managed as he presumed to think they might be . Hut what chance had any man who hazarded himself in such a strut't'le ? He could be
suspended by one Secretary without a trial ; and the rest of the members were forbid to communicate with him . The managers bad completely succeeded iu getting every thing their own way , to the manifest injury of the Order , and great 'j ; j" 5 tice to the members . lint we have a remedy for all this—a simple , easy im . Z ' 1 }'—we havo only to return to the principle of self-government , that aneicnand primitive principle of the Order ; and 1 trust that every member here present has come determined to use his best exertions to return to the primitive principle of self-government . We are met , no ! for the purpose of vituperation , ' or for dishonourable objects of party spleen and peevishness ; not for the purpose of indulging in a little party opposition and wilful slander , but with the worthy intension of regaining for ourselves , that which has been voted away from us—to resist the
encroachments made upon our liberties . We are teld that the law for disfranchising Lodges was passed at the a mual meeting in a regular manner . But I would ask , has any man a right to vote away my independence ? They have a curious way of doing business at an annual meeting . I ask , is it not a fact that nearly the whole of the important business is kept back until the last day of the meeting , and the best portion of the time wasted upon frivolous and vexatious topics ; and then the business , really affecting the prosperity and peace of the Order , is hurried through without that due deliberate consideration which it ought to receive at the hands of such an as . sembly . It is a fundamental principle of the Institution that no question shall be discussed without notice of such being given , and the different Lodges being made acquainted with it . Have they acted upon this plan 1 And
1 ask , it they had done so , would they have been as successful in doing what th-y have done ? I ask also , did they act in accordance with the principle of the Institution when they issued their mandate from a Committee from which there was no appeal , to interfere with the exercise of Lodges , in their benevolence , and demanded to have a report of how much they had accumulated , and how much they had expended ? What right had they with that ? They talk of . the equity of the measure . Is there any honesty in refusing the . ' right of appeal , and then suspending members who objected to abide by their dictum ? We must find it out how all this is effected . There must be some influence and patronage at work to accomplish all this . ( Loud and continued cries of" hear , hear , hear , " ) Patronage is a . very curious tiling to talk auout ; and in this there is much tn cum .
plain against . We do not object to any one of those who serve the Order with material ! :, as such ; but wo do object to their being judges of tlicir own work , and judges of other men's work in the bargain . We say that it is not right that they should have any kind of influence or power in the management of the Institution . We object to their being legislators in any form . We have been told that there has been an increase of business in the Order ; and that with certain parties the increase is so much that they deserve an increase of salary . Well , it is only right that an increase of work sliuuld bring an increase of remuneration ; but increase of work ought also to bring an increase of profits , whereas , we find an in . crease of salary , and a palpable decrease in the honey store . Patronage in any institution is highly wrong anil reps eliensible , and ought never to be placed iii the hands
of any oflieer of any society . It corrodes and wears away the best intentions and the best will , [ Mr , DiXOIl Here read the secretary's salary ! and the amount cf profits to the Order for the last six or seven years , to show that what he had stated was true , namely , that for an increase of salary thcie bad been a decrease of profits to tho Order . He then continued : ] Hut the business had so increased that this last year his salary was to be raised still higher : yet it was a notorious fact that for whole days he absented himself from his oflico , and had honoured Epsom , Chester , and elsewhere with his presence , ai . d left his business to be transacted b y another . Uut the result of patronage did not stop thore . I said tluit v e did not object to any one of the parties who served the Order with goods , or to the quality of their articles ; but we objected * to their being juiigi-s of their own workand
, the judges of other men ' s work too . Why , bad as the g . veinment of the country may bo , the practices of the Independent Order are worse . If a Surveyor of the Highways had twenty horses idle in his 3 table , he dared not contract for the mending of the highway over which he was Surveyor , under a penalty of £ 3 for every » ffence . Not so in the management of the Order . We may be told that individuals obtain their orders by an houourable estimate . Estimating , it is true , preva ' ils in one deuavtincnt , but not In another . But ercn in estimating , lie clinnces are in thoir favour . An honourable firm lately estimated for work . Their sample of articles was sent in to the proper quarter ; and when the time for the 'iecision came , their sample was replaced by an inferior o te ; and their one sent in as belonging to another , who , l \ v it , obtained the estimate . The inferior article was
se , back to the firm , who returned it with a message thai such rubbish was not theirs . By manoeuvring of this kind it was quite possible that even the Estimate Committee might be deceived and trifled with . It was high time that somo plan was adopted , that an Institution of such immense benefit to the community at lar ;; e might be freed from charges of so gross a character , and productive of so much wrong and injustice . [ The speaker here read a list of the various sums which eight individuals have received for goods furnished by them to the Order , amounting , in seven years , to the sum of £ 30 , 000 12 s . 5 Jd . J Well , what rotnedy is there for these evils ? He answered , self-government . It may be said that grievances accumulated under the full exercise of that principle . The answer is , that with the eitiii-rieneo we have had it is impossible that sueUean be wain
the Cft 9 e , But the greatest of our grievances has not taken place under tho exorcise of that principle . Could they have ventured . oenforcc a greater amount of contribution for a less value in return ; if we had-had a fair chanco of electing our own representatives ? It may be said , if we resist these laws for increased contribution , and a reduced amount of benefit in return , wo shall become suspended , and lose our share in the general fund . What is the amount of tho available fund of the Order « £ 7 , 000 . Why , that is scarcely sixpence per member , and " surely that is havM y worth while considering A sub seription of sixpence would put you in possession of as great a fund . It is nothing , as one is said to have expressed it , for all to divido . it might do good for fir * or 3-. x But mark ; l . iiTing once centralised the power ill tho hands of the District , is it not m arvellous how thn
want to centralise the funds ? Seeing that the profits of goods do not exactly answer their purpose , they endeavour to work another manoeuvre , which will be successful unless you do jour duty . An Act of Parliaments to be applied for to enable them to do by that means what they dare not attempt by any other . Should an Act of Parli . ment be obtained tha subjugation of the Order will be at once perfect . ( Hear , hear , hear . ) Without an Act of Parliament , thoy have control only . vora small portion Of the hinds oi the Order , but with an Act they would be enabled to get withm their own power tho whole of the funds of the Lodge . There is another great and mighty evil-nn increased contributien , anda decreased amount of benefit It is not sufficient for them to demand how much we have Riven to this distressed brother ; or how far we have re .
