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¦ KOl'AL ADELAIDE GALLERY.
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THE iNOKTHEliN STAR. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 1845.
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5i5£?E r J & Corrcswoiitontefc
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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HOVIIi ENTERTAIMIEST . 1 TJaOSPIIEKIC Sailnay d « Uj , with expltnatorj A lecture . The Sew Zealand Chiet Mie a Itange , will giv * * course of lector *! on the Manners and Customs of Hew Zealand , on the evenings of Monday , Tfrea . nesdar , aud Friday iiwt . ilr . Knssrll coniinucs to delrr « riii « un # qu « 31 » dlectures on Character , on Tuesday , Timrsda ^ , and S » tuHay evenings lectures on Science , &c , da : W , iiidndins Major Bemovrriti ' s Artificial Memory , Seal ' s fi ' otatoiy Steam Engine , Kollmau ' s locomotive Engine " for ascending inclines on Railways . Every evening a Grand Promenade Concert , supported Dj firstrate talent , both vocal and instrumental
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COLOSSEUM . T } ATKONISED ana risked by her Most Gracious -L MAJESTY and liis Hoyal Highness Princu tBEUT . OrEK DAILY from Ten tiU Six . Prooanced by the Press , and confirmed by every visitor cbe the most perfect triumph of Art in its various oraudies , both by Day and Xight , that has ever been achieved . Equal to six exhibitions . The Glyptotheca , containing works of the first artists ; Mout Blane and Mountain Torrents , Superb Conservatories , Gothic Ariary , Classic Ituins and Fountains , Panorama of Irfmdoii , re-paintcd by Mr . Parris , &c . Admittance , 8 s . Children , half-price . The Stalactite Caverns , the most magnificent of all the temples which nature has built for herself in the regions of night , ls . extra , EVENING EXHIBITION , Open from Eight till Eleven , consists of an entirely new panorama of London by night , erected in front of the aay picture , the largest in the world , comprising 40 , 000 square feet , projected and carried ont by Mr . AV . Brad well , and painted hj Mr . Danson and Mr . Telbin . The Caverns , Mont llknc , and Torrent iy night , the Glyptotheca and refreshment saloon , brilliantly illuminated , forming a promenade peifectly unique . The whole exhibition designed hy Mr . Bradtvell . Admission at the door os . each . Family tickets to admit four persons , at 4 s . each , to be had at the North lodge , Colosseum , from Ten to Six : and at all the principal iibrari-s and JIusiesellers .
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WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE . MICHAELMAS SESSIONS . NOTICE is hereby Given , that the Michaelmas General Quarter Sessions of th « Peacefor the "WestBiding Of the county of York , will be opened at ICJTARESBOROCGH , on Tuesday , the 14 th day of October next , at Ten o ' clock in the forenoon ; and by adjournment from thence will be holden at LEEDS , on Wednesday , the 15 th day of the same month of October , at Ten of the clock in the forenoon ; and also , uv further Adjournment from thence , will be holden atDOXCASTER , on Monday , the 20 th day of the same month of October , at half-past Ten of the clock iu the forenoon , when all Jurors , Suitors , Persons bound by Recognisance , and others having business at the said several Sessions , are required to attend the Court oa the several days , and at the several hours above mentioned . Solicitors are required to take Xotice , that the order of removal , copies of the notice of appeal , and examination of the pauper , are required to be filed with the Clerk Of the Peace on tlie entry of the appeal : And that no appeals against removal orders cau be heard unless the Chairman is also furnished by the appellants with a copy of the order of removal , of the notice of chargeability , of the examination of the pauper , and of the notice and grounds of appeal . C . H . ELSLEY , Clerk of tie Feace . Clerk of the Peace ' s Office , "VPakefield , 18 th Sept , 1 S 45 .
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Jest published , forty-eight pages , neatly printed , and sewn ia a wrapper , price 6 d ., RATIONALISM . —A Treatise for the Times ; respectfully addressed to the Communists of Great Britain . By G . Jacob IIoltoake . "The Rational System , in spite of all opposition , has been maldng its way ever since it was first started bv Xtuns 5 eau ana Trenca philosophy . " —Douglas JefflWs ShSUn g Itdgasine . London : Watson , 5 , Paul's-alley ; and all booksellers .
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PANRLIBAUON IRON WORKS . THE LARGEST STOCK IN EUROPE . —FURNISH I 3 TG IRONMONGERY , Stoves , Grates , Kitchen Banges , Fenders , Fire-irons , best Sheffield Plate , ornameotal Iron and Wire Work , Garden Engines , Hollers . &C , Japan Tea Trays . Baths , &c—PAXK 1 IBAK 0 N IKON WORKS , adjoining Madame Tussaud's , 58 , Baktrstreet , Portman-sqnare . 3 T . B . —Every article is marked in plain figures at the owest cash prices .
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ilARE ON SPINAL DISEASE . THIS day is published , pr ice 2 s . Gd ., CASES and OBSERVATIONS illustrative of the beneficial results which may ba obtained by close attention and perseverance in some of the most chronic and nupromising instances of spinal deformity ; mib . eighteen engravings ou wood . 3 y Samd £ L IIabe , M . R . C . S . London : John Churchill , Pr inces-street ; and may be 2 tad of all booksellers .
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TEETH . MASTICATION and Articulation Improved and Guaranteed . —Messrs . DAVIS , Surgeon-Dentists , 125 , Pall-mall , opposite the Haymarket , aud 1 , New Bridge-street , corner of Fleet-street , continue to supply teeth , guaranteed never to discolour , break , or decay , and fixed without springs or wires , without extracting the old stumps , or giving any pain . A single tooth , as . ; a set , £ 5 . loose teetli fastened . Scurry in the gums effectually cured . Stopping decayed teeth . Price 4 s ., Davis ' s Hermastican : all persons can nse it themselves , as fall directions are enclosed , and can be sent per oust .
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AMERICAN EMIGRATION OFFICE , 36 , Waterloo-road , Iaverpool THE Subscribers continue to despatch lirst-class Packets to KEW YORK , BOSTON , QUEBEC , MONTREAL , PHILADELPHIA , NEW ORLEANS , and BT . JOEX'S , 2 J . B . They are also Agents for the ] few line , of 2 few Tori JJackets , comprising tUe following magnificent ships : — Tons . To Sail . Sottisgdee 1150 6 th September . S . TVEBYOC * 3350 - Gth October . Who hare also , for Sew York . St Patrick 1150 tons . „ „ Republic 1100 „ m „ Empire 1200 „ „ „ Sheffield 1000 „ „ Boston ........ lama 1000 „ » Philadelphia Octavius 900 „ „ Sew Orleans . Geo . Stevens S 00 „ „ , Thos . H . Perkins ... 1000 „ tasstngers going to the Western States and Canada can know the actual outlay to reach any important point on the I ^ akes and Biters 1 > J obtaining one of Tapscottfs Etvugrant ' s Travelling Guides , which can be had by sending postage stamps for the same to George Rippard and Son , and William Tapscott , as above .
