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Andovek, Oct. 27.—Blyth, the newly-elected master, has not yet arrived. Mr. Westlake is to resign on Saturday next, November the 1st. Dr; Hammond
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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"" , » -aiwar , at leastta voras . ^ LSmy chance so Happen-deeds , ) . itrtitiklhearalitfle lM whosiHgs " T ^ p feI , yana ^ -ill I » e ih » tro er ^_ BxBO » TTALY AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE . ,.- i % rP last addressed our readers on the affidra M pother unfortunate effort has been made 01 ^ J aome amelioration of Hasting evils , but K- ° v ^ vrt baring failed , will for the present be fflu rJ « of additional suffering to all the actual or PJSShS Mends of progress on whom the Italian j ^ Sbs can lay hold . Such intelligence concern-- ^ w , * late movement as the French and English "" l-nawrsiate affordedns , wehavedulylaid before ne , Sws if we have abstained until now from OM ^ Xaotieing the aftair at Rimini , it has been ^ Vffe had hoped to have acquired more accufcf toibniiation of that afejj , than the London ? -fr ionraals haTe famished , on which to ground our arte" butwehavewaitedinvain . lC rfith the particulars ot the insurrection , or
out-. ,-jj at Kimini , our readers are already familar , a Petition of those particulars is , therefore , not ^ L jarr . Our readers will remember that we gave { Smflie Jkmdng Chronicle an abstract of an address "Taaiiifeto issued by the patriots , and addressed ^ T flie name of the people of the Roman states to flidSovcreigas and people of Europe . That abstract , however , gave bat a very imperfect idea of the contents of the manifesto , and in order that the grievance therein set forth may be fcnown to the people of this country , and that this appeal to Europe , of fSie Italian patriots , may be recorded ill the columns ofthi 3 organ of "the democratic principles , " we here insert the manifesto entire .
jjiSIKSTO OF THE PEOPLE Of THE BOMAN STATES TO THE PBIXCES AXD PEOPLE OF EUEOPE , Wlicn the Sovereign Pontiff Fins TIT . was restored in the Roman States be announced motu proprio his intcnlion to establish a regime analogous to that of the former "king dom of I taly , ' and adapted to the wants as we ll as ae progress of civilisation . lu a short space of time , however , the publication of a civil and pfiminai code founded on principles which had become obsolete clearly showed that ha was anriou 3 to return to the odious past , and was unwilling to folfil the promises made , and follow the councils which tiie Congress of Vienna had given to the Court of Some . The clergy were covered with dignities and privileges , and the laity were deprived of all offices of even the smallest importance . Notwithstanding these cruel deceptions , public discontent did not manifest itself by acts of violence , even in the years 1821 and 1822 , when Uspies and Turin set up the cry of "Liberty !"
After the Anstrians had repressed the movement of those two Italian provinces , the Pontifical Court , when it had recovered from its fright , instead of erincinggratitude to the people for the quiet attitude they had preserved during the disturbed state of public feeling , wished to take rengence upon the thoughts , the sentiments , and the secret wishes » f the people through the instrumentditr of apolitical inquisition , which cast forth the seeds Of its party hatred , and of which we may expect at a later period to reap the sanguinary fruits . Pius TH . flied in 1823 , and he was replaced by Leo XII ., who declaimed against the friends of civil liberty , and sent as Governor of Romania one Bivarola , who , at once accuser
and judge , incarcerated or exiled the people without paying tie slightest respect to condition , age , or previous tiemplary life . Attheaametime that the new Pontiff thus persecuted the opinions of the people , he applied the axe to the root of civilization in re-establishing and amplifying the privileges of mortmain , completing that system by the abolition of the district tribunals , and by putting in active operation the tribunal of the Holy Office . He granted power to the priesthood to try and decide upon the cause of the laymen—he ordered theXatin language take used in the courts and universities—lie intrusted exclusively to the priesthood public instruction and all the civil establishments of beneficence .
As if Sivarola had not thus sufficiently compressed and afflicted the provinces , he gave him for assistance an extraordinary commission , composed of priests and officers , who desolated and oppressed the people for many years to such a degree that the sad recollection of it is vivid at the present day . T « Leo XII . succeeded Eus Yin ., who , following in the footsteps of his predecessor , never dreamed of removing the public grievances . Shortly before his death the French revolution of 1830 took place , followed by similar movements in several of the European states . Daring the vacancy of the apostolic chair the people of theBoman States thought the occasion propitious to Beekaa amelioration of the forms of the Government . The arbitrary authority was destroyed from Bologna as . far as the capital , and it fell without any efforts or violence on the part of the people . The Government certain ! v would not have been able to
re-establish it without great . modifications , had not Austria instantly come in with her troops to render it a helping hand . Nevertheless this power , at the same time that it compressed the popular movement , addressed itself to Prance , England , and Prussia , to concur in persuading thtutnTontiff ( Gregory XYI . ) to improve the form of Government , and secure its tranquillity for the future . To this end the Ambassadors of the four powers , on the Jlstofilay , 1831 , presented a diplomatic note , in which , among other reforms , they proposed that laymen should be admissible to all civil administration and judiciary dignities and employments ; that certain electors should appoint the municipal councils , and the latter { he provincial councils , which , in fine , would elect a ' Supreme dmrt , resident at Some , intrusted with the regulation of ihe civil and military expenses , as well as the service of the public debt .