liBTsd that bereaved widow;—it is not enough forth « m to know that all just and equitable demands hate been paid to all who bad a claim upon us ;—it is not enough for them to know that every penny of their demands have been discharged ; that we are accumulating larg « funds , « nd prospei ing in every shapo mid form , and that we have pounds por man in tho bank—yes pounds per man in the bank , and not sixpences ! —it is not enough for hem to be assured of all this from stubborn figures , but they takeaway from the poor man the means of interring , iu a becoming manner , the wife irf bis bosom ! Theymtsl reduce the am' . vntfrom ten pounds to jive . They ask t » deprive the industrious arti / . im of the ability to pay v . roper respect to the sl . an .-r of liisjovs ami soi rows , Ms ho' ^ es ami au . vieti . eS , Who SWUL'tened every joy that he parrWimtod
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in , and heightened every pleasure he en joyt ., ] ^ S kindness and affection so richl y deserved at i ' * t l ) is not sufficient for them that he must bear ' - \| and severe a stroke of Providence , but thu ! lf ,,- Vltlt tj be made heavier by their meddling , ami tliJ , | 1 ' , !' tl 0 |* iJ nifesting bis esteem must be just as they i ^ v '' | posed to allow . It was all very tine to m ' , ^ ,, jj ' ^ "i . j tions in figures with arithmetical precision , i " " ^! and to bewilder men ' s understandings w , ' Xl tively foreign to the purpose for which Odd-fcll " "I benevolently designed ; and under the ^ " , ' ! '' « vency" endeavour to increase the contribution . ''I the amount of benefits ,-so that with a speci-i ^ corporation they may be enabled to raise , « " "' ' -I amount for their management and disposal . ' |« ^ i concluded by strongly urging the iHenib trs , ' , M their power to return to the principle of sell' ' .. „ 4 by which alone they could retrace then-stem riil y become a united and respected bod y , assiiii ' , ' . ' " '';] highest endeavours for which man could use t | . J ... l . l . ... l . w . 1 . 1 ?* .... ' ! . 1 a . % .. < . 1 .... I 1 . 1 . . 1 > . ^ flirt' . ! nmtii lunuiitu uics
mm * -. nun scu llU'Ill iitiil s s by moving the following resolution which u . " * ' mously carried : That this meeting is ofojiiut ^ " , * 1 " ' the inalienable right of every man , and every bj . •' to enjoy the blessing which self-government xftj , ^ and that it is a duty which we owe to ourse lvt ..-. ' Order to which we belong , to preserve that ri »| t "' and defend it from the rude aggression of un ' | ° ; 1 ' - " ' J designing individuals . " ] m % Mr . RtciuiiDSON , of Salford , in proposin g n ,,. resolution , said—his resolution affirmed tliat ' se if ^ ineiit was the inalienable right of every society • , ° p for that meeting to say whether , as Odd ' FellonV t ' li ! maintain that right , and whether they would retu ? * primitive principle upon which the Institution wiisf" and by which it has so long been distinguUh'Jj ^ away that power , and what means had they ofj ' ,-..
lit nlltrt / lll 4 nn V 1 .. ^ ¦> *^ t . t »** I «« . hd rt 11 ' .. A . I At * - * li themselves ? Let a member offer to defend tlieprii ,,.-. "f the Institution , and proclaim against any wrong d ^ ''I him appeal to the Annual Committee , and what n * I able chance he had of having even a fairhearhi" S member know when the term "iuclepi ; iitlent '' H 3 used . It was laid hold of at . Hiiue when the p 3 the Society was invested in what was called the ( J Lodge , which , attempting by arbitnry ami akf authority , to lord over the rest of the Society , i-, ^ resistance to their demands , by which the tii ' midil was abolished , and the term " Independent OIU \> Jm was seized upon to distinguish and mark their uetci
tlon to have a voice in the management of tlu-yj money , and the appropriating of their own savings , ' }< have similar times now ; and we must have slf efforts , and similiar results will follow . We have i | j Grand Lodge sitting daily in Aytoun-slreet , win , nuj every thing , cut and select the propositions fortlie . \ Committee , and nominate the duputies by whom tiitj passed .. ( Loud cheers , and cries of "hear , |^ Mr . ltadelill ' e , who generally indulges in a great uV | t'lludomontade and rhapsodiem , said bo eoul . l wo , ; " Order with the interest of £ 20 , 000 . This amount J not he got from the profits of goods ; and therrfurt j
must have an Act of Parliament to centralize the j 4 i ami to centralize the funds . Dttt he hoped that stui event would be for ever prevented frcm taking ^ Let them once get the sanction of the Order tu sa ; measure , and farewell its " independence , " and for , farewell the maiiHgC :: ient of their own funds . Tlwi begun already . £ 7 , 000 was already invested as a •'; plus fund ; " and gradually , unless prevented , thi > y t > . ; go on , and get the whole amount . The next step , »« that profits were not capable of effecting the object , « be a levy perhaps of some trifling amount , which % , not be felt at first ; but it would grow until too liar , ] bear . But then the mischief would be done , llu often been in conversation with Mr . Radelille mum tb
matters , and he could read him well ; and every words he had now said was true . Mr . Dixouhad directed tention to the amount paid to various individuals ; ai | wus said that these individuals paid a large ' imiiogir ] " interest" to thu Order . Hut how do they pay it ! I ; J minded him of an anecdote yf a gructr , who Oil takii ,-j a bill , was asked to take oft" the interest , and replied , " ( ij give me ba ck my bill , I forgot to put it on . " Why tin at J men charge two shillings for sashing which could belxj for one shilling and a penny per yard . Cannot theyalJ to pay good " interest" to the Order ? But there is osi sionally a Cabinet Dinner held in Stevenson ' s-s ^ which generally takes place when the Auditors and ij peal Committees are iu town , lluw do you think t
