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TO THE MEMBERS OF TIIE CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAXD'S OC ETY . My Dear Fkiesds , —The subject of the Land ; and Jiow to make it available as a means of establishing " a fair da )' swage foi a fair day ' s wmk , " l ias n <* v become thcall-abscrbinsconsidciation with the woikin" chs « es ; and as jou canvas tiie subject among tchivIycs , it bcluncs me , as the originator and fomidcr of the plan , to feed you with the knowledge { liat yon are prepared now to receive ; going on gndu-Hy , as the wliole question of agricultUMS , of yolltitt-J cconoaiv , of wages , of representation , and :
of existence itself , is bound up in the question of the kind You will receive all that I say as mac tug . m fVis f < r voar consideration hereafter , and not as " dictation ; " but as no other wan has so much at st . iU a . -. I ha \ e in the success of the project , and as I-nwMrnd the -subject better than am oieeKe ¦ ol « c s interested in > s success , jou aie bound to y , v'fe : . ny auvitc to Lsat of an . \ other i-euon , when it jssBjii-o ' ted uy iessoi > , In facts , and \>\ practice J
" 5 « u must bear in mind that to jou and to pllcoir T . ^{« J «••! . cr Associat . cn , the subject 15 a new one ; ai , u th r fore you , will not iccci \ e anything vs " tfi . tial , " tM-cjitsuthcotumthtsas bui thcsigiia ta . i ot tl-c wLo ' c bc . l \ of the piesent manager ^ \\ chd \ c the power aa-1 the light to tutnest ; but witlii the power i . or the n »] it to alter 01 amend i" ni ' c-, u .- * i l « --il ta _ c sib Zt vO mun ' oCla « suail k- enrolled , when the ilicsi directors , unto the s-uiciiou of ihc shavdiclUro , can reafcc such
. aerations as a majority shall deem to be t < jii-i + e I c « u . 'ot n > . ] e a p ' auliin , ; of Ow S < 1 m weik of ihe lonc 3 t subsc . iU . ra , « im mo . eth . ii . 011 . c paid-i-i * shaica of the ueaULieat . M \ homui , i . j eharatUr , 111 } auj c \ i « icuc is iniohcd m tie suctc » o il 1 ii"C ? £ un ; , and in the pwh ofe . cn tiri . b .-eiioa t ( 11 tutd wuh it I \ , ?\ e been Icdving 30 ijntde huJxutdiy and enouuh of land loi even in . aividual to cnltn . tte on his own account , as the on y sn .-a-. of c « eij » e far flic tvoik . ng cH- * h ?< =, criafSince * « iScairtW « r . iuyns < , n aj . j -nlijCCt , ai . tf 11 UCI in my life did I contemplate any other means of redemption for you . In struggling vrith you for the Charter , I have told you ten thousand times that if " iI ! J ' ' ' ttwfceteJig . to-daij , Inouhl not < / we yon a fc fur the Charier to-morrow . " I ventured to tell you tJtdt in the iui < Tst of the raging stqnu of 1 S 39 ami I $ i 2 . I ' repeat it sow .
1 uavc baa macii tlnrartetl and liarasscd on thi subject WLen tLe l } lrjiiJi : hain Conference Tinauinmiv-Iy , and wisely , aUoj . led the Land plan in 1 S 43 , t ' it- acrimony of the- knavish for a season tnaikphed over the judgment of the prudent ; and I , amor . !* cthejs , was compelled to " bide ray time" till cor . i t 3 iicn sense had resiaicd its place . That time has imw arrived . 1 and those who went with me have triumphed . Throughout the agitation trftlie sul . Seet , » r our enemies always suruufcfroni discussion , ™ < l > luKivery and jnueii mora folly has hscu mcd by . onr t :: eisiics to take you off tiie right scent , that you may kir . yst . Scd in Use chase . Mr . O'Brien has opposed jac with what he is pleased to caU "first
priucmks : " forgetting that witiiout some feowledtc of iis I-ii : < l and its capabilities , that he must lack ihe Kost importai't knowledge of the vrhoks subject : x'lv . lo he places before us not a mere problematical , l > ur < t ptifealu iatpastffif , substittttc . no proposes tint Government should buy up all the land of the cniMtry ; and that the jxopk dwuld Iconic Und inflolhe Government . . That is , \ n \^ , n languai ? :, thai ihcpojnk siiovMZmt the Ituidfcr the Govctk ue . A ; and tiist GcTcr . iment sbouM be the 'director . > : < nr , s : ipi ! ese that-sccicty v . as in sush " an advanced < lat-e " as te make this sebeme at rJi attaiuablc , I VOfM jUSta ^ k \ C&W& tin purekatc -xoncif is to rvnie I ' *™? le fact , hhproposition is scch a
conglointwaiiou of kad , currency , improved and impror-cablo : value , ffsrifiating priuciple , and inipossililc aaesm- ; l » : 5 ! iinej : t , that 4 t reiaiuds or . e of-a dog v . ith Ms tail : in hisiaoatli ; fc thing without- 'beginning « r-end-: ; : r . id we raast c ? jl y pray tiat he way have = a iueisli iatcrvfl how and then , ta see-his own p ' asntr . smagoria . On the other Land , a mcii of tha -na ; ne Gf Jaiuc : Iii 2 ! has propoun-kd aucther ssheais- ; but-it is so iii-jraufhly ri-Jiealous , audits iirojuHindsr Jiswing refused io laeei iu < ltscu 35 : ou Upon if , it niav h : ccr . * ideral as eonsi ^ aEii lo the tomb of the Cflp ; : lefe .
V . -t ccmes poor John ¦ Wat-kin ^ who wo : i ! c cstabijsii / ii > « a : ~ ujjon the greater niauies ; of poar 0 ' Br » n . Ti-Is rhetork-al her * : this coinmic-r of p : » r . ib ! es : i 3 f » s jlafesis dea-er in fiction ; this tra-lncer «; h ' isl «> ry , aiiuco : il !; auier of facts , has been ? : e : > loy « l by theLesgne , nottoenferceanynufions of-iiisown , 5 for hshssn 3 r . fi ; l . atasa I > rus ;« to null « ie Uc . Tn . Tcor ilv . n ^ l 1 aa : goingiodar liianrah Juso ^ ti ja'sr-fcane . i ' crc- is his death warrant , ^ uss read the follo ? . iii : r ] ' ; iv ; ajc fr . t : n his letter that -appeared in last weeii ' s V-.-iiift , aj ; -i then judge of hk respect fcr "justice " a « -J tiie " j ; our man ' s rights . "" lie savs : —
> ot . it \ r : iS uot bv ^ acts of I ' ai'iiiiacnt iiiat the present lainijwiieri-.-jbtaineil . rossession cf their lar . d : bat criplU'liv Ire ccajuast , bv gift or grael for public scrriceSj a : id I'j baij ; : ; ia -ami sale . That cu ' ti » -a ; : oa uj » ' ] iie ] i U : « ir ia ^ : ! 5 have ccea rcniiere-3 move . rsloable fr « n a £ « to a ^ c , ires tiicttec by the juwprietore , cr tlicir tenants , or tlicso wrU-iui tlmy-ccnployetl . A great ouaji-itf of the la » O x \; is JJiqijiroiniatci either by Saxohs or Xor « : u : js ; It v . as ca- ¦•! cuuiifisa hind , and was lefiior tha ussof the jicvp ^ . Tii = s » coai-iioiis lhe ^ opie list e still a right to—their ifeiis to lb- _ m caniut ie doukd , and ou ; = ; i not hs rziSiiiu ; bcress su £ Witr . t of tlseir . for their use , without irenchias oa-tac utenjised soils , cMc : ! no one . who h ^ lCs iiitt riirhi of ur . ;! i ^ rtv sia-ci uaull tla «? tiku of -i > i = ^ .