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INDEPENDENT ORDER OF UNITED BROTHERS ( LEICESTER UMTT ) . IMPOHTAST TO WORKING MES . SELF-KTEREST being the first law of nature ( and through life we fisd this the one grand ruling princi rie—neither is it wrong , if not carried out to an improper extent } , in these days of incertitude it behoves evprv man to have a thouglit for the future—to make some yrovfsioa for the time of sickness , want of employment , and such like contingencies to which man is liable . The various Eocietirs fermedfor this purpose are amongst the foremost , established by the philanthropist of eur day ; the greatest good has accrued from them ; but the most "*— js ominent stands the rarious Secret Orders ; tlie piinciple on ¦ whien they arts ~ bounu gives them a superiority above all other similar institutions . - Various are their i titles and significations , and various are the modes of carrying out their designs ; but perhaps there are none which shine so conspicuous or more beneficial tiiau the "INDEPENDENT ORDEli OP UJJITED HR 0 THEK 3 . " It is an institution that will be found to possess in every way equal , and in some respects superior , advantages to any other society of its class . Its laws being based upon the pure principles of Democracy , and past esperieuce baring taught the lesson that public-house meetings tend rather to injare than otherwise , the members of this Order are not allowed to hold their Lodges at such places ; neither are intoxicating drinks allowed at them ; but , on the other hand , they are not restricted to tcetotalism . This Order has met the feelings of a great portion of our population ; hence its rapid progress . To such , theu , ¦ Btho wish to appropriate their money to a really useful purpose , -who wish to mafee a provision for sickness and diBtress , and to be conveyed in a decent manner to that « "Mima from whence no traveller retamr , " vathout tjie i parish , « of being under any obligation to friends : table persons , this Order affords every facility , 'lar contributions amount to 9 < 1 . per fortnight , member , when sick , receives 10 s . per iveck ; " ven on the death of a member , and i' 5 at the ember ' s Avife ; and , by paying a small aJdi-- ? ion , the gif cs at the deaths will be doubled . formation may be obtained by applying arsons , tjz . : — -rinter , Church-gate , Leicester , ryflen-strcet , ditto . iurauuiacuwer , " \ Yestsate . ttreet , G ] ou' recmau-street , Birmingham , ilor , llc-dditcli . nd y-street , 3 ) erby . aeaisbj , Suuth ieicestai-sliirc . cloth manufacture * -, Kcv . iu-k . Porter-street , Slieffitia . rttingham . l ^ -tlge-liousea ic . tho Oi Sereut pa-is : H ^
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TO THE EMBAllllASSED .-ItoPORTANT . THERE are t ' lousaiiJs of persons who have struggled long against the foveu o £ uuefovtviae , but few sure aware that by a very recent Act all small traders owing debts not exceeding £ 300 , farmers , and all others owing to any amount , can be entirely raised from their difficulties at a small expense , and without imprisonment or bankruptcy . All such Mr . Weston begs will apply to him at Moira-chambers , 17 , Ironmonger-lane , Cheapside ,. by letter or personally . Persons summoned for small debts should apply immediately , as they may thereby save themselves from frequent and lengthened commitments to prison .
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LESSONS IN MILLINERY AND DRESSMAKING . MADAME GALLIOS , 44 , New Bond-street , continues her superior method of teaching the art of Dress-HaUing . Sheundertakes to make persons of the smallest capacity proficient in Cuttiug , Fitting , and Executing , in the most finished style , in Six Lessons , for One Eound . Her superior method can be fully substantiated by references to pupils , and has never been equalled by any sempetitGr . i&r Practice hours from eleven till four .
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JUST PUBLISHED , In one volume , foolscap Svo ., neat cloth , price Is . Gd ., THE PURGATORY OF SUICIDES A Prison Rhyme : in Ten Books : BY TH 03 IAS COOPER THE CHARTIST . J . How , Publisher , 132 , Fleet-street . t ^ S" Orders from the Country to be sent through the Booksellers .
¦ Kol'al Adelaide Gallery.
¦ KOl ' AL ADELAIDE GALLERY .
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THE RIGHT WAY TO " RUIN" IRELAND . POVERTY EXCHANGED FOR PLENTY , WHEN LABOUR HAS FAIR PLAY . Os two former occasions we have enabled the readers of tlie Star to " journey" with the " Commissioner" of the Times office in his peregrinations through Ireland to " see vfith his own eyes" the real state of the Irish people , in their " homes" and on their lands ; and to inquire as to the causes that have rendered the working inhabitants of a peculiarly fertile country the most miserably poor and debased in physical condition of any population known , either
m savage or civilised life . We trust that such " journeyings" hare not been without profit : but that each , one and all of those that peruse this journal kxows sometliing more of Ireland than he did—is able to divine somewhat of the causes which hare reduced its producers to the " very coarsest sort of diet "—and is also able to indicate the measubes that must be adopted , both by rulers and the people themselves , to raise the Irish , toilers to the state and condition befitting MEN—to say nothing of their deserts as laborious tillers of the soil , nor of their right , as such , to be the "FIRST partakersof the fruits !"
In former " journeyings" we hare seen the actual condition of a large portion of the people fully exposed . AVe have , with " our commissioner , " been over the apologies for fawns ; seen the rude mode of culture ; seen the effect of insecure tenure ; seen the tenant afraid to produce more than the rent and a meagre supply of potatoes for himself ; seen the " middleman" watchingthe poor "holder" of the " hit of land" as a kite watches a sparrow , to know when he can screw the rent up , and thus increase his unholy gains ; we have seen how en terprise as crushed — how industry is repressed —how every . inducement to " improve" is withheld ; we have entered the mud cabin , and seen the
" tliokey" ( well-off ) fanner without other floor than the earth—not the bare earth , but earth covered with filth from the animals that necessity obliges him to shelter under the same roof with himself ; we have seen him without furniture , with loose straw for a bed , and vrith no other food than potatoes eaten with pepper-and-water ; we have heard this same "thokey " farmer declaring that " not a bit of bread have I eaten since I was born ; " and " we never taste meat of any kind , or bacon , unless a pig chances to die of some disorder , and we cannot sell it ; " we have seen and
heard of all this as THE RESULT of landlomhsm in one aspect ; as the result of that sort of landlordism which obtains at Glentks and in the Me of Arran , where the Marquis of Coxtxgham exacts the highest rents his impoverished tenantry can be squeezed out of , while he spends his time in " yachting" and in declining all "trouble" and "business . " We have now to see the besclt of another " application of property "—that sort of application which recognises and acts on , the principle that " property has its DUTIES as well as its rights . "
For this purpose we must again accompany " our Commjssioseb . " We last left Mm at the Isle of Arran , on the Marquis of Coxtsgham ' s " estate , " where the " thokey" farmer lived , who "had never tasted bread since he was bom : " we must now go with him to Gweedore , a place in the immediate neighbourhood of Gienties , where he found suck utter destitution and abject misery as we formerly described . Both places , Gienties and Gweedore , are in the county of Donegal . We have now to see what Gweedore was ; what it now is ; and what has WROUGHT THE "ITOXDERFDIi CDAKGE DOW Observable . "Our Commissioner" commences his " report" as follows : —
In my last letter I endeavoured to describe the Wretched and depressed condition of the people in the districtfrora Gienties to this place , and tlieir utter ignorance of the comforts and almost of the decencies of life , and attempted to show these facts to he attributable to the manner in which they are left utterly neglected , to the absence of everything like example , aud to the syitein of extracting from them , in the shape of rei t , every morsel beyond mere subsistence , which their rude cultivation can obtain from the land . To-day I intend describing to you what was and what is mow the condition of the people of the district from whicb I write .