paid for ? Why , by those very men who supply the Ori with goods . They each give so much out of their i « c to feast those gentlemen . When , by accident , an w& tunate circumstance gets another individual on tliei peal Committee , contrivances are set afloat to get him the same boat with themselves . When he is at Stet ; son ' s-square , every attention is paid to him , ami , uns pectingly , he gets into the same boat with them . If ; be stubborn , a Cabinet Dinner at Monton-grctu finUt him off . [ Mr . Kichardson concluded by urging uj . every member present to use his best exertions to Mt
to the principles of self-government , and concluddfS moving the following resolution , which was unanimous ! passed : — " That this meeting is of opinion that tlit- ff tempts lately made by certain portions of the Imlepcn&f Order of Odd Fellows to interfere with the linancial lf raiiRemcnts of Lodges , is a violation of the iiriiwi ) . lJ self-government , and utterly destructive of the futulin J talprinciples upon which the Order was originally Lasi they therefore protest , in the strongest manner , * iigac such interference , and resolve to resist it by every hone ' s able means in their power . " ! * f-
Mr . Bknj . STG-rr proposed the next resolution , ini'lS doing io said , he thought it was the duty of every nitirf . | of the Order to stand out in defence of the prim-i | . lo the Order whenever an opportunity prrseuted itself ; si he stood forward as an individual in benefit , anil noti | suspended character , to advocate the full , and freei-i ^ cise of the principles of the Order , lie kiicw someilil about A . M . C . ' s , and he would give them a little ufll knowledge . There were 355 , 000 members in ilieOrfl and the Annual Meeting at Glasgow was compu ^ l about ISO deputies . When the Newcastle Committees ! that Districts should send one deputy for overy thoua members , they said also that those Districts wliiclil | not a thousand mumWs should send one too . Mark J advantage . There were districts tiiut did not contain 1
many members as scoi es oi Lodges in his district . VM the managers of the Or Jer went to Chowhent and got iff to suit them there . Then they went to KeamU-y , \ i li'l place between Manchester and Bolton , containing t more than 300 inhabitants in all the village , and sum-iii in getting a suitable representative there . Then ill went to I ' eekfnrton , » village with about as many m ; bers as the other place , and were successful there ! Tfc | had also two amiable folk from Stepney—Stepney , > know , is in the vicinity of London , and thus tlifir ' nvl rity was obtained . [ Mr . Stott concluded by prupoiiiij » following resolution , which was unanimously pjisstJ- ^ " That a Committee be appointed to raise subsuiiicJl to carry out the foregoing rusoluti « ns . "j S
Mr . WiUTTAKF . il seconded the resolution , and , in At so , urgently besought the members to take the clsefp tions which had been made that evening to their lies ! and meditate and reflect upon them . Much blanwJj said , was attachable to the members themselves lor-f lamentable causes which had brought them togcili « $ that meeting . The Quarterly Reports were cure-Is ?' rend in Lodges , and heedlunsly attended to bv motiifJ and from their inattention to these matters had growl these great oppressions , against which they now S plained . Abandon , for ever , be said , the tawdry . inil" | seemly " Tomfoolery" of sashes , kc , which , atbwt , | j make the wearers » ce > n not like men but monbi ( Hear , hear , and cheers ) He strongly urged thei ^ l beis to achieve for themselves independence awl 'f tfowninwilt , and unid that the business of Lodges woulii much better c . onductvd in places wp ' arate ' from i rf houses , and concluded by seconding the resolution . I The members then proceeded to theappoiiitiiunt | j Committee to carry the resolutions into effect ; aa \ l M a vote . f thanks to the Chairman , the meeting sepnr *| after expressing their gratification ut the proceeding ^
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FHUJ-GARDEN OPERATIONS . Far J * f ' •' •¦< committing Jktiday , Ju ( y 2 i ( h , 1 S 43 . lEiiiJu-1- !« iroui a DuiKff Actual Oj > erations on ave amaJ' fnj-i ::- « i- tueustaus of the late . Mrs . 1 ) . Gilbert , near r .: ^ -:- ' - « : nie , in Sussex ; and on several model fsnir . :-i ! !!• ' states of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaitiinr . l : « . "i Yorkshire , published by Mr . Xowell , of Far iv- Tos , near lluddersfielU , in ortltr to guide other jt- > wsn : « of field gardens , by showing tiiem what i .- ;> := ¦> .- - -lusiit to be undertaken on their own land ' . T :: ? ianus selected as models are—First . Two - ' . - '! : ' : ; rms at Williugtlon and Eastdean , ol
fire 5--T-. i- - » .- 'a . cuutluctea by U . Cruttendcn and John Hair ; .-. s i" -- « iil . Two private farms , of live or six aw ** : -r . * v .. -k «\ by Jesse l'iper , the other bv John Pmm ? . \ -ji 2—! : . former at Easldeau , the latter at Jevh :--,-:. —^ ii . jf them within a few miles of EastbouTi ; e . r-jii'L An industrial school farm at Slaith-¦ w aiu :. j- v - tHv - . Several private model farms near the sum-p ' &v . i "; . -toiiseeutiveoiicrationsiutliesei-enijrts Trill 'jii .: i 0 v ! - ... curious reader to compare the climate aud ; i ^ ivniuu-ii value of the south with the north of Enginjr-:. Ti : c Di . \« v . is aided by "Motesand Obser-Tatto-.- iY « ,:, i the pen of Mr . jS ' owcll , calculated for the t ; f ::- ssjsi -vitsou , which we subjoin .
