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    ( FHOM OUIl OWX 1 AXD COMiUSSIOSEB . ) Lbtteb Hi . TO THE WORKING CLASSES OF GREAT

    BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Mr Dam Fbiesds , —I shall now proceed to lay before yoa the conclusions at which I hare arrived from tile knowledge I have gathered on my tour , as for as I have gone : and ¦ when I tell you that since I last wrote 1 hare been an attentive and Tery observant traveller in Belgium , Prussia , Germany , theDuehy of Nassau and of Baden , in France , and itt Switzerland , in which last place I have been for the last week , " putting-Tip" at a public-house at the foot of

    the Alps , frequented by smugglers , who cross the mountains into the Italian provinces of Austria ; I -say that from such a tour , under taken for knowledge , J-must have learned something . I wish the English ¦ working men could see the smugglers coming in here in dozens , arranging their packs to cross the Ah ) 3 ; all hired by English and French merchants ; while in Milan ' there is an assurance company , who actually Insure the owners against risk : which company is well known to the Government of Austria .

    Asa country to live in , I prefer England immeasurably to all others that I have seeu ; and all that I have seen strengthens me In the belief that England , from the folly of her landlords , i 3 yet destined to be in reality what hitherto she has been but in name — "The mistress of the world . " "When I see the great strength possessed by petty states despite the subdivision of the land amongst the people ; and when I see the miserable descrip tion of much of that land , which as a Whole gives great national strength ; and when I compare it with the rich maiden-soil of England , and the superior strength of Englishmen over any people that I have

    ever seen , except the Irish—when I find that Englishmen are likely to commence the science of agri-< mtture under advantages which other countries have not had—advantages mainly attributable to the fact , fliat they will not have old cherished prejudices to get rid of or to contend against—when I reflect-that the Land alone in many countries is taxed , and that yet those who till it live weli , and require no government aid to support them , -while their compact union as agriculturists ensures their existence as states , although surrounded by jealous neighbours—I say , -when I think of all these things , the conclusion tliat I have come to is , that England is a country worth

    living for , and , if necessary , worth dying for . Those who study the question of the Land as I have placed it before them , will , see that by the application of their labour to the soil , they can live free of all taxation , except such as they choose to incur ; while the price of surplus being measured by the standard of general taxation , they will be placed in a position superior to the -working classes of any other country , ^ tnd also in a position superior to those of the English classes , whether of the middle or working order , who are obliged to purchase all they consume . An industrious man can make more by his labour , after living ¦ well in Eusland , in one year , than a labourer of any

    other country can make in three years . The wealth of England , then , will henceforth consist In the condition into which her land has been brought by the landlords not allowing tenants to till as much as they would desire , as well as by the impossibility of farmers cultivating a thousand , or two or three thousand acres destructively to the land , although destructive of their own interests . In land and people Great Britain and Ireland are far away the richest countries in the known world ; and I believe , -with the land as the battle prize , the people of thoss countries would beat the whole world on their own dunghill . Another thing that I assert is , that we possess a

    power of reforming in England , which is not possessed by any other people : that Is , the power of xnoetingin public . Switzerland Is a Republic ; and yet I was cautioned not to talk any politics in several of the cantons , and especially in Lucerne , where there are only two partisan newspapers permitted ; and if jou speak one word derogatory to ihe cause oi the Jesuits , sis or eight gendarmes -will drag you oft to a dungeon at once . And this Is what Daniel O'Gonnell calls " the most paternal Government in the world V These , however , are matters upon ¦ which I shall have various opportunities of addressing you on my return ; and now I shall return to the narrative I left off in nay last .

    On Sunday , tiiel'ith . and Monday , the loth , I paid another visit to the country near Hal , of which I spoke in a former letter : but as the introduction of those days * " gatherings" would rather break the thread of my narrative , I -will take you with me all through , just as I journeyed on . On Wednesday evening I went to Antwerp , merely to see the splendid cathedral churches , fortifications , and paintings . Well , 1 saw more than repaid me for the visit , particularly as the day was " a grand day . " The cathedral is moat magnificent ; and some of the paintings are priceless ; they could not be purchased . The wealth of St . James ' s Church , its splendour , and the

    magnificent and costly dress in which , the Virgin is clothed , was enough to dazzle any man . In Antwerp there are eleven churches ; and the poorest of these would purchase all the churches in London : and you can see every one of them , and every exhibition in this ancient town , without paying one penny , with the exception of fivepence , to be paid for a sight of each of four or five of Rubens' best paintings . The church of the Jesuits was far away the snuggest and most cozy : and was surpassingly rich in gold , and ornaments , and priestly dresses . I attended service in nearly all , and was at the performance of high mass at the Cathedral . On Thursday I returned to

    Brussels at five o clock , and at six started for Mons , the great colliery district . From Mons to Genappe , where one of Napoleon ' s bloody battles was fought and on to the frontiers of France , in all about sixteen miles , you see nothing but iron and coal works : but then you see the kind cultivated up to the Tery pits' mouth . The pits arc "Very deep ; but an accident in them seldom occurs . A company of masters , aided by Government , have built from S 00 to 1000 splendid cottages for the colliers , all uniformly well furnished , and tastefully decorated outside as well . They ave two stories high . In the centre of the tillageis asplendid . green square , surrounded with trees , and groups of statuary at each corner ; which greens are for the

    children and workpeople to walk in , and play , or amuse themselves . Tlie colliers earn from 2 s . Id . to 2 s . Gd . a-day . Government Inspectors are located at proper places , to see to the just management of the men and pits ; and an accident is "considered a most extraordinary event . All the colliers have plots of ground , which their families cultivate ; and as far as one can judge , they appeared to be very comfortable . Ironi lions I wont to Lesslues , through several Tery rich and comfortable looking villages . I went into several fields where the peasants were working , and In every instance the potatoe crop was utterly destroyed . Tet no one could account for it . In Ireland I Lave often seen whole

    fields turned black by a single night ' s frost , and the clover as well : but it generally occura so early in the season , about from the middle of May to the end of June , that tlic crop Las time to recover sgaln / ana is only somewhat retarded in its growth : but this season it happened at so late a period as to make Tecovery hopeless : that is , if this year ' s calamity was what xre call " a blast" In Ireland . Tie east wind in Ireland generally brings "the itast - , " and it is Tery difficult to rear calves that are calved while the wind blows from the east