11 s true tsat tlieiirestJit laudos-asis l ^ ra ,-: a ' smaoif .-stacccs , trcBc ' n-tl oa the iirjptrtr of tl ) s iiboiJc ; bulas i ! ie j'iyjiic diii aat jirereul titton at the tim .-, tl-ey . caauoi Trswer it nuc . ivis-ioui « on !]> cass :: oi : to tliosc ttIio liavc ivciaimed ir ; cr ^ fcllioui . riolaiiiijj r " ie riyits of ccoupauCT vi ¦ . v-. strl ««« s .. X » v . thea , ' . vhat d-j jvn thick of ' Ml ?—nau from £ BWLern Athenian , too . Woak- not a sentanec « i " r ^ i-jeiag upoE ss-. -a noatoiisieal-stusr l > 3 aa issuit to yoar cemmor . scusa ? I canaot ra »< : i upon it : but 1 wlii ir ;'!] his-. -VsUksus tlic ju-eecdciit tisat - ' - 'o has it :-i : ? : k-j . If . < j . -iio on 3 shoti'U f # ; a ( n , pair of boots fr'a il-j . W ¦ v . u ' . vs , and get themsaled aaa lieclcd ; aal sliapid ilr . -JVatidas dissover Uic thief , ail thai J-ie " o ^ ri -jr by ecaoacfi" br ^ to sai ' is : ^ iw . ^ sir , i
' '! " i ^ p * c&d thes . ; mvl it wrdlv it u : ih'fl to . iu ' . e ¦ ' " "i jn > ji - j n ijo-i : " '' But a £ the pecplc did aat crcvrtu iht'iu at til- ' tiine . iiiuv eaauat liwovai it ua-r . ' W-j-irdaOa tin ; r ^ er thitilc vf tlio jnstioc of ibis " liiiopeaikai English Ciuivtkl ? " Asci : n . nwvk t-s ^ tstl-jiuttou Iu which this Il' ^ sae-Ator in-lus those fur
3 'kain ;; e iTrii :-s . Jit aiys : — liL'in-.-: ui ) M-: icutau : ' iai : Oraectl , ulio iia notv ; a » t : o-s ; u ; c ^ t ! :- Izn i i : i : iuai . i ] n-v > ji ; i-: y—yiw j-ei'tr ihuught iTi-ralisura " !«!¦«;; ba : -.-. ¦•> . } jasrely iwtitc-i the coa :-i :-T . L-i ; ail ' jKJrjijsKd hf iot 10 lisa peoji !^ , nv . C ivere v . 'i ! i-^" :- :-J ? of t 3 : 2 Ui « 25 . ati « a > i } tliat ' ar ^ -= tshod I bep : ii .. ! - ¦ - ' ¦¦ ?? j »! iepublic ; but iu ? y vrareiaari ? KrcilbjiTiear : s"¦ " - — . - . : r , 2 v .: ] i : ss Vtarr vcojsla for whem : iicy wtv « strujjr "• a- . ; -iai-ij 3 a murusria ^ tbfiii . So ivouJJit it ; . 'i . ^ aii :, 2 ¦ : ::: c : n iih-r :: jh'Iiosis arc i : m : aa ? a dsjenMats Itan
" - --n :. yj-: JJ-jaaas . ^ i »' .: c : ! , Hie luo'aoi'a Eriions are even more ue-^ - ^ iic Oun tuo ; iuc 3 entlioj ! iEns : Isn ' t Le a ill 30-ii * . j -iiliu f ^ r slaves ? and 2 very lilting ioui far ^^ 5- ^ :, ; sr tvj ue League ? i liave ; i : i ^; iy ;; -rltii ii-ol t ! ie second : and having »» tar ^ : L-irc-i ik- rabjssli , 1 shall proes ? il ic-re-;* .-. t-. e ; . . jj w r ijj . j " CirXTiUi Co- ' jpcraiive L ' Mnl ' ¦ J-: »;» . V . ; ti -. ! = 3 rn ! c 5 ; ls . jjpj . ^ gtaa { | ^ j jj . lva ¦ flK ^ -f . ^ ^ ^ ' " l ' a-r ill ; l - w obierve that sadi ' 'ff- ' ' ^' F-udent to the 2 < # 0 first
en-... C . " - " - ^ s , wisl , 1 am sure , be ciJ ? erfnliy Snea ? SS 2-S ^ * ra 0 Ci ?? 1 Sd ^ ^ mt fi ^ JZ * ' : }? 5 ^ " «« riansibHstv of tint 1 ^* ^ i ^ -nidi sagou ite 8 lf a 3 ^ rf 2 t .
to" ^ ^ - ^ "t" ?^ - 15 5 a cas 51 ' - ^ c ^ ir .-iv 77 . " 1 ° wiij" ? a 5 j £ 3105 - iW tajjfcj , ; , ^ j .,, ; ^ ^ » f ^^ each Iron , IH-khUi ^ i ' ^ - 3 ^ wa V ^ lks : and to inuit taka t ? -e - » - - " " ' * vmgH . Bat you tiie ar-THa-M-- " i "" 't a £ il Wllo ! c > anti beari » miud ;*• x '« T Co ^ emS : « , P ro ? oa »^ the plan N as a ^ 3 ^ ad « ^ I treated the it ^ n . ' tliatK t , ^ r ? ' noai ^ J ^ as any other : « * th em ™* ! , 1 = and solJ : and the reason
Jn the wlu , 5 e 4 ? e a , ^ , plaa of brin SinS land Fiee in the * j £££ * « liing it at wholesale tested : but 1 havtvlA v "W yCt b 2 Ca at " ^ -- ^ -sa ^ n ^ a
Untitled Article
. VcstpactcJfiom theoiigmal capitil , some say , would render the piO i ieitj by so much the less valuable , when rented for the purpose of fmthu purchase . I admit it ; and lnve laid it down that la"d bought at twept y-fnc years' pui chase bj the society should be sold at twenty jciia' piirchise p irtlj m consequence of the ab trad-on of this \ cry £ 15 ; an * l parflv because tl . e amount paid 01 the Jand and cottage of each holder Mould not ba \ aluc for iwenty-five jeirs' purchase l'l the first instance . 'Ihc difference between twentj jeare and tivcntj-fi \ c jcats' pmciiase in one holding of kb yeaily value , would he £ 25 . that is tiic £ 5 icaily rent sold at twentj-h \ c j cars' nHrchase would
brins £ 12 >; anJ sold at twcnlj year ' pK ' di-uc , it would bling £ lOO , or five joars rent less I laust now picsumcthat e \ ciy man would be a good sub stantial tenant at .- £ 5 a jrar for two acres ot good land , purchased at a value in rent of 15 s . an acre , a cotlasc , awl £ 15 capital ; and , answering \\ Ah n \ life if nece sary , I would undcitakc to sa > lint not one mm in ten thousand would either fail in p- \) inentof his tent 01 let his holding to anv ot ' ici pet son . If the premises aic admittel that an Engli « = ' i w oilvins man a \ ill pay £ 5 a } ear for such holding and £ -15 capita' , as I hive stated , which none but a * ni luae will deny , I slnll , in the first inetpi ee , deal ^ th the quest > on as vlie piopcrty of an mdnuluil , and sec flic result . 1 shall take a sufficient amount foi
the loration of fifty occupants at two acies cch , worth 15 s . an acre . ; - Two acres of land at 15 s . an acre , at .. twenty-five years purchase £ 37 10 s . Cost of cottage ........ ' 30 0 Capital advanced ........................ 15 0 . : ;¦ ' -: , " ¦ . "' . " . "' ' ¦; iss 10 ¦ ¦ Cost of & % holdiiigs at £ 83103 . each ' .. ... Mm Annual rent of fifty Mdings at £ 0 cacti ..., 250 Now , if aiiy capitalist in England was to build fifty cottages on one hundred aci-es of ground , worth 15 a . an awe , he would get £ C or £ 7 , or even £ S si vein for eitcli ; without the inducement of the £ 15 at all :
aadcouM let them as fast as he could build them . So that one priucipai ingredient left out of tiie ca ' etjiation by cautious men is tiie iraporLiut- fact , that the people eannet otlierwise get laiid at any price ; and further , that the exact amount that each ' . nan en cultivate to the best advantage with his own labour is the most benelicial quantity he cau have . Jvo man should hare a sod more or a -sod less than he can beneficially ^ se . He loses se much of his labour for every sod too little , and he loses rent and taxes for sveiysed he has toa ranch . I shall row proceed to
strengthen my position « y facts . It is a fact that men give in many rouKiies in Englacu at ilic ratccf £ S , £ 3 , and £ 10 per acre , fur portiens of acres , as " allotments , " that hjivc never let in large parcels foriuorc th . au £ 1 an acre : arid jot- hot one occ « phi : t of the smallest allotment would givo his bargdn ; ti \ i for double the cnorjiious rcntjald . Seewint Mr . Lisiou , ofSelby , has done ; sac what Saaiucl -S ' riggs , of Oxfordsliire , lias done ; soc . iiiy work * u Small Farms for what I did myself , in three yosrs , with oc bad field . I
Before I treat the subject commercially , I shall make a feiv general observations . I presume that-a tenant will . giYe& 5 ayear for what eost < £ S 2 UOs . ; or , in otlicr worfe , that we shall sell the £ 5 a year for £ 100 . "So , no , " "¦ says ' one aiufcEiiother . Noie , I ask if there is any - -wholesale dealer in skawk , hats , ^ tea , snuft ^ wines ,- cloth , iron , or any othc- ' -i-Stail commodity that wouJS not msilw that much . profit upon . an cxpen-. ! itare of £ S 210 s . ? - Hetliinhsl'liCBr some-one 3 ns \ rcrins , "Ho . yinanr-iitakeles 3 ; vjc . il . ltowiniuiy fail , and malio noiliins '';; To tjiat I i ^ p ! y ,-tliat-any person dealing in thosgirpinmodities wider the sa-nifc favourable circau » t'iucas }^ ir . 5 we . could c . e . "J with the Land , ttcuM snake double the profit ; for iti 5 u 3 t be always borne inrauid ^ hat we sbovJd ^ ever " fail of
tenants , and they must be presumed nover to fcul of eijstomeis , but alu-ays ^ o be turaiiig their * ca ^ Ua ! as fast as they can bay and sell . . "¦'"' I shdl . uow proceed to tit-. t the-cubjest c « nnjcrciaily . Let me ask , how baukiug-compinifls , that discount bills at 1 and Slpcr cent ., with-Bank of England notes , divide the eiwmauus profits they malic , bat by-the clubbing of . - their monies ? How dorlnsurancc Companies . -who eosi ^ ctc with one another-vieing iu-tue retlticlbn of po'icies , divide such euerinous prs&ts , except -upon the principle 0 ! cluulilu ^ their monies . ^ And . are all attempts to release the . wjorldng clasces from bondage to be briiiideii