lly object in doing this is to attempt to prove , by these pateut examples , that the evils which have afflicted this part of Ireland , at least , and which still continue to depress portions of this county , are purely social ; and that when a social remedy has been applied those evils have vanished . That I lnny avoid even tha suspicion of prejudice in laying bare a subject so painful , let me quote the opinion Of Uv . Xicholls , the Poor Law Commissioner , as to the general condition of the Irish peasantry , and also as to their condition in the county of Donegal . That gentleinan in his first report to lord John Russell , inlSSfi , says : —
" During nvj progress through the country , it was impossible not to notice the depression of feeling , morally and personally , of the Irish peasauiry , and this to an extent which a stranger could not witness without very painful emotions . It shows itseif in their mode of living , in their habitations , iti their dress , in the dress of their children , and in their general economy and conduct . They seem to feel no pride , no emulation : to be heedless of the present , and reckless of the future . They do not ( speaking of the peasantry as a whole ) strive to improve their appearance , or add to their comforts . Their cabins still continue slovenly , smoky , filthy , almost without furniture , or any article of convenience or decency . On outering a cottage the woman and children are often seen
seated on the floor , surrounded hy pigs and poultry , in the midst of filth—the man lounging at the door , to approach which it is necessary to wade through mud ; yet he is too indolent to make a dry approach to his dwelling , although there are materials fit for the purpose close at hand ; his wife is too slatternly to sweep the place in which they live , or remove the dirt and oft ' al , however offensive , from the floor . If you point out these circumstances to the peasantry themselves , and endeavour to reason with and show them how easily they might improve their condition and increase their comforts , vou are invariably met
with excuses as to tueir poverty . Are a woman and her children , and lu-r cabin iiltliy—whilst a stream of water ruus gurgling at thu very door ?—the answer invariably is , — 'Sure , how can we help it ? we are so poor ! ' With the man it is the same ; you find him idly basking in the sun or seated by the fire , whilst liis cabin is surrounded "by mud , and-scarcely approachable from the accumulation of every land ofnUh ; anu be , too , will exclaim . ' -Sure , how can we help it ? we are so poor ! ' Whilst , at the vtry same time , he is smoking tobacco , and has probably not denied himself the enjoyment of whisky . "
Such was the descri ption of their condition in lS 3 fi , and I am assured by gentlemen , aud by the Roman Catholic priests in this nei ghbourhood , that that description was literally accurate . In the year 1633 Lord G . A . Hill purchased several small propirties in this neighbourhood , which , in the aggregate , amounted to inwards of 23 , 000 acres . This large estate borders on the north-west coast or corner of Ireland , and through it runs a small river , the Gweedove which empties itself iuto the sea , and which enn he en ' tweu at its inouili l . y vessels of 200 tons burden . Tho ntyhbourhMOsl aW . - . nas with wild ;;; ., > . magnificent moun-^ iiu senn-r y : and at the pwioii in question , though . f l ^ - ii ; S 5 :: V-M > . es , , vas almost wbv . ll ? ummUiva ^ c-t .. , ; , * = tracts , ot jun . l e ; i ; -li'iv Of imnrc-Y ? Uie , " , t- UnO .
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m * * ' ' "¦*¦ ¦ ¦ — ¦ i i profitable cultivation were mere bog wastes jlikeinuny other portions of this county . In 1837 Eatrick Jl'Kye , the schoolmaster of the district , memoriah ' zed the lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in the following terms : — " That the parishioners of this parish of West Tallaghabegley , in . the barony of Kilmacrennan , and county of Donegal , ABE IN TilE MOST HEED . T , UUNGKY , AKD NAKXD CONDITION OF . ANY FEOFtE THAT . EVER CAUE TTITIIlIf TJ ? E ebzcikctstof my KSowtEDaE , although ! have travelled ^ a part of nine counties in Ireland , also a part of England and Scotland , together with a part of , British America ; IJiave likewise psKtnibuIatcd 2 , 253 . miles through seven of the United States , and never witnessed theienffcjiftrtof such hunger , hardships , and nakedness . "
This schoolmaster tbon . proceeds to describetbe whole stock and furniture of thepopulation , which by , the census ot' 1811 was 9 , 019 . ' 1 'hcy had-anwng them Imt « is cart and oncplouglii lwentyshovels , tMHy . lwo rakes , txvo featherbed ) , and eight diaffbcds . They . had . no . clocks ; there was not a looking-glass in the whole garish above 3 d . in price ; they had . no garden vegetables or fruits of aay kind but potatoes and cabbage . lie goes on to say , — - " None of their marriod . or- unmarried women can afford more than one shift , and some cannot affosd : any ; more than one half of both men and women cannot afford shoes to their feet , nor can many of them afford a second bed , but wholtfamilies of somand daughters of mo ( tir « ageinditcrimitiately . lie together tviththeirparents . " They have no means of harrowing their , land but with meadow rakCB . Their farms are 90 smalt that from Ioue to ten farms can be harrowed in a day -with one rake .
" Their ocas are siraw , green and dried nishes ,. or mouuu taiubent ; their bedclothes are either coarse sheets , or no sheets , and ranged , filthy blankets ; and worse than all I have mentioned , there is a general prospact of starvation . " He says , furtheu on : —• " If any gentleman is sent to investigate this , I will go with him from house to house , where his eyes will fully satisfy and convince him , and where ! can show him about U 0 children bate naked , who wj ; bb so duiuno winieb , and some hundreds only covered with jUtliy . - rags most disgusting to look at . Also , men and beast housed together , i e ., the families in one end of the house , and tbo cattle in the other end of the kitchen . ' Some houses iave within their icalls from , lctei . to 30 eiet . of dung ; Others having from 10 to 13 ferns weight of dung , and only ckanedout once a-year . ' "
The efi ' ect of this memorial , which appeared in some of the English newspapers , was to cause a large colleotionof money in England , which was distributed amongst these , people . Iu fact , "famine was periodical among them , ' with fever as its attendant , and wretchedness pervaded the district , " " Such a lamentable condition of a people , " says lord George Hill , in a short account which he has published regarding this part of Donegal , under the title of Fads from Gweedore , "is scarcely' in fairness , to be attributed to individual neglect or apathy . It is rather the result of a system which for ages has held its sway , and which no proprietor could grapple with or obviate unless he wns prtpared , rcsolutely . patiently , and expensively , to introduce and icork out a counter system . " But it was because no individuals were / mind to do this that the system continued . "
The rents were very small . Amongst eighty tenants on one of the properties purchased by this nobleman 10 s . was the highest rent pnid , and almost all the rents were iu arrear and had to be collected in trifling payments at fairs . The land was hold iu rundale , the nature of which I have before described to you ; and in some instances a tenant holding but this small portion of land had his proportion in thirty or forty different places ; and these proportions were often so small , that not more fhanhalt ' a stone of oats would be reauired to sowthem . There were no fences between these small patches of land , belonging to different tenants , and " fights , trespasses , confusion , disputes , assaults , and litigation , were the natural and unavoidable consequences of this system . " Their horses and cows , such as they had , were often held in the same way ; and I willquote an amusing instance of this from the work I have already named : —