    I now come to the crowning part of mv tour , as far as I have gone . In a previous letter I mentioned a iospltal that I visited at Lessines ; now I shall proceed to describe it more minutely . Firstly , I must observe , that I have at all times , both in and out of Parliament , asserted that the man who -was willing to work , but forced to remain idle ,. has just as good a right to support , and every comfort , as the man who worked ; and every man in England knows that the Irish Coercion Bill and the English Poor Law

    Amendment Bill were the two great questions upon which I differed with the Whigs . I have ever considered it as an act of the most atrocious barbarism to punislt a man , and more especially a woman or little child , for being poor : and while I never have teed the J 7 ew Poor Law as a political " cry , " I hare never withheld my co-operation from Oastler and other good men who have sincerely opposed it . Tie hospital of Zessines furnishes to healthy Protestant England a Tery proper example of Tfhat hag been done in one of the poorest Catholic

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    countries . I was so fortunate as to have the guidance and company of one of the principal directors of this noble institution . We entered through a well enclosed farm-yard , with all suitable farm builuings , aud above all , an immense barn piled to the very roof with prime wheat . In the farm-yai'd was a very old man making mortar . I asked him if he belonged to the establishment , and if the inmates were obliged to work ? The question rather created astonishment ; and the answer was : — " No , no ; he is doin ? that for his own amusement . " One of the grand features of this farm-yard was an immense tank for keeping the urine of the animals until required for

    use . There was also good stabling , cow-houses , storehouses , washing and drying houses , and every requisite . And now for the manner of its support . There is grazing land enough for fifteen cows belonging to the institution , and about fourteen acres of arable land—that is , land that can be cultivated . There arc 150 old and sick persons in the hospital ; and OS you enter by a spacious door , aud through a spacious passage , the very fragrance of the place bints as to what you arc to expect . As you enter you are received by one or more " Sisters of Charity , " whose holy , and whose only , work or care , is attendance on the poor sick , and old and infirm . The whole is

    managed by 21 " Sisters of Charity" and four " novices . " Two of those sisters sit up every night to attend to the sli fegyvaut , or even whini , of a patient : and the JBKn which , tlioy administer to the wants of the ^ RHris most angelic Lot me give you an instance as I go on . Outside of the hospital for the old men is a splendid terrace , where they smoke , and from which they may descend into & beautiful lawn to walk . "When the sisters brought us out to see the old men smoking aud amusing themselves , one poor old blind man got up to go into the hospital , and in crossing the threshold of the door his foot slipped , when the sisters ran to his

    aid , not as though he was a " burden , " but as if he was an object of love . One of them helped him by the arm to the chair near Ms bedside . 0 ! how my heart jumped with joy at this act of religious kindness ; and how " Andover , " and " the bones , " the " d&od stone , " where living paupers are "laid out" in England , flashed across my mind . Ifc appeared to be the delight of those angelic women to hear the old men prattle . One of them asked a very old man how old he was ; and he commenced with a laugh , " I am 90 : and I have a wile yet : and you sec , " putting his hand ou his head , " I have a good vris of my own too . " The sisters all

    looked cheerfully and approvingly at the old man , and laughed heartily together . There w . 13 a bolster aud pillow to each bed , with covers as white as snow , and sheets equally white : everything , in short , delightful . At the foot of each bed was each patient ' s tea-pot , cup , saucer , plate , knife , fork , soup-basin . cream jug , and spoons : indeed everything that could be required . An arm-chair stood beside each bed . The sisters were washing the floors , ' off all of which you could have eaten , they were so clean . Vines were encircling every window . The working room was actually a conservatory . The chapel , the unostentatious chapel , the old Catholic ch ' apcl , such as it

    was in England before tlie bloody llarry robbed it of that which superinduced simplicity ; such a chapel stands at one end of the building ; and through folding doors all that is said Is communicated to the sick in the adjoining room . In the chapel is a beautiful , or rather a splendid organ , upon which a " novice " was kind enough to play . The history of this novice was the only thing that made me melancholy . She came to the hospital about a year ago with her father , who is a celebrated musician , of Cologne , in Germany . Ho came to tune the organ ; and she was so infatuated with the unostentatious religion of the

    " Good Sisters , " that she determined to abandon the world , and give heiself up to like acts' of charity . She is a lovely crcatitre , about nineteen ; and made more lovely by the simplicity of dress and manner . If a stranger comes to the hospital for relief , ho is taken in ; and , if a Belgian , the manager writes to the manager of his own department for tenpence for every nigbt he has been there : but , if a foreigner , the Government pays for him . Now , this glorious institution is supported upon little more than the milk of fifteen cows , and the produce of fourteen acres of land : but then there are no- cormorants to

    lap the cream and leave the slum-milk for the rightful owners ; no ruffians to eat the fat and the lean , and send the "bones" to be picked by the poor . J shall have much more to say on this subject hereafter . In my next I shall return to the small forms . Bear in mind , that ajl the good institutions of which 1 speak , spring from the land . I hope to be with you once more by Monday , tlie Cth of October , as the Austrian Government is resolved that I shall not peep into its Italian territories . I have been in a little town at one extremity of Switzerland , since Sunday morning , and it is now Tuesday noon . Tlie Austrian , barrier is within 150 yards of the house

    where I stop , but they tell me that my passport is not properly signed , and that I cannot pass the frontier ;¦ though I have passed through Belgium , Prussia , Germany , Nassau , Baden-Baden , France , and Switzerland with ifc . Perhaps , hereafter , I may make my travels otherwise interesting , when I have made them subserve the small-farm system . From all that I liavcjseen , and heard , and learned , lam resolved never to relax my exertions , until I see every English Irish , aud Scotch man , who wishes to live without " a master , " enabled to do so . I am , your faithful friend and servant , FEAnous O'Coxxor .

