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" And 1 wil \ warj at least in words , ( And— , Etiouldiny chance so kappen—deeds ) , Vit Li all who war with Thought !" " J think I hear a little bird , who sings The people by and by will be the stronger . "— Bieos
STATISTICS OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS . { From the Ctmstituttoimel . ) A vert interesting book has just appeared at Lcipsic upon the present organisatiou of tl ^ o " Society of Jesus . " TJie author , who has deemed it prudent to conceal bis name , announces , in the introduction to his work , that he has only obtained the majority of tlic documents of which lie has made use at considerable sacrifices , which he thought it his duty to make in order to be certain of their authenticity . Tlic first part of the book contains an e . rpod of the rules relative to tlie noviciate , the system of instruction , and the mechanism of the religious observances prescribed by the statutes .
The second part relates to tlic internal organisation of the society , and publishes . the hierarchy , of which body all the members are classified , from the General , who holds absolute power , to the lowest brother , charged with the most menial domestic duties . The details furnished by these two park of ilie work consist of the republicatiou , or the publication , of the " constitutions" of Ignatius Loyola , which a recent coition , published iu 1 SI : }} has submitted to the notice of Fiance . The third part is especially interesting at tlic present period , and ilie information which it divulges relative to tlie condition of the Society of Jesus , in the various countries of the world , has never yet been published in so complete a form . It contains facts and figures , of vrhicli the following is an abstract : — '
The various establishments of the Society of Jesus are comprised under the following rubrics : — 1 . The " professed houses , " which possess neither estates nor fortune , and in which live in common the Father Jesuits the professed members of the order . 2 . The " residences , " wliich are establishments of less importance , and which , have a ligiit to possess property . 3 . Ti : c " houses , " properly so called , which are experimental establishments iu countries into which the society has tried to penetrate .
4 . The " missions , " which are only formed by isolated Jesuits , employed to sound the soil , and to keep the General constantly acquainted with any favourable circumstances that may present themselves . A mission , by the adjunction of new members , gradually merges into a " college , " or a seminary of tlic society , a noviciate establishment , or a residence . The " seminaries" are special establishments , in which the society gives theological instruction . As to the members of the society themselves , they mav be divided into three sreat classes , —1 , the
priests , amongst whom ave included all the j . ro ' csscd members ; 2 , the scholars and novices ; 3 , the brothers employed in domestic , services and the worldly business of the establishment . | In 1 C 26 , SO years after its foundation , under its sixth General , . Mutius Yitcllcschi , the society numbered in Europe 29 provinces , viz ., — -1 in Italy , 2 in Sicily , 1 in Sardinia , 5 in Spain , 5 in France , ti in Uelgiuru , 1 hi Scotland , 1 in Ireland , 5 ia Germany , and 3 in Poland . Out of Europe it had foniiik-d ' ii residences in Turkey , 2 provinces iu the East Indies , 1 in the Philippine Islands , 1 in China , 1 in Japan , and 5 in America .
Those provinces Included SOS establishments in the year 1 C 2 G , ami SGO in 1640 , thus classified : —26 professed houses ; 222 residences ; 51 noviciates ; -IS seminaries : 5 i 2 colleges ; and 71 missions . The instruction of youth was then almost everywhere in iheir hands , " by means of the eol'eccs . They had 103 of tbeni in Spain , 79 in France , 01 iu Germany , 30 in Belgium , and * 2 fl in Poland . The number of the members of the society amounted in 1-S 2 G to 45 , 485 ; of whom 10 , 30 !) were stationed in the provinces of Europe . Spain included iu her territory 2 , 962 ; Germany , 2 , 233 ; Italy , 2 , 2-jtj France , 2 , 150 ; Belgium , 1 , 841 , &c Those wlio resided out of Europe were thus distributed : —510 in the East Indies , 12 Siu the Philippine Islands , SO in China , 2-10 in Japan , and 1 , 310 In America , Mexico , 2 vew Granada , Peru , Paraguay , IJrazil , ami Chili .
In 1710 tlic Jesuits possessed 012 colleges , 157 yVn »««/« rt / . < , 50 noviciates , 310 resiliences , 200 missions , 60 prufesst-d houses , and they ruled iu SO universities . hi 17-IU they Iiad 89 professed houses , COO colleges , f ; l noviciates , 176 seminaries , 335 residences , and 27 > missions . The personnel of the suciety amounted to 22 .. 5 ? 0 members , including 11 , 2-30 priests . The documents relatiug to latter years arc not so comjilctc . On the suppression of the order by Poj > c Clemeal XIV ., iu 177-j , the greater portions of these fragments «¦»> dcsnvyoJ , and those that may be still extant arc kept with great care in the archives of the Court of Rums .
It k k »» , that in spite of the r . tpal bull , the society of Jesus continued publicly to exist in Russia . IJehvecii ike 18 th General , L . llieci , who died on the 2-3 i \ l of Xuvcmber , 1775 , two years after the snp-] ire . < siuu of t-icijoc-icty , and the JOth General , Tliadtltus l > i-zozj-. vski , elected on tho 2 nd of September , l >~<) - ~ ; in consequence of the bull of Pope Pius VII ., re-e < ta » iishl : i ^ the society , the records of the order register " oar oilier chiefs , who succeeded each other duriji ; : that interval , with the title of " Vieais-General ' in White Russia . " It is mw forty years since the socle ! y was officially TC-urj-aiHsed . Its progress was at 4 irst slow and stealth ?; it silently ius ' nmatcd itself into the various states tff Europe ; and endeavoured to take root there under s . different name from that of the "" Society of
J&a ~ . " Towards the close of the Restoration it beau to raise its head , and to adopt bolder methods of allurement , when the revolution of 18-30 came , and ruined its schemes . It then extinguished itself once more , in order to allow the storm which then growled to pass over ; but it saan regained its courage , and it now upculv proclaims its original intention to lveoiimicr all the territory that it possessed in the days t > f its splendour . The check that has . just been administered to izs ambition In France by the firmly expressed will of the country could neither discourage it , nor cause it to renounce its plans . 11 is a struggle vlileh will be prolonged under a dilTerent form . It is . therefore , interesting to know , with exactness , the numerical strength which the Jesuits arc employing at the present Uicmc-nt in 1-Vauec ant ! uiiter countries , and to ascertain , Ly authentic statistics , their moot
recent progress . The soeiutv has r . o . v no longer the forty-four provinces , t « co eitsblislmieuts , and the 22 , 000 members ihaliteoulti proudly enumerate in the 17 th and ISth centuries . l > ut its power is increasing every year : it is scaiteiiasj its seeds in all directions , and it indulges in saiiguiiie hones that time will fructify them . Jn ami out of Europe the Society of Jesus at present possesses fourteen provinces—those of Rome , ~ iei ; y , Xapfcs . 'Tur iii , Spain , Paris , Lyons , Belgium , tiyland . Aasiria , Germany , Ireland , . Maryland , and Missouri . On ihe 1 st of January , 1838 , it had in those provinces 17-1 establishments and 8 , 087 members ; on ihc 1 st of J .-WU . UT , ISil , 211 establishments and : % 555 members . ; and on the 1 st of January , \ $± f , -& tst-iblkiuients and -i-, 133 members . Thus , in * c . < wacc < sf kiVi-fl . -tlo . Kn years , ihevc has boon an incrcasi ! of Si establishments and 1 , 000 meinb rs I