In an adjacent isliind , belonging to this estate , three men were concerned in one horse ; but the poor brute was rendered useless , as the unfortunate foot of the supernumerary leg remained unshod , none of them being willing to acknowledge its dependency , ana accordingly it became quite lame . There were many intestine rows on the subject ; at length one of the ' company' came to the mainland and called on a magistrate for advice , stating that the animal was entirely useless now ; that he had not only kept up , decently , his proper hoof , at his own expense , but had shed this fourth foot twice to boot ; yet the other two proprietors resolutely refused to shoe more Hian titeir own foot . "
There teas no inn , no road , and no market within a dozen miles . The people , therefore , could not sell their produce , if disposed to do so , for its value , and their only alternative was to distil their grain into whisky . Their corn thus became consumed before their new potatoes came in , and annually they were on the verge of starvation , and compelled to « btain meal on credit from extor . tioners at exorbitant prices . This was ' the state of the pepplein the district of Gweedore—a stale as miserable and thoroughly debased is it possible to conceive ? Even the condition of the raiseiy-steepod tenantry of the pleasure-loving " business-evading" Marquis of Cokyngham was not more degraded . It was " as bad as bad can be . "
Absentee landlordism ; middlemen rack-renting ; screwing the last potatoe from tlie miserable tiller- of the soil , to minister to the pleasures of the spendthrift at Vienna or Rome ; all these things had done their work—and made the district as poor as it was possible to be , without actual famine existing . Such was the condition of this district in 1837 , where , amongst 0 , 000 of a population , they " had but one cart , one plough , thirty-two rak . es , two feather beds , and eight chaff-beds ; " or ten beds for the whole 9 , 000 ! Such was the condition of the people of this district , where the three " proprietors" of a poor unfortunate brute could not afford to have the fourth leg shod : sucb was the condition of this district : let us now sec uta it is : —
This was the condition of the estate , and of the people when Lord George Hill purchased it in 1337 , That nobleman determined upon reclaiming it , and , if possible , to put the people in a better way . The people here are for the most part tko aboriginal Irish , and speak the Erse language . Lord George Hill learned their language , mixed among them , and taught them by example to do what he told them . Near the mouth of the river he built a corn store to receive all their produce , if they wished to sell it . To lnavttheir numerous wants , and to save them from extortion " he built a shop at tlie stor *; and the
people , having sold their corn at oue side can obtain at the other any article of crockery , grocery , stiddlery , ironmongery , timber , iron , ropes , meal , leather , woollen goods , or useful medicines , which they may require , at the markot prices of Londonderry . This is the only market for their good ? , and the only shop at which they can purchase anything for twenty miles round . A dispensary was also built , and a sessions-house erected , A quay was made for vessels to unload at the store , and a corn-mill erected . Then followed a school , in which I yesterday saw some thirty as neatly drcssad and clean-looking children as can be seen in England .
The land of the tenants was squared into 10-acbe fabjis , and they were required each to bmUl Ws house on hi farm . In this tjiet W £ itE assisted . Premiums were offered for the neatest aud cleanest cottages ; for the best crop of turnips ; for the greatest quantity of bind brought into cultivation ; for the best drained farm ; for the best fences ; fur the best madt stockings , and so on . lloads were made ; an inn has been built , which rivals iu comfort an English hotel , and lavge tracts of the bog moor have been brought into cultivation . That is the present condition , of the very district where so much of abject misery and utter prostration of mind and body was exhibited iu 1837 . What a change ! It behoves us to find out how it has been brought about . What spell has been worked ? What causes have been brought into operation , to work such a wonderful reverse , in so sbovt a time ? Listen : —
I date my letter from the centre of the hills in the north of Donegal , where , ten years ago , there was not a road , —where scarcely anything but bogs , and heather , and roclis , wire to be seen for miles , —whure the people held the land in rundale , and did as they liked , —paid no rent , and lived on potatoes and the x > roducc of illicit distillation . I write from the centre of an estate where the subdivision of farms had gone on to such an extent , that about seven years ago it was sold to its present owner , Lord George Hill , on the advice of the then agent of the lato owner , who was my informant as to this fact , because the rents were so small and numerous , and difficult to
collect , that they were not worth the expense aud tremble . ! of collecting . Yet I now write from an inn as comfprt-j able as any in England , —comforts the value of which ! you learn doubly to appreciate from the miseries . you . cnv dure before you arrive here from Donegal , should , you , fr compelled to stop a night o » the road . Luxuriant . ' ci ;< y ^ surround the inn ; industry and cleanliness b ^ in , lq , w £ the people ; each man has his own squared farm , sy ^ decent cottage , and there nre good roads . Allth i ^ r s \ oic attributed to the imblic spirit avd liberality , an ^ . to . tfu \ n ( iivi dual and personal exertions of ihc present . mhle ,, ^ ) lgi . ~ his able agent . In fact , A . good lakk ^ oko l j * S cifecled all this social improvement , aud lists , n > u ( & » g ] . cj tllis " wilderness and solitary place . "
" A good landlord ! " What a strp . a' * sound t ] le words have ! " a good landlordi ' . ' d \ v « | on the WOJ . (| again ; and again linger on them , w , ! r tic y iniag ; na . tion tries to figure lo itself ibc set * _ of being tliat " a oodlandlord" can possibly be ,. When " our commssioxEu" was at Gleatiea a > . ui on ^ Is ] an ( 1 of Arran , he told ns that the " ov lJler ) » the Marquis of CoxixcnAM , " was a $ ood , «»' sy sort of person ; fond of yachting ; but with a toto " j aversion to trouble or business : " but the condition of W , tenantry , unwed down to the worst of potruocs cmci ' . pepper-water , and too little eron of them , to ' . J that though lie might be " a good sort oi' man" ho wasfav from being " a good UuuUovtU" Eut liQV e we have" a good man showing
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himself to be " a good landlord" by his acts—by his persevering endeavours to discharge the DUTIES which devolved on him a& " owner" of the property which conferred the right to call it his " own . ? ' And we are here told the nature of the compact by vhHue of which , " private property iu land" is recognised .. No man can hold absolutely . The estate he calls his " own" has not been confcired on- him by " patent from on high , " nor even by human law or institute , todo with as la pleases . Ha only . " holds" on certain conditions : one of which conditions-is , that he has not absolute dominion over the land he calls- "his own , " He cannot use it even aa-he may will . The statute book is full of restraints