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    SPAIN . "We take the following from the Times : — ITadbid , Ssrx . 10 . —Beyond the information possessed by the Piscals and the secret police , little is known , either to the accused themselves or to the public , of the nature or amount of the charge against General Orespo aild Senor Sflgarti , whose approaching trial , if indeed they are not treated a la Corradi and Calvo , promises to be interesting . I have lately alluded to the barbarous treatment received by these persons , and their being confined in filthy dungeons during fifty days , without being permitted to communicate with a human being except tlic alcalde of the prison , who brought them their food . The Tiscal , who is charged with drawing up tho accusation against them , and whose business it will be to

    prosecute them , has been an officer in Cabrera ' s army . One can judge liow little mercy will be shown sucli men as Crespo aud Sagarti at the hands of such a prosecutor . As far as can yet be learned , it appears that the charge against Sagarti is , that he was the president of a club of direction ; and against Crespo , that he was . the party intended to have been placed at the head of the force destined to make a revolution and overthrow the Government . It was only after fifty-one days of imprisonment that they were informed of the nature of these charges , " as they appeared from the documents , " to use the expression of the Fiscal . They were refused the right , grautsd and commanded by the law , of perusing , or even seeing the declarations made by the witnesses , and the names of the informers were refused to lie

    communicated to them , —also in violation of the same law . Being thus denied the facility of examining the act of accusation , they are consequently debarred from making the usual counter-declaration , or from being able to call witnesses whose testimony could contradict that of the common informers who accuse them . The accused hare ' protestedagainst such conduct , and thus the matter rests at present ; but , if we may judge from the manner in which other political prosecutions have been conducted , there is but litle hope that their remonstrances will he attended to , or that anything like justice will he aone

    them . Sagarti and Crespo must be got rid of at any cost . "With such things before us , it would be absurd to suppose that the Governmentintends changing its system of brute force , encouragement of informers , swindlers , ana perjurers—an administration of justice woree tnan even in the worst days of the inquisition , are the blessings like to be in store for Spain as long as such , a man as If arraez rules thp country . Barcelona , Seps . 22 . —The same military occupation of this city ooi ^ lnueg-svithout the slightest modification , to whi-Jn ^ « universally admitted its tranquillity is & Ve to he attributed *

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    SWITZERLAND . Arrest of Commiwists . —A Berne letter , of Sept . 25 , says : " Tlie President of the Communist Club of Berne , who was a simple workman at one of the printing-offices , has just been arrested . The club was immediately closed . .. A formidable , coalition of workmen has been formed at Sqleure . 'ihfc Artizans at Argau are drawing up a petition against the liberty of manufactures , and against the introduction " of foreign manufactured produce /'

    ITALY . The Papal Tujirorism . —We take the following from the Morning Chronicle ; — " Our private advices from Leghorn of the 20 th instant mention , that the attempt at revolt which was to have taken place-in the Jegations towards the middle of the month had completely miscarried . The patriots , it-appears , had tampered with the troops of the garrison oi Aneona , Senegaglia , and Rimini , on whose co-operation they relied , but shortly before the period fixed for the outbreak the Fontilical Government , to which the plot had been denounced , changed all the garrisons , and thus defeated their plans . The principal chicls had fled . Military commissions were'immediately established in the different localities ; tlie Pontifical volunteers were re-organised , and ordei-3 were forwarded from Rome to arm the inhabitants of the suburbs of Faenza , who arc well affected to the Pope ' s Government . Fifteen persons had been arrested in this last town . The commission sitting at Ravenna had sentenced 50 or GO individuals to the galleys .

    RUSSIA . The following is an estraefc of a letter from St . Petersburg , of the llthinst .: — -. .. . - * ¦ - ¦ - " ¦ ¦ '' T . U <» system of -Russfanisinj ail the dependent provinces of ihe empire has received a neiv application . I am assured that the Emperor , before quitting St . Petersburg , signed a new codo for tho German provinces , based upon the laws of Russia before the conquest of theseprovinccs , which were originally dependent ou Poland . Those of Courland and Livonia eujsjed a franchise and local institutions founded on tho German system , and particularly on that of the Hanseatie towns , l ' eter the Great anil his successors always accorded them a separate anil exceptional system of legislation and public institutions . Knowing , too , as tlioy did , the corruption of a Russian Senate , these provinces were careful never to appeal to a

    body so characterised , but , on the contrary , invested their own magistrates with the entire control of their own uflairs . The step of the Emperor in resolving to put them upon the same footing with the other Russian provinces has , therefore , caused the greatest agitation . Tliu nobility of Courlaud and Livonia avo in a Btato of high discontent , and the mure as they have contributed to raise that empire to the power which it now possesses . Jacken , Witgenstein , Pahlen , Witziugerode , < fcc , belong to those provinces , and moreover are men who exercise a high influence over the destinies of the empire . The tidings of tlie disaster in Circassia are completely confirmed . Public opinion holds the Emperor particularly to blame for their occurrence , and accuses him of having sacrificed an army and given up considerable resources , in his obstinate determination to lbllow a plan of uouipaigu disapproved of by liis best generals .

    UNITED STATES . Livehpool , Si 7 . ndav . —The royal mail steamer Caledonia , Captain E . Cr . Lott , arrived in the Mersey to-day at noon . She left Boston on the 16 th instant , and Halifax on the 18 th , and lias therefore made the whole voyage in 11 * days , deducting her stay at Halifax . There is no account of any hostilities having taken place at " the seat of war , " as Texas is termed in the United States papers ; the rumours of large Mexican armies marching towards that country appear to be pure fictions , whilst the emptiness of tlie Mexican Treasury and the impossibility of getting a loan are realities , not to be overcome in an occasion where the feelings of the people are little in unison with the wishes of their rulers . From all accounts , the sole preventive that exists against a war between

    the two countries is the want of money on the part oi Mexico . In the meantime tlio country is in great disorder , and the province of Tobaseo , taking advantage of the opportunity , have revolted and declared their independence . The American forces in Texas have been suffered to concentrate and establish their position , undisturbed by any attack at Corpus Cliwsti , described as one of the healthiest and most beautiful spots in the world . It it said that Geu . Taylor will occupy this position for about two months , and in case the Mexicans in the meantime take no measures of decisive attack , that they will then move forward to the mouth and borders of the Rio Grande

    and will establish that as the boundary line between the two countries . The Washington Union , however , says : — "Letters have been received from the capital of Mexico to the 30 th of July : they express great doubt whether Congress would pass the declaration of war , and whether they would not consider their previous avowals in relation to annexation as tantamount , to a declaration and whether they would not attempt to strike at us without a declaration . It is confidently said that they are sending all the troops they could despatch to the frontier with that view , General Felasoki to be cominander-inchief . "