as futile , ridiculons , and insane ? Bcarin mind thai-I have always stuck to my text upon the qncition ei ' the Land . ; . and as some ether . branches of the subject v / ill require illneidation , do not lose sigVi . of what 1 liarc ai ' craiiine and . often . assorted .: ¦ sfirstiy ,. tliat " Uoad laud is clicaiior at a proijoittonately hi ^ lici' cost than badJ&idis : secondly , that anyrcanof com- ; nwa prudence and moderaia industry , will pay tha fee simpi ^ fer stay amount of . laud that ho cau enitirate-br his own labour in four , or at-mast in ilv « yews . IChst is , tint t-Uc i « an wV . o taUw two acres of land for £ 5 ayear . aiid especially if he gets £ 10 tu commeuec-witb , will , . ia live vcars ai the farthest
fcs able to jjay . tlie purehane ' money ., or .- £ 123 , twenty-• ivc yc : uo * purchase , for Jiis holding , whifili would sitikc H ms for-. evci * without paying siny rent Tills may be at variar . ee with" " fifit principles ; " but all I have to do is ic < : ct enough of land for the present generation fmaitiic yiimdirsts of former generations , to teach the people the vaiueof what they have lost : nad . when the possession of £ wo aer& 3 by a family sha'l " isress too . hardly" upon the people of i ' uhjro gcsvwtions , they v . ill jiavc mj "jmlsmrlem " £ onseat in 10 , 000 yeais to make some other avraagcm-vnt ,: bnt 1 shall not expect ta see it . Onc ' otkcr JiffiKch of the HifriepeM's ! iv wl ;> cli we . arc-iold we i ! £ "u
sunvundsd , is ilse folly of calculating aiixad price i&v land , and a fixed ratu of rent . -Again , I siy , that those fo whom I writ ? , and for whom the ' Convention ? . clrd , mrist be stispnsed to have some brains . When we estimated the itjut at . £ 5 a year , v . e tippovtioacd it tigon the pressmytion that- the quality of the land to fetch that rent would rate at or abont 15 s . an a ? re : hut as no one presumed when he took : i share that -is was to pay £ -5 . a y . ? av for land "that was only-. voi'tli 32 s . an aerc , ueiilier could -any 011 c have s «« r , oso < l iUat- lie was tG cct two acres cf land
iiiat was wtrth i' 53 . an acre ibi * £ -5 a year . Lvery inrji must Isave understood that , , starting at a msa : usb ! e value , a fair graduated scale of rent would be laid 011 ; and hnvvy the man v / 3 io gcis tiie highest pvleetl land . Suppose the society purchased lan ' tl ' . Tortli V' k : ra acre upon advantageous terms , I prostime tliafc the rent would be £ i 101 . s ' - yoar ; and if ti ; ey ' purcLssc land- worth 20 s . an aero , I presume , ihc rent would be £ 5 Ids ., maluHir up the exact difference in the price in the difference of rent : and when I « ci rit-i
allotment , if I have an option between £ 10 a-year iur land worth £ 2 an acre , ami - £ i iOs . forlwdvrorth Uh . an acre , I will take the best . I may fa-U'ly presume that about £ 1 an aerc will be the highest price at v ,-hk-h ia « d would ha purchased . Our principles arc fixed , and our object nations )! - ; butouv details tfiul rules , as 1 stated in the outset , do not partake of tire immutability of the Iaw 3 of the Mcdcs nnd Persians . What is best / safest , and most satisfactory will , I have no doubt , be adopted by the shareholders themselves . ; always . guarding against tbc remotesi chance of jobbing .
I will now make a few observations upon the mode of action by which the capital of £ 15 may be safely , abstracted from the society ' s funds for each occupant .. I have before treated the subject as if the concern was the property of an individual : but as our plan mainly ; depends upon the sale of allotments when leased " for ever , aud as an individual may wish to keep his forjroperty , I will consider the matter under the head of one of our necessities . That is , that we must sell or mortgage to . carry . on . the buying ^ d ^ Jmdiiig ^ stem , f sliaflisuppo ^ then , ; . ««*
Untitled Article
soutty Logins and fui < sl > cs with 2000 membcis 'Ihis limit . ition will m ike most . igaiust mj aigument , a * themoic e \ tensi \ c the society the moie lapid and easy the fulfilment ot all ^ conditions Suppo-e the bocetj foimcd , tin . 11 , of 2000 ni"iv beis , liiMiy pud up tjODO , at 12 10 1 s ' nu Suppose the inonc ) to ba naid , a \ ul fw tl \\ n « \>\ r > mu"d , to uc two acres of hnd th"t i o ild kt at lo pev acie , a cottage tint \ m cos , t 430 in build « , j , md hlo capital , lor . 11 cnt oi io a ^ cat Ilci e , 111 pns « mg , I will ob 3 cr \ e , tint the same mle that I hm apphe to the puc ' ia * eot land will eqnalh appl \ to the building ot cott igcs All w ould be on the simc plan , \ " ] ule < = ome n > a \ co t £ 10 and others -t 20
llius , Soiuemi } cost tiO ^ hcicthovaio built At 1 cousidciali ' c d stance iiom nntei . ils , some maj I built for i 20 whuc mitenalsaie on the spot ' A pillion ot mj caie will be to look outfoi c-htcs so s ( u'tcd I ui in t mcc , Jn 0 . 1 c ot mj pioious lct-Ur ^ I mentioned a-i cst itc ot 113 aeics ' that wa <« lo be sold , Within Uent \ -r . ne miks of London , and within one of aiaiinaj s ation Since I wiotc that Itttei , a lncndof mine lias puichascd t ' nt estate ioi c \ actly £ 1 S 15 » an anc Thue a \ e two quauici upon it , and as wauy old iaim buildings as would build twel \ e cottages . 'Ihe . c' is one cottige on this faun fltfji a little patch of ] > nd toi which the tcni . it , n b ± S " vcu- lie 1 - net the twentieth p . iic of an icie . I In c been all o \ ei this estate twice . ' 1 ! . oi n
is not one acre of waste upon it . ¦ ¦ There ara now thirly-t \ yo acres Of > y heat , besides other , crops ' ; t \ m I have not seen as good wheat any where this yoar . I offered my friend £ 500 for his bargain , but he . wtiuld not accept it .. There arc , however , " as good fish in the sea as ever wore caught ; " and I mention this farm" to strengthen my assertion with" regai-d to the value of laud in the market . , I now return to the ' subject T left . Suppose that 2000 members have paid up £ 5000 ; and for facility of calculation I will take the even numbcr ' of fifty as the number of sharcliolders to be locatctlat a draft . Fifty allotments , at two acres each , would be ' ; 100 acres , which at £ 1 S las . an- acre wbiiUl , - COSt i
.. _ ' * o . ** r . VV ? y .- ? rv- » " < v » .,-v .. £ 1875 Fifty cottages , at £ 30 each 1500 Fifty occupants , ' at £ 15 each . -730 Cost of locating fifty occupants ................ J £ 4125 Thus tbc cost of locating each fifty occupants would be £ 412 l >; leaving £ S 75 of the paid-up capital in hand . The rent of fifty holdings , at £ 5 each , would be £ 250 , : :.. -. ' : " \ ¦[' . ' . ' ..... ' ' ¦ ¦ - . ¦ : The society- would sell the fifty allotments at a di sadvantage , ifsoldin a ycav $ and not to the best advantage if sold in two years i but if sold at the cud of three-years , the estate cansisting of fifty holdings weuld sell as high as' ; the ground rest of a thrivin "
baak i or as higfc . ' as a quit or crown rent ^ because at the end of the , three . ' . years ' , the land would be worth much move tfe&n double what it originally oest : ' . and instead of then selling for twenty years' purchase , it ¦ -. voald fetch caore than thirty years' purchase , Till ! price of land varies according to Hie SCClirity it presents to tbc purchaser . Thus , twenty > -cars" purchase would bo the price , of land whure it was let about ihc-value , ; that is , 5 per cent , for the purchase money ; twenty-five gears' purchase would bo the price of * crdinarily favourably Jet land , that was held at or about the lair value ; that is , i per cent , for the lmreliase lhoucy , ' thirty years' purchase would be givon « for laud where the tenant had citliei- a good . beuelioialinterest for ever ; or in case the farm would
