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BELGIUM.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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( FROM OCR OW . V USD COUMISSIOXBB . ) Letter IV . TO THE WORKING CLASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . I-write this letter from the capital of Sardinia ; and in , my passage here I have been a very strict observer of persons and manners , and of the Land above all things . I believe it has been the fashion for travellers to compile the history of-countries either from the works of other miters , or from a Tery imperfect knowledge acquired through a slender acquaintance -with individuals , whose accounts of things are generally tinged by prejudice , or
misstated from ignorance . For these reasons I have resolved upon not falling into this too common practice , —a practice which has naturally gone to add more Or less of discredit to the accounts of all travellers . There are , however , subjects upon which no controversy can arise , and upon which the most prejudiced person can form a correct opinion . These are , the appearance , manners , customs , and habits of a people : the necessary , or ratUertlie inevitable , conconsequences which must result from the management of the Laxd of a country ; and , above all , the relation in which the several classes stand to each
other . Therefore , as I do not vxsh . to fall into the usual error of travellers , I have rejected , —except for comment when we meet , —all that I have heard : and I shall content myself with putting you ia possession of what I have seen . Some may say : " Air . O'Connor wants us to believe that he has become sufficiently acquainted with the history of Belgium , Prussia , Germany , Nassau , Baden-Baden , France , Switzerland , Austria , Sardinia , the Austrian Italian States , and Lonibardy , in a . single month , to enable
him to instruct tbe English people on the subject . " mean no such thing : but I do mean that I have seen as much as I required to convince me of the correctness of my views on the all-important subject of the ] Lun > , as -well as to confirm my oft-expressed opinion , that the monopoly of the Land must inevitably lead—firstly , to the too great disparity between the classes of a country ; secondly , to the unnatural reli ance of a people on the caprice of the monopolists of the Land for food ; and thirdly , and above all , to the enactment of bad laws : and what is still more , to the
capricious administration of those bad laws . I have tun the people and the Land of all the countries I have above named : and I have heard it repeated , over and over again , that the Land of England canno hi made to produce food for its inhabitants . I have heard that mach of the land of that country is not worth cultivating ; and I have heard the clijnate irreligiously abused as nngeuial ; and I have heard that much of the land of England is not worth the trouble or expense of cultivation . I have heard tliatit isa decree of Providence that thercshall alivavs
be poor in THAT land ; and I have heard it said that "the increase of the pauper class is a consequence of increased civilisation . " Ihaveseen barren valleys , and barren hills , and barren slopes , all made larrai in consequence of their proximity to the quicker money-maker— " the tall ddmncv" I have also seen the Alps—the snow-capped Alps of Switzerland , and of Sardinia , and of Italy . I have seen the majestic mountains of Liege ; I have seen the liiajli hi ! ls ef Germany , and ef Baden-Baden , to the foot of tic Black Forest : and I have seen the result of man ' s lahour , ii-Iien -taidtecked hy mechanical ] x > wcr , displayed even to ike vervsunimiU . 1 have seen a happv and
contented peasantrylivinginthc midst of almost natural sterility ; while I have seen millions starving , or driven to the ocean for sea-weed , whose every-day work it is to make riches out of the very best land for indolent loids ( who do not like the " trouble" of " business" ) , and insolent squires , and arrogant middlemen , and proud shopkeepers , and a tyrannical Government . How comes this , you Englishmen , and Irishmen , and Scotchmen ? How comes it , I say , that you , of whose prowess in arms I hear every where ? How comet it , that TOU , to whose valour many Kings owe their crowns , and whose blood has been shed in torrents to preserve the lands of other countries to the
uses o / itietr peoj > lc , should be like wild beasts at home ? 3 so ; not " even like wild beasts ; for as Tiberius Gracchus told the Romans of his day : — 11 You , who have conquered all for others , have not the poor privilege of the hare , or the fox , or the tiger . " Tlie hare has her "form , " the fox ha 3 his " earth , ' the tiger has his "jungle : " while you have no resting place—even in your parish ; but are subject to the decree of others as to the place where you shall flee or shelter . And then what shelter you have ! when yon io arrive at the place of destination—" bones " and tlie dead-stone ! Will you longer believe the JMalthusisans , who tell you that the land of England cannot be subdued and cultivated to the uses of lier people : and tlu 3 too in the teeth of tbe fact , that the people of Switzerland , and of Sardinia , and
of Germany , and of other countries , cultivate their mountains almost to the summit ; and that those people are better off in every respect than you are ? They are better off , because they have a home , however humble that home may be ; because they are the " FIRST partakers of the fruits" of their own industry ; and because they never are driven to live upon , and to fight for , the bones of horses and of human beings : because they never are dragged from their bsda to the dead-stone before life is extinct ; because their ows nousc is their own castle ; and because the disparity of classes docs not render a provision for the poor necessary to save the property of the rich . For , believe me , my friends , that you would have no seven millions , nor yet seven sixpences n-year , in the shape of poor-rates , if the property of the rich would be equally secure without them .
I have been repeatedly asked the question here on ihe Continent , " what it is that makes the well-fed , well-paid , English working classes so dissatisfied , tur . Indent , and unruly : and I iiiidjthat most people here take their notions and opinions of you from principals who travel for themselves from the large manufacturing establishments of England ; or from ' bag . men , " who travel for them , and receive orders for your produce . Such is the source from which the German scribe , Koux , received his information of your character ; and such is the source through which you have been misrepresented . Every town on the Continent swarms with English Jews ; and their
representatives abound . On the other hand , all intelligent foreigners , who have travelled for information in England , have come to the very same conclusion : KimclT , that " in England the men are too men—AND THE POOR ARE TOO POOR : " but then they do net all see that the too great riches of the rich is the cause of the too-great poverty of the poor . When I return , I shall be ablo to instruct you on many subjects on which it would be Impossible to inform you in a letter . One thing , however , I xnnst tell you here ; and that is , ihnt T lave ¦»<* *«»» «»« drunken or ti psy man since I left England . 'Woz to th at country where the very
existence of monarchy depends on the dissipation of the people . 0 , what would I give that we had a Government " strong" enough to submit its acts to , and to depend for existence upon the scler mind of man . ' Ho Government in the world , save the Government of . England , has aa interest in drtaikamess , lewdness , dissipation , and depravity . Even the boasted Protestant Church owes its wealth , in a great measure , to brothels , g in-palaces , public-houses , and all sorts of obscenity . 0 , how it must mortify men to see ablebodied Irishmen starving while tilling the very best soil ; while here you see families , with little labour , happy in the midst of a wilderness .