    The Axti-Rexi Movement . —About one hundred aud fifty of the most active of tho Anti-Renters have been captured and lodged in prison . The court-house at Hudson , state of New York , where the trial of the Anti-Rentere was proseedinsf , was the scene of an unseemly outrage between the Attorney-General of the State , John Van Buren , Esq ., son of the late president , and Mr . A . Jordan , who indulged . in a pugilistic contest in open court , which was carried on with gveat spirit amid great confusion , the judge calling loudly for order ; after sometime the sheriffs succeeded in separating the combatants , who were then placed at the bar ( one of them , observe , bobig the Attorney-General of the State ) , and committed to prison for twenty-four hours for contempt of court .

    Miscellaneous News . — An organised band of thieves , or banditti , has , been discovered in the Wabask Valley , Indiana . ' Five have been captured by the eitiaens . At Chestertown , Maryland , Mr . Edward Roc was killed by a negro , whom ho had threatened to chastise . A man , supposed to have been one of the murderers of Colonel Davenport , of Rook Island , Illinois—he having the colonel ' s watch in his possession—has been captured aud beaten to death by the people . —There has been a riot at Kingston , Canada , which was quelled by the military , but not until several persons were wounded . The cause was not political . —At Burton , Ohio , owing to ' a sentinel having refused one Nathan Bvittan to pass into an enclosure of volunteers , the latter stabbed the sentinel to the heart . The murderer is in custody .

    —Mr . Nugent and a young Frenchman were drowned on the 21 st ult ., in consequence of their canoe going over the grand Falls , New Brunswick . —At Montreal Races a large body of the ruffians called " Oanallers " commenced a riot , and nearly murdered Mr . Scott , member of Parliament , from Two Mountains . The rioters were dispersed by the military . —Circumstances have transpired in New York , which have led to the belief that one or two young females have been sacrificed by practisers of abortions , deliberate murder , &e ., and some of their bodies sold for dissection , Several persona are in custody on suspicion of having been connected with these horrid mysteries . —Nearly half of the town of Aneaster , Canada West , has been destroyed by fire . At Gordon's Falls , near Bangor , eight men were drowned by theswampingof a boat ou Monday week . ,

    THE WAR IN THE CAUCASUS . The Journal des Dchats makes the following comments on the recent news from the Caucasus : — "Letters from St . Petersburg , referring to tlie recent news from the Caucasus , announce that tho awnyhas altogether returned into its cantonments , and confirm all the details which have been already given of the great expedition of Dargo . The retreat has beenreally disastrous . The army , which left Dargo on the 13 th of July ( Russian calendar ) , af ter having remained six days waiting for the great convoy which was carried off by Schamil , had only three day 3 * march to malic in order to reach the line of the Sundja and the Terek . Butwheu they arrived on the left bank of the AUsai , it was discovered that it would be impossible to oontinue the march , unless by losing half of the army in forcing a passage . Schamil and his mountaineers were raising every where new barriers with trunks of trees , and it would be necessary to make the same series of attacks , as for the e apture of Dargo . The army was encumbered with their wounded , and they dragged

    along the inconvenient bur den of twenty pieces of cannon , which were not of the sli- litest use during the whole expedition . In this painfu' / extremitj-, the General-in-Chief came to the determina ' tion to halt at an uncovered point , outside the forest , ne ar a hamlet called Chaougal-Berdy , and the army rema : . ned therefour days , blocked up by the enemy . However it had been contrived to send forward , foralargerewar two natives of the auxiliary conipaiues , to General Fre itag > commander of the forts and cantonments of the ' ArgOun and the Sundja . One of the two despatches tort- anately arrivea ) and tllis generalinwnediately despatch " . his orders in all directions , was able in two days to r et together ^ greatest pavUfhis division , and at once proceeueu to the assistance of the army , with ei 8 htl" / attalions , three squadrons , and twelve pieces of oaun on , with stores and ammunition . Had it not been f ° r the opportune arrival of this reinforcement , General v , oronzoff was likely to meot with the same chock aud on the very same ground as his predecessor , General Grabbe , j whenfce made the first attack on the Aksai side . It was 1 by the Kara-Eoisson that General Woronzoff had com-

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    menced Msopenrtieiwr but it is erMunt that he wasol optoon that he coatdmrt return ty the same road on Tchirkei' and VnozapnwYa ,. whence he ! had set oat ; anil begMis , it appears b y the last report puWished , that h ' u haa ordered the three i ' erts , established along , that road t < j |» evacuated during Hs nwrchfonvart ) . At St . Peters . Wg , in the official TforJd ,. it is pretended that Gene-al ^ oronzoff left a garrison at Dargo . thaS appears to us '¦ n ' ?« ^ , > and "'" cair *"' *¦ look on il as a "Port circujrted by the government fo satisfy public option , which h $ been thrown into muclr agitation by throecotintof v 5 R ™ mT escaused ty this disastrous expedition : Vfo have before us the officia ? report of tlie 4 th ( ICth ) of Aipst , published in the government Qazttte at St .-Petcrs-H ^ L . General Woronaoff announces JaVdeDartuw irom

    JJargo , his arrivalat Aksai , his halt at Cbaougal-Bjga ^ and finally , the junction of General Freitaa with ^ principal army . In this rep »» 6 not a word is . said of oig . g . imson being left at Dargo . Obliged to evacuate a st £ > ng position in the centre of the mountains of BaKhmbui , and which had costhim sodear , the general would npthave tailed to declare , by way of compensation , that hj | had ^ tailed a garrison there to-hold tho mountaineers H&chaek . Another prpof of the-improbability of this i | p , is the evacuation of the three fortified posts , wbieh utated Dargo to the line of the Soulakj . and the . central fojtof Vnezapnaia . Prom the disastrous- termination of the . expedition , the capture of the convoy , the loss of the two . generals killed by the Tchetchens ,. the blockade of thu army in the forests of tho Aksai , tc- leave a garrison nt