In IS 41 tkis increase was still more rapid . In the aven provinces of Home , Sicily , Turin , Spain , Paris , Lyous . and Sdgium , the only ones whose advices fee alrcadv arrived in Home , the order has received , leiwecn tlie 1 st of January , ISii , and 1 st of Jaauarv , 1 S 45 , 391 new members . The receptions had , muJo ' vr lately become so numerous , that Father Hatl-aaa General of the order , thought it necessary to allavthis fever of increase , and pointed out its dangers to all the Broviucials In a circular dated 3 £ arcb , 1 S 15 . The province of Home numbered in . January , 1 S 41 , 601 Jesuits , and 702 iu Januarv , 1 S 15 , of whom 20 'J
¦ were priests , 201 novices , and 232 brothers . It is m Rome that the General of the order resides , and there , also , are concentrated the principal establishments . The soeiety has there its most important professed house , as well as a college for the special purpose of training priests for the necessities of Germany . It has also there a college and a residence compos&Jof 4 i > priests , 0 ? novices , and 12 brothers , anovicific , properly so called , composed of S priests , SS novices , and ' 30 brotliers ; a noviciate of the third dejrrec ; . s noble }> cn . 'ioim « t , and a seminary in which jnissienaslcs are tiaincd for the soeiety , ibr the propagation of the fafth- , _ of the of
The other ^ st ablisliments province Rome diiellv consist of colleges , through the medium of which the Jesuits are masters of ihe instruction of vouth Sach are the colleges ^ of £ arocrino Fano , Faonza rci-rontino . 1 " crrari , lenno , l ' orh , ilodena , Spokta ' , Tivoii . Orvicto , Loretto , ana \ erona Pince the commencement of the curreat year ( IMo ) tliev have opened a college a « Venice . apotUcr at 1 'anua and are on the point of irausforaiin- into a cK' £ jKfcmof Mai ** - They have besides a 4 nd novSafe * t Vcronrt , and ijadeacos at tag ! B ? S and someother cities of the llomau iffiprovinceof Sie ^^ S ^ SSS tS piJKB aiftheprcess
Chouse , the noviciate , and the S ^* ™ J ^ ™ J ' ulermo . In these three -e ^ Widiine nte i ^ j do 1 W Jesuits , Of whom fiftj-three are priests smy novice , and fiftv-six brothers . They have Jfa ^ a" » gc college at Palermo , the colleges of . Alamo , -atofeetta , MsBsfla , Modica , Soto . ™« « to s for tJic most part containing 15 , 000 or p , 000 inhabitants . Tliev haw residences at lenuns , r » pani , and - ^ azari , a house upon Monte Albauo , and missions ¦ nSSss ? ssttM - asi-^ i . Ai 27 » In 3 S « . Their imnp !?? . ^ f f * ^ eetear ^ thc grand CoVe& of Naples , * # < & ™> WF
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ninety-eigJtt Jesuits . ( thirty-two priests , thirty-six novices , and thirty brothers ); the noviciate of Sor-Tcnto , the noble college tit Naples , the college of Salerno , that of Benevento , xnd that of Lecee . In the province of Turin the number of the Jesuits increased between the 1 st of January , 18-11 , and the 1 st of January , 1 S 15 , from 379 to ' 123- They have in Turin a " noble" college , another college , and a ; jc » - sionnat , includin ? 81 Jesuit * , of whom 31 arc priests , 31 novices , and 19 brothers ; a professed house at Genoa ; noviciates at Chiari and at Cngliari ; colleges and petisimmuts at Aosta , Chamber ? , Genoa , Cagliari , 5 ieo , Xovara , Sassnri , San licmo , and at A ' oghera . Siiice the commencement of the year ISio a new college has b : cn opened at Massa .
lne establishments of the province of Spain have been disorganised by the political events of which that country has been of late yeavs Uie tUcatve . On the 1 st of January , LSi-5 , there were 113 Jesuits disseminated in Spain , more particularly in the dioceses of Toledo , Seville , Pampciuna , and Valencia , of whom 59 were priests , C only novices , and 57 brothers ; 90 Jesuits , belonsmj ; to " the same province , of whom 45 were priests , 32 novices , and 10 brothers , had retired into other countries . The province of Spain possesses a residence and a college at Nivillc , in Belgium , and a residence at Aire , in France . It had , in 1 S 11 , at Uiienos Ayrcs . a mission , a residence , and two colleges , including 21 priests , 12 novices , and 14 brothers . These establishments have since been dispersed . It has also residences in South America , Paraguay , Uruguay , La PJata , ilrazil , New Granada , and Chill . The niost important oius are the residence of Cordova , and the college and the noviciate of Bogota , which contain 11 priests , 5 novices , and C brothers .
The province of Paris is composed , with Pans , oi t he northern part of France . On the 1 st of January , 1811 , it included 291 Jesuits , and as many ! is 420 on the 1 st of January , 1815 . In Paris itself they had a residence and a seminary , containing 23 priests and 10 brothers ; at St . Achdul , a noviciate and a residence , in which there were 15 priests , 20 novices , and U brotliers ; residences at Strasbnrg , 6 priests and 2 brotliers ; at Angers , 10 priests aiid S brothers ; at Iiourges , 6 priests and 3 brothers ; at Quhnper , 0 priests and i brothers ; at Motz , 10 priests and 3 brothers ; at Nantes , S priests and 4 brothers ; at Vannes , 7 priests and 3 brothers ; at Lille , 5 priests and 2 brothers ; at Licssc , near Laon , C priests and 3 brothers ; at Poitiers , 0 priests and 2 brothers ; and at Iloiien , G nriests and 2 brothers . They had , at Laval ,
a r . oviciate and a seminary , containing 77 Jesuits , of whom 23 were priests , iio novices , and 14 brothers . At IssenUeim , in the department of the Upper lliiine , they possessed a residence and a noviciate , created a short time since , and which contained , on the 1 st ot January , 1 S 45 , 7 priests , 9 novices , and 12 brothers . As the colleges arc net open to them in France , they have founded on « on the frontiers of the kingdom , namely , at Hrugelette , in lieljriuin . This college is dependent on the province of France , and contains 19 priests , 35 novices , and 11 brothers . The province of France h ;« s still 19 Jesuits , employed on a mission in Granada , and S iu China ; and it possesses , in North America , two establishments , in which are collected 19 priests , 35 novices , and 11 brothers . These ave the noviciate of St . Mary and the college of Louisville , in tlie state of Kentucky .
The province of Lyons includes the southern part of France . It contained 290 Jesuits in the year 18-11 , and -11 G on the 1 st of January , 1845 . There were at that neriod the following residences—namely , at Lyons , " 13 priests and 10 brothers ; at Aix , 6 priests and -4 brothers ; at Bordeaux , S priests and 5 brothers : at Dole , 13 priests , 13 novices , and 'J In-othcrs ; at Grenoble , C priests and 3 brothers ; at Marseilles , 8 priests and 5 brothers . There were at Toulouse a residence and a noviciate , 10 priests , 27 novices , and 16 brothers * , a residence , and a house of
the third degree , at Lalouvcsc , 7 priests and 4 brothers ; a noviciate at Aviguori , 13 priests , 1 novice , and 4 . brothers ; a residence an ! a seminary at Vals , 25 priests , 3 S novices , and 13 brothers . Tlic province of Lyons had also 39 Jesuits in Africa , of whom 17 were priests , 4 novices , and IS brothers , distributed amongst the residences at Algiers , Oran . and Constantine ; 22 missionaries in the East Indies , at Trichinopoly , in the presidency of Madras , and in tlie island of Madura , on the North-east of Java ; 10 iu Syria , anil 6 in Madagascar .
The province of Belgium is one of the most flourishing at the present time . There were 319 Jesuits in 1 SU ; there are 472 i ' h 1 S 45 . The noviciate of Tresichienncs canbtius 120 , of whom 13 arc priests , SO novices , and 31 brother . ? . They have colleges at Alo-t , Antwerp , Brussels , Ghent , " Lou vain , Namur , Liege , Tournay , and Kattwyk ; residences at Bruges , Courlvay , and Mons ; missions at Amsterdam , the iliirti'o Yiir . "" "'" . Diissp . lil . irf . and in . tlifi « i « ' « " * ' Guatemala in America . The college of Bnigclclte belongs , as we have already informed our renders , to the province of France ; and the college of Nivelle to the province of Spain .