"Tht- _ i .- \~ .. f these little ones shall be continually iu the b' . | . -J ;' .. i -ucces 3 of their labours ; their thoughts shall h- uir- ' vC uivay from what is evil to that which is good . " Kote . —J 7 ~ : sc ? i » ol farms are cultivated by toys , wh « in . fii- " - - ;; ; .- -r iltree hours' teaching in tlie inornhuj , gfc-. ? ' .. - - U-. % , s of t / tcir labour in the afternoon for the ** - - - ¦ "• rV i-uefit , wldcltT&uiers tlie s < Ju .-vU sklf-ILTl ' -MUM ! . W ' i LilUvi Vial at lartdy Tt / ws */ . cseu--J < - ¦¦; . 'A ,: produce of the schjol farm will le ast : -: i ' .: i i-j . " : . boys , and outsevaUk to t / ie waster , who vie . - - :: »• -. ;^ mual school fees , help tlte boys to iultivf ' -: - - •;••• i'xttd , and teach them , in addition to rca-Ji :-:, n ' -Uitg , dec , to convert tlieirproduce into la * -::. i « -. ' - iWtw ; Ut pig-keeping , vJiich at Christma . ' u .- " - u divided , after paying rettt and levy , < h » 4 . . . k . i ' . - > n m j > roportion to their services , and leiii' -i' : ?;? . .- 'udivectly to reach tltiirpannts in a nay tlu , m ' . i i i-.. ; . jul to Uteirjeelings . ]
SUSSEX . JIoxDir—H . Wngdon School . Sixteen boys digging and ai < j < hii < « iiquid manure for white tuniips , after spriiijf i ; tr e « . ltper . Doing the same . JJumbrell iio < f ' ii . 2 Uiniijis and hoeing potatoes . Tcesjmv—li ' ikiitgdon School . Boys employed the same as V' -tvj . iav . l ' iper . The same as yesterday . Jhua i rdl . I iocing turnips and potatoes . Wed . \ kji- -, y —H'illingdoK Scliool . Hoys employed as ou Jiuwfcy . Kpar . Hoeing turnips , and mending ¦ the in-vr-. c vrith liquid manure . * JtunUrell . liocin £ MrnssiN , thinning mangel wurzcl , and mixing duii _ d' ) iimuld .
Thuu .-: - ' . —u'dlingdon School . Boys employed as ou At « . ia * . J- qxr . Hoeing his thirty rods of swede * , sow ; : a ! . «! MU the middle of May . JJumbrell . Hoeing tariujw . iiui digging ap tare ground . Fbiim )—\<' &hujdyn School . Boys dressing the ground , and Nuwiii" wuite turnips , l'iper . Digging where * V V ' . ^^ UHd-ouions came off , and sowing white NoriViL turnip seed , lhanlrell . Hoeing turnips and --w-n > , digging up tare ground and sowing tun-it * w ' . Satcui-. v . — ;• illingdon School . Boys earthing uppoiatiK-.- ; tut : rye . l'iper . Digging the ground where tue -. uauii awstl was raised , and mending a rod ol luceim-. JJumbrell . Thinning and hoeiu ir carrots .
C 0 W-FKED 1 XG . Borinu iliis week one of LumbreWs cows grazed damn , -. ua Jay ami was fed iu the stall at morn and even wisli Ivlbs . of Italian-rve-grass ; his other cow andlidWr , altogether stall-fed , with 137 fts . of tares , and 27 i !» . of ltalion-rye-grass . Piper 3 i- * - fed his cows with tares and lucerne , cut , as a iii-. ; 4 Y g | lt t < , he , a day before it is given to
Ctetfet Intelligence.
Ctetfet Intelligence .