    Dargo would liav&bccn to abandon to tho enemy a certain pi-ey , since the troops left there wouldhave been isolated , without any . possibility of affording them . succour ; thg ^ e eslp erimentjBade by two able generals proving ihatit was necessary to get together 20 ) 000 men , ailu lose at least a Quarter ol that number , to . penetrate there . Notwithstanding the painful results of theexpedition , the Emperor has distributed numerous reoompenses to his army of tlie Caucasus . The Emperor , besides , was desirous of masking the disastrous part of the campaign by the eclat of the honours awarded- ;; but the truth hath plcrcca through , and lie cannot conceal from himself the evil effects which aw likely to ensue . He beholds

    liis power , and the renown of the Russian , armies , continuing year after year to fail before some wretched mountaineers , who Cannot bring together on a single point more than eight or ten thousand combatants , wanting ponder , and half of whom are only armed with bows and arrows . This prolonged resistance , sometimes victorious and always invincible , humiliates , him in a certain measure in the eyes of Europe , and therefore he wants to finish the matter in any way—hy fire or sword . "We must , in consequence , expect to see , att the commencement of the approaching season , a now campaign commenced , in which will be displayed the greatest possible efforts . "

    The German papers state that a great number of Polish refugees from franco , England , aud Belgium have passed through Leghorn on their way to Smyrna , Wliei'O tlieyarii to assemble preparatory to proceeding to the Caucasus , to join the Circassians in the war against the Russians .

    ITALY . The Bloody Papal Despotism . —More Assassinations of PATKiqis .--LoNDo > j , Satuhmy Moiwiso , Skft . 27 . —The following appears in tue Chronicle of this morning : — " At the University of Bologna several arrests have taken place oi" late , for instance of M . Masini , brother of the professor of that name . The order for his apprehension arrived from Rome in the night , and he was instantly conveyed thither by a strong military force . The exasperation in the Roraagna is the greater , as jt lias come to light that one of the persons executed in ltavenna was entirely innocent of the offence for which he was put to death The two Bologneso , Barrintcrr Ressan Galetti and Massioli , have been sentenced to the galleys , the former for life , tho latter for twenty years , liven the clerk of M . Galetti is to be confined for three years .

    INDIA AND CHINA . Losdox , Thursday , October 2 . —Tho extraordinary express , in anticipation of the Indian Mail to tho 28 th of August , has arrived . There is no longer any doubt as to tUe _ assembling of an army on the banks of the Sutlej , in order to enable the present Siekh Government to curb its licentious soldiery ^ The Queen-Mother and her brother , the "Wuzeev oi " the boy King Duleep Sing , are stated to bo now acting in concert with the British , agents , for the purpose of putting down the insolence and rebellious spirit of the Khalsa , troops and tho fanatic Akhalees . Umballa is named as the place of rendezvous for all the " politicals , " as the Hon . Company ' s diplomatic

    agents are occasionally called in India . The Governor-General ,. . the Commaiider-Jn- Chief , the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces , Mr . Thomason , and Mr . G . R . Clerk , who was said to be on liis way from England , are to have a conference at Agra , after" which the important movements will be commenced . The cholera had disappeared at Sukkar and Hyderabad . The preparations for any movement that might be neaessary- against the Funjaub were going on silently but ^ urely , especially in the boats for bridges and steamers , &c ., It appeared to be expected that Sir Charlc 3 Jfapier would be called on to proceed to join the Governor-General , in case any hostile measures became imperative in the Punjaub . The news from China is unimportant .

    IMPORTANT FROM TEE RIVER PLATE . Fauioutii , Sept . 30 . —By the Martha Jane , arrived off Pcnzanco , from Buenos Ayrcs , -we have received still iater accounts therefrom , . to the 26 th . of July , Tho accompanying particulars of an interview between the British residents and Mr . Ousclef * will give an idea of the position of affairs at the above period . The deputation of the committee of British merchants waited on W . G . Ouseley , Esc [ ., her . British Majesty ' s Minister Plenipotentiary , this morning ( 2 ( 5 th July ) , when he entered upon the following relation of the present state of the negociations with the Argentine Government : — ¦

    :. " That the Argentine Government has been in the commencement of the joint negociations , and repeatedly afterwards , requested by the Ministers ol England and France , to agree to a temporary suspension ^ of hostilities , so as to give opportunity ibr negociatioa to be gone into without any useless loss of Me in the meantime . " This proposition was not accepted by the Argentine Government ; on the contrary , it required the rigorous blockade of Monte Video to be acknowledged , and meanwhile the siege of that town was

    pushed more vigorously than before by General Oribe . "Onthe refusal-of the temporary suspension of hostilities , a note was presented b y the Ministers requiring the Government to withdraw the Argentine tvoops from the Estado Oriental , and the squadron from before Monte Video , the- Ministers binding themselves on their part to the disarming of the foreigners who have taken part in the dissensions of the Estado Oriental , thus leaving the native inhabitants to choose their own Government .

    " This ultimatum was made fixing the 31 st instant ( July ) for orders to bo given for the withdrawal of the Argentine forces , warning the Government that i such orders were not given on or before the 31 st , fchf English and French Ministers would leave this city . '

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    THE VETERAN PATRIOTS' FUND . To the Chartists op the United Kisodoj :. Dear Friends , —I rejoice in the establishment , at last , of the two funds , viz ., the "Veteran Patriots ' Fund , " and the " Exiles' Widow and Orphans Fund ;" and although so late in the day , I sincerely hope that every good'Chartist will at once vigorously wtrih himself to tho pod work , lay asido all differences , discountenance all bickerings , and unite in removing the disgrace attached to our body , that we have so shamefully neglected those who have faithfully zealously , and so long struggled for the "Rights oi Man . " Let it not be said , we cannot afford it the islookto

    answer , yonr Land fund , to which you can send upwards of JE 200 weekly . Look to the veteran Preston , who , for more , than half a century , has laboured m the Democratic ranks , and now in his Tgtli year , with his aged partner , actually destitute of a bed whereon to rest their aged and infirm limbs I have frequently , with an aching heart , beheld their forlorn and impoverished condition . Inaddition ; the above there's daddy Richards , of the Potteries ; Smartot Leicester ; Devenport , of London ; and others —men who [ have , throughout along life , distinguished themselves as consistent advocates of a suffering people . Up , then and be doing ! Let it not be said these old men shall be sent into the damnable bastile—mayhap to gnaw the . bones of their fpllnw .