Before I return to Lessmes , and the charming Sisters of Charity , and the small farms of Belgium , 1 must tell you , that although you hear little of Sardinia , it is out of all comparison the most splendid country I have ever been in—it is the garden of Italy . The men are the finest race of men you ever beheld . Their roads are , perhaps , the finest in the world ; much better than the very be 3 t in England . Their mules are worth more than £ -50 a-piece ; that is
the best-class . Their oxen work upon the roads , and their cows work on the farms , and the young vomen work in the fields . If you were popped down in Sardinia , you would imagine yourself in England , amongst the English , were it not for a very slight difference in the hats and shoes of the working classes . In the towns there is no visible difference between the higher and middle classes of the two countries , except that those of Sardinia are very much Saw men and better built , 1 must tell you a very
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funny anecdote that occurred whilst I was detained at Chiapo , one of the frontier towns on the Austrian side of Switzerland . I was there amongst the smugglers , from Sunday morning till Wednesday night . I w » 3 all day amongst the peasants , who are very fond of playing " bowls , " just as they are played in England , with this exception—that in England they are played in bowling-greens or bowling-grounds ; in Switzerland they ' are played in the streets ; and the peasants , over channels , and pavements , and all obstructions , play remarkably well : so much so , that out of the two bowls of each player , one of each will be within half an inch of the Jack nearly every time . Well , one of the Custom-house officers , in his regimentals , and a peasant boy were playing a game , and
mnny were looking on—I amongst the number : when a dispute arose as to which of two bowls was nearest the Jack . Many gave their opinion , but none was satisfactory ; when at last I was appealed to ; and so near were both , that I knelt down on the spot on both knees , and was spying with my glass , all being intent on my decision , when the carriage of an Italian Count passed , -with an English gentleman sitting by the Count . At the moment I rose from my knees and gave judgment , surrounded by the peasants , the English gentleman exclaimed to the Count , " Fcargus O'Connor , by G—d ! " I thought it laugbalilo and characteristic to be seen in the mountains of Switzerland , surrounded by the peasants , by one who most likely had often seen me in a similar situation in England .
I now return to my notice of the del icious hospital of Lessmes . The Sisters of Charity wash the floors and the windows , and the whole of the hospital ; and do everything with such a grace as to make one wish very much to be sick . Indeed , I had a very bad toothache ; and when I saw the young nun from Cologne , I had half a mind to ask if it was a malady that came under the category of ills for which persons were admitted into the hospital . The twentyone sisters and the novices dine together ; and I never saiv a more humble preparation than was made for their repast , which I am sure was just as humble . I saw an old man eating his soup ; and it was such as you could not excel in the best hotel in London . No skilly—no hot water and bones : but
real , regular , good soup : axd PLENTY of it . To finish on this subject , I shall never , as long as I Jive , cease to think of this glorious institution , swpporiedby its own land ; and I never will stop until I see precisely sush another in every parish in England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales . Indeed , I hope to see the " BASTILES" turned intosucli institutions . At Lessines I saw an immense stone quarry , where 050 men were employed . You can form no estimate of the size of this immense excavation . Here the men work in gangs of fifteens and twenties ; and their business is to quarry and dress tbe stones for building ; but more especially for repairing tbe roads . AU the roads in Belgium are very well paved At this work the men earn from 2 s . Id . to 2 s . fid .
a-day each . I am resolved not to be minute on questions of wages and other details ; and for this reason , because the smaller " amount of wage 3 paid to mechanics in Belgium , as compared with what English mechanics receive , has been made subject of foolish controversy even in the House of Commons ; while a very necessary branch of the subject has been wholly lost sight of—namely , tJte relative value of money , and what it will do in both countries . I told you that at Oldenbcrg , in Belgium , I dined and had a glass of brandy for Sd . Now , 1 will tell yon what I paid on Thursday last , for my dinner , at tlie Italian Hotel , at
Arona . Arona is on the bank of the splendid Lake Maggeore , and the hotel of which I speak is the principal one of the town : and a very fine hotel it is . I had cold veal and jelly ; a splendid veal cntlet ; a large piece of fat boiled beef ; half a roasted fowl ; a dish of French beans ; bread ; cheese ; peaches ; grapes ; cakes of all sorts ; and A BOTTLE OF WINE—the real juice of the grape , and all for ONE SHILLING AND EIGHT-PENCE-two francs at 10 d . each . Now , then , can you give some answer to capitalists when they speak of the " miserable" wages of foreign labourers . Do you , in reply , tell them , that out of those miserable wa ^ es
they can save enough to buy land at an enormous price , while , if you could save , you could uot get the land to buy , because they and tlie aristocracy know that the monopoly of tlie land gives both a monopoly of everything else ; and always bear well in mind the fact , that those who talk about repealing the Cora Laws have no notion of allowing you to grow corn yourselves . Now , above all things , mind that ! I now return to Ha , which I visited again on Sunday and Monday , with a much better interpreter of the Flemish language . I saw a bundle and a half of very middling ground , that a man with a . wife and fire children had
purchased . Before he bought it , he paid at the rate of 120 francs , or £ 4 16 s . Sd . the bundle , and a bundle is an English acre and a quarter . He had a COW anil a heifer upon this less than two acres , and would , after supporting his family , have food enough for another cow ; he works the cow , and does not find that it injures her in tbe least . None of tbe children , except one , is old enough to assist him , and that one weeds , and puts out manure . In the winter all the children of the neighbourhood go to the Goverx mest School , anil are in tho fields all the summer . For the bundle and half of land he paid £ 320 English , and the rest was £ 1 os . ; so that