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la Frbsch Waiifaub in 1510 . —A Parallel -i party of citizens and of inhabitants of the nei « hb : f ing plains had chosen another place of refit"e " In | l mountains , at whose base Vicenza is situated , M vast cave , named the Grotto of Masano , or \ m gam . .... This oave having a narrow ^ trance is easy of defence , and in the precoU ' campaign it had served as a refuge for the W- $ bownng people , 0 , 000 unfortunate . beinsjs hailO ? tired there . with all their goods ; tlie women * children were at the bat-kof-thc grotto , ami tlicf '; guarded its entrance . A captain ef French aii « turers , named L'llerisson , discovered this n't " ¦
and with his troop made vain efforts to pone ^ into it ; but foiled by its obscurity and'its wiiiJ ^ r he resolved to suffocate all within it He filled »' faggots the part he hml occupied , and set & them . Some nobles of Vicenza who wore araonS rofugccs . now intreatod the French to make a " ' ception in their favour , and to let them rf . \ themselves , their wives , and children , iHld ^^ Wood . iiui the peasants , their companions ¦» ' fortune , exclaimed that thev slionld all ueri * h f--saved together . The whole cavern was now ii * j and its entrance resembled the month of s ^ The adventurers waite < l till tho lire had 6 b " i » KS terrible ravages , to enter the cave and wisM" * ' booty which they had nurr-lta ^ ii hv surfi li ^ l
eruelty . All had perished , except one jetin ? % whe lmd placed himself near a ehink threw ?! ' fM ahttlo air ha . l reached him . Nono of tbo |^ i were disfigured by the fire : but thear »»¦•;¦ Kufficiently indicated the agcak-s they lad uii « a before death . Several wonwB wore delivered in'' | torments , and their infantsi died with them . * , f the adventuitrs brought b » tk thoir booiy to the « and recounted tho mode of their obtaining '' j excited universal indignation . The Chevalier » * % went himself to the cavern with tho Provost Wi and causwl him to hang in hi 3 presence , an « midst of this scene of horror , two of tho w ^ I who had kindled tho fire . But this punislinie"Vi not sufficient , toeffnee from the minds of tlie iw | the memory of so great a barbarity . "—* "' W , HiH . lly . Jtal ., vol . 14 , p . 47 . I
SraoBTAn Fate of a Psetoo Kiso . —Mj * Thierry , who attempted to establish Iiimse l'J independent sovereign in Now Zealand , •> , disappointed or given umbrage to his W * snbjvcts , was recently killed , cooked , and c . w ' tl'i-ni at a solemn public banquet , —Edintow vcrtiser ,
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ROUEN , FRANCE . The Ciiautist Land Plan i . \ Fbanck . —A meeting was held on Friday , July the 4 th , 1 S 15 , at the house of Mr . John Sidaway , Nailors * Arms Inn , for the purpose of forming a branch of the Chartist Co-openitivc Land Society . Six members paid u \> their shares in full , viz ., £ 15 14 s . The address of the directors was read , and gave general satisl ' action . also the many cheering accounts of meetings held in England . The secretary , Mr . John Sidaway , was instructed to send off the money to the general treasurer , and to write for the laws of the society . The Land question was discussed , and after a lengthy and pleasant meeting the members separated , each determined to do everything in his power to destroy that system which has driven honest and industrious artizans to seek' that subsistence abroad which has been denied them at home . We say to all other exiles on the Continent ,
go and do likewise . 1 i ; c meeting also were of opinion that if an agent were appointed for France , and his appointment duly announced in the Northern Star , that a goodly number would be enrolled as members , there being many English workmen employed in France who would gladly embrace the prescnt ' opportunity of returning once more to tho place of their birth if they could be made aware of the advantages arising from the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . | Tli . e directors of the chartist Co-epcratiye Laiid Society have appointed Mr . John Sidaway , of tin . Nailors Anns Inn , Rouen , as agent for France , who is duly supplied with rules , cards of membership , and other requisites for enrolling members . Mr . Thomas Blyth , ot 30 Rue du , Moulin a Vapeur , Capccure , Boulogne Sur Mer , is also appointed agent for Boulogne and district , aud is also duly appointed to enroll members . By order , T . M . Wheeler , Secretary . ]
ABERDEEN . Co-operative Soirke . —A soivee of the members of the " Association of producers and friends of Cooperation" was hold in the Temperance Hall , 205 , George ' s-street , on the evening of Friday , July 4 th , for the purpose of celebrating the anniversary of the establishment of that Association ; Mr . John Fraser , president , in the chair , supported by the board of directors ; the number of producers present were upwards of three hundred , besides several staunch friends of the woiking classes and their cause . After the good things weve disposed of , and the tables cleared , the chairman opened the business of the meeting in A neat and effective speech , showing from Parliamentary reports the great value of the annual productions of the producing millions , and the small
share of that produce which came to the working man , and concluded by introducing Mr . James Deack to tlie meeting , who in a speech of some length showed the value of co-operation and its capabilities , and sat down amidst the applause of the meeting . After an air from the orchestra , Mr . Patrick Ironside , the respected salesman of the association , gave a song in fine taste and feeling . Mr . It . M'lntosh was then introduced , and entered at some length on the objects of the present meeting , showing that it was for the purpose , first , to increase the social and friendly feeling among working men and women , and to benefit each other by the mutual interchange of thought , There iiad been a great many schemes proposed for the benefit of the working classes , and the one that they had met in support of was one oi the number .