    creatures . JMo ; that indeed would break their hearts ; for tliougli now old and feeble , the flame of liberty still burns with undiminished ardour in their breasts . I desire that all monies subscribed for this purposei may bo forwardedI to the General Postoffice , St . Martin ' s-le-Grand , made payable to Mr . Cooper , tho secretary . And when I inform OW SmmitS ? T W ' eaSUrer ' ! ld tlle res * " f " committee act perfectly gratuitous , they . will feel desirous to save us all the trouble they can . I am yours , in the good cause , U , Gloucester-stvcet , CmwSahSIIi bUST ™'' IWnsMirH .--A meeting will be held at the Dun Cow , Brookgreen-lane , on Tuesday evening next , October 7 th , at eight o ' clock precisely .

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    ADDRESS , BY THE OENTltAL COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED TRADES ASSOCIATION Toil THE niOTECnON OF INDUSTRY . Tke Central Committee , appointed by the Ju ) y Trades Conference , for the purpose of carrying a general organisation into ett ' ect , beg to call the attention of the working classes to the result of the labours of that conference , viz .: —the formation of two institutions ,- each to work in connection with the other ;¦ and in- their respective functions , each calculated to meet the peculiar evils- which deteriorate the condition- of those who depend upon labour for

    their subsistence . The two associations are separate in their government , because they require a separate and different application of their respective funds . ; and because there arc trades whose circumstances would prevent them uniting with both , who could with advantage avail-themselves of one of them ; both , however , sn « intended to work side by side , and each will receive countenance aud steengtli by tue prosperity of the oilier . In order to appreciate these institutions , it will be advisable to give a very brief analysis of the circumstances which injuriously affect the condition of

    working men . The position Of employer and employed is prc-. ciaely that of bm'gstvncrs for the sale and * purchase of , labour . In all bargains , the buyer is disposed to give ¦ as little , and the seller to get as much as possible , for . what he has to exchange ; it is easy , therefore , to be ; seen , that he of the two who is most subject t » tlic 'immediate pressure of llcc « l § j $ KBL'i ! be obliged to yield to the price of the oth £ f $ HBfthe exact proportion as his necessities aro most immediate . It need not be said that the necessities of the workman are much more immediate than those of liis employer , and that consequently , singly ,, lie has no chance in the bargain . It is infiispcnsaole ,. therefore , that the employed should take measures to correct this inequality of position in the bargain with their

    employers ; tor there is no situation so helpless on the one part , and consequently so certain to induce every species of oppression , as when the buyer or scllcrhiis his opponent completely at his mercy . As individually , therefore , the workman cannot successfully contend with his employer ,, it becomes his imperative duty to unite with his fellow workmen in order that liis position in the bargain may be rectified to something like equality . The necessity of union being thus founded upon the natural sense of justice which prompts every one to resist oppression , it is essential that such union should be formed wisely to carry out its specific objects , and to adapt itself to such exigencies as may arise in the struggle oHaboiu with capital for a rah" remuneration . To obtain this fair remuneration is tlie intention of the United Trades Association for the protection of Industry .

    Besides the necessity of thus uniting to correct the inequality of position of labour and capital , it often happens that without any intention of taking advantage of their superior ability to stand out against a fair price for labour , the employers have multitudes of unemployed workmen , competing each with the other , for employment , and bidding each under the other , to obtain it . This evil , which formerly was . confined in a great measure to unskilled labour , the unceasing application of machinery now renders very possible to every trade . The only remedy here is to withdraw , if

    possible , the surplus labour from the market—to take such measures as shall prevent the workmen from being in these circumstances compelled by sheer hunger to submit to any terms , however opprcsivo . ^ Vith this view the Association for the employment of surplus labour in agriculture and manufactures , is submitted for attention . For it will be seen that to effect any real and permanent amelioration of the conditions of the working classes , they must not only unite for mutual protection , butnnistadoptmcasures to abstract from the market that surplus labour which would otherwise of itself cause the most abject state of social misery .

    These measures , although directed to the same end , are yet sufficiently distinct to induce the Conference to decide upon the formation of two associations , to carry them out in separate yet harmonious operation . It cannot be doubted , that a general organisation of trades will give a power to resist oppression which cannot bo possessed by ' any . trade singly , and moreover , by uniting many trades in one interest , an aggregate mass oi' opinion will be formed , which in the end , will do much for the benefitof the working classes , and prevent the necessity ^ of their having recourse to the more physical expedient of strikes . Under the conviction , therefore , that the spirit of union , tempered with moderation and equity , should in future characterise the proceedings of the working classes ,

    the United Trades Association lor tiie protection ol [ udustry has been instituted , and if entered into and supported with that carnestnes 3 which its importance merits , results will be acliievcd by the influence of its united powers which , if sought by isolated efforts , could only terminate in defeat and disappointment . Tho objects of tlie auxiliary institution , the Association for the Employment of Surplus Labour in Agriculture and Manufactures , is sufficiently apparent from its title ; it aims at maintaining the price of labour by preserving a health y relation between tho dcniarid and the supply . This it proposes to do by giving employment to the surplus labour in whatever wanner or locality may bo thought most eligible .

    As the immediate business of the Central Committee , however , relates more especially to tlie first of these institutions , it will at present confine its vemarks to tlie Association for the Protection of Industry . The impossibility of contending successfully against the influence of capital has long since been experienced by the disunited working classes , and the formation of Trades Unions was forced upon them as a moans of defence . The great evil of these expedients has hitherto been the contradicted basis upon which they wore established , the power brought into action being at the utmost only sufficient to protract resistance , but not to ensure success . The more united trades have sometimes obtained partial and temporary advantages , while others have been rendered more helpless by their unsuccessful struggles .