anilrestriclionson the USE of " property :. " because sucb restraints and restrictions are needed by the common good . In like manner ilie " owner " of large tracts of ; land has DUTIES to perform—duties which cannot appertaia to him that has no land . One important duty is , to see that injustice He not dona to ihosa who by biz& and labour have a ri g ht to subsist out of Hie soil , of which hs is the " owner . " The compact is , that all labouring persons aud the really poor shall be maintained out of the land : maintained first :: aad tben his : claim , as landlord , comes next in order to be satisfied . If the landlord class , either by oae species of trick or another ; either by withholding the necessary power to . " rate
and assess , " for such first maintenance , as for centuries was the case in Ireland ; or by such a paring down of the power , as is now the case in England , Ireland , and Scotland , under the new Poor Laws , which renders the right to a , first maintenance nugatwy , —THE COMPACT IS BROKEN , and we live in a state where MIGHT alone confers right . Whenever this is the caso , the " owners" of property are sure to suffer most in the long run . A contest is inevitable , in a state of things where tlie mass is doomed to " potatoes and pepper-xvatcr , " while the racked-rents of a large estate is spent in " yachting : " and though the power of the sword which wealth can hire , may for a time , and a long time too , put down
with a strong-hand the " embodied spirit of diseon ' tent , " yet the cause of the hungry and the wronged will assuredly triumph in the end , and heyexge wreak its vengeance on those " owners" of " lands " and wealth who have originally broken faith and shuffled off their duties . The only ground on which private property can be at all defended in any state of society , is , that the common weal is thereby promoted , because a class is called into existence who are bound , by compact , to perform certain duties which the interests of general society call for : and if the duties ,
which are the main condition of "holding , " are neglected orabandoned , away goes allargunientandaU reason for the institution of private property itself . It therefore behoves those who do possess what they call their " own , " that they should , in this matter , follow the example set them by Lord George Hill at Gweedore : the more especially as the notion is fast setting-in , that private property of all sorts is an evil—and that a new phase of civilisation is opening on mankind , when the principle will be fully recognised and acted on , that " all the stuff in the world belongs to all ' tuejolk in the world . "
We have seen what " a good landlord' can effect , even under the worst of circumstances : but , in order to render the picture complete , we must also see the manner of effecting the change described . And here , if we see cause to be gratified at tueresum , we shall see more cause to ^ be gratified at the pains taken by the good landlord" to accomplish his worthy purpose . He entered on his task under the most discouraging circumstances . A stranger ; looked on with suspicion , by a people unused to kindness , only among themselves ; a people knowing not of any relationship between a landlord and his tenantry , but a high and increasing ventaLexactcd at every cost to the
grounddown tenant ; debased in condition , and habituated to filth and squalor , was it to be wondered at that they shoidd not understand how any man could sympathise with them , or seek to elevate them in the social scale ? They could not understand this at first . They looked upon the efforts of their new landlord as another engine of that tyranny from which they had so severely suffered . They therefore placed every obstacle in liia path : and it was only by continued kindness that the way to the hearts of the once abject tenantry was found , and their own efforts for the amelioration of tlieir own condition successfully directed . How that was accomplished , " our Comvissioser" shall tell us : —
Though the improvements effected five trippingly related , nothing but the most persevering determination accomplished them . The people , utterly ignorant and both mentally and physically degraded , resolutely opposed every step to improvement . "They were not disposed to abandon the rundalt system . " says the book on these improvements already quoted , " and did not seem to have a taste for simple plain dealing , or that matters should be put straight or made easy of apprehension . " " The first year not a single individual could be induced to compete for tlie premiums , the people thinking it all a llOtX , and that it . was only an attempt 'to humbug' them , being couviuctd that no gentleman would be so great a fool as to give his money merely to benefit others . "
Tl « y suspecledeverylhing that was attempted , and opposed , it , thinking it was intended for their injury and the land * lord ' s benefit ; and by liavaesiug and vexatious opposition hoped , as they expressed it , "in the end , to tire out Lor ' George Hill , prevent the divisions from being occu ^ je x and thus defeat the new plans altogether . " Ifojsb' d i would tempt them to make the fences of the new . fe- »> S though they were offered to be well paid for it ; o&u i'ms , at length a stranger was got to begin the ditehioAg n'hen them an example , they attempted " to frighten i" > t 0 set his work by throwing sods at him . " When fc& ' ' from pleted the first fence , the people assembled at ' ' -1 comdestroyed it . Whilst they were thus enga&ea night and was taken by the police , and they were so . f a prisoner
this that tho improvements were allower iU' »' ened at quietly . Scarcely a man among tluin i t 0 Proceed handle a spade , or could or would wo * knew how to foundation of tho hotel iu which I am v \ : Wllen tl ' menced , one of the peasantry who was s ¦ rWng was comwos induced hy the oflVr of wages to . 1 ? ¦ bsoluteiy itarving barton * , a pickaxe , and spado , ¦ were t ¦ ' ¦ 'Sin it . A wheelbe had no tools , aud the people . W provided for him , as that his tools were all stolen fhaij r . l < e so enraged at kirn Forster , * determiusdly persevore £ * ' *• The agent , Mr . mau next day into one of tfeeiu J - Uo weut with the marking out with his own han hes <; fi ( - < Js , and began hotel . The people cawe to . hi" d the foundation for the what he was about to tlo . ou f '" in a Srcat fl > i 8 h * to know
told them , that " as theyh' lieir best lmul * IIe «> olly that he could not quarry ad st ( > len bis man ' s tools so going to build it there * us- stoaes for the hotel , lie -vyaa thai' ditches . " They Ouax wens plenty oi' stones in build there , the tools promised him , if he ivould not they weru left at the la * should be found ; next morning prevailed , and two 0 - "ourer ' s door . At length example work ; and niiiAl ? , ' " three of them came and offered to could not come-to . V illJ eagerly sought work . Hut they fast as "they v . er ' O 1 ' u tlU te " intlienl <» 'niiift after broakdidu ' t like it ' * ¦ a > t useU t 0 W 01 * before breakfast , and emmovmont , Vb- Whc'u they beean t 0 f <* l * e benefits o ! at five ' cW& ej ' wcre tola that thev lmist "egin work
• : ; o came Thar in the m ° ri » ne ; some two or three only ne- 'lectcd , V cst > after bein & warnc < » wl > e « t « cy again ?; , « . . ' come to work at that hour , were quietly home tor ' m < X tm > tUat " as tlie * hBfl occupation at wUiin »( te / lladbetter stay away , as there were plenty wid ' tiw n ' Orkt" Tllis S'"adua % ^ d the desired effect ; Iniid a' y * egnn t 0 work like otller labourers . The £ rr'v «« ' ' round the IlOtcl " ' as thea tre » clied , drained , and ii ' ift ' le < 1 > atld S 0 WDAvUU Potatoes . The labourers , as ' f did the work under the agent ' s superintendence , ^ b'hed at him ; saying , " they did not care about vvork-- g , as they were paid for it , but it was the greatest folly a the world , as nothing would ever grow there " Tlie