Co-operation , if carried out , and properly conducted , is one of the greatest means that can be used for the bettering of the people ' s condition . Impressed with this , they had opened a shop for the sale of food and clothing , to members and others , the profits to lay and accumulate , until they were enabled to carry out the principle to the fullest extent . They had not begun to sell any kind of drink , as they believed thatdrinking habits were incompatible with the wellbeing of society . After Mr . M'lutosh ' s speech , Mr . Janies Robertson gave an excellent soiig amidst much applause . Mr . R . Robertson then came .-forward aud addressed the meeting in nearly tho following terms . After congratulating the meeting on their happy appearance , he proceeded to lay before the meeting the objects of the association . He said tlie
association was lormed for the purpose of giving employment to all its members , and securing to themselves the full measure of the benefits arising from their own industry ; and that they should at the same time have all the profits arising from all articles of consumption used by themselves , and all others who wished to deal with them . Ho called on those to come forward who had not yet joined the association , as it woultl not cost them anything . They had ouly to purchase what they consumoA , whicU could anil would be supplied to them as good , and in ninny cases better , and cheaper , than could be got anywhere else . When the profits amounted to the sum of five shillings , or when made up to that amount , they would be entitled to all the privileges of membership , and have a right to all the benefits arising from the association . Mr . Robertson then went on to state
many of the difficulties they had , as an dissociation , to contend with , arising from' a want of experience , the want of public opinion , the want of money , the want of credit , and the want of similar associations throughout Scotland and England . After having gone over this part of the subject at great length , he then entered into the prospects of the association for the future , and showed that the prospects of the association were excellent . The ' number of members had increased ; as the members increased so did the money , and as both increased so did trade . In fact , the association is now in such a prosperous stato , that a sub-committee had been appointed to make inquiry , and report oh the best possible way of extending the trade of the association toother branches of . industry , in order that employment might be
given to nmrc ot the members , in conclusion , he remarked that , God helps them who help themselves ; and until such time as the working classes begin to reform themselves , and do their own work , they could never never think of succeeding . Let the watchword be " onward , onward . " Mr . M'lntosh then sung a son * called " Burk ' s Address to the Swinish Multitude , " which was much applauded . The chaiiv man then called on Mr . Henry to speak to the question of "Whether the producers or non-producers were best entitled to remuneration ? " which ¦ ' Mr . Uenry handled in his usual eloquent and powerful manner , to the satisfaction of all present , and sat down amidst the cheers of the audience . The chairman then called on Mr . Maitlamt from the body of the hall , a gentleman who is president of the
Temperance Society in this town , and who carries on an extensive business , and . one who takes a prominent part iu every plan for the betteying the condition of the working classes . 11 is speech extended ' to some length in praise of the co-operative principle . He pronounced a high eulogium . on the managers and salesman of the association , and concluded amidst the . plaudits ot the meeting . - The chairman then called < n Mr . Lowrey to address the meeting , which he did m a powerful and argumentative :. speech . After speaking at great length on thesasubjects he sat down amidst the repeated plaudits of the meeting . Mr . Macphcrson commencud by saying , that at that advanced hour of tho evening , ' and after the many able speeches they had heard , were-ho to consult his own feelings , he should have abstained from
addressing them , a : sd allowed the remainder of the evening to be spent in social enjoyment ; he , however , thought that it was a good thing to blend instruction with amusement , and he was of opinion that they would think nothing worse of the night ' s enjoyment that it afiorded some food for reflection ; he wouid , therefore , advert lor a shorttimc to the principle of the association , and show how well it was calculated to improve the condition of the working classes . Mr . Macphewon said that the principle of the association was that every one be his own capitalist , his own merchant , and his own banker ; in fact , that ht > have a beneficial interest in everything that affects in any way the value of his labour . In starting this association , he said , they had not endeavoured to create a great sensation and excitement , that might : iftenvirds die away and leave nothing but disappointment ; they had first laid down a sure and fixed
principle as a guide to their future action , and thus , although their beginning was small , and their progress at first slow , it was at the same time certain . All the ground they got they kept ; every step they took was a step in advance , their progress was therefore steady and undeviating . A single glance at the transactions of the association during tie twelvemonths of its existence would convince thun of thk lhey had commenced with a capital very limited indeed it could scarcel y procure for tllcm the most limited supply of the articles they were to deal in > et they had turned over in business upwards of £ MK >; and although the greater part of the members had never paid away money as a share , but had merely paid one penny for a book in which an accmn . t ot their purchases was kept , the greater part even ol those were now possessed of shares in the capital , aud had a share iu the management of the associa-
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tion . They had also established about three or four months ago a savings bank , and , notwithstandin g the short time it had boen in operation there had already been deposited in their hands upwards of one hundred pounds ; and all this out of the hardearned pence of the working classes . This savings bank acted better than the usual deposite for the working man , as he could just put in his small savings as ho found he could spare them . A sixpence would be received , and no aoatementmade upon them cither for management or fines , for falling back with the usual payments , as was the ense in deposit societies . Thus it was well adapted for those who wished to lay by something for rent , ov to purchase clothes , or for any other purpose . It was always making something , and the association at the same time hail the advantage of the use of it . Mr . Mnenherson proceeded to say that tho association would be open
for the middle classes whenever they chose to avail themse ' ves of it ; this however , they could not do so Ion ? as they expected to make a profit from the labour of others , and it was the original and fundamental principle of the association that every one was to receive the full advantage of all the benefits flowing from their own labour . When these principles were carried fully into effect , then would come the happy period when virtue and happiness would cover the face of the whole earth , as the waters cover the channel of tho sea ; when every man could sit under his own vine and under his own lig tree , none daring to make him afraid . Mr . Macphcrson , who had wen listened to with great attention , then sat down amidst loud cheering . After Mr . Macpherson had concluded his address the younger portion of the audience enjoyed themselves with dancing for several hours , and then dispersed , highly phased with the entertainments of the
evening . LONDON . Mr . Wheeler lectured on Sunday evening lo a good audience , at the Assembly Rooms , King ' s-cross , on the subject of the Land . The chair was occupied by Mr . Arnott . A friendly discussion followed , in which . Messrs . Humphries , Tucker , Lowrie , Wheeler , and others took part . STRATFORD-ON-AVON . The Co-opkkatine Land Society held their monthly meeting on Monday , July 7 th , at the Temperance Hall , Great William-street . We have now nearly fifty members . The committee meet every Monday at the Stratford Arms to enrol names , aud explain the objects of the society . The next public meeting will take place the first Monday in August next , at half-past Beven o ' clock prc 3 isely .