The province of England numhercd 140 Jesuits in 1 S 41 , and 101 in 1 S 44 . They have in that country 33 establishments—houses , colleges , residences , or single missicfis . They show themselves less openly in England than in other countries ; the colleges mid the residences do not bear , generally speaking , the names of the towns in which they ava situate , but ihe names of saints only . Thus , there are tho colleges of St . Ignatius , St * Aloise , the Holy Apostles , St . Mary , St . Michael , St . Stanislaus , " St . Uugo . ^ t . Georse , St . John tho Evangelist , St . Thomas o {
Canterbury , the Immaculate Conception , &e . ' 1 hoir principal establishment is the college and seminary of Stonyhurst , in the county of l ' ork , which contains 20 priests , 20 novices , and 14 brothers . The province of England has 20 missionaries at-Calcutta . The English Government extends its protection as well to them as to tlie Protestant missionaries , when they are capable ef furthering abroad its commercial views ; and it is even assisting them ( the Jesuits ) at the present moment to found a new college espeeial ' y destined for China .
_ The province-of Austria and Galliciaconfamed 2 CS Jesuits in the year 1 S 41 , against 310 in the year ISii . Their principal establishments consist of the college and the noviciate of Gratz , the college and the noviciate of Starawics , the colleges of Lira , Inspruek , Tarnopol , Neusandeck , and the "noble " college of Lember-ff . The province of Germany includes Switzerland as well as the hopes and the exertions of the society in the German states , exclusive of Austria . There were in this province 245 Jesuits in the year 1841 , against 273 in the year 1 S 44 . The college , novicia le , and pensionwrt of Friburgin Switzerland , contain 131 Jesuits , of whom 44 are priests , GO novices , and 30 brothers . They have at Brieg , in the canton of tlie Valais , a college , a noviciate , and a ftfiisuMuat , which eautain " 11 priests . 32 novices , Rial 17 brotliers , besides colleges at Siom , Estavayer , and Schwcks
The civil war has thrown open to them the sates oi ' Lucerne . There were several Jesuits in tlic kingdom of Bavaria , in the year 1 S 41 , but tho accounts more recently rendered appear to be incomplete . In Dresden , the contcssor of the last lung of Saxony was a Jesuit , who died at the commencement oi ' June , 1845 . But whilst awaiting the period at which it may be able to undertake anow the conquest of Germany , the influence of the Soeiety of Jesus is exercised upon that country through ( he instrumentality of tlie German college which ir . lias established at Home , for the purpose of there forming scculm priests , destine ;! to be disseminated iu Germany , in Hungary , and in Switzerland . Between the years lKSjuul 1 S 12 , 1 * 25 priests educated at this college were stationed in the various countries of Germany , aud&iin . Switzerlimd . They aw there : < s devoted instruments or advanced cuardsof the society .
The vice-province of Ireland numbered 63 Jesuits in the year 3841 , against 73 in the year 1 S 1-1 . They possess in Ireland the colleges of CUingowcs , Tolhibcy , and Dublin . They liavc recently established a second " house" in the last-mentioned city . The province of Maryland includes the establishments of the society in Columbia , Maryland , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania . The most important consist of the college and the pensiommt oi Georgetown , In Columbia ( 1-5 priests . 13 novices , and 38 brothers ) , and the noviciate ofPiedeiitlcton , in the state of Mar-viand . Since the year 1 S 40 they
have further . -founded , at rralerickton a college and a mission . Tie ' other establishments are rather points of floservapon and foundations for the future . Thus , in Columbia , there arc the house and the mission of Alexandria ; in Maryland , the houses and the missions of St . Thomas , Newtown , St . Inigoes , Bohemia , St . Joseph ' , and Whitemarsh ; In Massachusetts , the collcgcand the 2 > cnfionnai of A i £ orno ; in Pennsylvania , tlie house and the mission of Philadelphia , Gcschenhoppcn , and Conc . vago . The province of Maryland contained 109 Jesuits in 1 S 41 , aeainst 1 * 21 in the vear 1 S 44 .
The vice-province ot Missouri includes the establishments of Louisiana , Missouri , Ohio , the Rocky Mountains , and adjoining countries . It possesses the college and the p ? iwionnflt . of St . Louis , and the college . of St . Charles , in Louisiana , the noviciate of St . Stanislaus , in Missouri , and -the college and tlie pemiomzot of Cincinnati , in Ohio . There are , in these four cstablislimenis , 107 Jesuit ? , of whom 21 ) are priests , 37 novicesj and 41 brotliers . The remaining establishments consist , for the most part , of missions , ¦ eomposed of OEe or two fathers ; tlie most considerable is the missiou of the Rocky Mountains , which is composed , of five priests and six brothers . The number of Jesuits , which amounted , in 1641 , to 94 , had increased , in 1 S 44 , to 139 , in the province of Missouri .
On examining { he above statistics , which are detailed at much greater length ia the tables Irom which we have compiled this summary , it will be sesn that the success * of the Soeiety of Jesus has been eoastant of late ' ye " ai * jr"in all its provinces ; everywhere has it conquered fresUrierritorv—evervwlierc has it either extended ca-: cg $ ; olidated its power ; but the most marked prograis .-is ; that which the sceiety has made in the provinces of Paris and Lyons , aud those above given which precede them far " exceed certain confessions that , the fiev . Father liarignan condescended to ninke iii Iu 3 book on the Jesuits .
The p rincip al object of the efforts of tlie Society of Jesus is not , in these modern times , the conversion of pjgans and infidej ?; i * J > 3 ! 5 D 9 t now , as it had two
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centuries ago , more than 2 , 000 missionaries in the Indies , in Japan , and in America ; prosolytism in distant countries is now little more than a commercial speculation—an affair of pounds , shillings , and pence Tho "Association for the Propagation of the Faith " paid , in the year 1814 , tlie sum of 330 , 0921 " . 32 c . to the Sosiety of Jesus for the services of the 131 priests , o 0 novices , and 01 brothers that the latter consented to devote to the service of the missions amongst the infidels . _ The field of battle which the Jesuits have chosen in the 19 th century is Europe : —Europe ,
which has sliiikn oil" the yoke of papal domination , but which the Army of the Pope , as the Society o , ' Jesus proudly entitles itself , would rivet by newly forged chains to tlie feet of the Pontifical throne ! Such ( errorsexcepted ) is the position of the Society of Jesus in the world . We believe that there is Willy anything changed in the provinces of France . The fathers are there divided into small groups ; they are neither less numerous , loss active , nor less wealthy ; and their apparent dispersion has become , with tiie G-jvernment , a pretext for- inclining still more towards the clergy .
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SPANISH REVOLUTION . [ From the Time Mercury . ] It is now becoming tolerably clear that the present state of affairs in Spain cannot long continue . Karvaez is following in the wake of " Uspartero ! Tlic causes which at last wrought the sudden downfall ot the last , arc at work to produce the same ' catastrophe for his rival and successor . Tlie people of Spain are now beginning to be more disgusted with the present dictator than with his predecessor . The army alone retains its allegiance ; but it is believed that allegiance is in many regiments beginning" to waver , II it onee gives way—which it is likely soon to dotlic audacious General , who rose with all the sudden brilliancy of a rocket , will " fall like the stick , " and " goodnight" to A ' arvacz !
what ( the reader will here exclaim ) is ( he meaning of these strange and anomalous scenes ? We seen country , split into sections of parties bearing strange names . We see " Progresistas , Aloderados , Christinos , Garlists , and Exaltados . " We sec the / urn and name of the Government changed year after year , and yet we sec no one party in power which seems to be efficient , in the least , to heal the divisions and dissensions by which this once ' nappy realm is torn to pieces . _ This is the grand enigma ; this is the marvel ; this is the mystery ; and unless some explanation can be given of this , it is useless to talk about Spain at all .