    Tiie blame of failure , iiowever , docs not rest with the system , but the contracted scale on which it has been conducted 1 ; and the obvious remedy lies , therefore , in its extension ; . not merely to embrace the entire of one trade , but to unite all- fl-ades in one general confederation , which by presenting a strong 'barrier against unjust aggression , ' will prevent attack , as peace is often ensured by there being no weak point which could be successfully assailed . In carrying out the grea ' t objects of the Association , it is not intended to supersede local unions , the urdinary affairs of which , can , be much butter administered by its own inembervn'hOiii'Gffloi'C immediately interested in . and practicaljy acquainted with thenparticular trade and locality ; but when the Association shall have been matured , it is intended , as laid

    down by the Conference , to form a common centre , towards which their associated means may converge for mutual assistance and support in cases of need ; and from which these means may be re-distributed in such masses , and upon such points , as may most effectually secure the great objects of all working men j namely , to enable them to withstand all aggressions , obtain a just participation in the wealth they assist to produce , and promote such improvements in their condition , physically , mentally , and morally , as becomes rational beings , the advanced state of science , and the ' superabundance of the means for ] supporting and educating the population , now at the command of society . Tho Association of " United Trades will enable each particular trade that may join it , in tlie case of

    disputes or strikes , to fightdts individual battle with the whole strength of the Association ; and will multiply its means twenty , fifty , or a hundred-fold , according to its own powers and numbers compared with that of the entire Association . The Association will also bring to bear on all disputed points between employers and employed , a more powerful moral influence than any isolated Union can exercise . This , it may be anticipated , will prevent maf . y of these disputes from terminating in turn-outs or strikes , and where these are discovered to be indispensable , will give them the sanction and aid of a strong public opinion , created and directed by peaceful and constitutional means ; Opinion in the end is more powerful than wealth . Tho Association will wield both for the service of Labour . In pasb struggles the ' law has been too often perverted to the service of Capital . One of the objects

    of the _ Association will be to secure its impartial administration , and to bring to the aid of labour , that legal knowledge and ability , which has heretofore been almost entirely "monopolised by capital . An instrument of tyranny , which is Capable of the most tremendous abuse , will thus be wrested from the hands of those who'have too many incitements to misuse it ,- and tlie working -men in future struggles will bo aided , not opposed by the law . Such are the leading objects of the Association of United Trades fgr the Protection of Industry , in order to assign to labour its true position in the economy of social life , to remove the accumulated evils under which it has long suffered , and to introduce ft new era in the history of this country , when the abundance of its productions shall contribute to the happiness of the sons of toil , instead of being reserved for the exclusive indulgenco of the few . It will be seen tha

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    tho intention of tho wholo is to rectify the two great evils with which labour has always to contend , vu ., the inequality of its position individually m competing with capital , and the inundation oi ' surplus labour ia > the market . . « How far the institutions now formed will answer these purposes will depend upon the support they receive from the working classes . In conclusion , the Committee beg to impress upon all that the Associa * tion for the protection ' of industry is solely under the management and control of working men unconnected with any political or other party . Whatever colour there may iuwc ken iW a cwiiniiy opinion in the earlier stipes of th « ir uroccediims there is none now .

    A perusal of the rules will show that 110 movement can take place , or agreement be entered into , without the sanction aud authority of the bonajiJc representatives of the working classes , T . Barbatt , Sec , ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ 30 , Hyde Street , Btyomsbujy . ' Cj-. viRAt Comsuitee . — 'iYS . Buncombe , - -Esq ., M . i \ , Presidpnt ; J . Bush , Carpenter , Vice-President ; v £ ; f- 1 " » g » ' ^ o okbiadcr , ' Londoa ; W . AUtu ; Tin . ^ , 1 'iate Worker , London ; D . James , Boot Maker , V London ; W . / . Youujf , Curuentsr , London ;; F . . Green , Morocco Leather Finisher , London ; R . Mullen , Woolcomber . Bradford ; J . Rogers ; Carpenter , Bristol ; . VT . I- ' elkin , Frame Work Knitter , Mansfield ; Vf . I ' almer , PJjtsterer , Ufauehester . "; 3 . Lyues , Sills Weaver , Norwich ; J . Ewvy , Miner , VVigau .

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    NOTICE—TO THE- UNiTED TRADES ANI > WORKING- GLASSES GENERALLY , If there be 0110 tiling move than another that fctiidst to impede the improvement of the social conditioft-of the working classes , it is the > va » t of a competent knowledge of their own- capabilities . Aeeustom&i from early life , to their particular calling or profeg . sion , they prbsc ' viilb tlie saine with a degree of in--tense interest , thinking that their happiness depends upon that alone ; neither are they- altogether culpable for the absence of that kuovriedge which certain , other portions of society possess ^ The condition of

    working meii aud the price of Uiboui ' liarc long been such , that in . proportion to tho amount of knowledge they acquire , they must sacrifice thoir domestic comloris ^ and that , somtimes , to the injury of their families . Other portions of socicty .,. who iistre found the means of- acquiring knowledge ,, have not the means of . disseminating that kuowJedge amongst theJK | ellpF . 5 J' 0 jiii ) g nieu . Thus the working classes have been Ib ' cl / aiid" governed , by tho cuoidily of others , whose intcrcet it Jias hem , it , Jceop them in a State of mental imbccihtv .

    Judging from theory rather than-practice , working men have generally uonsiilurcil that unless they Wero ekssieal scholars V of reputed talcnp they eouid bo of little service in elevating their condition in society . Thus they have either notfmade the attempt , or lost confidence in themselves before they had' accomplished their object . But surely there is a sort of knowledge , -which , though not' taught in our public scIkmjU , may tc acquired \}? every man , and which , when once acquired , will be of more practical utility than all the scholastic love in the universe—namely , how best to use his powers fur his own advantage and that of his fellow man . Tins is the sur . nmun bomnu

    of all knowledge , an axiom that is engraven upon our intellectual faculties . When a man has acquired that knowledge he is independent of more ; without it , he is little elevated above the brute recreation . In order to cll ' ect any important change in the condition of the working classes two things ave necessary ; first , that they should understand what is to i be done ; ami , secondly , that they should have confidence in themselves , and in the fidelity of those who . co-opci'iitc with them to accomplish the same purpose . With these two points working men now seem to have determined to grapple , and if they have done this , they-have Jaid thu fuillldiltiuil of SUCCCSS . The Board of Directors of thu United Trades'

    Association , established for the employment of labour m agriculture and manufactures , linding that a spirit of inquiry exisiss throughout the country as to the objects of this Association , and the manner in which it is proposed to accomj > Visii tAiose objects ; aud feeling assurcd that it is owly necessary to carry out the two points above alludwl to , have dctcvminuA to send , forthwith , through the various towns in the kingdom , talented working men , who will be able to elucidate the principles of the Association ; and who , by their , probity and experience , together with their known integrity , will fully answer the above purpose , and dojustice to the cause they are sent to advocate . It is considered that working men , who are connected with , and who understand the nature and practical bearing of trades unions in general , as well as the ponmjind position of tlie working classes , will serve the purpose more effectually than any others could do .