let . y . t-Xhe expiration oi' his kaso to a good tenant fov . the 6 T , mc rent or spinetliing moi-ojUliafc is , 3 . 4 . per ct'nt . ^ pon-the fiiirchase money . Thirty-five and forty years' pureliitsc is not ' unfrequently given for lanu ' as thesafest investment , r-br instance-: if A owns land , in iecr iliai' isT ' if it is liLs ' . own ' fci * ever , worth ? ay £ li'O a year , for which 15 -only ' . " pays him £ 10 ir year for ever . Tiie security for the £ 10 is worth £ -10 G : s " year : ' and B , t ! .-e tonaKt , or any one else , will , give . A tliirty-flve or forty ' years' purchase , because it is ; thc vci-y best security in the world . " Pwcisely the aimc-as regards funded property .. Lenders take less thaivihoy will upon mortgage , because they can . exchange it or sell it more easily . Now , you must undcrstsnd all that : and I trust that those 'whnJmvo
never consuicred the land in a commercial point of viev . * vrill understand it als 3 . ; i go back again to whoro ' -I left o ( F . Suppose tlial fifty occupants have-been located-at ' a cost of . £ A 12 < j , and tlmt . they pay £ 250 a-year , ar . d that there is left in thesocioty ' s possession asuvpius of £ 87 o . Instead of seliiag the estate so let , and so certain to rise in value from the application of so much-labour , I , if i ^ ¦« as mir . f , and 1 Jiad embarked as an individual , in the speculation , would mertgage it for £ A 000 , instcail of-.-elling it for » -500 i ? ., or at Wcnty-. years' piirelisso . J v .-onU \ then r . tul &V 2 o of the . ST . rplnY ' Of £ 875 , to the £ 403 ? . borrowed on moiigairc , and locate '
tilty mow . Ming , this illustration applies to ' any otlicr number as well as fifty . ; and as I find " that the £ 875 of an original surplus makes seven times £ 125 , tliesmn tlict we should add-tc encli £ 5 . 000 bovrov . 'cd to make ^ 125 , which each -fifty allotments i / ould cott-, it v . -iil bo seen -iiiat t- 'ic -ci . siit firet allotments nflght bo prefectod without the £ : ile of any of the land , '• v 3 :: le the sosioty wou ! S stand tli us : — iSO-oecupaiik -paying .- £ -5 per annum each ... £ 2 ; 00 i ) MoMgages oiiiihe allotments ...................... 28 , 000 As I am determined tint this letter , wliielihas cost me no lit Me time or calculation , shall ' remain asia honofdj . tlic digafleclcd te pick ' -if they can , I shall riddicthc wliolsrsubjoct wMle I am . upon it . Lnt 1110 nov .- pre » atsictlial ci . u ht drafts , at fiftv each draft , liavo
been losfticil ! u t ;« i renvs . That is , that the society lias bosghS S 00 acres , l « i i ! t iOG eotf ages , and given £ 13 to each . 0 ? 400 occupants ; iliRi £ 28 , 000 liasbceu borrowcii on -isortgage at foarpcr cent ., the interest 0 : 1 whichwoinduo £ i 120 a-year . Theventof-iGO holdiiw « r . t £ 5 cac ! 1 ., would be £ 2000 R-ye&v , leaving an aunua ! profit in favour of the society of £ 330 per annum . And now what I do assert is tliis , and I will abide by Use decision or" any twelve men of ' common sense . 1 do assert , tliafwhcrc ' as O . c fivst allotment , ; if sokl at oivjc , would bbdea' : iitlwei : t , vyeaw ' " piirchaso ' , or £ 5000 , though it would fetcli it , that at the end of the first two veal's it wo : ik 3 ietfihttiirly-. veai's purchase , or ; £ 7500 so thai at tiie end I will say cf four years ll ]) 0 ll that amount of y . ui'unasc nloae the society would slant ! thus : —
Original c-apit-al paid up S . 5 , 000 Borro ' -ved on mortgage 23 , 000 Total ... £ -33 , 000 Salft cf ci ^ iit estates , consisting of 50 allotment * each , at CO years' purchaec of £ 2 , 000 aye .-u' £ 00 , 000 Leaving ii . balance of £ 27 , 000 in the hands of the society , after paying off the £ 5 , 000 original capital , and the £ 2 S , 000 borrowed money . This calculation presumes that all the allotments would have been tenanted for the requisite period of two years , which , though not exactly the case , fnmishcs . a fair illustrr .-tioa ; as some would bo more and some less ; white what had . been done to the most improved would ba ample guide for a purchaser of what would be done to
tiie remainder . Now , this sitm appears large ; but in accounting for it I am going to solve the riddk u'bicli no one else will solve fov you . You yourselves are ioo ' apt to be struck with wonder at the amount ofpo . ^ eryou posse . « 3 in your united -strength . Nov . ' , pr . iy . ol . sei'vc this iact ; and , if yon treat nil the vest of my letter lightly , read the following with attention . " I have estimated the increased value given to the land'by th * J expenditure of-100 men ' s labour upon it for four years-,, at £ 27 , 000 . Tliis is what is called the improved value Well ,. if 400 men work at one shilling per day each ,- for die week , they will earn £ 20 ; if they work for 3 ^ 0 dajs in the year , they will earn : £ G 00 ; and if they work st the same rate for four years ) they will earn £ 2 ^ 000 . Jfow I will solve tiie riildle further , by seeing if tfis plavc-offnei' 3 would
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; : . MOliLT-MAGUlttli " --: ¦ ¦ ¦'¦ ' ' m ' :: U , ¦ '¦ ¦ " . ' : ^ ; MR . FARGUS ; Q'CONNOR , ESQ . _ Rksi-uctki ) , Sik-, —1 give you umit tlianks («• -AuU ting mv letter to my children " in your ¦ paper A . snoeinakci ' or the name of Lwc ' suppress tlio name I takes a Aortki- ; . «<»•; ami we meet by-niglits , when it amves 10 read it , Tlic reason tor mv wrttinmZ i * ' ^ J- . , ^ is , that you will yublisli n , 1 Tc , f - ^} 111 Si (! . Irt -V ( jllilllrei 1 ' . ^ -w , Sif ° Pfties hero that Ithouglit would Fu vi T , f \ % I " n l : b ( W ^ r P « ts ^ thc saddle on ml ^\ Sh ? ¦ % i ?»^« i -frbra niy luttevyou 7-JS li IV UKlth fT » P of lin-hmd willsectlnU v " , 1 l ! Jr , 2 Clthei > at ll 0 liie Ol > illjll 01 lt | . l >» fc Hie Protestant and Uoman tyrants in Irehind that oppress us : for , honoured sir , where they have power , vTr < ^ vv - "" , , t 0 ciloose betwcen them ; only the JittfeGatkotattrti twtt . nshcthinks , notbeingaPro-
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tcstant , will make ( lie pooi of his pci fl , ision wi „„ * iUih » tieatuent without < U coinpl in ^ y Km " su ,-l am oiu Uhcl stoio ind t « n , lind I , " „ 3 " WhSftj-i ^ ' mmi * ' " "ft White Loj 6 ot 2 J , ttueiMom honnni w s tlu-onl \ man m the wi . ole tountv ot 0 « , h lt \ ,, ? f the people dttht u-k ol , « . h £ L oli ^ u to youwmc oW , oa to ih ^ / own » t th [¦ SffsiiiES SS ^' it " : ulJVdt tI 0 Ublt > ° / no m > oic atintscnr , butsobscum lv { UaiWo md lOopecHul s ., 1 ur JiOii \ Mvcuiii " ^' -nSliTru ronutcuiiu ' ^ tk
PioS f A " ^ '" - L ( " 1 ••«• » l > lt ' "I tl ' ( iltiGtn ' y » P « tl > u ilm ,. Mid » htojinnwni' 1 l " io " e t T ''"\ i ' s " ¦ lIlL k f «"« . a" 2 ' mJ « -l > nohce * ltsnu ' '"^" tn lin ^ du . its . » ti . scmliiioK ii , ' * moug \ on tolmtth .. i \ oi « I ' . itj butclu d Ins .. fJlt P ciccil ) 1 ( - h ^ ' » . mntn inJ mui it L illi - JS < imlwm . i tmtuulbj then 0111 ? > n > , bm 1 1 JonUotthchiu , imli thtscirlir cnhucwih ; ' - tiled , it tuu shou uvu \ n t j lwuL 111 ,, A . cntlenien , m . d . skf d loi thu-n to -, ¦ > 0 ( t tl ups ^ hi a 'im ^ t th it pup -lm -i , l tu iu the i o \ n ( lt > i ,-, 1 * i , tiitnuli ul —?/ ol { mi t ( v Wl ,, / caalwvs •« nS ^ Wu '' 0 it oi 11 htn , iilw . nsiOjiiomooi 'ho now oi w b ' n « ile ot sticks , arnlswi ^ 1 c-ani 1 ' Do not 1 . 0 u tlnci ., 01 Joins , a j . ivHiidt , but . \ lii '« . J t ' lhoi ' lot bubuictli . u . l j . uhnynviil iun ouor tl-o
. ues . mg > , . police will -. br . i -. be- t-lwni' with '• 'overirnient ' mouev . ' Uhattnoy « -ill . , ) . oj . s _ tiiev ' . Ji K et some one to t-ct ' .-i row oj you Iwf jlysi'incd toineot in some -lonely imiec . ; ami uiuy li-ii Ave notiecs ' -v / fittou themselves to s- ' iowj-iiat the in . eoti « g wis ¦ ¦ planned bv vour . motlicr ; ? o cunt Jb will ' ¦ ail'ljo put-dawn to me am ! uiv elirkl . vn : iM ji tucn n » y 'children'tliat is isnprantol ' tJ iu trick win . to i ,- . riijht-encd , - . bc 8 ausc } iiey will not 'have any morc cr . ntktoitce in uliciv wiso yarunt who ueverWii uimn 1 -nto flny lnisehicf . Sotlnifc what you ' ll do is inis ^ :, jevei ' -meot but when -I call you toytther , ami tl 0 'l t wind what othcru say to you - * for . you- know' t ! i « P u' « ' c wiinuivc no more " pay or blooctriiouey when tl > county is quiot < and therefore tlwy'il k ' cop ii " tvirbi'i ! if Ihcv ciw . - ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ * .
My-cmldrcii : they cail-us imirdutc-re arid butchers : it ' iseo'the way wc-ui-e h-oatetl . Look first fit RatUiWinac , whoro ovtr- lliii'ty poor - O : v . tin . lics were ! uferemnh ' . butetecil . Uy Aruhdi'scon llidciy M ,- ! J « r C oflis , and Gfip . tmn Bnglny : and -wliuit a verdict of " wilfsd uunler" was returned- hafurc tltu four covouei-s of the county , In- tho whole ' twciity-tlirceijuroi's unanimously , see how an Orange Cxi'mitl Jm * , ' without iliearing any icitncsucs , -viiiuiw- ovr Tint r . iu . ! Surely the case called . for trial ,-at any rale ; biit there was w trial ! and the uiunlei'oi's ' ai'c still « t iargc , wa-lklug-about and liviujvon you , upai titlu-s iiml lialt-riiiy .. One of the murderers mm * Ke 5 «« Wu
jiivlivdb ji lord'Ikerliuum , tfo : ' iuiU sheriff , to icon the Grand Jury , tkat wns to try I 6 m $ i < lf ! ' My cUildr en , isn ' t ( hat enough to makeouVb l > loo " d boil f llcmenii « a , too , that our fricndsin . J ^ arliameiit -have-. ' never yet asked fov satistVi ' ction -for-the innocent ' mood Ui . it was shed at Ratlicormac . And tlum look at tiie siauglitcring-at BaHiiiluisshrtuo other day- ! Ss ; e tlmt the oi'dei'ly-G ? Mr .. Ko \ ly , - -tho head Kiu , i : " n , . 1 policeman , was allowed to ykitjidaicc . Hu naiuo is Uiclinul lILckuian . Tiw .. police were all iiuquiUcd ¦! Shooting a .- ^ oGc innocuut- ^ ci ' . imi ami six or sjven idaoeent moa , ami wounding more , is " justU'iAiiu komicide" in Ireland , when-the poor sui ' i ' m : butwiiBS
t . men-mas sm'FBiis , -then it is " . A J'OLiL MUUSOi ; II ! " and " a diirk staii : en , iio whole nation !" You see , my ciiikheu , bow a respectable gentlejtinu conlriwlictcd all thafcthe poliup swans to about 'I ' oin Sleele whon'horwas in the voiiu ' iy hera ; ami ilmt will . si ; o \ vyon tiuittiiu ptiiit :: wiif sivciir auvthirig .: ami sure it ' s Yoi-that titey arc paiiL Theii , my children , seo , how Mr . Uaptli ' s Ucuiiicr and " Jiis wife implored him to give 11 p his oomiiiksion : ; ., i ! i ( l -in-ii ueeiui . se they Icnew tii .-it his ' tyrannical a-jts ha
tor reaves ) . ; anil wlicn -they look to the law they are-, only "ilisjilted , by verdicts " of "jusiijii 6 k homicide . ' . If the uro - . vn is forced lo piweeiite , an EnflNi Ordwa soUcilor , pad Viy fee' Goymiv . wv . t . , v : \ U . uslu : eai ' o ttj _ give : the accused ( iiiOraiigeJui'v , nsni so hi dim oft . What , then , are we to do ? Lot auv one rcii'dtlio account given hy tiic Devon eominissmii of our great lmrdships , ;; ind . as ! -: lihnscli' wli « is steps ouiiu ! ei-3 have tii ! : en to i-emuUy t-Sicni ; anii ii ' lher havo tllien )! O «(! . WOll !!! St uitliovbuav th « i ; , or remeiiv t- ' rcni-oun-iclvc-s : ami how an iwio- ' - rcmxltt them except by ourSoivui ? . ¦ ¦ '
My children , you Item every , iky of war with En" - liiml . Sometimes aboub n drtinljcn JiUle queen , thov call Poinei-o ) -, Uviuj , ' 'thirty-thousand miles- off ; and annaa otthe name of pL-itcliiii-d , and this drunken woman was near having nil Europe at war : and if our iliig , —that is , tiic £ ng&h / % , -ijs insulted wo . must go to war : but if the whole population of Ireland is suffering groat . want and privation , such as ro other eonntry . ovei ' . suiierod , we must remain fit ( ieace andbook to the law when we ' are arc butchered , and men-Miffer on . One party tells us we ¦ ought to bis quiet and happy , because wo-are not taied ; au ; l anotlier . party tuxes us ; that we may got ouvpiirliameiit-baek ; and-tells us that it is -the . Saxons that oppresa tis . j \ ly -children ,- wo are taxed ; ami it is not the Saxon . that taxes or that oppresses . The i . iA-vi ) is wiiat v .- e > va . \ i ai a fair roiio ; aud wo aslc
lio more : And ia not tho Catiidle landlord mA tiw Uatholie midillp . man , as bi ' , and a bisger , tvrant and oppuessor than . ilioTrotostaut ? And ' wliy ' is ho to be exeasm ' i ? oniy b : e ; uisf : tie - ;; ivo . -i ii pound * lo tb itcpual rent out of the & 100 ' tliat ' lie tlraus IVom you Wo iiro taxed bye-iuse uur moiubei's of J ' avii . imcnr . give the-Government tlwir support upon condition of treating m as they , please ; mid-tlw shoneeir , thut rofciu'ii them get protection from tho memiieiw . J'f Ireland , was at war , duv membors woalil not vote lor tho money to carrv it on . unless they got iobbin <>' . < uu ! picking at homo out of us : for there is ' Moih . in .-to « e- ( iceciHl but the poor IvLs-i ' Lambj . Yes , my chiU dren ; lct ; biul men c / ill you wl : at they may , ' I ' onJv ask any just man--of common sense to refd Lori ! Devon's report , and call you other tiuii Lambs if lie can . ¦
'My cliililrcn : If ' they give us a cominissimi to hi ' qmroiut-o all the murders'tli : it thov call ' " wun-Aiii . E homicides , - " . iiii ! the jiuZifabU himiitides t . iut lllli-i en'L . "mim ' ievs , " 1 will unloitako 10 prove tllilfc tlic pooplo have been iulsuumnly butuhV-rcd , while . a } law has ' been violatvd by thi » u who have unhappily iallon victims to that ' veiisjoiince - . vliiuh the uw ilenic ; i to the opposed . . Mv ciiiidrcu : Is it ml murder wneii the rent is paid up , and more tlian paid up , to dvv' j a whole innocau and industrious famiuj from ilitir novel to peiush nv i-hk koao siu ; : ? ' Is it wbmnnkr to . shoot the widow ' s son , heronly prou in old age , coming out of hia widowed motor ' s door , ' bsfjtuso he refusui to pny titiie . 5 ? , Is it mi murder U siKJotpoorJolui'um llollimd , at Ballinluw-ig , the innocent young-wiib of .-m Jionost Irish labourer ? M \'
my cliildreu ; if the gravt could speak , the victims or DOMKSTic nuTCrtEitv would far outnumber those of bason . mhnOc ! Iiat then onrc-. vn burden . u Immc jutisfc be made more easy to bear , by koenin . ' oi > - tiiougiit 3 always upon those aiar olf , Vt c t ; an , l ' ) ' v tlu iiniiiu ai oui- own powers , dv soaicthia'i for our .-ciu . 's <' -t hQiiu : but we are weak und powerlci a-aiust tho « i ; liarcies t-uat are in Kimhind . My ehiidrcii : listen i ' tne pr . rcutal advise of your Lbiid awi iv-od pltVenV . lie not too fond of taking away life ; and , above up t ! u ! i : - . s , iiljstam [ rum exciting drinks ; , 'w ouu drunke'i man , may , m his nuidness , commit uur whole fomilv il-. iUi ii . j isijereoiiree with the Jmi-IUU ¦ ord-lieutoinuil nimliH pwuige eouvicil ' s " protective foree . " Tiiev are seat ( W to butcher you in cold . blood , or u . Jtiuiif you -by straLairem . and false swsarinn- : t . i ierclore , my children , avoid ikm ! Wluwvur ot mv ciHlilvousUaU-b sse . n toiivproir . jr ' wltii tiu-m , or o ; with theui
company , I xvill disinherit lbniver , as liiov are degenerate and cannot lore their coiuitvy or their eoimtry ' somise . Mye ! iikU-cn ,. lovojustice : ind fcnviiot : LMteoppressioii , and swear one tii another that you wv . not louder hear it , either "from tho "fon-igii ibJ or tliu domestic tyrant . Ue united ; b : "firm ; ho " cautious , my , ehiltlrcn ; and when you have iriiimolicd , - those who now mock you will s : iy , that hard Devon ha : ; reused a spirit iu oiir breasts that makes us . blush-for what we havo . too tamely borne . Tiie world has been told that wo live worse thim English beasts ; andtlmu ti / ij endure imealiom that no other people upon the face of' ihi earth eov . ld ai'lure ! O , my eliiidreu , shall wv l > c tlius branded sis willing slaves by those who live upon our sweat , and : prosper by our ' disunion ? No , my children ! Tiiy GotL of iXaturo and of -Justice cries aloud agahut . 0111 ; opjire . * sor . s ; iio is our : G \ nl We are - . " -the people of his pasture , and tho sheep t ; l his fold . " My children : we niiiifhuvo the land f ' o ;
tlic value , ami pay no titU-a . My children : ii ' an bquws' j is hold upon . it-landlord or liiagistrnte who have oppressed the poor , there is great- , weeping , and wailing , and pomp and ceremony ; and always a verdict oi ' '" ,- \ viu > 'ijL .: Mi riU ) Hi (;" ¦ and . more police to gusi'd their brethren :.. but . if scores of poor men are butchered , policemen are examined and a verdict of . ' . ' justifiable homicide" is returned ! and no sorrow over luy murdered chiidi-en , although the parsous , tell us that " al ' i men arc equal in tlic sight of God . " My / children : if wo have been made worse than brute beasts by ' conquest , ' we must gain our freedom by tiie stime
Untitled Article
TRANCV Tut LWi' Vtiocitv is Atutct— Ul nd In tllB " 111 pipu ot Tutadn , tha i' « . i mus ' i . vl of l ' im l , \ ( ' iiko , tho Oo \ einu Ui 1 u "I usicra , m lint , Luge . md , who phiiutil imluu j i Jima-. 11101 Ul atiotit \ ot the Diln i " 001 Moiel I'uis * iu wis onl \ tno « . tolui or the , m l cii , . ucu—a |> ooi lun ^ min wl 0 woulu Ii l bi n I An 01 ''hot Iji didobuliuicc ot oulus 'IKl > i > -t ' 1 iiou uepti «« t tlivough in \ oi tliost Cievict' wl UeinqiHsilnt piess is aei odliiiu , ; loi C ^ I " 'i to spy liioii ' h No , it 1 wuttcn , i \ o \ ul , , t ' timed iptnh b \ tho genius who uUkd 1 iit ^ ci't . 011 to he lit 01 w 11 'llcothtnl UomU 1 ) ' ¦ - « ma ' o ij ; nitwit , dctcndiug U \ c to \ ^ ^ w \ \\ ' c t \ NC \ n . ^ 1 JJ llii 1 nto m o \ cii Hi the I ) i r up \ MiiS I it ^ UO nicii woniti' ind chiUhon i 1 \ 'Uuios ,