Of this sort of rcmon-trAiice , if made , we fully admit the justice . Wo admit that without such ex planation , the a Hairs of Spain arc a disagreeable and disgusting puzzle , where much that is revolting is mixed up with all that is bewildering ; and where tho ups and downs of the actors remind one more ot a grotesque puppet-show than a scene of actual life . The explanation , required , however , we shall attempt to give , and thus it is : — Spain has , from the time even of the llomans , boon inhabited by a peculiar race , whose origin is involved in mystery . They were probably of that tribe called "Celts , " by which France , Germany , Great Britain , and Ireland were at some remote period peopled , and which still exist in Ireland , in tho Highlands of
Scotland , and in Spain , without much admixture of other races . They all have the'same national features of distinction , They arc an excitable , iioreo , and warlike race ; dividing themselves into clans or ' small divisions ; cruel in their wrath , ami chivalrous by nature ; leading the pastoral life , fond of poetry anil national ballad and song ; but destitute ol tlic commercial and acquisitive spirit , and all agreed in one thing , viz ., always to keep arms inthvir hands , and never to suffer their rulers to oppress them with focal regulations at variance with their inclinations and habits ; nor with tuxes , which they will not toil to pay on any persuasion . This was iu oklen time the slate of-Scotland and Ireland ; but , in Spain , this is the
position ot aflairs to this hour . No monarch of Spain , not even Charles V ., could ever really subdue this national trait of the Spanish people . Divided as they are into various tribes , having sliglii differences ill m . 'tnncrs and language—in this tlicy all agreed , llicy adhered resolutely to their "Fucns , " or privileges , tkc chief of which was , not to penj any taxes save a smallyiven sum , which they collected themselves ,-and handed over to Government . A people acting this way lyere really always free , no mutter for the ron . M of their government . Charles the Fifth was , in name , absolute , lie dispensed with " the Cortes , " or ancient Spanish parliament ; but he could raise no extra-revenue in Spain , and was really powerless . Tim nriivinccs enviM-iwil tl ...... « - !— . « I ... ti ,., ; .. ., „ ,. ;„„(
laws . The Church , which was immanacly rich iu . domains , took care of the poor , and invariably backed tbu people against the meditated encroachments of Charles , Philip , and their successors . JIuitcc came the bigotted attachment of the Spaniards to their religion . It could not be otherwise . The Church was , in fact , not only teacher of the faith , but feeder of the poor , and an invincible ally of the people , against the designs of arbitrary monarchs , who would iavc ih'cccd both .
Had it not been for tlie discovery of America , and the conquest of Peru and Mexico , the monnrclis of Spain never would have been powerful in Europe . For some centuries , however , they derived immense revenues from these rich colonies , especially from Peru ; and from these sources it was that Philip the Second fitted outliis " armada , " and threatened even England with subjugation . When this source dried up , the Spanish inonarchs became poor again ; and when the colonies at length revolted , and Spain was at last over-run by the troops of France and England , the Spanish treasury was empty , and tho king a bankrupt .
This brought about the introduction into Spain of the " Funding System , " which then was in full flower here , and shortly after was so in France . " Loans" to an immense- extent were borrowed under English influence , and it is this DEBT , and the direful euusttjuenecs ol" it , which have destroyed : \ H succeeding Governments in Spain , and which willcontiiiue so to do , until it shall itself be destroyed . . No matter what the I'orm , or what thexAMBoi' the Government , Espartero or Narvaez , Christino or Moilorado , Whig or Tory , against this rock they must all split . The brave , wise , and resolute Spanish people will neither submit to pay taxes , nor to have their ( Jhurch pillaged "to pay : i parcel of unhanged' Jews and usurers , whom they cordially detest . This is the
resolution ot the people of Spain—of the men who till the land , tend the immeiirc herds of cattle Mill sheep , rear tire beautiful vineyards , and weave those fleeces , and ferment those wines , that exceed in fineness those of all other countries . In the towns and cities there are a class , noisy and worthless , ivl : o have supported the existing governments irom' hope of gain , or love of undefined change ; i \ vm these men niGit of the troops are raised , and they serve as long as the pay Lists , but no longer . The real determination of the Spanish people is however , we repeat , \ o suiler no government long to exist that , is opposed to the Fncrosnnd the Church ; and this determination will shortly wreck the- present wretched
Camarilla that rules m bpnin . Aai-vacz was obliged to give v . p the piliage oi' tlic ChurcU in order to get power ; but he has retained the debt , and lijg tremps must be paid , or down he goes at once , llenee the desperate efforts of Scnor Mon , his Finance-minister , to collect tribute at the bayonet ' s point ; and hence that spirit of resistance which is now about to wreck this Government , and which will wreck every oilier that shall tread in its steps . This ia the secret of " Carlism , " which merely means the recognition of a Government that will destroy the Jews , and preserve the : Fiiltos and the Church ; and nothing short of this will ever ( or we are much mistaken ) produce even a twelvemonth ofnuict in Spain .
" Ax . vkxatios" is Ixdta . —We have more than once warned our venders that it . vould be found a matter advisable and necessary to " asuicx" tlic Punjaub ; that is to say , the rich territory of the late Kunjcet Singh , to our already pretty extensive "Indian empire . " This " annexation" —which in India is quite , 2 S it seems , an allowable thing—is about to commence . The hist Indian news is that the young and feeble boy monarch , of Lahore , Ghoolab Singh , lias applied to the British fur " protection" against his unruly troops and not very orderly subjects . This " protection" is to be kindly granted . To a good neighbour one can refuse nothing . An army is accordingly now on the banks of the river Sutledge ; and the next thing we shall hear will be
that it lias entered Lahore , and taken possession ol the young king ' s territories by way of " protecting " him . This is the precise way in which all our Indian " annexations" have . been performed ; and when the king rebels , as at last Jig must do , he will be deposed , and his kingdom added to tlie dominions of'the droll company in Leadcnhall-street , who are such good hands at grasping ! The possession of Lahore will again bring Us in collision with Gandahar and Afghanistan ; and the end will be a third mai'oh to Cabnl , and a second towards Herat , where we shall , "t last , cross bayonets with Russia , in propria persona . This is the assured ; cnd of these proceedings ; and wo may as well record them before happening , as after . —T , mc Merami .
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS , ibr the Week commencing Monday , Oct . 23 i * d , 184 . 3 . LExtractedfromaDiAnr of Actual Operations on five small ( arms on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates ot the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near UiuWerslicld , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lauds . The farms selected as models ave—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of
live acres each , conducted by G . Crutteiulcn and John Harris . ¦ Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrcll—the former at Eastdean , tiie latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of hastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaitc . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The DiAUvis aided by " . Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . i \ owcll , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
" Ihe wisest men—the greatest philosophers—after in viiin ¦ sei-Wnjj for happiness in every variety of pursuit , have found it in the cultivation of the ground . " Note . —Be school farms are cultivated by boys , whs in . return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , which renders the schools ski . v-SurrOKTlSO . D ' c believe that at Farnhj Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of tho school farm will Le assigned ta the boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who will receive the usual school-fees , help t / ie boys to cvlthnite their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , ike ., to convert their produce into kicon , 61 ; unending to jrig-kecping , which at Christmas may be- divided , after , payiny rent and levy , among ft them in proportion to their services , and be mule thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grate fid to their feelings . ]
SUSSEX . Moxdat— WMinydon School . Boys digging for wheat , and the master drilling . Eastdean i-c / wol . Seventeen bays digging up potatoes , gathering up haulm , and stones . Viper . Sowing wheat , in drills six inches apart , ' and two or three deep . Dumbrell Digging up potatoes and carrying manure . r « Es » AV — Willingilmi School . Buys earning out manure . Eastdean School . Boys digging for wheat , and clearing oft swetlo turnips , l'ipcr . Sowing wheat in ili-Us . JJmnbrdl , Dinging up potatoes ,
heifer ui-awmg dung . vVuDxiisiiAY — Williugdon School . Boys digging for wheat . iMsldcan School . Boys emptying the pigstyc tank , digging for and sowing wheat . Viper . Sowing wheat . _ liumbreU . Digging , mixing ( lung and mould , heifer carrying dung . Tiiuusuaa- —WiUinrjdon School . Buys digging and drilling wheat . Eastdean School . Boyw drawing mauurc for wheat , cle : um \ g pigstycs . 1 'ipcr . Tliu same as yesterday . JjumLrdl . JJi'illin" fourteen rods of tares , * storing in the cellar mangel wurzel
roots . Fiiidav— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat . Eastdean School . Boys sowing tares , digging tui wheat , gathenng ' matiKel wiuzel leaves aiuf stouus . Viper . As before . JJumbrell . Digging up carrots , potatoes , heifer dung carrying . Satukiuy— Willingdon School . Boys digging for and drilling wheat . Easldean School . Boys emptying portable pails , cleaning the school , phuliiig cabbages . Viper . As before . Dumbrell . Mixing dung and mould , pulling- mangel wurzel roots .