you see jn the shape of land security , to be WORKED BY HIMSELF , he was well satisfied to have little more than £ 2 per cent , per annum for his money . In Belgium the land will sell for sixty years' purchase , and all because it affords the very best outlay for small capitalists to purchase enough to expend their own labour upon . I visited another spot of ONE BUNDLE , for which , without a house , the occupant paid 160 francs a year , or at the rate of £ C Ss . 4 tl . for an acre and " a quarter . This man had his ground in excellent order , and would purchase it "IF HE HAD THE CHANCE . " fie had a fine cow , a calf , and two pigs ; and now , what I wish particularly to draw your attention to is the fact , that men with a wife and live , six , seven , eight , and nine children , can have enoiHi , after
living , out of an acre and a quarter of ground , to buy that ground at more than double the price it would fetch in England ; and again , that the land is not one-fifth as good , and that the price of surplus produce is not one-half as much ; so that you will see that of all trades in the world for a poor man , forming is the best , and of all countries in the world England is the most favourable , because there is a higher price for surplus after consumption . Now , my friends , may I not boast of my consistency in opposing the Leagaespouters , when I contended that the way to repeal the Corn Laws was by allowing every man to be his own producer , and that out of the surplus of millions , we should have more than enough even for all the idlers who now live upon the fat of the hind , while their laws prevent the people from having enough to eat . In almost all instances I
found that one of the family worked at some work in the winter at which he earned money ; but in the summer the land required the labour of all . I saw a very splendid spot of four bundles , for which the occupant paid 480 francs a year—that is , £ 19 4 s . 2 d . a year for exactly five acres without a house ; he had three core and three pigs , and grew more corn than his neighbours , and is considered rather a large farmer : he has seven children-four hel p on the land , and he works his cows , as he and the four arc not able to MANAGE SO MUCH without help . Now , my dear friends , bear the points of this letter in your minds till I write . again . They are , that one in every ten English working men is a pauper , while millions of acres of good land is under * WEEDS—grass ; that among the almost . inaccessible Alp 3 the people arc allowed to cultivate valleys amid the rocks and
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snow , and are . happy . That if you get larger moriejr wages , you have fewer comforts and less of certainty , and that the only value of high money wages is thi ability of the Government to take the lion ' s share in the shape of taxes . I hope to be in London when ray nest letter appears , and in the same number I will relate to you one of tbe most awful tragedies in real life that has recently occurred in a country in which I have been , which the press dare not publish , but i will give you names and all . I have not seen a Northern Star ( in full ) since I left England ; that paper and Punch are prohibited in several countriesthe Northern Star in all except France and Belgium . I am , your faithful friend awl servant , Fuauous Q'Cowob . Torino , Sent . 30 th , 1845 . ,.
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INSURRECTION IN ITALY . The Journal des Debats gives the following account of an attempt at insurrection which broke out at Rimini , on the 24 th vilt . : — ¦ ' "We learn by a letter from Milan , dated the 29 th ult ., that on the 24 th an attempt at insurrection was made at llitnini . This attempt had been combined , it is said , by some inhabitants of the town and some Spanish and Picdmontese refugees . In the night of the 2 tth , about One hundred Of tb 0 SO refugees landed near Rimini , The insurgents immediatelyprpcWded to the fortTof- San Leo , ; situated ata short distance'from thetown ^ andijifartucli they are supposed to have had partisans . Theypenetrated into the fort , and set at liberty the political prisoners , who were very numerous . Tuey next entered Itilllilli , where they stopped tlie couriers , and carried off the
despatches . The Cardinal Legate of Forli immediately sent troops to Rimini . On tlie 27 th , at their approach , the insurgents , who without doubt had found no support in the people of the town and environs , hastily quitted Rimini , after abandoning their arms * , some of them re-embarked , the others took refuge in the mountains . The letters from Bologna do not sneak of any other movement having taken place in the llomagna . At the first report of this attempt , Marshal lladetzki , who commands tlie Austrian troops , reinforced the garrison of Ferrara . It was rumoured at Jlilan , that at Benevento some musket shots hn « l been fired at the Cardinal Legate and his secretary , and that the latter had been killed . This news needs confirmation . "
We add the following from the London Times and Chronicle : — " Letters from Milan of the 30 th confirm the main facts given by the nebats , and adds that the Italian refugees who landed were to the number of upwards of one hundred , and that they were commanded by a native of Piedmont of the name of IUbotti . The affair at one time looked very serious , for the garrison of San Leo , consisting of 500 men , joined the insurgents . Fortunately , however , for the authorities , they were seized with a panic , and on the approach of the troops from Forli they took to flight , and sought shelter in the mountains . Tlie governments of the other Italian states are greatly alarmed at this unlooked-for outbreak , ami are taking every precaution to prevent any more such attempts . " A private letter from Faenza , of the 2-ltli ult ., corroborates part of the above statement , and adds that the town of Pesaro had followed the example of Rimini , and , that Sinaglia and Ancona were prepared to join in tlie movement : —
" Last mglit , " says the vvitev , " a Iwnd marched upon Gastol Buloimt'se , a small town of the legation of Uavcuna , to form a junction this evening with a body of about one hundred guerillas , mostly belonging to Faenza , who have taken up their station on the frontiers of Tuscany . The plan of the insurgents is to advance upon Rome . " Another letter from Tuscany , of the 20 th ult ., mentions that the movement at Rimini commenced on Monday , the 22 nd , and that the standard of revolt was llvst raised by tlie tr oups of the garrison . A report that the military commission sitting at Ravenna would go the rounds of Roniagna , provoked the insurrection . The refugees residing at Florence had re-entered tlie legation .