OLD 1 IAM . Lkcture . —On Sunday last Mr . W . Dixon delivered a very interesting lecture in the Working Man ' s Hall , on " Trades Unions , the Land , and Maohinevy . " Do was listened to with great attention , and Ills addresses gave general satisfaction . A number of siiinCS in the Lain ! fund were taken . BARNSLEY . " . Thk Land . —At a weekly meeting of the Chartist Land Society , it was agreed that as soon as the time could be ascertained that Mr . O'Connor intended to be in Barnsley , preparations should be made for having a public dinner on the occasion of his visit . A working man , named Owen M'Donncll , paid in k ~ > , he having previously paid in -Is . 4 d ., 80 that he stands clear for two shares . Three hearty cheers wore given for M'Donnell , when the secretary announced to the meeting the above fact .
MANCHESTER . Carpenters' Ham . —A lecture was delivered in the above Hall on Sunday evening last , by Mr . James Leacn . At the conclusion of the lecture fourteen members were enrolled in the Co-operative Land Society , and paid tlieir first deposit on their shaves . We have now , in tlie Carpenters' Hall branch , 113 shares taken up .
MR . DOYLE'S TOUR . To tiik Chautists of Enoland . —Friends , — Iii despite all the opposition offered , and the obstacles thrown in the way , with a yiew to impede the progress of tho " Chartist Co-operative Land Plan "—in despite of the insidious and cowardly attacks of mean and mercenary scoundrels—in despite thoir spleen and venom thrown at tho prepounder , 1 am happy to say that that plan has spread through the country , more especially the manufacturing counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire , with a rapidity truly astonishing , and at the same time highly gratifying to every man desirous of seeing his fellow operatives extricated from irksome drudgery , galling slavery , physical want , social misery , and mental and moral
deprivations . Yes , friends , I say again , in despite of the Carpenters , the Hills , and such gentlemen , our society has extended in a few weeks through Albion ' s Isle-Albion ' s Isle did I say ? Why , brother democrats , it has been wafted on the pinions of the wind to the ( once republican ) soil of France , and we now find it has taken deep root in Rouen and Boulogne . But , my friends , it hits not stopped there , for we also find , from Mr . O'Connor ' s letter in the Star of the 12 th inst . to "William Wisli-I-may-gct-it" ( who , by-tllCbye , seemed to be very fond of getting what he had nu right to ) , that it has taken wings , crossed the Irish Channel , and reached sale and sound the town oi Droghcda , in Erin ' s isle . I wonder what friend Carpenter ( whom O'Brien des ' mnatcs "low born .- low
bred , " and " a brother of the vile wretches who sack from six to ten guineas a week for bolstering up the Leaguers , and soaping the usurious oppressors of tlie poor ) will say . to that ? Ah ! my friends , Mr . O'Connor never was more correct than when he ' said the opposition of Carpenter and Hill would be an assistance to our society , though I am very sure the amtlemen never intended it . 1 will now give a brief sketch of my tour in Lancashire as far as I have gone . I lectured in Ashton twice , and though the meetings were not large , yet what was wanted in number .- ! , wasniadcupbytheunanimityofsentimenisandaction which pervaded the individuals present on both occasions ; as a proof , I may mention that the sum ol £ . 5 b was subscribed to the Land Fund in four weeks , and out of the eighty-one persons that took out shares during the above period , twelve of them paid up their full shares . —There , Messrs . Carpenter and llill , are facts for you , which , no doubt will be
wormwood and gaul to your very delicate stomachs . 1 havo also addressed meetings in Stalcybridge , Mottram , Manchester , Todmorden , Rochdale , Oldham , Bliickstone Edge , Bolton , Radclifi ' e , Heywood , Stockport , and , if I recollect right , Hebdcn Bridge , Yorkshire , and in every one of which places the Land plan was received with universal approval or nearly so ; and I believe at . present there * is a branch , or rather a district board , in each . and every of those places . Bolton , a town that has for the last two years been politically dead , owing to causes which I cannot m this letter enter iuto , even this town , my friends . or the people of it , have shook off their slumber , and came forth with spirit and visour to give their support to our Land scheme . One gentleman paid me his full share , expenses included . Friends , hopinj that you will continue to aid and assist tlie board of directors in carrying out the plan , I remain yours , in Freedom ' s anise , Chihstophkh Dotle .
flUDDERSFIELl ) . Tim Land . —The Committee of the Co-operathe Land Society for this district meet every Tuesday evening at Turner ' s Temperance Hotel , Olianel Hill , for the purpose of receiving contributions and enrolling new members , when every explanation of the views and objects of this society will be given to those who arc desirous of taking shares .
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last . ) CAHHO . XIC ACID . 37 . We have learnt , that by simply breathing through a portion of lime water , a white cloud is formed , consisting of carbonate of lime ( par . 50 ) . An experiment still more instructive , is the passing of a continued stream of carbonic acid gas throush lime water a little diluted . The first bubbles of the gas cause some carbonate of lime to manifest itselt in the form of a white cloud ; this becomes more and more opaque and milk y , until the whole of thu carbonate
separates , and some of it begins to subside . Let the stream of carbonic acid gas continue to flow through the liquid , and by slow degrees the cloudiness will pass awav , the water becoming bright and clear as before . It possesses no longer the properties of limewater , but consists now of water holding carbonate of lime in solution , by means of carbonic acid ( par . 30 ) . Iliis property of carbonic acid—its enabling water to act upon some salts of lime , and other matters insoluble in pure water—is one deserving the agriculturist ' s profound attention , and will be adverted to hereafter .
oS . 1 he attraction of quicklime , hydrate of lime , & * ., for carbonic acid , being so powerful , the tendency ot lime to pass rapidly into the state of carbonate or mere clialk being so strong , it is natural to inquire , wuat is the use of burning lime at all for the purposes of agriculture ? Carbonic acid being so cmineiitlv subservient to the feeding of plants , why need we ex pel it by fire from its domicile in the limestone ? To these interesting questions , we can only obtain satisfactory replies by a continued inquiry into the propertics of caustic lime , i . e . lime which , though slaked ( 48 ) . still retains its aviditv for carbonic add .