COW-FKBDINO . Willingdon School . Cows feeding on white turnips , Ac , as before . _ Viper ' s . In addition to other food , is given two gal-Jons of carrots per day . DumbreU ' s . One cow staked in the rye grass , and fed in the Stall morn and even , on mangel wur / . el leaves for four days , StcllJ fed with niaugcl wurzeleaves , turnips , and oat clialt ' , for two tlays . One cow and heifer staked on clover , and morn and even fed with potatoes , carrots , and oat chair " , for three clays , the remaining three stall fed ivith turnips , potatoes , and oatehnll ' .
PIG FEEDING . In fattening pigs , i have r . ! . V : > ys fmind _ a mixture of barley and pwise-ineal , moistened . « itl : jnilk iti suilieient quantity to make it of a drinkable nature , to be the best ; the pigs must be rung to make them lie quiet ; liic stye i . " , ;; . ^ L' ? » " « a » d { l »/ y . and the suniiot suffered to scorch their backs , as tuilM !"" ™ white pigs are blistered by it , which" not only renders them of an unsightly appearance , but retards their thriving ; neither can they bear exposure to cold winds , or cold rain , or sleet , or snow—they must be kept out of all these . This is not sufiiciently attended to : on many farms yon sec them lying in heap ? shivering with the cold ; in such cases thriving is out of the question ; and , ou the other hand , 1 liavo . seen
them immured to the height ot four ieet , with a lov , ceiling tibove them , leaving a space of a foot and a half for a current of air ; in this case they looked very delicate and sickly , like consumptive subjects , ami never arrived at any size or weight for tliCl ' l age ; their constitution was undermined by being kept constantly in a pestilential atmosphere ; whereas , had tlic door been an open-barred door , a current of fresh air would incessantly have set in and purified the place , and given the animals a vigorous habit and a doubly-incrcascd size . These extremes should bo carefully avoided ; and , in addition , too much cleanliness cannot be observed , for nothing tends more to their well-doing than dry feet , a dry bed , and sweet
air . They wallow in mud , it is true , in the summer , to get a coat to shield them from the sun and flics ; but that only proves that they require protection from excessive heat and the teasing of ilies ; and all who wish their pigs to thrive will provide shelter . My pigs are never allowed to run about , as no food they can get by prowling about will compensate Ibr the . loss of flesh sustained by the continual stale of mothm . In a farm it may be very well to have some running about to pick up dropped offal ; but where the pigs . ire regularly fed with a suilieient supply , it is a thriftless plan to -waste Ly exercise the flesh that by a state of rest would make a . good return for the food censumed and the expense of attendance .
In tlic above remarks on pig-fecdirig , my observations were - directed chiefly to fattening hogs to a large * si' / . e " , the strong food l'ecowvnewktl docs not exactly suit quarter porkers ; it is too heating , and produces pimples , which give the appeaivnec of disease ; therefore , for quarter pork , I either use fine middlings with milk or pure water , or reduce the strength of the barley and pease-meal by adding an ecyial quantity of poliard ; wash or pot-liquor is unpalatable to pigs during the process of fattening on meal . [ have tried various liquids—mutton broth , tho liquor from a round of beef , and good kitchen wash—but have been obliged to take it out of their troughs , and replace it with meal and milk , or water . It will sometimes happen , from change of weather or
other causes , that the pi » s get costive , and arc off their food . In such a case ' supply them with a little green food , according to the season of ( he year , —as a few cabbage leaves , lettuces , or potatoe-tops , or with potatoes , and mangel wurzel ; if , on the other . hand , they arc purged , I have a soil dug from tho road-side ami given them , or , which I sometimes think is bettur , 1 let them into a yard where there arc cinders , mould , and brick , and chalk rubbish . I think very little of garden stuff as a means of keeping a pig in a good growing condition ; it is no help further than s-tistying occasionally the _ cravings of hunger ; sows will do on it , or on grass , if there can be added daily a feed or two from the -wash-tub . As I keep sows , I may as well add my management of them . During
the time ot gestation their diet is restricted to articles that will not produce obesity , for hows , as well as cows , are apt to be attacked with what is called tho milk-fever ; and , besides , unwieldy sows have not that command over their movements that sows with a less proportion of flesh have , and are very likely to crush many of their young ones . For the first ibvtnicht , the sow is fed in such a manner as to leave off with a good appetite ; and no better or more forcin " food is given than fine pollard or coarse middlings ; but as soon as all fever has disappeared , aud the pi <* s can take the milk as fast as the sow can supply it , the finest middlings or oatmeal , or sometimes boiled lice , when it can be procured at about 8 s . or Ss . Ud . per cwt ., arc given three times a day . The little pigs arc cut when five or six weeks old ; the sows arc not spayed , ll intended for quarter pork ; the
operation UOlll Uiroivs them back ami disfigures them , i Many people recommend a spayed sow for the poor • 1 always recommend a barrow pig , as growing to a larger size than the spayed sow pig , and in being far ; superior meat to an old 8 ( iay « l sow . These remarlw . With what 1 lonrardcd to you before , arc about all I can remember for a brief sketch . In choosing a pig , look out lor one . with a wide open chest , well filled up irom the ears to the tail , amall toed , and with I meat 111 ( lie lore arm clown to the knee , and in the ; ham down to tho hock—tail fine and short with a i small spread of hairs at the end . Let the breed be more inclined to make flesh than fat , and fine in the grain . Another peculiarity should be ascertained the breed should be famed for broad backs and small entrails—large-bclhed pigs do not pulldown the scale J 1 ou have now such a lecture on pigs as I sometime *' ^/ ° 6 ' ° 5 ' . UKlUil " friemh -- * & <* . faSrfX-
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drawing up from the sodden bed of the too proximate shallow drain the free or superfluous water . Entertaining these ideas I applied to Mr . I'arkcs for an explanation , or rather confirmation of them , which he has most philosophically and correctly altbrdeil in the annexed letter , which divulges the " subterranean secret , and explains satisfactorily tho hitherto mysterious action of deep draining . " A sponge will hold water , by capillary attraction , till its pores are filled , and a large sponge will hold more tluui aStuall QUO ' , consequently it is longer iu getting wet and longer in getting dry . The earth when " drained is in fact a sponge—the deeper tho drains the greater the body of water it will dokl : and as earth , air , and water are the food of plants , tlic larger the sponge the more food il contains . Now
we all well know Unit water passes through earth aud runs away out of the drains , but we " must never forget that it will only do so when more has fallen than the earth chooses to retain by capillary attraction . Yon may drop water drop by " drop oil a sponge or loaf sugar , and none will escape till the pores are all filled ; but then it refuses to receive any more , ami the rest is carried away . The same thing occurs precisely in drained land . In deeply drained land but little rain will pass through the drains during the spring and summer . It is retained to moisten this large sponge , and rise by capillary attraction and be carried oil" through tho plants by their roots and leaves , or evaporate 7 it the surface a-, steam or vapour . In shallow drained land
( the small sponge ) plants are quickly dried up iii a hot summer , or drenched in . 1 wet one ; and as roots only search amongst the porous earth for their food , of course they not only get less food , but are subjected , by their proximity to the surface , to greater atmospheric vicissitude . It is a seeming confiYiiliriimi . that Jeep ilvaiiis should discharge more water anil more quickly than shallow oius - . " sucii is . Uowevev , the fact . In a very long or tleep sponge , tlie water will drip thr nigh at the lowest end , the force of gravity overcoming partially that of capillary attraction ; of course , this dripping permits its absorbing more water at its surface . In a . short or shallow sponge , little or no dripping takes place , because the capillary
power is too strong ; consequently when filled it will absorb less at the surface , : u » l more must run off . It i 3 notorious , that in very porous vegetable soils , shallow drains are of little use , for spring or bottom water passes by them and rises in preference to the surface , by tho force of capillary attraction , and by the plants called bog pipes . ' '¦ ¦ Old hands at spring draining known the fact , although I never heard the caused named , and always recommended deep drains . I am not sulKcicntly acquainted with the statistics of capillary attraction to state how deeply it acts , but we know quite well that its power varies with the character of tlic soil . Farmers like chalk in heavy land , because clmlk has strong filtrativc and non-capillary powers .