Furiuer 1 ' artjculahs . —The Morning Chronicle of Tuesday has the following : — " The accounts received from Italy respecting the recent attempt at insurrection at Rimini , in the Roman states , agree in stating that for the present tlie movement has failed . A great number of persons have been arrested in different places , but principally at Imola and Faenza , where it is said that it was originally intended the insurrection should have broken out . The Papal Government is taking the utmost precautions against a renewal of the attempt . It has reorganised the pontifical volunteers , has changed the garrison at Ancona , of whose fidelity it did not feel confident , and , fearing another invasion of Italian emigrants from the neighbouring countries , where they have taken refuge , it has sent out a small fleet
ol ' armed vessels to guard the coast . The details , as far as they are yet known , \ yc have already given . It has been ascertained that it was on the night of the 24 tt \ of September that tbe refugees landed on the coast of the Adriatic , not far from San Leo , to which place they immediately marched . At San Leo they set at liberty the state prisoners whom they found in tlie fort , and of whom there were a great number . They then marched at once upon llomini , of which they took possession , and kept it till the 27 th . On that day a detachment of troops , sent totlws veliel of the place by the Cardinal-legate of Forli , arrived , and the insurgents immediately took to flight ,-and retired to the mountains . It docs not appear ] quite clearly whether it be true or not , as stated by some of the private letters i ' rom the country , that the'
garrison of Rimini to the number of 500 men joined the insurgents . Should that be really the case , it appears extraordinary ( or rather would do so in any other country ) that so large a body of men , after having found courage to raise the standard of revolt , would not have the further courage to defend themselves . It appears , however , certain that they did not do so . A great number of the insurgents reached the sea , and escaped in that way , whilst others have found refuge in the fastnesses of the Apennines . A large number of persons , who did not join in the insurrection , but whose opinions on political subjects are known , have prudently retired to the Tuscan States to avoid the prosecutions to which they would be exposed . Many of the details of this affair are still unknown , but there is no doubt that as a political movement it is a failure . Orders have already been civen ibr the trial of the persons
implicated before a military commission , a tribunal from which the ill-managed states of the Church , arc never free . According to tlie French papers , this insurrection , though it appears to have come quite by surprise on the Italian Governments , was almost publicly known in several parts of France . "For the last three months , " says the Delv . u , " it was stated publicly in this country that on a stated . day , and almoot at a fixed hour , an insurrection would' break out in the Legations , and there are coffee-houses in Marseilles and Paris where the supposed leaders in the movement weve publicly spoken of , and whore the means of action , and the support to bo expected from the garrisons of certain towns of the Romagna , were the common topic of conversation . It was known that on this occasion the Liberals did not seek to overthrow tlie Pontifical Government , but that they limited themselves to a . demand of a reform in the administration .
Since writing the above we have received letters from Milan , wliiclt give later particulars of tlie insurrection , which it appears was not confined to Rimini and its r . eighboiirhood . The following is an extract from our correspondent's letter : — " The insurgents who took possession of Rimini came from the republic of San Marino and from Tuscany . It was directed by a Piedmontese refugee of the name of Rebotti , who was at one time a colonel in the Spanish service , and who has lived for a considerable time in concealment at Rimini . It was he , in conjunction with Count Pafi , who organized the plot among the inhabitants of the place and the officers and soldiers of tlie garrison . On the night of the 23 d and 24 th they rose in arms , and took possession of the town , of which they immediately closed the gates . They declared that their object was a reform of the " government , and their cry ' Yive le Constitution . The troops , who were to tin number of 500 , continued to wear the pontifical
coekade , for the insurgents declared that they would remain faithful to the government o ) the Pope , on condition that he would give them a constitution . On the approach of the troops sent by the Cardinal-legate of Forli , when the insurgents took to flight , tlie inhabitants o ' the town sent a deputation to the cardinal , declaring that they had taken no part in the insurrection . Tinfort of San Leo was never in the possession of the insurgents . The insurgeiits before leaving the town took possessiou of the savings bank and the government offices , but they did not find any money . . They disarmed the custom-house officers and earned away their arms , but they did not touch private property . Tlie town of Ravenna has followed the example of Rimini , but the pontifical authorities having SOUie Swiss troops and artillery at their disposal , a good deal of fighting took place between the troops and the inhabitants of the place , in which several persons were lulled on both side * . The soldiers fired grape
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among the peoplo , and great numbers were killed On tne side of the government an officer and several soldiers weve killed . The Tuscan government has marched a body of troops to the frontiers . At . Veni ' the government has also made preparation ^ . " The gtin-ooats have been prepared for action , and are kept m the onensda , ready for whatever point they may be required . " J The Privileged Gazette of Bologna of the 20 th ult . announces , that the Pontifica ' l troops re-entered Rimini at eleven o ' clock in the morning of the 27 th ult ., the insurgents having either embarked or fled
into the mountains on their approach . " The accounts received this morning at Bologna . " adds the Gazette , state , that the rebels dispersed in tlie mountainsjiad been overtaken by the Swiss troops , the Carabiraers , and the Custom-house officers on he side of Baize , in the legation of Ravenna , where they were routed with the loss of some killed and wounded . In the meantime another band was met by the carabiniers , and Pontifical volunteers , and the 3 u 9 tom-house officers at Badi , in tlie legation of Bologna , and fourteen rcvolters were disarmed and made prisoners of by the loyal troops . "
SPAIN . Madrid , Sei-i . 26 . —There are fire persons sentenced each to one year ' s imprisonment ' jan , presidio by the court-martial , for being concerned in the attempted insurrection on the night of the 5 th . The names are Felipe Huete , Jose Isidro , Manuel Chaem , Faustino Ducasa , and Manuel Lobera . They all belong to the operative classes , and all have families depending on their daily labours for their subsistence . . The public believes that these unfortunate men have been treated with injustice : and that to condemn them everything in the shape of aw or common sense has been outraged . In the first place , the very fact of their being tried ( even supposing them really guilty ) by a military tribunal .
when tlie city was not placed under martial law , is an act of illegality which the very Fiscal himself lias not dared to justify or dispute . The court-martial sat three times on their case . At the termination of the two first sittings , aftev every witness had made llis declaration , and after every attempt had been made to inculpate them as participators in the alleged conspiracy , the Government prosecutor , himself a military man , and with all the prejudices of his class against civilians , particularly on such an occasion , demanded solemnly their acquittal , because , as he declared , there was no charge substantiated against them . Tlie judges deferred passing sentence until they had consulted together ; and the prisoners were brought up a third time . To tlie astonishment of all ,
at that third session , the same public accuser called on the tribunal to pass on them a sentence of two years' imprisonment in a presidio . The tribunal sentenced them to one year ' s imprisonment . The only charge made against them was that they were close to the spot where the firing took place on that night . There was no other charge against them . If people are to be sent to the galleys for being by accident in the ' neighbourhood of the scene of a commotion in Madrid or Barcelona , the most innocent cannot escape . Oir the night in question there were many persons a few yards only from where the firing began , and who were as unconscious as the child unborn of the existence of a conspiracy . The writer of this letter had only passed the Calle de Pelisros a very
lew minutes after the doctor of the Gobcvnadova Regiment was fired on by a company of his own corps ; and he , according to the same argument , might be convicted of conspiracy , because he was found traversing a street which on that night was indeed tmo to its name of Peligros—danger . The ostensible motive for condemning these men was that some of tlie witnesses declared they were iu the neighbourhood of the Frado half an hour later than appeared from the declaration of the accused . These men were arrested , but there were no arms found or them . It is scarcely necessary to say that General Narvacz and his friends avo persons not very remarkable for clemencj . If there was any positive proof , or any proof that had affinity to a positive character .