uiouuiul iw n then lWii piue n' ttitc- th it Mnihil Bnaciud , loicstiin . llu i ' i _ , lit < t tht tuba into t ' ltn c . t \ t- > oidued Colt it 1 I'll u totloct-1 tls wh . it he did 'I ne I' 11 | 1 ^ 1 \ 11 it . tho mitlt Iu bei . n wntttn b U . tuui mist ' , tho 0 nui in es ul ( ho ot opi VI Lin l i .-a , . uid C lnhtM tllL . VH . 1 U 0 I 1 ' alll it II Sib UiJ Of M 11 lul I ' ujjC 1 ui toi ti luii . Mb mi , < i | 3 a tt \ t 'uttti , ' is hrld n l to bi e ^ ilisntiV i » y > 0 wotd— "m uU—\ O > itii 0 ^ . iMo 11 ( v \ kiiUiir Ihiouu i \\ 1 -ii 11 Lu e iiu » in , " \ thiijt toin-U 1 L 1 I'C •» 'till I lIlOl Ol t ' n , ! 'l « ( 1 < I" ll ( ivllO h'nsnonin ' ni « . in \ , mI , 1 U , « h tlo tntire ot tl 111 ir't at > 01 tut lum l . \ o U tu tit' sltcct w a—me 1 \ oniLii ind tin d . ^ n—butt 1 'ud Ia the iitihif-j o ) lh 11 11 tin tJ ., 111 Jti ' iii m ' lcrs Hit ^ ocoI ' lciio 1 o thi-s icit in ' 1 1 n ' t i < . M . ulta 'urn no I ' oabt 'his new i' OLitv '"
Si'viN 1111 Vm ^ — \ docutio ik « t \ t 01 i'liiitmt , oolis ' e ti ul In jun it t ' u 11 ( i c * ill- > 10 m-U l « l b \ CiltplCS ' tilL I Mill I j •« I .. IllSt iSLi ' iinitii iiic { in si " now - " iu l t aider ihh ' miJ Ha-mM to ^ niu i ! ui o ii < v . « i pitch , uctntd it P 11 dti < i ' 1 ' M 1 > i it aural Mini > * n _ it I ul t 1 , iw n r •> « . CJinplctc dispersion of the insui'gi . 'nis lurar Torsi , iii ' i ' .-i' an iumr ' a fightinjf . A second jjiitlioriii ! , * , liear t ' orvrra , has been eqiiiilly disjicr .-ed , and tiio submission wis « wcwl . SWITZERLAND . \
The T ) ii : t . —Duriii" thosiiiin . ; ot ' tho 17 th tho llelvcUis Diet disctissutl lite (| iu :. * iion n : i ; Hive Iv tilt , revision of- the federal compact . A niajoiity ' of eight Rjiiiiust tho-expediency of iHscii-witm faur . ed . it t ^ i be jiut oi ? till nest . year . Tho prinijiple of a total revision of the compact had , ilieivfofv , oniy gaii ' icd tho cmiuurrcncc of the five most r . itiic : il ikiHohs : — Ijerno , Argoviii , iJasle ( couutry ) , Cilaris , and Vaud . ; CA ' l'E OF GOOD HOI'E . An arrival from the Cape 0 ? Good Iltipc , bringing tiie dales down to the " tthor ' . vLuy ,-readied London , mi Monday moniiiu ; , I » y l . iii . i coiivcyani't ; thui-u iiro atwiuvns from Natal , which art utit very lavtmi'sibto . The -Hwt'i's appear , to be greatly'di .- 'satisliiid sit tho delay that has tak ' ni plsii'e . in- ' siir . iiiiiiiijr . ! lu ? land eiaiiiis , ( vliieli . !>¦ , l-. eepiii !; ut > si di'ifivc of
uncertainty respcctiii" uitiinate owiijiatioii , hst-s muck retitrded iiuprovoiin . ' sit . In the lm-antiim * , the rc-- tr .-iint wiiich has been imposed ' upon liit * iJoi-rs has yiven {' oniidence to the aboriginal tnbca in tiio vicinity , who are now , in eonsi .-quciu'e , throaicuing serious' iiggcessiuns , and rendfring the situation of Uu > . frontier farms insecure nnd ' . lanwrous . In illustrillion of this state of tiling we givu the following extrat't from a-papcr published in the colony , osiiled ( lie Nuhdkr : — " The Ksifirs are intruding , Uiough uiiobsnrved , ami' Isirso numbers sire iilreadyiisisUiiiblcd . attlie Uuifiomas , liuvu . Xat . 'il , Uingcni , Tafeikopiwii , Maritzburg , Tugdu , Mooi River , stud Hi s ' giir ' s Mountain . TU « y have i \ s yet cimmuilud no muvdcv « , but those iiihiibitiintswhi ) livcsnmt'wiiatsL' sitU'ivtl iv . ipcar
uiiwihitijr to ; r . v : i : t t ' . iis occnriw . ce ; they lisivi : jWltl a tun sad oxpe- 'ioneu of that { iconic , ni-.-. l thuy ' imw v rep .-ire tiiemseive . s lor a iiiovcmui ' it wiiich will more closely risjinbli ! a total abanrionincntoi ' tiie country tiuin any other event since t ! m lirst scltlcmvnt wftite eiui « rai : ts . Tho wholo neighbourhod oftheUmcomas wiii i . 10 itbitiidmied ; the liall" of the people at Mooi River are about to depart ; am ! swiivo ' tivkkitig " 'propiiratiuns sire being msule from t ! : e . Tiushinun ' s Hivcr to i . ue Tugcln , so tl . nt v ,-H- ! i : u two or three mmsths Welemvimlxbuv !; will pru ' . w ' oty be the only iiihaitited-placc . Kverywhciv fanes sire already teen abandoned ; buildings and plantations roturniug to their natural stateV and if our jfiivernmeiit should slumber a fuw months lonjw , it vviH liiul lit ) iona
HUH ocmpkd Jaiuis fit a !! . It would i .-o icifair to : t « crt that tliis rewoval is snlely attri ' . iiiiiib ' iutoaspintof robellioii against the British government . We know very many , whom we coiihfnamo , who had 'irmly resolved not to leave their dwellings , slumW it lie at all practicable to stop without any serious wierHicL's , ; imt wliat do they now say ? Tuo *; who had no oeeupied places say , ' iirst of sill v . v could not occupy mu places on account of the disturbed state- of the ; : ountry —iiHi ! were oMigctl , ' or tlic purpose ofnuitual pvoicctioii . tu livo in eonipRnios on tiio oefiuiviod r > laccs , until wo ' should evontiKilly be enabled to tako possc-isioivof our own laiitls ; " ' t . ln » prdelamatiou k the governor deprivw us ul ' si !! laim to ; miy lands ; we now wait from tluy lo dnv , tr ain monlli to month , a : iu iroin-year tu year , and ciinuot lesini whether anytlnng ac all will be ao .-edc . l to us : in the me .-iiuimo
wo iiroJ cftdestituloofallaceronmtidatioii Hnfi business , stiid will shortly become bankrupt ; we it re oiilv kept 111 -livuliny strings , and will evralisaliv lind ourselvc 3 ( iecc . vud ; : t 13 butter to be reliovw ! from that susuensio at once , to renounce sill hope , am ! to sock an asvlum elsewhere , where wo may at least-ht more secure . ' J hose having oKcupiwl hin < is , say , we dare- not make - ¦ m y improvements on our own places ; we do not know wnether the terms isnou which v . v will eventuaily obtain - the smno wiii be ac .- cphibk-: whether tlio extent of hind allotted to ea :- ! i p ! a . \ : will be con-Ristcnt ; whether we shall havo to live intrvmixod witn thivJv .-iiji-s ' oi'jiot-, and when osu- neigliliotus leave , wu iv 11 . 1 besides I . e too much exposed on ouv iiist ; mt larnw , and may be suddenly attacked by small and t . retlatory bands smd butchered , whilst our nearest neighbours will not learn tlio fact More tho lapse ot some days ; wo aro Therefore conmellcd fcu leave . ' "
^ INDIA AND CFIIXA-OVEllLA . ND MAIL . The tisiuil listvaouliHary Express , in anticipation of tiiu Overland Mai ) IVom India , roaulsed Lonitrm at an > -arly . hour on Tuesday inoniini ; , with lutviccs iVom Oa . cuttaof . June ; 3 rd ; IVom j : ! om ! j ; iy ( via i \ t : u ! m-j ) of t . w same ( into ; ami ! io ; n China of " ihc 12 th April , xiio lmws brouglit by this c ; nvvoyiiiici « k of winpaiMtively little political iuiportam-f ; whilst liie only local event , of interest is tlio psi .-isiny of the new Tariff Act . { . tumours wore cui're . it of uTcpavations for the ronewai of hostiiiiics in tho l- ' cro / . eriorii'dUiricts sit no reni'itu rieviiid ; but there appears t- > bt > but jittie i » rob-ibility that titey wil ; iiayo Ooeu m > et . iod . in Lithoro no pretext iiad _ : tri .-en for iVesij tlis .-e ; i-.: <> uj . The uancu had been ! iuitu : oti to withdraw ' aw p .-itfuna'rc fiviia Uiio'jjiib Jiii ; : ; ii , wiio h : d , it wii ! bo v ^ n ,-1 » : cnul , been pt'uuiiswi tho »' vir / ., ; i ; i ' sl ! i ; i i and had appointed ¦ -- - ¦
I J I * * ' ' "I'l'VIHlUU her brother Jo- ' . vaiiir Singh to-thai- oiiiec . " ! . ! e 1 ms 'JSeu . deinuledoi'iiUtMsii . aiid issii . livsrty to retire againfca the hills ; an alternative of w :: ' idi he will jiroijitUy avail himsolt ' , if tho iv .--ull of iii « inn ; sacri-Ii-L'cs siiall iiave proyijd rniclfr .-ttoly iiisiructivo . : > 'I eaiiwhiJe the fmwtionary b y wliom iiv * has bt-eii sujiplanted is 110 s ¦ without J » h ii .-pivht'Sixf-mi . From Aliijlianisiiiii wo luaru tint \) , ni -YiyJaiiiciv- ! j-as rujinfiuish-jd , for tiiunioineht , l ; : sil-jfiii !; . ; . s on i- c ; -ii ;! wur . i'ht-re has bye .- ! . ¦ ifoimtcr-ri . 'vohitiiiirin . Xcji . 'iiil , wliicli wss _ DD £ ; nii by tiie awaisination of the eh-. iV , w ! io lisul ; iuvj . st : d . t . ! moid Kiir , - ' s abdication , iii liis ' ureaenco . iJopnvetl of this powerful and infiutii i . iai .-Kivisyr , the yoiinstusiirpuf was ii'iwd to yii-kl the inuMmil to his ! : itlio ! -, jiiiil _ im ; i'if . . i ! V ; iirs hive ; ieew .. ! i ! i ! : r : rcvt'iii . * ll to thu hosititiii in whk-ii thf . v wti-c bctiir ' Xhf lUtll DccoKibev ast .