1 hcrcaveiibmidantinstiUieesofloososand !? , gravels , bogs , or mellow soils , always wet . and cold , because rcstiii" on an imijorvious bed of ehiy , ( ho water ascending by the power of capillary attraction , which overcomes its gravity ; the water will in such eases rise many feet above its level , depending on the 00111-pavalivo capillary powers of the soil . ltcanonVy . be removed in this case by cutting- into the dense or non-capillary mass . In eases of . spongy soils , practice has shown that we must load them with heaviestearths , to squeeze out . their moisture and diminish their capillary power , to make the drains act . A piece of loaf sugar or a spongo readily illustrates the facts I have mentioned , that water has its force o ' gravitv , overcome bv capillary attraction , and is made
to rise above its level . Trees of the greatest height exercise this power , r . ud so do ; ill plants in degree . The question of extreme depth at which drains will act in pure clays , is an important one , and seems to hinge on the depth to which cracks will exfend i > : such soils . It is easy to try it , which I shall do ; my own opinion is , that even in very strong clays water will filtrate much below four feet ; hut possibly , to enable it lo do this , it would h most secure to drain four feet first , and then when these drains have acted perfectly , aud the soil to that depth is intersected by roots and worm borings , increase tho depl h to seveu or ciglit feet , according to the fall . b \ v . ]' nr ! iCS lias clearly shown that deep drains will act more promptly on lands that have been already shallowdrained .
The principles of drainage are affected by tlic laws of gravity . _ The-drain-pipe is full of air—the earth above it is full of water ; the superfluous water , beyond what the earth retains bv capillary atti action , must , of nccssity , by its superior gravity , descend and displace the air from tho pipe , and continue flowing till it finds other water to resist it . The greatest possible objection to shallow drainage is , that the failing water robs the surface soil of its heat and manure , and carries it away through the drains , or allows it lo pa-s off the surface , whilst in Jjjy- ' drained land the heafc carried down by the wcilw Utaken from i ' n « ««' * " ? - " ll ' ° ' - . "I ' *?! - and retained t ( i rise again to tho roots and sumee oy its superior lightness and by capillary attraction . Thus the depth of drainage influences vegetation , warmth beinv : carried tlov . n from the surface is laid up iu store , aud vo-iiMtsv . ik ( lie sm-IVice with thr expanded water bv capillary attraction .
Deeply drained " land receives and retains the soluble parts of the manure we apply to the surface , and sends them up again for the use of plants by evaporation and capillary attraction . "Water is not only si eari'iei of heafc downwards and upwards in soils , but it also conveys down aud brings again to the surface the solutions of manure that colour it . A nice warm summer shower that would only be enough to moisten comfortably five or six feet deep of parched earth , would be carried through shallow
uruins . Like strong tea , the solutions from our manure contain Us most valuable properties . Farmers who consider how worthless is the second mashing of their malt , or tho second water from their tea , will hardly allow the essence of their manure heaps to run away down their ditches with the water from their roofs , or down shallow drains . Wo must not forget that roots will follow retreating water and deprive it of their food ; but flic same mots cannot avoid or escape the injurious effects of wafer ascending constantly and too abundantly by capillary attraction from the too proximate floor of a shallow drain .
Ill a soil drained six or ciglit feet deep Use saline and ammoniacal substances that are brought down with the rain , remain in the soil , and are brought up to the roofs of plants by the water , as ic rises to the surface by capillary attraction to replace that which evaporates . Tho manures we apply arc also laid up in store for subsequent use ; whilst in that drained only two feet-, or two feet eight , it would be washed into the drains and carried away to tlic open ditches . The importance is great of retaining , fur the u < e of plants , much of the water that falls in the summer months , for such wafer is abundantly charged with heat ( qy . electricity ?) and with various gases ihat ave of inappreciable value as food for plants .
Of course to bogs , sands , and gravels , tho addition of heavier earths and lime is indispensable , chemically and physically giving them a greater aptitude Ibr tho retention of moisture , such soils being deficient in alkalies and alumina . It lu \ s been objected that in certain soils Uie filtration of water would abstract from them their metallic properties , and encrust ,. or choke up these small pipes . It is possible in an occasional instance , and in course of time , this might occur , but this exception can bo no valid objection to the general rule of their success in the majority of soils . Instances too may occur where the supply of water from springs , or from some neighbouring ground , may be more ihan a small pipe can carry , rendering it necessary to employ a larger pipe , or several smaller ones siilu by hide , or on each other . Tins also can only now and then occur . Tlie inch-pipes will always take all tlie water that docs fall as an average from the clouds on a given space i a given time .
The whole system of deep drainage in hcavv land is dependent on its cracking by contraction . Those cracks , which take place , first , by evaporation , and then by percolation , can be promoted iu two ways—by leaving the drains open as long ^ possible after the pipes arc placed in them , and covered with a few crumbs , or by the heat ol" a dry suinnir . r . Rolling heavy land solid in wet weather will cause it lo crack readily in warm weather ; when once a system of cracks has commenced , ( hey extend in every direction , each fissure ilraining the soil adjoiniiis it , until the whole mass of earth to the floor of the drains becomes . 1 network of fissure , ? . Once established , filtration , capillary attraction , anil evaporation , must go on regularly—improving the soil from year to year , aided by worms anil bv roots .
I would strongly recommend every agricultural improvor to boro or cut a four-feet trench in every acre of soil , to the depth of several feet , much in the same way as we would ascertain the quality of a cheese . The expense is but trifling , but the iaving or piin would be in many cases , enormous . A bed of calcal'COUS ' oartll , Ot ' olsvy , or fti ' gt ' ave ! , may be found wliric least expected and much required . Perpendicular strata of clays , Ac , may be thus at onee detected aud cut through , which have possibly for centuries headed back springs , or surface water , and caused a large extent of land to be always wet . Such boring may give upward vent to a , spring , which being pent in has shown its evil effects in numerous other places .
There are many advantages attending a knowledge of the substratum , so various are its qualities , and so different from Ilio surface soil . It is the opinion of two practical drainers 1 am acquainted with , that subterranean water generally runs east and west , so that by cutting our drains north aud south we arc more likely to intercept them . Probably it may not be the rule in cverv county , but I Jwvc noticed such to be the case on my farm ' in several instances . The fact is worth observing , or we inny make many useless outlines , in clay or strong soils parallel with sandy veiiiB / and yet not succeed in removing the water from the latter . This stratification east and west may be the result of centrifugal force , caused by the earth ' s diurnal revolution .
TJlOl'O Call bl 110 doilbl that the increased luxuriance of plants is dependent on the depth of drainage as well as on the quantity and quality of their food . I am of opinion that plants breathe , masticate ,
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digest , and excrete with precisely the same results as ourselves , and decay and arc decomposed in the same way as we arc . They also repose as we ( lo , and during that repose digestion and consequent increase is as apparent with them as with us . Like ourselves plants will not send their roots to be drowned or to be burned ; therefore , by deep drainage , wo guard them against both , and afford them an abundant supply of food . No doubt they obtain oxvsjen by their roots and carbon by their leaves to form internal COlllMIStion .