59 . The direct influence of caustic lime upon organic matters , does not seem to be ascertained with precision . Lime is generally considered to be of itself a powerful agent in promoting the decomposition of dead animal and vegetable matter ; on the other hand some experiments of Dr . John Davy are adverse to the received opinion . But the process of decomposition itself must be investi gated before we can safely draw a general conclusion ; and then it will appear probable , that caustic lime does not produce so much effect Upon organic matter by any action of its own as by promoting the agency of potash , soda , and ammonia .
00 . The manufacturer of soap mixes together caustic lime and . barilla . The principal ingredient of barilla is carbonate of soda . When water is added in sufficient quantity to a mixture of barilla and quicklime , the latter takes carbonic acid from the carbonate of soda contained in the former , and becomes carbonate of lime , and the soda , in turn , losim : its carbonic acid , becomes caustic soda or soap-ley . If pearlash or potash be thus mixed with caustic lime and enough of water , caustic potash is the result 1 he carbonate of lime subsidesand the water
dis-, solves a ley of notash . With a carbonic of ammonia caustic ammonia is produced in like manner . Caustic soda , caustic potash , caustic ammonia , act with far j-reatcr energy upon organic matters than the carbonate of soda , of potash , or ammonia , can do . These caustic alkalies are more easily soluble in water than their carbonates ; they also enable water to dissolve uiauy substances , ami todeconiposo manv otliois , wlue-U would not be influenced so much , if at all , by water itself , or by water only holding mild alkali , i . e . a carbonate in solution .
01 . Caustic lime abstracts not merely the carbonic acid from ammonia but separates that alkali from its combination with other acids , as will appear hereafter . Caustic ammonia , thus separated bv lime being extremely volatile , Sir H . Davy showed that an addition of lime to animal matters in a state of < U composition , must have the effect of drivin" awav their most- valuable ingiedient . ° 62 . Lime , in its caustic state , contribniea powerfully to render some salts of iron favourable to vegetation , that wouid otherwise be injurious . 63 It is important , therefore , to form a dear idea of the distinction between the effects of lime in the caustic state and in the state of carbonate . Its use m the former state would seem to be exclusively applicable to soils containins an excess of unnrofitabfc
and msolublevegetablcmatter , as peatmoss , thecarth of old fences . < tc . In the state of carbonate , lime forms an essential ingredient of every good soil ; indeed n is considered by some to be a sort ot connecting lu& in the chain uniting the organic with the inorganic kingdom , and it is ultimately in the state ot carbonate , finely pulverised , ' that * by much the most considerable portion of all the lime that is burnt for agricultural purposes becomes available to the use of the fanner . We have seen the effect of carbonicacid upon finely divided carbonate of lime ( 57 ) . The same effect is finally , though very slowly , produced by t ! : ea « en t of the weather upon the hardest marbles ami limestone rocks . "Whoever examines the marble statues in the British Museum , which have been removed from the Parthenon will be convinced
, that they have suffered from this agency : and an effect distinct in the pure atmosphere and " temperate climate of Athens , must be upon a higher scalo in Jhe vicinity of other p-cat European cities , where the consumption of fuel products carbonic acid in great qsamities . " - (!) avy . ) Marble monuments , erected in our churchyards , manifest signs of tlie influence oi the skici upon them in the couise of years . Slow as such influence appears to be , it is constant ; and this may tend to explain why limestone gravel has ill some lustancos been considered a beticnYial applR-atiou to peaty soils . Chalk , however , inmai . y districts and iu sonic districts- marl , containing cariKinatcot limeiu a st « tc of . finer division , are still more generally and more beneficially employed . It
is evident , however , that the calcareous portion of marl must constantly diminish iu quantity , and it may consequently happen , that where the other ingredients of a marly clay are of indifferent quality , the land may be left in a few vein's less fertile than ' it was before the marl was first applied , and every renewed application of marl must tend finally todclerioratc the soil . In these cases the application of lime itself is obviously requisite . 64 . Hydrate of lime , made into a paste with water , constitutes the substance generally known and cmployed as mortar . If lime be allowed to pass into tie slate of mortar on the field , it continues to retain its caustic state in some degree fora considerable time . It is about three months before slaked lime resins more than fourth-fifths of its carbonic acid . ' This
may seem at variance with some facts stated before ( 55 , 56 ); but the truth is , that when air and moisture obtain access to linie , it rapidly passes into the state of carbonate : if cither of these be excluded , it retains its caustic state for a longer or shorter period , aeeordins : to circumstances . 65 . With regard to theburning of lime , a process ? o essential to the prosperity of agriculture , it is dr tirabie that the best method should be pursued , and in evefy distriet experience teaches the most economical application of the material employed . It is often stated that the steam of water , nassed thromrh : i
limc-kilu , conduces powerfully to the success of " the proc . \ s < . By heating carbonate of lime to redness , it is resolved into lime and carbonic acid ; but if tin carbonic aeid be not removed , the decomposition woiil . 1 uiinuJiatoly cease , and the carbonate ot" lime lCl » llt lM ! melted without being decompose *! . Tinremoval of the carbonic acid is accomplished , in bnrnin < r lime on the large sraic . by the limestone bein
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6 THE NORTHERN STAR 3 vLY l 9 \** M
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 19, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1324/page/6/
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