hotel is now surroundsd with a broad belt of potatoes , and outs as fine as any I have seen in Ireland . Tlie ! tenants , seeing this , have begun ( urged on ijy tlie [ j premiums ) to gravel ; ind drain their own lands in the : same way ,, nnd everywhere patches of well-cultivated land 1 and plentiful crops are to be seen . : In 1810 somu of the tenants , seeing that every promise ; to them was strictly fulfilled , thought they would -it le- \ st ; try for the premiums , and there were thirty-six eompeti tors , and premiums amounting to £ -J 0 were sn f , i ,. i " awarded by the judges that ^ caused genm ! « ££ tion . Last year , the number of competitor , h-ul ! , ! 1 , i to 239 , and the premiums to £ C 0 . I ye tdlv S tll » llii . 1 l enmn nf tU . ..- ^ .. iCSvBllUlV WtM throug h some of the cottages the
j ' j ] i ! I ¦ "S tenant 3 « wo ,, premiums for them . There was no dr Jofifth Ohey wore we ! built and whitewashed . The crocked they MreP had anything be yond an iron potbtfS ! , s neatly arranged ; . here , no smoke in the houses a « d what -was worth more tl-an ill thn "o uses , fuw , houses with pride , and v " « fj ^ ^ ^^ **** j lions they received , and the , « cn een , ; d , ° " lmeu 1 Ua - j their litUe farm * and showeS ftti ^ . ^ . 1 ) roud Ot ' and improvements , with Ji ^^ TT ' ^ and a half ago £ 500 worth of o « q \ £ 11 = 1 yWn i ^»;^~ Hi ~ l&JKsssnasE ^ = ^ x t ^^ rjzzzz
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ment have been given to labourers on the estate . The wages giviii are 8 d . and lOd . a-day . Taking the average at 9 a ., £ 020 8 s . have been paid among them in wages . Working at six days in the week , throughout the year , this wo ^ vild give employment to fifty-three men and eleven days over . In reality , however , this great amount of labour has been spread over a much larger number of men , and perhaps 100 men may he taken as the number generally employed ; though this , I am informed , is beloir the mark , as it docs not include men engaged in making the roads on the estate , who were paid by the piece . ^^
At tne river-side lacing tlu ; imwl I saw about thirty men at work , lowering thu 1 kiI » i ° the liver . The men , generally , arc small in 6 tax < u .--. but I never saw more diligent labourers . These lucu , who , four year * ago , did not know how to use a spade , and neither could nor would work except in their own way , aud who were annually starving , are now working well , doing their best , and receiving good wages . Of the nature of " tenant-right" I shall tako a future opportunity of witiaffc and respecting it now I do not wisb . ev « n to hint an opinion . But was H the " tenantright" which converted this former desert and bleak wilderness—this example of barbarism and starvation , into fertile corn fields , the seat of industry and content , aud iuto a hutnaniBed abode ? In this instance at least it is a fact that the existence of the miRinm nf
tenantright was the greatest pos 6 iblo obstacle to improvement . For ev « ry squared farm there were twenty claimants for compensation , though each tenant got a squared farm to himself in placs of his former ruudale fragments of land ; and the opposition , aad discontents , and arbitrations , on this score were enough to have conquered paticuce . Did converting the Roman Catholic population to Protestantism effect this change 1 They are Itoman Catholics jet . Did Saxonising them aud making them Orangemen effect it 1 Tcey are all Celts . Did the getting up of monster meetings and talking nonsense about" repeal" effect it 1 No . The remedy was a social one . The people w « r « j « s % dealt with , taught , shown
by example , encouraged , employed . A community the most hopeless and desperate in condition and circumstances has by these means been reclaimed , and smiling content and tht rewards of industry are everywhere to be seen . A barren waste h » s been converted into a fine property , which will eventually amply reward its present owner for his great exertions , A starving , and desperate , and degraded peasantry aru rapidly becoming comfortable small farmen , The country is improved , and that district ,- the people of which formerly depended on the charity of England to save them from starvation , now adds to the wealth of the empire by its productiveness . This is tho work of one man ; and that man is one of the resident landlords of Ireland .
This 3 s the mode to " ruin" Ireland ! This is something like the small farm system which we wish to see extensively introduced in England , and not the system of Gienties and Airan , to which we are referred as " an example of what the small-farm system will do for any country . " Still even this , excellent as it is compared with what formerly prevailed , is not all we need . It will bo seen that the good effects that have followed on Lord George Hill ' s praiseworthy and persevering exertions , depend os HIMSELF , as " a good landlord . " The tenantry have no seeuritii that " a bad landlord" shall not follow , when the connection between them and their present "lord "
shall cease . The Marquis of Coxtxgium , for instance , may succeed , either b y purchase , marriage or otherwise ; and Gweedore become again a second Gienties . There is no averting this danger , or mode of remedying this evil , but in SECURITY of TENURE 1 That tenure must necessarily be bad , which operates on the condition of the occupiers , so as to make it bearable or miserable , according to the whims , caprice , feeling , or inclination of their landlord . Let the tenure be a SECURE one , and it will matter little whether the landlord be a " bad" at a " goad" one , farther than tho social example seito the community . At all events , a secure tenure- will greatly abridge the power for mischief a " batf ' - lQUii
lord 2 > osscsses > Suppose that Lord Georg 3 Hiu was to give bis ten-acre farmers leases ir \ , 2 ? $ r petmty at a cova vent , -would the iarair bs any worse , off ? Would not the sj $ . q «; ' 1-s add to their confidence ? Would they . - nr "'" such case know that they were awnejj ,- ' . the worst landlord that could succeed ,. & * £ &" *§( the simple covenants of the lease ? W . o ^ i ey pt also have every spur to exertion , !»¦ ' ^ y 110 ^ all the improvements they effected v / o > asmucl 1 as own ? Is there any danger , now , ' ft ald . be tiieh * s II , ^ t * 5
tasted the sweets of a well-built via' at 7 fortable cottage , and a footJfajflf ¦ 4 Mvadied com " small-farmers ; is there any fea ' s- " r ting comfortaUe ting again to the mud-hovel . w $ > * their degenera-—with its diet of " pouam itS dh ' " d fiIth ' Would not the pride of the / w ancl ? ePPer'water" * them to show tlieir Low omen ' wUich inauced neatly arranged ; andtk » ' es ivith their . crockery farms , with their crogs ¦ pride of the men on their them onwards to a , fc of turni P 8 and oats ' iroPel still ? We trust thai " ' -Sl » er degree of subtantiality _ . _ '" Lonn Gkorge Hilt , will tm .
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RECEIPTS OF TIIE WIARTIST CO-OrERATIVf < . LAND SOCIETY . PEK MB . O ' CONNOB . nalifax , per C . VT . Smith .. .. .. \ \ \ Wigan , per N . Canning .. ' 6 9 2 'Manchester , per J . Murray .. .. .. \ o u | j Sowerby . pev \ V . VTooaiiouse .. „ o n „ JIolbeclcueMV . Sykos 2 o n Hoimfirth , per J . Clegg 2 1 2 Burnley , per J . Gray !! 3 o ft Leeds , per W . Urook . 5 0 n Banisley , per J . Ward ' " « n Cheltenham , per W . Milton .. .. ' ., \ 15 n A female friend , Uuhvell , Xotts , per J . Sweet .. ' " ! a Preston , per J . Brown .. „ M jl [ j 5 - Oldlium , per Wm . Ilamer „ o a a Sheffield , per G . Caviir .. .. , \ " 33 ? Tudniordeu , per S . Witham .. .. " * n ft Wakefield , per T . Lazenby ' 9 n n Smrcrby Longruyd , per J . Wilson .. . ' . ' 1 15 n Kidderminster , per 6 . Holiovray .. .. . ' . ° 0 0 ltadcliffe , per T . Bowker ,, ,. .. .. i ! 0 0 JBoltun-lc-Woors , per M . Stevenson .. -. 200 PEE GENERAL SECBETABT .