of their being implicated in the affair of that night , there is no do doubt that , instead of being condemned , after a lapse of three weeks , to one year ' s imprisonment , they would have been placed in capilla the day after the occurrence , and shot on the following morning . General Breton is working miracles in Barcelona . Not the least wonderful of those miracles is , that he has made the Bavon do Meer- appear an angel of meekness , and the Count d'Espagne ' s memory to ho revered for clemency . His acts of stupid atrocity make the deeds of his notorious predecessors seem white as snow . In the course of one half-hour on the
niglit of the 20 th , twelve persons were taken from their beds , and confined in the dungeons of the citadel . One of them , it is said , is an intimate friend of Narvaez . Forty others wore to have been seized on the following day , without , as a matter of course , the shadow of a charge against them . The example is followed with equal zeaL by the Political Chief ol Valencia , who lias given orders to the Commissaries of Police to make out a list of all persons in that city who are suspected of entertaining political opinions different from those wno support the " situation . " In this manner Spain is making vapid strides in the way of tranquillity and civilisation .
Barcelona , Sept . 27 . —Blood continues to be shed in tlii 3 distracted country , and with no unsparing hand . Twelve of the fifteen unhappy young men tried by court-martial , were sentenced to death , and this morning sliot in the glacis of the citadel . It was it Jieart-sickoning sight— -twelve able bodied , fine young men , the oldest not having attained the age of twenty-one , launched into eternity , and not for that habitation in crime which justifies the severing for ever of a rotten member from the mass of society . They were some of those deluded bcinps who had fled from their homes to avoid the conscript , and , - not having submitted themselves to the authorities , were declared and treated as outlaws at the expiration of the term marked out for giving themselves lip . They wandered about in small armed bands , and when pressed by hunger , entered some remote village of the mountains and demanded money or provisions . An ambuscade of the army was laid for them on one
of these occasions , and these fifteen prisoners were taken . This inede of demanding money or provisions in the towns was , I believe , an every-day occurrence during the late war , the belligerent armies having frequently carried away from the inhabitants thereof their last scrap of broad ; and yet General Breton , who no doubt lias very often , as chief of a column , done the sane thing , was inexorable in shedding the blood of these unfortunate beings , who were heretofore , as was established before the court-martial , good and useful members of society , and had only become criminal in a hopeless attempt to sustain what they conceived an ancient provincial right , handed down to them by tlieir forefathers . Some 20 , 000 people assembled on the glacis to witness the execution , a detailed account of which would be superfluous . The whole garrison were under arms , and continue so still . In the demeanour of the multitude wore portrayed deep excitement and an air of settled ( lispnntent .
Terrorism at Barcelona . —Wholesaix Assassinations . — Tho following is an extract of a letter from Barcelona : — " Barcelona , Sept . 20 , 1 S 45 . —Some time since I gave an account of an attack made by sonic banditti on the diligence between Barcelona , and Saragossa , and that one of the culprits , when on liis way to the place of execution , announced to the authorities that he was ready to give information of an important nature , upon which he was respited . The consequence was , that on the information of this man , upwards of 40 persons wore arrested on the clvtu'gc of being members of an organised band o ! robbers . Tnc whole were brought before the military tribunal , for here tho civil authority is entirely superseded , and thirteen have been condemned to
death , and are to be shot to-morrow morning . We know nothing of the evidence against these persons , and , intact , very Iittledoe 3 with the present Captain-General ( General Breton ) , who is determined to make an example somehow or other . The execution is to take place in the Citadel . The fate of the others is not known . _ A quantity of arms and ammunition have been seized by the authorities at Saragossa . ¦ " ~ p ! ettCT lvum Barcelona , dated Sept . 2 < th , certifies that twelve out of the thirteen youni ! men condemned to be shot were executed on the morning of that day , on the glacis of the citadel . It appears they had fled from the conscription , and been compelled by want to become robbers . Thus the reign ol blood continues—for a time !
GERMANY . PROGRESS OP THE GERMAN REFORMATION . FtusKFouT-ox-inE-MAisE , Sept . 14 . —Ron » o entered our city to-day on his way to Stuttgardt , in a carnage garlanded with flowers , and followed by a train of from sixteen to twenty travelling carriages 'thousands upon thousands of people awaited his arrival before the gates of the city , and accompanied mm with a ceaseless succession of vivas to the posthouse , where he alighted . The rejoicing , shouts , . and hurrahs of the multitude became there so deafening , that Ronge at leng h appeared at a window of a second story of an adjoining house , whence he gave a short address to the waiting mass of human beings , expressive of his heartfelt gratitude for the extraordinary reception he had met with ; hisreret that his necessarily short stay precluded his replying to it as he wished ; and his intention of soon returning to Frankfort for a longer period . Soon after eleven o clock a . m ., he drove off towards Stuttgardt ,
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but such was the pressure of the crowd , as to compel passing through tie streets at a funeral pace . Theinek asd tiie Sii . esia . v Reform . —The longexpected work by which this celebrated theologian was" to avow and defend his adhesion to the German Catholics has at length begun to be laid before the public ; and contains a justification of tho reform movement by a connected authentification of the incurable abuses which have taken root in the Roman Catholic Church , and the hopelessness of obtaining from the Pope or Roman priesthood , as now consti r . tuted , any concession of a more rational churejbsj 5 e , i £ vice . Theiner , as is well known , has laid down J > ig office in the Roman Catholic Church , and addi-ess ' es
this work to his former parishioners , under tho title of "Efforts at Reform in . the , Catholic Church . ' . ' The abuses so often alluded to arcstated by Theiner in much the usual manner , yot with constant reference to the previous struggles of enlightened priests and pr inces for reform in the Roman Catholic Church . He is more diftuse in stating his views in regard to the position occupied , whether by the priesthood or by orthodox Catholics at large , in regard to the State , as well as on the subject of mixed marriages . He displays simply , but effectively , the contradictions which Uome has constantly submitted to , and canuot avoid by her laws against heretics , and adduces many terrific examples of the means employed by " the Church , " to obtain an accession ol disciples .