    Announcements will be made through-tlia Northern Star and other periodicals as to ( when tlio agents of the Association wj ]] bo visiting tho various localities ; and it is comiikutly hoped tln \ t Trade Societies will render them every assistance by previously making local arrangements fov tUc reception , of such parties . Arrangements arc in progress with Mr . J . Skclton of London to commence the work proposed , and the town kc will first visit will be announced iu our ; next .

    Grand Procession of Misers at TYiGAJf , I . V IIoxouu OF W » P . Roberts , Esq . —Tho Miners of the Wigan district having purposed for some time past to do huiiour ^ to their " Attorney-General , " for . the many legal victories he had achieved for them , determined upon giving him a public entry into tho town on' Monday fast ; and in order to make ifc worthy of the man and liis liuours , every Miner in the district voluntarily Jakl aside his pick and spade to be present on the occasion . The morning was most unfavourable , the rain falling without intermission until seven o ' clock , when the sun broke thro ugh the clouds , causing the deep anxiety whicli was depicted in tlie countenances of the hardy sons of the mine to disappear under his invigorating With

    rays . cheerful swiJes they now began to wend their way to the general rendezvous , from whence , at nine o ' clock , with music-playing awl biumera flying-, tho procession moved down the Scholes . At the bridge the / were joined by their champion iu an . open carriage , in which we observed also Mr . Grocott , the county secretary ; Mr . John Berry ; and our old and respected townsman , Mr . Win . Liixon . The procession took the following route : — Up Mill-gate and Standishgate , as far as the monument , when the procession returned to the Market-place , and then proceeded along Wallgate , Queen-street , Chapel-lane , over the Scholes Bridge , up \ Vamngton-5 ane , Hartlybuts , Manchester-road , to Iiambeiswood Common , where , 1 hustings had

    been provided for the speakers . In the procession were two very splendid new silk banners , provided for the occasion ; on one of which was tlie full-length figure of a working Miner , with a scroll in liis hand , containing an appropriate motto . On thcreverse was ihe motto— " United we stand , divided we fall . " On the other banner was a beautiful representation of the Miners' emblem , and on the reverse " United we stand , divided we fall . " This was the largest gathering of Miners ever held in this country , there being from 8000 to 10 , 000 persons present . On tlie motion of Messrs . Dixvn and lialgatc , Mr . John Berry was unanimously called upon to preside . Mr . Berry opened the meeting by reading the placard , after which he said that when three years ago they held

    their first mectinff , tlie coal masters said that they would break up _ their union . iu three months ; but , thank God , their union was not broken , neither- was it sick , nor had it even wanted a doctor . He hoped they would conclude the day as they had begun it—iu peace and sobriety . Tlic meeting was then addressed by Messrs . Dixon , Ilalgate , Price , Deiinct , and Mr i Roberts , and the following resolutions were agreed to : — " That we , the Miners of Lancashire , fool convinced from past experience and the every-day practices of the coal masters , that justice will never ba clone to the working man until he is paid for his work by weight instead of as now , by measure . We therefore pledge ourselves that we will not relax in our exertions until this object is ¦ accomplished . '' - " That we , the Miners of Lancashire , in a public meeting assembled do

    , hereby declare our unqualified confidence in tho principles of restriction , believing the same to be eminently calculated to work out the salvation of- the miners of this county , and we recommend our brethren in every part of the country to adopt it without delay . " The procession was again formed and proceeded back to the town in the same order as they loft , aud each party then departed to their respective club-houses , where substantial dinners were provided for them . We liare to add , that tha proprietor of the New Patricroft Colliery gave his men £ 1 , and that Mr . Whalley presented the men in his employment with £ 3 and a small barrel o £ ale . He likewise gave £ 3 to the musicians that played at the procession . What makes those gifts ot more value is , that they were given without any solicitation on the part of the men .

    A Tubhc Meetixg op Miners was held at Bards cy , on the afternoon of Monday last , which was addressed by-MessM . Parkinson , Wealsby , aud Dixon , from Manchester . The Dixon Fusd Committee beg leave to aeknowedge the receipt of the followingsums :-IIalifnx , per Mr . Clark , 6 s . lfd . j Keighley , 6 s . Wigan Philantropic lotal Abstenance Society , per TIios . RotkwcU JloSt t ) U » * Lancashire aivd Cheshire Mixeis . —The next general delegate meeting of Lancashire Miners will

    ake place on Monday next , the 6 th October , at the house of Mr . James Lomas , Bull ' s Head ; High-lane , near iiazei- ^ rove , Cheshire ; chair to ho taken at eleven o'clock in the forenoon . There will also be a , public meeting , whicli will be addressed hy W . P . Roberts , Esq ., and several other gentlemen . The levy for the fortnight , including general contributions , is Is . Cd . each member . Persons calling themselves ^ embers of the Miners' Association , coraine into Lancashire , will not be recognised as such unless they produce printed credentials signed by the secretary of the lodge , or district , to which they belong , and stamped with the lod ge or district 3

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    VOL . VIII . NO . 412 . LONDON , SATUfiMY , OCTOBER 4 , 1845 . ¦ . pbic « fitomm * « 7 * ' * Five Shilling ! * mid Sixpence pt * Quarter .

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    AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL .

• Citation
  • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 4, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1335/page/1/