_ J ;; toM Uiii . xA wo have some tew iic-m- - of import ant ; inteiligyiici . Aii wliack lm > k > enn ; uJo ii : thy ' strw-w ot Unton . by abai ! yofC ! ii : > i . v . ' . up ; . !! ( i u U < m Mr iMo !! t-gonH ' . ry Mail in , Mr . Jackson , tiie vko consul , and the Rev . Mi : Siaiitoi ' , the colonial . . ha-. lain . I . ie seutlumou wiri-e u -mi \ ilvai ; r ..- ;! t-ivruui , n ' lj . i ii IS a ; ud that Governor Davis ! . «» ; t . | ci ; -f . s . v- ( . ! a si ,-of , < r l't'inonsimnea to tho " provincial authorities" on the sutijecfc . An ( . 'XtiMordiiinry iransat-tiois ! .:: s oi-currtd at Shanghai , wisure u Ku :-oiie : m r-jsitlunT-, v . litiming uio api / cliatiou of a " Britidi luuvciiK ' nt , " if . lvported to-have built n , lor > wj , or bout , of six ! v or . * evonty tons himien , for th « purpose of Icvyiin ; a kind of "black mail" from tl ; C iiativcsminn ;! iii ' i > o : ! tsbriii < r - ms opium up the river . This vessel was intrusted to tlic management of si Chinaman niimed F . nvi | ii : v , torincwy a'Canttiiisbroil ";' , but , tho MaiKi . M-ins , liaviii " discovered llieseiieme , arrasted'tliis iinlividiui ! , siud put lum to tiie torture , when lie denounced ab . ut ltlO
person ? as his awomplices I Alter liavim ; bt \ -n ,-ubjectwl to miel torture lor about a wee ! , - , ho was bchcadctl , and a- ' . out twenty of his' coiiiwierr . lcs , who 1 J . K 1 S been seized , underwent a similar punisiiment . Ihogrfiitest-possible excitement , as may Lo believed , wao occasioned , ' and in the midst ' of it tht : JhUish uiew / iaHj—thf . otmso 01 ' all this cviidty aiui bloadsiititl —witliilrow trviii Shanghai . Such is the story its given 111 tne ChimMcdl . - Koioongsoo lias been evacuated , and il , is said that some ^ iktiirbancis took pl . - . fo at Amoy 6 if'fhc oct-asion of tlio departure of the bricish troops , thoiyli choir exsict naturo is ' unknown , i- i'oin Singapore news has arrived of the total loss of tiie barque . . . Columbian , of Liverpool , Captain Wakein , by striking on asmikt-n ro ' cJi . hi the Uaspsir Straits . 1 no crew , and passwigcr . ? reaoiiud . Singapore in safety 111 the boats . The pstsseimcrs sentsi letter of thanks to the captain for his good couduct ' oiv ' tlic occasion .
The Ltxdt'"
THE lTxdT '"
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be sitiJidd ^ jvith . 1 less p . otit horn t ' losinie amount of hboui ' Svippo'C , then , that the iOO menwo . K , loin citli , foi t n mei's , h ' okling 100 < ci cs ot land 1 ask am man In ing it oath of those emptav 111 ^ toiu mti > would not ^ expect to make 111 the toai } ei ^ £ 210 piofit , orj £ i 5 1 ^ eai ot a man ' s woik' Now , Ikicm lies the diffeicnee AMien the piohlsupon ] iLom uc thus ( listublltfld imong 1 numboi of emplojci-b , t ' it labomei-, nciei can see then \ alue mdiMclua'h 01 collectnclv f und this is , whtfc tl ev wi'l lot tcich ^ ou I mike a « aMn » s' bnnlv ot the 1 md , m-d nil tne piofittl . it I lequnc ahj \ e lnny ib one shilling pei d . i ) , ' \ hile Ch ' mleis md tlic MnltUuM ms , till joutli , it ^ on viould savo moie th » n tintiivunt \ ii \ to tins eileuhtion the diikiencc between tlic \ iluoot hbour dbne ioi a sla \ t owull .. ml ltbou , done ioi one ^ clh . md thetiet thit c \ tiv mm wnl
ln \ osomc ot 1113 taimlj to he \ p hi 11 , ind wno will > -tj tint I Imc , o \ enated the mcuabcd \ il ic ol the soil 01 that I ha \ o not tuumpliautlj letutcd the ib uidnot > on or "iuluio " "O , but , " t > s bomt sige , " thej mi \ not impioAc tho 1 md " Then t ' ics tiMiiothavc % oil j , d ctcaloiu hoais a daj But 1 tontend tlufcithcy would woik like bh \ t until tnc \ hidmilfc th ^ hml'tlien o \ in " foi cva " lo finis 1 this b'ine ' ot mv « -ubj ct , I \\ o \ ' ts ^ i tint 11 k . i . t , labotti of time kiO men would bawotth rauUi mt le tlnn fi \ t ' . ' mill lgs a thy psi mm " id I mul / , Jlv that would bo just five times £ 24 , 000 ; ov ' onelmp xlred and . twenty thousandjwuncis . thus , is ; the riddle
or united labour solved for you . My imp rcssidii is that not one acre need be sold ; ¦ ami ¦ * Jiat- 'tlic ' process , of ibcatioii would riot bo retarded ; . that pur object shaukl bo to enable ^ the occupants ' o £ ' cacii division to become purchasers for ever of the ' » v respective aliutments ; and tUisl \>\ eitge . myself eacitcan do out of hissavings in less tharf live years . All this , however ,. is matter for future consideration . lean only say that -the more , 1 : ' . considerthe . subject tiie higher do my spivite vise t and if I had 100 , 000 men in" England associatcd'in . t-lvis Koly work of regeneration , I would , showv the landed sii'istoaracy , —whose '• ' i-ool lam" tlio power they , possessed when a people vrevD nnitetl . ' ; ¦ ¦ - > ^ -.-r . ; - ..... s :
My valued friends ,--1 have now written yon a lorn > letter . To thosc ' wlio shsill consider it . too long , a-p . ii they , are niany-4 heir , name is Logion-r-iet . ycur . i , r » j swer be , that hundreds andtliousaadaot' volti'j \ cs ' ltitvc been printed upon the commercial traffic of Miite of Exchange ,- insurance , ' . Shipping , 1 ' oHaies , and other subjccts . v all ami ovety one . inyolviftg tl \« fiestrucUon oi ' yotir rights ,- sM , the ,- . rights Of labr Air , to ; ustabVisli a commercial cede offtotiov . v-iortlic- govern-: ment . oi liecnsed thieves and plunderers ; a aid ' -that ? this one letter is tlio oaly ' trcttiap upon'tlic C (' murt 6 rcc of agricultiH'C that ever lias I iccrt written for . - ' thowdrkJ kg clsisses : To . yos I ¦ drdwate it . > ltcad it .-and ; judge of your power , nnd ' nteh for'ilic slsiver-j"itliafc you havo no Ions anS . ss . tr . intlv-borne . I trust , that
I . havo not been , 'ftii uupmfttaUo ' -spectyAovof the world ' s transactions . I ' aaTO resul . tff revolutions . ' p have seen one form of Govcrnmect substitutcJfor another form . T have sjen Governments ' -change , hands . I Iuive 8 oon ju . bilecs to oeimueniorato those chaiigas ; but I have r . r » t-saen one particle of benefit coi > forced by one , or sx ' . ' i . n ^ on tlicsc who aro-doomed ; to perpetual sla-very by their ovfr divisions . : 1 have taken part lii all the essiting .-tennoils for'the Istsj . twenty-one years : of icv life ; iihd I ¦ 'iiayo lonff since come to 'tke conclusion ¦ . ¦ . tfn&bpolitical . eijuality dm -only spring fro : ¦ a ^ o ' cia'r'kippincss . ¦ ' -That is , ' tliat ii suiivoioiit .. . . 11 araber of tko i ^ ufetion ot ; t country . must , be Gbgnisnrit ; ot " theirviudividiial value . before / they ;¦; -wiil / Struggle with 'life and limb fov poViticalvfr : eeitom . -. I ,- « , in awarei . ihat Uie