Brkslaw , Sept . 12 . —The Dissenters from Rome are increasin ^ . not only in Bi'eslaw , where one-fourth of tho Cathocic population ( reckoned at about 30 , 000 ) has joined the sect , but throughout the whole province . Congregations lately established at Sprottau and Auras , and several other places , such is Sagan , Frankenstein , and even Patchlianj arc expected speedily to follow tlie example . Tsekukix , Sept . 10 . —The late Roman Catholic priest , Bricdenbacb , of Strutt , 21 man of distinguished oratorical powers , and possessed not only of the love of his parishioners , but of tlie respect and esteem of his ghostly superiors , ' having very recently forsaken
tho lloman for the German Catholic Church , has accepted a call to preside over that branch of it which exists here , and was receivedto-day in a really magnificent manner . The discharge of nearly thirty pieces of ordnance , and a coi'iege of above ten thousand persons , whose vivas rent the air , hailed his approach to the city . The German Catholic cause has obtained by the acquisition of Breidenbach a powerful support not merely in Iserholme , but through the surrounding district , where many congregations exist , and more arc in contemplation . A . new one was definitively organised on the 7 th instant , in our neighbouring town , llagen . —Elbcrfeld ' drilling .
MayEiYCE , Sept . G . —Oui bishop has deemed It his duty to announce to his clergy the apostasy of one of their brethren , the late Dean Winter , in Alzei , from the Roman Catholic Church . ' BEiaix , Sept . 14 . —Some journals lately circulated tho highly-improbable intelligence that tho question of religious differences was to come before the Diet ; we believe ourselves warranted in giving the following as a better founded statement : —In consequence of arrangements made by Prussia , the Courts of Berlin , "Wivteinbcrg , Saxony , and Hanover have . tgueod to set on loot conferences , in which the religious movements of the day , and more especially those of the "Friends of Light , " shall be discussed . The basis to be adopted in these conferences will bo a strict separation of the political lVom tho religious element in tho movement ; to restraia the former with a very tight rein , while to the latter will be conceded a freer and larger arena . The question oi
Church Government , in particular , to be left open , but doctrinal points not to be allowed too wide an extent . In opposition to the foregoing , the Wcser Zciliuvj quotes , on the other hand , a communication from Frankfort , in which it is roundly asserted that the religious movement in Germany has been already subject of discussion in the Diet , whose sittings ceased on the Uth September , to be resumed on the Sth of January , ISiO . The Jesuit question , it is understood , did not conic under consideration , as the political and not tho dogmatical aspect of the movement attracted attention , and the deliberations of tho Diet were limited to the concoctions of measures to secure the existing order of political affairs against being affected by the religious ferment . "Who , " asks the Frankfort correspondent , " who that l \ as observed the simultaneous and almost identical measures adopted in regard of tho German Catholics by various German states , can doubt that such unusual union of action is the result of previous union of counsel ?"
IIanau , Sun . 13 . —Our Government has proved its determination to carry out to tho letter its announced course regarding the German Catholics , by prohibiting Rongo to stop even one night in tkis city , or to preside over any meeting for Divine worship . Dkesde . v , Sept . 1 G . —The refusal of the Wivtemberg Government to grant the use of one of the churches in Stnttgardt to the German Catholics is but a counterpart of the decision of our Ministry , by whom a similar refusal has just been given . The disappointment is the greater here , as the ecclesiastical and town autborititics were unanimous in according them tlie accommodation .
Siuitg-vudt , Sept . 10 . —Yesterday Ronge ^ and his friends received many testimonials of affection from his adherents in Stuttgardt . Poems , garlands , and still more valuable proofs of attachment wore havuiuil to him in various companies to which he had been invited , and this morning , at ten o clock , he left for Ulm . A great concourse of people had assembled in the Dorothea-square , who greeted Rouge and his companions as they issued from thcil dwelling ( which was nearly covered with garlands ) with a joyful viva ! A garlanded carriage received the so highly-prized reformers , and drove off , escorted by some members of the Gorman Catholic committee , on horseback , and followed by several other carria < 'es .
Sept . 25 . —The cause of the German Catholic Church is gaining much ground here , in spite of all the endeavours to the contrary made by the Romanists of ouv place ; and all their insinuations cannot hinder both Catholics and Protestants from joining the new Church , which counts now amongst its members several persons of the nobility . JVlAJfiiEiM , Skpt 29 . —Messrs . Rongo and Donran , and their travelling companions , have just arrived here . They were met by a joyous crowd at tho vailway station , who accompanied them into the town . The authorities , however , would not permit M .
Ronge and his partisans to enter the church . The police also refused permission for M . Ronge to hold an assembly of the German Catholics at the theatre . M . Banncraian , the deputy , then invited M . Ronge to go to the garden of his house . Ho did so , and was followed by an immense crowd , who filled the vacant space , and covered the trees and the walls . -M . Ronge then addressed them , explaining the origin and character of the New Catholic church . He was listened to with great interest , and frequently cheered . A grand dinner was given to M . Rongo in the cveaimr at one of the hotels .