-Many Fandy soils require draining when their owners little imagine tho cause of their inferior crops , fov if these savKis or siHs rest mi an impervious basis of bard gravel or solid clay , the capillary power of the surface soil draws up the water most injuriously to the ruots . This was found to be the case 0 : 1 one field on my farm , which was considered to be a hot dryfield , but was found , on digging holes , to require ilraining . Sands most purticularly require deep drainage , because their capillary powers will effectually counteract the operation ' of shallow drains . Many larwcvs know practically the difliculty cf getting water out of sand , although they do not ' know the cause .
Ihere arc very kw lands on which tho drains cannot be placed four feel deep , where there is the desire fo cut deep drains . For instance , suppose a field is basin shaped , or higher at the sides than in the centre , the drains could be carried with the tall to the centre of the fidil , and Hint fall into a main drain , carried through the higher parts of flic field by a deep cutting , to sonic distant point of fall , « v to a deep well ( vr swallow hole . In deep drains ( here is no danger of pipes decaying , because the temperature is nearly uniform , seldom varying ten degrees , mid of course never touching the extremes of winter frost or summer heat . I . J . Mi-xm .
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BANKRUPTS . fJ ' roM TucsJiti ' s Gozdlc , October U , 1 S 15 J Hubert J . Ciiiipniiin , CIti [ . li .-iiii , Surrey , market giU'dc-UCl * —J : iuu : k SuiitU Williams , lit' "< , Cluuiciil ' s . lani ' , Loiuliarilstrecl , City , master immiKT— TIiom : is Ashwerth and . Mil-haul Scptiiiiu-i . 'Kcyworth , of Maui-hv&tcr , i-mmnon Iireivors—Henry . G'ciir ^ e Gibson , wf-Ncweast ' i ' -npuii-TyiK ' , uliumist—Tlnimns t'U-ii ' or SliiU-. tm , « i" Ihulbi-iilge , Cloucosli-vshiro , wool broker . pividkn'iis i ) i : cr . Aiti : i > . . loliu Scott , of liirmingliiim , iruu uiala-r , final itivWenil of IJd . in thu pound , payable , at 7 " . ' , Geoi-jru-strct't , Al .-ineliuslor , UcUilici 'Jt < , : uul every followiiijj 'l ' uc-stlii . v . William Junes , of Acton , ' Middli'M ' . v , grocer , first iliviiK'iii ! til' 7 d . i ; i tlie [ muuil , payable ; it IS , Old Jewry , October 15 , : nid two 1 ' ollowiu ;; Woilnesilnys Jiimi's K .-iri ' t-n , ol ' iViue lllni . s Suney . corn dealer , second ( livuloiul ul" Uil . 'in the pound , pnyaljic . at l'i , Old Jewry , October Iii , ami two fullo'vin ;; Wotlnei-ilays . DIVIDENDS TO BE DECUllEn .
ivi . M- ( he Court oj IJank-nii'tcy , l . oudou .. ''' James l'tniolil , ul" ( luriinr , Sussex , tanner , November !> , nVliii ' l ' -pnfct I ' - '—James Ifm-ay , \ , f Old Kish . slrc . ct . hill , Upper -Tlmmes-stivft , . stalinuur , November 1 , at 011 c—Tliiiiiiis' Eastwood , of iiiijjlituii , grocer , November C , at eicven *' CiiitTincATi's to he { tainted by the Court of Ue \ iew , unless cause lif ; shown tu thu contrary , on or before . Xuveml > ev 4 . JiJm liurburyi of l , eck Wootton , Warwickshire , maltster—James Mabbs ; jun ., of Cliirlscster , baker—Henry Di ' rilllUS Wn !!<( T ,-0 t'Katun SdWi ' . l . Heilfovilsbive , innkeeper — Tlnnmis'Kastwi iOtl , uf ] Ji-i » lituii , Sussex , sri * cer—Thomas f . im . ir . stiui , of Mn'icliesU-r , share broker—John lirain , of 10 . Wiiicl : i'Ster-p |! ice , ami lateof llulfuril-Fiiuare , IVntonvillc , copperplate dialer—Jolm . ^ niitli , of ft . DiuiUnu ' sliill , City , tliiobvuUer . In ( hi Coi't ' d' !/ .
Jolm \\ noil , ol Canlifrj Gl .-imiinc . 'iiishirp , k'uiker , November <> , at eleven , at the C ' mirt of I' . 'inkniplcy . Uristul — Thomas llul . vlam ! , of . Manchester , woollen i-lntli mnmifiicluicr , November ( i , at twelve , : it Ilie Court of Hnulci-uptey , Jiiim-hester—Jehu ami Klixiibotli l'i . ' -liur , f » F Miiiilmll . Lanenshhe , wine liiereliiiiils , November -I , at twelve , at the Court of Jiiiiiki uptev , Liverpool—James tfpi-neir , of Dcilhulmc Oarr , Yorkshire , wmstctl pieee mnmifaelurer , November IS , al eleven , ; tt Hie . Court of l ' iiiikniptcy . Leeds—Thomas liolislield , of Liueoh :, ii-oimioii !; r , November U , at eleven , at tlic Omrtuf Jiaiiki'iijitcy , Leeils—Tolll Walter Green , of l . reiU , bookseller , November II , at eleven , fit UlO Court of Uunkrui-. tcy , I . ceOs—Thorna * *? imilhvo <>( l , of I'jruitiiK ' n . 'iii , gtveer , November 0 , at eleven , at the Court of HankruNtey , ISirmhigh-im—Joseph Lewis , of
Birmingham , cavil mamifnetuver , Xoveinliev r > , at eleven , at tlie Court l'f JiilllklUplcy , liiriuiliyhMll—Benjamin S . Jones , of WriK-kttartlilliMVood , Khriipshire . -. gruc-c ) -, Novembers , at ball-past Iwelve . ' atlhe Court of liankrui-tcy , Ijiruiiugham—William Henry Hates , of ISinnhighiim , " factor , November S , at eleven , at the Court of Itiinkrupcy , Jiirmingham—Thomas llnrtun , of West I ' iMiiswieli . Scifibrilfliire , iron founder , November IS , at twelve , at tliC Court of l ! ati !; ruptc , y . liirinhigli .-tm — . lames I ' cmiclt , of Little . JJiixh , llvrcfci-iUhiivA-ttUlti dealer , November 5 , at- halfpast clcvt . il , at tho Court of li . iiii < ni ]< ti-y , Lliriiiinxhai ' ii—John Herring r . iui William HoiTinjr , of Newcastle-upon-Tynp , merchants , November 5 , at eleven , at the Court of ISanUrupti-y , Newcastle-upoii-Tjiie , Ocktificatks to be granted , unless en use bu shown to tho contrary on the 1 ! av of mecthi" ; .
James Eilwavu I ; : * ' : *"" "; ut liroiul-court , liow-arect , Covcnl-giirilcn , victualler , November 0—Charles Jones , of Ai ' stocU , lJiieU ; iij , ' iuu » sliu-e , saVsuuiu , ' Kv > vcvn . \> ev 1—William Verey , of liigh-jitrccti l £ ins ; sl ; iii ( l , victualler . Xovciul > erD—William 1 ' arsley , ai "Woolwich , ICer . f , hat maker , November 1—William Muton , of l- ' orostreot , City , leather seller , November 5—Thomas Clerk Smith ami l- ; icliurd Iluycs , of I " . ! , Henrietta-street , Cnvent- . sardon , hotel keepers , Nov 4—Frederick AVest , of Southampton , bootmaker , November 3—Jolm Heiluen , of CiiwbriUge , uoixcll JuiiJdcr , Jforeiiibtrfi—J . 'tincK Coupons Wolttm , oI'liuLstenu , Ksiicx , ironmonger , Noveni ' icr ( /—John ' iV ' iite , of AVjirminsWv , " Wilts-hire , currier , Ninemlicv-l—John Jlotcheby , late of ftiirliiiirton , l > urliani , coalownci-, Xovcmher -Il ' einvick I . or . iinc , of NcwcastlC-uiion-Tyuo , bookseller , November-1— -Aim liree b ' n'wh . "f Ncvir . iit / c-iij-. oii-Tyne , liotel lieeper , Xov . •!—Joseph Curlis , of Liske . inl , Cornwall , linc . m ! r : i ) ser , Novemiur 7—Jacob liiiiiiinl Owwi , of Jliinehesler , stoi-kbroker , November 0 . PAM'N-EI ' . SlilPS DISSOLVED .