INSTALMENTS . £ s . d . £ s . d Bnrnoldswick .. 054 Mr . Fidge .. .. 014 Wheatley-lnne .. 0 10 6 JUr . KuUirlDy „ n 1 0 Mr . Porker .. .. 014 u SHAKES . + T . B . C . and Sons 8 0 0 Whittii : gton & Cat 0 15 C Mr Dickson .. 0 6 0 It . Wright , Bavlaiuhetli .. .. 400 noldswick .. 0 11 0 Greenwich .. .. 200 Bath .. „ .. 1 1 5 Westminster .. 0 5 10 Leicester .. .. 110 0 Mr . Davis .. .. 0 2 0
CARDS AND MILES . Camberwel .. .. 020 Colne .. .. .. 0 1 2 Mr . Dear .. .. 016 Todmorden .. .. 0 010 Hebdeu-bridge .. 0 4 2 Radciifte .. .. 0 *> 0 Ovcndcn „ ,, 014 Greenwich .. .. 0 7 0 Halifax .. .. 0 2 0 Son orb y Helm * .. 048 Keighley .. .. 0 11 0 * This sum has befii previously announced as for Carda . of the National Charter Association . Thomas JIajitin Wmebiek , Secretary . national Charter association . EXECOtBIVE .. PER JIB . O ' CO . NNOK . York , per G . Jefferson .. f 10 ' * n Sowerby Lou d J'Wilson "
groy , per . .. . n * n ¦ PEE GEMEEiJt . aECftE-e ^ BT . ' SUBSCB 1 CT 10 M 8 , Keighley .. ,.- ., ¦ : ... .. . . „ Mr . Whiting , Tower Haailets .. „ .. " I [ ° BIXON . ECSO . " U Cainbenvell n , „ VICTM . EGXD . « 0 U 3 air . Downing :, Westminster . „ „ 0 o r DUSCOMBE TEST-MOST iAli . ** Sir . Tobin ' s book , from a few Slop C' jtter g 0 1 " C : TnoMA * MAr Wheels . i
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- ^ . Hobem Waltsn , Pkeston- . —We thank him for the paper . \\ e shall Ilot forget the artide-thoughit may be some time ero we notice it . ' Geoeoe Walteks , 8 w 4 a \ ricK . -W « have W three several mnes since the former notice appeared to get a copy of the Field Gardens' Act ; but thVanswerin eae me at the Queell . s Vrhnh ) S . hmsa WM | ,, 1 | Ot ^ Ai . EXASi > Ett KM ** , * , Gi , a 6 gow , shall have duo atfam-1 Xtl l 7 n TZR T TIl > HEVWOOD . -Xevernnnd the poor Si 1 w ,: » ? ™ vinss - " They tlmt soiv the ^ snail 1 eap the whirlwind . " p' v <^" hlWB uo room this week * 1 . Jl I . JIATIJ . —We cannot find roum . The MS . sliali oc : sent to those it _
is addressed to . obH ^ Tf *\?' ' LlVERI > oot * ~^ . Hobson would bt ? r , " w t ' ' ¦ GoodMl 0 » - if lie would commuuicatt !;„ ¦ , » , ¦ 1 U ' ' S present « dd « 'ess . Mr . Hobson wrott some time ago to the old address about a matter Mr w ,, r V ? rivy t 0 " ' and ttSllis letto lias ll « t eruii Jmu noticed , Mr . Hobson think , Mr . Jones has 1 VJ M lSS S C ° 0 PEB > 8 aadrCSSiS > 1 M ' Blackfr I «« - "ad M 1 > , iv " , IlDTCIIl !; GS » Westmisstkb , asks — "Will -i n ubhc-house or Ueer ^ op lic- « , legalise slcittlip ay-1 iff . quoits . &c . ? " No ; decidedly not A nuulic-ui ' s l »« eu M ! iuthorises the , al 0 of a ' ie , beei nu and SririMrc int / 1 1 1 ' uCClj Itllit ?* ullU o'I 2 i , fri abee ! ; - T s f licwisu authorises the sale are Li P , " r " ""^ , " BI 1 UU * of 8 Wta « <* quoits non ? " SUd ! louse 6 ' ° i-on the premises , for money , or money's worth , the l imdloi . \ iaWc t 0 '
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To Agents * ' some tiise Subscribers , and Readers . —For we were a ^ ter our ' ^ tl - tue metropolis , macbiB' inconvenienced by having tlie paper was ' S (* aWa ^ ^ rom ^ e printing-office where it La / I ' set > " This aro 5 e ^ ^ mac ^'" we „ at Leedi having to be . removed and re-erected . . ich disappointment to tlie readers was the
conequence , both in bad printing and late arrivals . Another cause of delay was in having the printing and publishing office so wide apart . Letters intended for one place were constantly sent to the other ; and all the arrangements we coujd make did not prevent mistakes arising from this source . This has determined xis to concentrate our operations . The printing machine is now at work in our own office ; and we have further determined to publish there also . In future , therefore , the " setting , " printing , and publishing of the star will be done under oue roof . This will involve no change to the agents and subscribers , only in the
p- addressing of their communications , and the greater punctuality with which tlieir orders can be atteuded to . All communications must , therefore , in future , be addressed as follows : — Orders for the paper and advertisements , to F . O'Connor , Esq ., ; r ; i ; . 17 , Great Windmm ^ ireetp . Haymaiketf ;""' London . Cjmmunjcations for the paper , to Mr , Joshua Hobson , Editor Northern Star , Office , 17 , Great Windmill-street , Haymarket , London . All orders for money must be made payable to Mr . O'Connor , at the Charing-cross Post-office . - ^
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« ^^*> vw ^ gr > ~~ ^ ^^ TO THE MEMBERS OF T 7 JE chartist ro oranAxrras lakjj society Respected Friends ,-As taepr Ovfc , ionili directors of your society , we deen . it-. our duty to add- , ess you briefly on" the progress , presant . posifion , av d f < itUre prospects of our movemen PouiMnontUs hv .-e „ 0 , v elapsed I nee V ^ ciety was ushered mtocxiste nee , during which period the most signal succ . ess . has ma , kef " , its career Its mwresi lurWifS ^ b " " " ° ™ $ ' » s t 0 ^ ™ surprise of inan ^ of its- ai . St , ird 0 ntaduilrew , while it has " ^ L tlis oliagi-iu autl e nty ofitsfces . EveVy project or . measure clesigned to bar , eh- ; the people seems fated to recewe the oppose ion of the , » ult tll 6 eilvit ) US i aml the promul ^ tipn wa tto , ; . malfor a povtlon ot - Wfacttous , o !! posS ¦ ' \ vMte - ' c V * reSS t 0 - vel 1 forth itS brUt ' ^ ^ «! ? i Mi • nui-iv cantankevous indiviawvls . pve ^ * ; *? *!>»* hos tifity sprung from their devotion to m S , CTi » ? loured obstinately and pcrseverinjjly SLSS ^ 1 , ^ ein * ut ia the bud * a lie Principles of our . TVi .-wi ; . ien Kusrcpvesentea ; its objects distorted ffiilt tl lUl its promoters vilified and abused . Keve » . ¦ ? sj ' * — , g lu-ogvessed * 'ith a celerity exceeding ouv i \ ° n * 1 p || ' 1 * ' ue espectations . Surmounting the obstacle . ,.. ¦ ,, « . „; - -ivy aud ignorance would arsest its progress , i ; ; -ivriviVl » - a position which choei-ingly augurs its saf <
tion—S- fc tnat S oal whIch ls tUu objeet ° aU lliUnan exer" File- " c' E 0 * s " 00083 - the- ' fe Il ( ^ ' we navc Ciluse ^ P mtual pougjahilation 11 . near ct > t > jat the ro ** tIie socie *> ' exhibits the names o : ' Guz' lv tbree thousand shareholders ; many of whom , iu v jr anxiety to witness the first allocation and to couvincj 1 a sceptical of the practicability of the project , have , h ne payment , made good tlie amount of their shares . We nave likewise cause for felicitation in the circumstanct , 1 hat already upwards of £ 1500 are deposited in the ti-essury of the society , Such , friends , is the present position of the Chartist Co-operative Laud Society . To us it ap . pears a proud , a cheering one—one creating strong liop « s of that bright future of success which the lapse of a shui't time will dcvelope to the vforld . Ko efforts of which our humble abilities are capable , shall be deemed irksome or laborious iu the good cause . Since tlie promulgation of the plan we > n : iy presume to say , without incurring tho charge of egotism , that our labours have been most intense , but our reward is ample in having given the first impulse to a movement which must eventuate in sccumg happiness to myriads of our enslaved and impoverished fellun-. creatures .