A loiter from Heidelberg states that while Rouge was in that city , the chiefs of the German Catholic community were cited before the municipal authorities , who signified to them that unless they would guarantee the observance of the decrees issued relative to M . Rouge , he would be ordered to quit the town . The Abbe Ronge , accompanied by his brother and some preachers of the German Catholic Church , arrived at Frankfort on the 4 th , and was received with enthusiasm . On his way to Frankfort he was welcomed with acclamations by the people of Worms ; and in some other places the inhabitants received him with the same demonstrations as if he had been a sovereign . INSURRECTION IN ALGERIA . The Monileur Algmcn of the 30 th ult . announces that a general insurrection had taken place among the native tribes dwelling on the frontiers of Morocco , and that Abd-el-lvader , having placed himself at their head , had opened the campaign by cutting to pieces a body of 450 French troops . " It would appear , " says the Monileur Ahjerien of the 30 tl \ ult ., " that the tvibes vesWing on the western frontier have risen in arms against us . Colonel Cavaignac , who had advanced into the territory of tho Traras with a column of 1 , 300 infantry , had two
warm encounters with the enemy . In one of these engagements M . Peyragai , chief of battalion of the Zouaves , was killdd . On the 21 sb of September , Lieutenant-Colonel Montagnac , superior commander of tlie fort of Djemma Ghaznouct , acceding to the entreaties of the neighbouring tribes , who pretended to be menaced by parties of tlie cavalry of Abd-el-Kader , marched out at the head of 450 men of the Chasseurs of Orleans and of . the 2 nd Hussars towavds the Marabout of Sidi Brahim , situate three leagues from Djemma , and one and a half to the west of the Nedroma-road . On the 22 nd he advanced to
Dar-el-FouI , about a league further . — 11 Tlie report ofa brisk fusillade having been heard in that direction from Djemma Ghazaouefc , the captain of engineers , in command of the fort , sallied out with 150 men to reconnoitre , and open a communication with the column . He was , however , obhged to retrace his steps "before a numerous , body ol armed men and to provide lor the security ot his post . Colonel Montagnac , basely betrayed , was allured into an ambuscade by the very Arabs who claimed his protection . - ¦ At a distance of four leagues ,-. within our frontier , he was surrounded and attacked by Abd-
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z ^ tfL ^^*^ ^^ ~/ v ^ - ^ rz *^ W& oJ&r ^ & ' & < $$ iSHMaer , RHowed by all his forces , ; ffl&'assirtedibj the numerous contingent of the savage tribes of uut pattot Morocco . OursiB ^ llcolun ) n , rpverpoweredby numbers , was almost entirely 'destroyed . ^ On receipt of that intelligence General tampriciereV ' goVflrripi ! ad interim , embarked on ' the ' 27 tb , in , the ^ . Tartarfl steamer for Djemma Ghazaput , bringing ' with Mm the 3 rd battalion of tho 6 th 1 regiment ,. m Liglitln * fantry . Two other battalionsTandlabattery of inoun * tain guns followed the Jieutehant-gerieral on thesamei day , -m the steamers Euphrates and Etna . In conelusion , we will content ourselves withobserring that the Sth regiment of Chasseure of Orleans / arid the 2 nd Hussars hare »; sad but most glorious' page iosM to their military history . " ^ The MonkeurAIgerien completes . theaccount of iifl » expedition in whi ch Colonel Bertllier / was Jtiiledi General Bounolly , " it Bay * , "had entered -the territory of the Flittas , to punish the individuals who had plundered a caravan of Arabs of the Desert
, on their way back to the country , with the grain they had purchased in tho Tell , ilo little expected to find the entire tribo in open revolt . On the 21 sfc he was vigorously attacked , and after a very warm engagement , he succeeded in reaching the camp of Ben-Atia . Hostile groups showed themselves during the whole day in the environs . The general had given a rendezvous at Ben-Atia , on the 22 ml , to the Chie / of Battalion , ijausokm , commander of the ' fort , of the Jvhapiis , of fhe ^ Beni ; Oursgs , on ^ tlje ^ P ^ yU Bre ^ lat / LffiSeiSivas statio . ned \\ vjth Jnij ba , t " - - taUon .-:. R ^ u-ing'that' the' enemy niig-Ut ' attack tfoafc small column with a superior force , )«; marched on ^ t the 22 nd to . meet it , with two U ^ ttBe is-Lana . > J (^ f cavalry , leaving two other ; battalions tbv JJie- defence "
of the camp . The junction took place without any - difficulty , and Gen . Bourjolly returned in the evening ; to tlie campofBen-AH ' n . nfterscveralcneounters with the rcvolters in the narrow passages through tho mountains . The column of Mostnganem had taken a supply of provisions and ammunition for afr excursion of only a few days , in a country where some disturbances had occurred , but which ho did not expect to find entirely under arms , and l'OUSCd to fanaticism hy the presence of a cheriif . To advance still farther with the sick and wounded would have beenimprudent . General Boui jolly resolved consequently to retire on Bel-Acel , and there prepare to resume--the offensive . On the 23 rd he encamped at Touiza ,. in the country of tllO lioni Dor-gouiaa , having- been , constantly harassed by the enemy in his retrogado movement . The rear-guard , consisting of 200 men
of the 9 th Chasseurs of Orleans , was repeatedly engaged , and the squadron of the 4 th Chasseurs were obliged to execute several charges to support tllCDU Lieuteuaiit-Coloncl lierthjer , former Aide-de-camp of tho King , was killed in heading a charge , and Commander Cloro , of the 9 th Chasseurs , was wounded in the knee by a musket ball . On the 25 th the column encamped at Uelizan , on the Miiui , and the sick and wounded were removed to Bel Acel . Colonel- St . Aruaud , commander of the subdivision of Orleansvillc , on receipt of a despatch from General Bomjolly , immediately marched in that direction with his column . Tlie Governor General , moreover , before his departure for Djemnia Gliiazaouet , sent off two battalions of the Cth Regiment of Light Infantry to Mostaganem , under the command of Colonel Renaud . "
The subdivision of Mascara was tranquil ; but Colonel Gory , who commands there , expected that an insurrectionary movement would occur towards tho close of the Ramadan . Tlie French papers of Sunday confirm the above news : —The French officer commanding at Djcinira . Ghozcma , a port situated on the frontiers of Morocco , was informed by an Arab that Abd-cl-Kadcr was in the neighbourhood . The olliccr , who was a bravo man , immediately took steps to repel the enemy , and placing himself at the head of about -ISO men , which was the greater part of the garrison of the place > went out to meet Abd-cl-Kadcr . lie had hardly proceeded two leagues when he found himself all of a sudden in front of a large body of Arabs , who attacked him on all sides . The commanding ofticer was O 11 C of tho first killod . 'J'lie troops defendedthemselves bravely , and mat ' e a most ; desperate . ] resistance , but their ammunition failed them , and they wove all cut to pieces . Eightv , however , contrived
to take refuge in a marabout , where they endeavoured to defend themselves . For two days they kept the enemy at bay , but want of provisions , and especially want of water , drove them to the most desperate and disgusting extremes . Ultimately they were all destroyed , and , with the exception of fourteen soldiers , who contrived to escape into the town , the whole of the rest perished . Abd-cl-Kadcr , encouraged by this success , marched immediately on Tlcmcen , in the hope of surprising General Caraignac , who happened at the time . Abd-el-Kader came up to be in the field at the head of a considerable number of troops , lie . was immediately attacked by the Arabs , and suffered considerable losses , but ultimately the Arabs were repulsed . A colonel was among tlie killed , General Lamoriciere has * sent large bodies of troops to the Morocco frontier , ami is to place himself at the head of them ; but it is thought that Abd-el-Kader will uot meet the reinforcements , but , satisfied with his present success will take refuge in the desert .