mere . kviwling ' sppHtit siaiij -who-bsllows uous 6 a 3 C about tjuj ; '' riglit ^ ' of inian' ' and " political equality , " will bvxivliiivc '' enthnsifts ' i icdisbiples : but they wiliaiways batosfew -to . itafeo ' .-tL ' ie-oppressor's'knueb'leo ' ut of-tbe cblhll * of- . tlio bppvoss cd . - 1 w , is ssotlcod by tJjoss wiio tk'serted . ti 3 -in 1808 y bccauso . I proinised ^ yoii the Charter witli ^ -ttieir aid . ; And ' ltdd Attwootlmid tho B ' iriniiighftin sliopoci 'ats lemained Taithful , we would havciiiid-it . fDhis C . liango , thank God ,: that cannot war , though ' 'they ¦ ¦ dread it ev-oa more than the Charter .: aiul -v ; ith . God s ¦ hlessiij . * , ' and your help , before I die 1 Svill see tiie knee ot ' . thc esipitaliEt bent sitthe-slirino . of Labour , . iustead-of seeing ike neck of labour lumibk-d before the shrine of capital . Yes , I trust to see the'day . " when , the most valuable of all . eoinuictlitios , Labour , shall ' be . estimated at its full
price by its owner ; and thenl shall have left the we rL-l , whendtlogOjiillcrthanlfoundit .. ' : < Everyour faithful friend , ' ¦ .: RiAIlOCsO'Co . N . VOn . r . S .-rlbcs . toeaUyour attention tc tho following coinmuiisnation foin pur friends in France , ' wJio appear determinedrto struggle on . iu . the good cause It Will do for " WlLLUJt WlSU-I-SUY . aBT-lT , " this rack . ¦ . ., . ' ; ;^; " ;;; . . ' ; ' . ; , ' " . ; . f . o'O . ifaiiovs' . Kxms Inn , lionsu . July 22 , 18 i 5 . of
Pear Siy , —J l' « ve luaiiy . tiiiios thou ^ fit answcrin-,- tiie lilthjr trasito :. 'the . pretjieiiunlloy . h \ \ but beiiiff sit a great distance , juid yostngo bcinj ; uxycusive , I liavc : n-. ulc ua my mmi to niiswer the-huagiy . growlers ' in t ! io goWen ' lan * - gimf ; . ! ( . { £ i 0 Vis . 8 J .- , thu value of a bill yuu will firul ciidoml , tlio . 'imimnt . of . eight . aUtwqa : mk ! cxpunst-s : nuild « s . in tlw-Bi > aco of oivi mouth- £ 3 ii 11 s . iiil . 1 Imva sent tayouiVom ' . thU plucc , Tu ansu ' er tu " \ Villi : im Wisii-I' nisij-fe' jst-it ; " I can only say that te hat > iol gol /»• . ' ?/ tliat 1 lrictuvt ? give lii » ' IVom ilouBiu t . ot the folluwiing iiioetim speak !' ur itselt ' :: —A ' public lauetin ^ was hold : it tliii Nuilors ' Arms If . n , on Sunday last , July 2 otli , at tUreo o ' clock I ' . jr ., when the largo room was . crowded to sttiweation ; Mr . John Gebiiei'tt , seu ., was called to the chair . He opened iUd " . biisiiiess . of . riio meeting'by introdinihiff flic district
sasratiii'v . " who ua'i conscittutt to dslircr a iffimre mi tiie a ll ¦ -iinpaitai « suljjwt of tlic Land .- Tiie . Iwiturw eom . . msnceuiij-KiUingarciiiid glaweo at the various sociBtics that Jiail b&eu . liiiying tor tliwr object tlie l-emoval ¦' of tho siiftia-iuifs aud ' j ) riv : ittoiis , of the working clas-ses . Most of thain , ! tu s : iid , ' ! iad lieon destroyc : ! for tile ivaat ti ' tuiit . y'jl' aciiun aud- ' ysfdcvfraucc ! amoiiij ' - tiicuvselves ; Iciiviiig tiie iirivilegud ami MipKiujjiU-ii to act , thiiik , an-i jtul i'is for them : but 1 » -tlianUea Goii that a . brighter-day iiad . iUiw-iic . t . 'I'lio iu-. iusu'ious ehwses and hunust uie " . ciiauics had found out tint if a nation was to lie t ' n-a , tliov themselves miist strike the blow . ¦ Tliu lect ' . ivsv theii hriefiy explained tiie six . jioints of the Charier , and coi !! - batcil . the intuiy tuul uiiyviiiciyle ! . ! eh : ivj-fei bi-oii ^ lit aijuisa fhu CiiiU'tist body . Jtuving uxjiiainctl what iiurseeuHou
lisiil-fuilcu to tiio lot ui : thus . > Ohavtistfl" wiw ! iad o ' udca . Vrturod . tojiu'iieiic the whole iiunr . m race , hu coiiintenccd tiie all iiHij . ii'tant . subject . oi' the land .- Tiie time had nov / arrived , J » s-said , whan-tins subject oi' tlioii- . iml was bi : ( iouisatt ; it : i > ' . iiil . ( jiiestip : i ; a ( lucstkm in ' . v ! iie ! i tiu inu . jarity of the tt-iirlchiK 'ices was talcing a X ' . -vv iiJ ' uuiiiieiifniid nnijyj'taiit pa ? t . -lie- was i » -oud to see ' so manj- of his ttonnttynHsn amibvQt-liDv ex ' ilei lueettiiij togctlfirrh . it duv t >{ f-vu their assistance to the niavo : iicut wiiich iiadi ' uv itobject the iocaliiij ; of ihc honest artisan ujion ihu s > y . l o ( his hativa laud . Many , were the objections brought against the ' scheme Jjy parties who seemed togli « y in tho distress atlx'udmy tile working " man . i [ u would sav " search the four gr . aiit Hooks , and they w-yiilil tht-.-u fi'iii that thuonly i ( : ialiiic : ! . t . ou iW : i livin-- was U tiiu sw « = it ot !
the , brow . " : ' " « . ieaturei- " tlicn . read iiiis ' Jaws of tli » Ohai-tist Co-oi'witiyu Laml Society , and cxplaiiicd tlwm as hu went alonj , ' . ' JlarB ' o . uttcd the ar . ; iniie : ns of the ent > . mie-i of tiie jilan ., Jfe read several ijitutaUoas from i ! i . >' JVbi-ticCi'ii Mm , and coiicliulv-d b y eallin- 011 the vneitin- ' togiveliw scheme tlicir . sei'iouis ' attention , and ioin iiio society ; iur every member would then be doiii-, ' h ' is sh-ir to bniijj tiie present state of destitution ' to an end . Gimlet them get ]> ossM 3 ion of tho land thev hiid been iijbbed of : uid t ! i « y wou . d soon find tliac BnglMi ' id wouid bo in reality w | i : uslte now is in . name- ' -: Great , Gtoriuus . iwtVFive !" Ihe work of cr . mlment then be , f ; in ; the result wili auijear by tie amount of cash vaeeived ,- After a vota of tlinulw to the lecturer and chairman , the jneatii ^ separat .-d at eight n clock , Iiiglily . deji litod . Several books were sold , and many promised to-become meinhai's .
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miana . That God iu . iv bless and pro nu-jou , my Jcar cbilihen , 111 all joui nghteous umUitaljng 8 , w the sincoio wi ^ hot Iqui ton 1 uod affectionate jMotlier , Moill i \ L \ i > L'lBBi
Jtowip Intrllisencfc
jTowip Intrllisencfc
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CnonLET . —A meeting will Ic hold on , Sunday afternoon , at two o ' clock , - at No . 9 , Princes-street ,- , to iornia brancli oftho Chartist Co-operative Laud Society . - .-. . " ' ..:-.... ^
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L NS " ^ lcofland £ 15 i JO ^ jm . NO . 402 . - 0 ND 0 ; ATURDAY , mr ^ li 45 : r ^^ t JW ^ T e ¦*!** / kf In * . J Pl" . l ! , l ... I I l > . ¦» m m . nm" l ^ l »* ' ^ fc ^—^¦^**" * ** " ^ ¦ ¦¦¦ ¦ ¦>¦! ¦ ' — ' * ' »¦—m— " —^ - TT | - | ~**~—~—*— —^— ., — ¦ 1 ||| ' I " ' " ' ^_
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_ „ . „ _ _ ju t ? rii'Jirrflov' iht AND NATIONAL 'TRADES ' ' JOURNAL .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 26, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1325/page/1/
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