• Tunics Ilizzcy , Thus . Denton , and John lliimjilirys 1 ' app ; --, of ^ tivu ' il , liiicn ¦ iJi-,-i | x rs ( . to far as regards Joliu llumV-brj's I'lipjis)—Henry Holiis ju : tl Tlitmias Walt ' ord , of Liverpool , tea ilcaleis—Wiiiiam h'alph Huchanan nud Henry Grainier , aUnriioys—Abriiliam Uass and i ! . Sweetiii ^' , of Htirtou-u | iO ! i-rreiil . . Stalii-rilsliire , attorneys — Llewelyn Kvansand Kvsm Williams , of l . l : uiiluvti- . v , Carniartheusliire , cahiuet makers—l '' red , r ' arrav anil Gcorgo llcrhst Lake , of li . ' , C . ' odliman-strcet , llcelor . s' -ccmmoiis , ; ittonieys—1 { . IX"vis Ufa and Hugh Casemep . t , of ! ' 5 , Upper Thames-street , City , aud Kssex-street , Whiteehapf-1 , clieeseiuoujjevs— . Uilm Ke . tves roimtney and Thomas foimtuev , of IVirmiuu ' iam , eurviers—Thumas Stamioi'd
Woodley aud Isaac Yoinijr , ul " C ; iiiibritJ (; e . jji ' trtrs— Joint Wri ^ bt and John Linwood , of I ' oiilt'lVsict , Hucn drapers—William ilarvin and James Marvin , of Hilpi-rton , Wiltshire , bnkevs—Samuel 1 \ lbbotsoiiand William l'reileriek Ibbots 11 , of New York — C ' eralil Atkinson and John found , of Liverpool . —Cliavles Viewing : m > . \ OivAm l" > r ., eWehurst , of 177 , Jligli liulboni . lamp maitu ' ttctiu'ei's—ICihvaid jremlersnii and Joseph Wooler , of Stockton , nierei-is—Daniel Nash and Josiah Lambert , of Sibil' lied ii ! j ; ham , J- ' ssex , farmers—John Sharji ami J . I'ontofi , of ISostoii , l . ineoliishire , tanners—Edw . ilai'ton and John l- ' ianeis 1 ' iiv . er , of Clieitenhani , wine inciThants—John lleury iiorutoti and lleiu-y llvllier , oi' l . euUviilmH-niar-. l ; e ( , meat haiesmcii .
Affritaiture Mi Sorttntltttre*
affritaiture mi Sorttntltttre *
Untitled Article
• DhtP DRAINAGE IS BETTER THAN SHALLOW DRAINAGE , - Because capillary attraction is stronger than gravity near the surface , . whilst as-vo go deeper into the soil the force ot gravity increases , and the power ot capillary attractjon diminishes . Capillary attraction acts powerfully and injuriously near the surface in two ways—tirst , bv keeping the rain wator from dCSCCndjnjr ( O tho Shallow drains ; aJd / acSlSdlr bT
Untitled Article
* I AiiEs . —> ow drill your second crop in by hand , with \ ¦ yhpat Jioe , iind scatter a little manure in every drill . }
Untitled Article
The Game Laws . —Abojiixjible Coxvictiox . —On Saturday week , Thomas lli » gln > - , of Ackworth , was summoned before the W .-ikciicM magistrates for . an olieiice against the Game Laws . JLlig » i « s , who is a farm labouvep , was proceeding to his work early in the morning and picked up a hare , which he found dead in a wheat field ; being observed hy the gamekeeper , tiie poor fellow was taken into custody . Ihe hare had been caught in a suicide , but there was no evidence to prove that the nrisouer was in any way connected with-poachers . lie " was proceeding to work , with his scythe over his shoulder , to a field adjoining that 111 which the hare was found , when lie accidentally saw the animal , and naturally enough took possession , lliggins was fined in a peilaJty and COSta amouiilinj . to £ 5 , and in default he was sent to the IJo-ise of Correction for three months .
Dfawifyi I«Obnittnt&.
dfawifyi i « obnittnt& .
Untitled Article
l'noi . n- 'ic T . nckeahk . —At the usual season , a single notatoe wassct , ™/ . o / c ,-in a liehl at Ik-bblc-britlge , near Jluddcrcfield , by John Turner , stone-masun ; and during last week the piothu-e was raised , wlicn ' 22 lbs . of tine large potatoes were reaped . The sort was what ia denominated " Farmer ' s filovy , " nml the "set" weighed 2 lbs . when planted , Jlatl enre been taken of the plant during growth , and tlic layers properly covered , it is believed the increase would have icen nearly twiee as great . A GuuiosiTY . —An ordinary earthenware dis-li , pill " - - chased at the Ciinibriaii ' potttT )' , in this town , aboufc sixteen months : > go , by-Williams , tailor , residing in G ' o ;' t street , has excited a considerable portion of curiosity in ihc minds of some of our townspeople duriiijitlx past week . It appears that a sluivt time sillt'O it "It ' . 'it IHimhor Of siiiall < -i-vsfal ! zod substances , having tlieappear . i'tfo of / lowers , or niiniattu-c
mushroonis , were observed to ; : ro \ v out of the dish , In-caking thr < u : » ii the ha «[ gltixcd hurl ; ue . Or . e <> r two of tlicsc grew to the extent of an inch , but were accidentally broken . Others .-. re now budding fort I ) , covering nearly the whole . surface of the dish . Thu taste is very similar to that cf common salt .. The oldest and most c-xperier . eed individuals onjiaircd in the manufactures of earthenware in this town do not remember witnessing &uch appearances oil iiny previous ocension . A polkr , who also keens tho Compass public-house in High-street , purchased the article from the original owner for £ 1 5 s ., and has issued bills announcing it forexbibition . The general impression in the upper region of our town is , that it is a " bewitched dish ; " but we opine that chemists , upon analysation , would Ijeatiic to account for these curious appearaiiees by ( he accidental presence ot some chemical in » rediti : t not usually found in the niatt-rials 1 ' roni wliic-h s :: cli articlesKreicanufacturctl . - ' Cumbrian .
EitL'i'Tiox of Jfofxr JfixxA . — The Ilamburgli Borscvhalk of the 7 th inst . contains the following communication from C ' openhajicn , underrate of October -Hli : — " Thf . English journals have already stated that the largest , of tho ( jrkiii ' y isles vas , during a violent storm from the north-west on the night of the 2 iu \ ult ., covi-ml with line ashes , resembling ground pumice-stone ; and that it was thought they bail been driven by the wii . d from Mount liecla , in " Iceland , as similar appearances had been ' observed during Severn ] years . We now learn that on the same or the following nii ; ht the crew of a vescel , bound to this port from Heikiavik , observed , whilst about eighteen English miles from land , volcanic flames on the southern coast of Iceland . On September 3 rd two vessels near the Fawo It-los wore also covered
with ashes . According to letters which have been received here an earthquake occurred on the previous day in the west , north , and east portior . s of Iceland . More recent intelligence has arrived from the southern ymvt , -, \ m \ it appears thai ihe empfum wasamore violentono tlian any that had taken place there during the last sixty years . The latest accounts are of September-15 . .- ' 1 hey conlinn tlie inteiVigence of a volcanic eruption in tiie southern part of the island on September 2 nd , the first since the memorable one wliit'U octun-ed niiittccw yt-avs ago . Tlie CXtCIlt Of tll ( J full Of WUld and ashes is not yet known , but it is ascertained Ihat Uie populous districts adjacent to the volcano have not been seriously injured , except that tlic « vass plots near the mountains were destroyed . "
Scmfowptsr, &R*
Scmfowptsr , &r *
Untitled Article
October 1 ^ 1845 . ^ THE NORTHERN S TAR . ' : ; ¦ '¦ ^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 18, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1337/page/7/
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