We have received communications from various parts of the west of England and from Scotland , representing the necessity of lecturers visitiug tuosc places to expound tiie Laud plan . Relieving that tho agitation ai the L : mJ question in those quarters would result in adding con . siderably to the strtmgtli of ouv society , we havu raolviMl that one of our body shall proceed to the west of England , and another to Scotland , wiih ' the least possible delay . A . 11 & we anticipate as Van consequence of onv lnVioxirs the increasing of uur society by Christmas nest to at lea = t OOUO members . We must now , friends , proceed to call your attention to the duties the performance of which the interest of tiio society requires upon your jiarts . The rules require revision . At the time of their promulgation we told you such would be the case : for we are not of that school ot philosophers that pretend to infallibility of judgment . We perceive tlmt ilie rules are susceptible of improvement ,
and that additional ones are required . We were anxious to accomplish the revision of the rules in a way the least expensive . To that end we requested , through i ' uc Shu ; the members to hold meetings to discuss the rules , anil that they should forward to us their opinions , that we might shape the society ' s laws in conformity thcrenitli . Experience soou taught us that this plan would not succeed . We have , therefore , resolved upon tlie holding of a Conference for the purpose of completely revising ' ' rules , and taking the whole subject of the * Land into consideration . Tliis wo think tho most efficient and satisfactory course that can be adopted . The expense of the Conference will be light—light when compared ttitll its importance , mid the benefits Mat tl . USt iim'UQ . frsm it tu the movement . We have considered the time anil t / ie place lor the meeting of the Conference : we have also received communications from various parts of tli * country upon the subject , and have concluded that
it shall meet in Manchester , on the first Monday m February next , by which time we trust to have sufliw "' fluids ill hiltld to bo nblo to deliberate i-cspcetini , ' commencing practical operations . Tho division oftlw branches into districts , arranging the scale Pi representation , and raising the means of defraying ' lllJ expenses of the Conference , shall be laid before yon i « future addresses . In the interim you must not iicglcw your duty . Kemember that Universal Suflraije k tha basis of our society . Hold your meetings in your vosinwtive localities ; discuss the rules calmly , so that when you elect your delegate you may instruct him with your views , aud thus send him to tlie Conference the veritable representative of your sentiments and wishes . We Jo not expect that each delegate will be instructed upon every ii'i-[ irovenu'iit essential to the perfection of the plan . We , as in duty bouud , shall be prepared to lay before the Conference a digest of the rules amended in conformity with the suggestions of the localities , and our o » vu experience
upon the working of the plan . There ave , however , two subjects upon which an unequivocal expression of your opinion will be required by us and your delegates . In the rules provision is niailu for giving only two acre allotments to the members . Sow , many individuals have taken out two shaves , with a view to obtain four acres . To this we see nothing objoctionnblo . However , it is for you to decide the question . On the drawing of the lot shall the successful holder of two shaves be entitled to » four acre allotment ? A desire lor tho enrolment of tho society has been expressed by in »» members , while others say that legal security is unnecessary to the conducting of its aftairs . For our parts , we are in favourof enrolment ; believing that it will have the effect of increasing public confidence by adding to that moral responsibility of the oti' icers secured hy the rules , the responsibility provided by the laws of the land . Tins question you . will discuss and decide , iuiu -iccoruiiigly '"" sti'uet your delegate .
Friends , in conclusion , wo beg to assure you of our untiring energy in the prosecution of the plan . We shall go ou as hitherto , turning neither to the right or the iett from the pursuit of our object . The confidence you have l'cliusccl in . us snail ever Ue respected . On yonr own unaiiimity and kindly feeling much depends . Cuunl scrupulously agiiinst dissension ; heed not the gloomy prognostications of our enemies ; let energy , firmness , ami union characterise your movements , aud , depend upon it , that success will be the inevitable reward of your labours . Thomas Clark , Philip M'liiuTii , CmusTornEn Boyle . P . S . —The balance sheet for the past four months will apneur in tho ensuing number of the Xortherii SUr .
The Inokthelin Star. Saturday, September 27, 1845.
THE iNOKTHEliN STAR . SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 27 , 1845 .
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TiSriTv ^ thflf 1 ^\ J ]? E ? ~ A correspondent , wiio ibrn p th , i f 1 ie " ^ wcck > * w * tluifc lie was i « - um hi , l ? . v , & ;^ aI 1 town there were about one SS , ? y ° * softcr sexi" ™ nt oi - partners 101 We . ami , according to a rough calculation , tho Mvnvc " " wT llhl < it - v- {! vc ' tliC " untried W ufthVMn 1 H * a f ! 0 k 1 - " lie emphatically adds , jo-the lordj 0 ! the creation'to speculate in !" - tmtmorltiwl Gazette ,
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Tuu Will Fougeks . —A letter has been Jafely received from Barber , in which he states that his health i . 5 bad , and that his rations and labour arc bad and wretched . lie devotes bis time to gathering geographical and historical information of the island , ami is writing the biography of extraordinary criminals , although his leisure time is small , as he has to get up to work every mowing at four o ' clock . He is employed giving instruction to the sons " of a clergyman , aiiil is also engaged to conduct the defence of some prisoners avIio attempted to escape from the boats 01 the ship Agincourt , by suddenly seizing the guards and throwing them overboard . Barber still perseveres in his declaration of innocence , and has again ionvavued a memorial for ; i remission of punishment . —Globe .
StiDDEX DEiTit . —On Monday a shocking instance of the uncertainly of life occurred to a young mau named Daniel JJrown , of Crown-court , Wyndliamroad , Camberwell . It appears that he was sitting at tiic breakfast table , a ; id uhiist speaking to his wdo he suddenly fell backwards to the ground . A surgeon n-as called with promptitude , but the unfortunate man had ceased to exist . Dkatii of hie Bishop of Bath axp Vv ' eu . s . —lhis venerable bishop died on Monday , at IVeston-super-Marc , Somersetshire , at the advanced auc of 65 ycaif *
His episcopal duties , on account of his infirmities , have for sonic time past been pcri ' uJ'iued by the Bishop of Salisbury . 11 is lordship was a doctor of divinity , a visitor of Wadhani College , Oxford , F . U . A . S ., &c ., ami uncle to the Eavlo'lillenbovousih . Dr . Lav , * was consecrated Bishop of Chester in 1 S 12 , and translated to Batli and Wells in JS 24 , Tfoouj-h not of brilliant talents , ' ho was of Iii . 'My rcspeatablo aequireineiit , » j siuiml jsiil . iineiit , Mj . U tluviip . il ilie devoted lo thu interests ut' tiis church , ol vciucll lie VUS ; tu ornauieut . —Standard . ^ \ il
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A . : TBE : SQRTHEgN » TAR > - ; ____ gEPTE MBER 27 , 1845 . " (
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1334/page/4/
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