¦ RUSSI A . LATER NEWS . —ANOTHER GLORIOUS VIC- .
TOCY GAINED BY THE CIRCASSIANS . A letter from Constantinople of the 17 th of September , gives an account of a second battle fought between the Russians and Circassians , in which the former sustained a still more disastrous defeat than they did in the retreat from Dargo . It appears that the Russian army , in its retreat from Daghestan , was severely harassed by Schamil ' s troops , which , followed close upon its heejs . On reaching Jani-Oucby , in Georgia , which is tributary to Russia , Count Woronzoff , thinking that lie had got rid of his pursuers , halted his exhausted troops , in order to give them a few houi s' rest . He was , however , mistaken . Schamil , the gallant and active leader of the Circassians , allowed him no time . lie unexpectedly attacked the Russians in their camp , and after a short but very bloody struggle , Count Wbronstoff was forced again to retreat , in order to reach a more favourable
position , luis he appears to have effected , but in the retreat he lost an immense number of men . The number of men killed is not exactly ' known , but it may be judged from the fact that ISO officers hare perished , among whom were one general ofliccr , two of Count Woronzoff ' s aides-de-camp , and an aide-do camp of General Gkick . The Cn-cassitvns also got possession of four pieces of artillery , and tlie groatcL * portion ot ' thc Russian stores and ammunition . The force under Count Woronzoff , at the commencement of the campaign , amounted to f > 0 , 000 men . Of that number from 12 , 000 to 15 , 000 arc said to have fallen on the field of battle . IigsUWs the vast numbers who perished from cold , fatigue , and privations . Madiud , Sept . 25 . — -Colonel Ortega , deputy for Saragossa , has just been arrested there , and brought under arrest to Madrid . The court-martial . has condemned five of the parties taken up on tlie night of the 5 th to one year ' s imprison ment each .
AsTi-Poon Law League . —Hammersmith . — A . vestry meeting was held in the vestry-roum of the Church , and , by ' adjournment , in the Latimer School room , on Friday evening , October 3 rd , at which at least 400 of the ratepayers attended , to take into ' consideration an order received from the Poor Law Commissioners , combining the Brentford , luilham , and Richmond Unions into one district , to he termed " The Western Metropolitan Asylum District . "• ¦ £ - William Simpson , Esq ., churchwarden , was callcd'to *' the chair . On the motion of Mr . M'Cormac , seconded by Mr . White , and supported by the chairman . in a most eloquent speech , it was unanimously ' resolved , amid loud cheers , "That the attempt now being
made by the Poor" Law 'Commissioners to establish monstrous unions of unions , under the name of District Asylums , can only have the effect'of making . bad \ vovse , l > y increasing our burdens ; " and we ai'O convinced tJint the only remedy is to agitate for the total repeal of the Poor Law , which , we think , would be best carried out by establishing a National Anti-Poor Law League . " It was also resolved— . " That tho vestries , public bodies , and ratepayers generally of the surrounding parishes , be requested to cooperate with Hammersmith . AH communications to be addressed to William Simpson , Esq ., churchwarden , Bradmovc-housc , Hammersmith . " A vote of thanks was then passed by acclamation , and the vestry dissolved .
Duspehatb Affray with the Police . —Early on Friday morning week , as llogoi-s , Carlo , Bcimct , and another policeman ( all under superintendent Ray , of the Western Division ) were on duty hear the residences of some suspected thieves , near to Polstcad-heath , Boxford , they suddenly came across three men , when a desperate encounter ensued . Bonnet and his companion being foremost were the first to make the attack , and when Carlo and Rogers carne up Bonnet had closed with his antagonist , and they were both upon the ground . The other policeman was being kept at bay by one of the villains , who held over him in one hand a trem endous
bludgeon , and m the other a pistol , Rogers , how- " ever , coming up at all hazards of his life , made a desperate rush , and ultimately succeeded in felling the man to the ground , and secured him with the handcuffs . Ihe villains had each a bludgeon ; one of tliem had also two sacks , a brace of pistols loaded , two dark lanterns , list shoes , and a hard brush . The two men that are taken are father and son , by the name of Humphrey . Tho third man , owing to the darkness of the night , managed to get away . Tliey arc supposed to be tho pavty who , the Bame night , broke the letter lock upon tho door of a malt-office U Layham . The two Humphreys are committed to ; prison to take their trial for the assault .
Houoway ' s Pius and OixtmeA . " . — Wonderful cure of pcrofula or king ' s evil . —Mr . C . Brook , residing at . Stvadishall , Suffolk , had the whole of his breast in one frightful mass of scrofulous sores and ulcers , besides similar largo ulcers on his hip . He kail been thus afflicted for ten years . He had . been under the greatest surgeons in tlie country , and was for a considerable time at Worcester Hospital , without receiving the least benefit . Ho has , however , just been radically , cured by the means alone of Holloway ' a Pills and Ointment , after cyery other means had failed ,
Belgium.
BELGIUM .
Ffwtim Jnttntgente* ¦ "¦ ¦ ..
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VOL VIII . NQ . lq ~ WND 0 K SATURDAY , " QCTOBEE 11 , 1845 ^~ ^ JSS ^ SSSSS S- * - . '
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' '• ; . '•" . - T / vcr ' -i H r - . ' " i r ^ rj ? TT- ¦ : . ' . .. ¦¦ . ' "" . ' . _ . - ' .. . ¦ ' ¦ i .. : . . ?^« . i -t ¦ > > -rL ' ... ¦ r L . i , ' } . i I 1 ¦ . ¦¦ .. ' .. ¦ ' ¦¦ ' ¦ # i AND NATIONAL TRADES' JQUENAL ,
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 11, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1336/page/1/
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