Upon the publication of { his important act , the pontifical subjects allowed hope to germinate in their hearts . The Pontiff himself announced that these ameliorations wonldprovethecommenceme ntofanewera ; butthehopes of thepeople , which had been raised , were very soon dispelled , when the edictof the fifth of July made its appearance , in which no mention was madeofthemanicipal election , nor of the Supreme Council of State , norof any of the institutions suitable to temperate monarchies . However , fte Austrians being yet in Lombard ? , the guardianship of the towns and the maintenance of order remained
confided to the citizens organised under the approbation of the Government , and tranquillity reigned everywhere . It was deemed expedient to institute a legal proceeding . The provinces sent to Borne deputations composed of men of great talent and consideration , and the most recommendable , to entreat the sovereign to grant the institutions , which had fcetn promised , and which were Calculated to establish harmony between the governors and the governed ; but the court , which detested all innovations , no matter how moderate they might be , paid no attention to their request .
At that period Cardinal Albani assembled a troop at fiimini , composed of men capable of committing every excess , and with this assistance he was instructed to install despotism in the provinces . This was the reign of those gross and ferocious men who , under the title of Pontifical voluntaries , were ready to murder all persons designated as Lib erals . For ten years it was neither the Pontiff , nor Borne , nor yettbe Cardinals who governed the legations , but this brutal andsanguinary faction . The military commissions ( courts-martial ) yet continue to exercise their functions , passing sentence without form of procedure , without allowing the assistance of counsel , condemning a vast number of people to prison , exile , death , and confiscation .
Is it to be wondered at , therefore , that the people have cried out against such grievances ? "We are reproached for demanding civil reforms having arms in our hands , but we supplicate all the Sovereigns of Europe to consider that imperious necessity has driven us to it ; that we have no legal means of manifesting our wishes , possessing no public representation whatever , nor even the simple right of petition , and are reduced to such a state ofserrituuethattomakea demand or complaint is regarded as an act of high treason . Our wishes are pure . They have for their object the
<"<>• % of the Apostolic throne , as well as the rights of the country and humanity . We Tenerate the ecclesiastical hierarchy and all the clergy . "We hope that his Holiness will acknowledge the noble essence of civilization which Catholicity implies ; and also that our wishes o ^ S not beinterpreted in a sinister manner by Italy and Europe . "We proclaim aloud our respect for the soverei gnty of the Pontiff , as head of the universal church , "ithout restriction or condition . As to the obedience which he has a right to expect as temporal Sovereign , the following are the principles which we give him for basis , anfl , the demands which we make known : —
That he give an amnesty to all political prisoners or accused from the year 1821 up to the present period ; that he give a civil and criminal code modelled upon those of other nations of Europe , embracing the publicity of dehate , the institution of the j ^ , the abolition of confiscation , and likewise that of the pain of death for crimes of high treason ; that the tribunal of the Holy Office shall exercise no jurisdiction upon laymen , and tilat the latter no longer submit to the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical tribunals- ; that political offences shall always he judged by the ordinary tribunals and according to the ordinary forms ; that the municipal councils be elected freely by the citizens , and the choice approved by the Soverei gn ; that these councils elect provincial Councils upan a triple list presented by the Municipal Councils ; that the
Supreme Council of State be named by the Sovereign from the lists presented by the Provincial Councils ; that the Supreme Coundl of State , resident at Borne , have the SundtUoKi of the finances and the public debt- that it moreover tove a deliberative Yoice upon the receipts and expenditure of the State , and a consultative voice upon othsr general subjects ; that all civil and military emplojmentsbe granted to laymen ; that public instruction no longer be confined to the bishops and clergy—religious instruction being then- exclusive right ; that the censure Of the press be confined to preventing outrages of the divinity of the Cathulic religion , of the Sovereign , and of private individuals ; that the foreign troops be dismissed ; that a civic ana rural guard be instituted , which w ill be eharged with the maintenance of public order , and the observance of the laws .
Lastly , tba * the Government enter upon all social ameliorations which the spirit of the age demands and which are practised b y the other European Governments . ¦ " v The above document has been praised for its ; temperate language and " moderate demands ;"
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even the lima , ever ready to demand a " resolute Austrianintervention" to " maintain order , " (!) even that ferociously anti-democratic journal , has praised theaboyeaddress forits " moderation . " Moderate , indeed , must be the demands of the Italian patriots if they meet with the sympathy of the Times . Now , it is precisely this moderation of tone , this "lame and impotent conclusion" of an otherwise excellent document which displeases us . The first seven paragraphs in which the patriots narrate the history of the wrongs they have endured , anj the treacheries through which they have suffered , from the period oftherestorationof Pope Pius VII . to the presenttime ,
arejanexceptionable ; but when they come to state their present demands , their ' moderation" excites our condemnation . The authors of the manifesto say , " Our wishes are pure . They have for their object the dignity of the Apostolic throne , as well as the rights of the country and humanity . TVe Tenerate the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the clergy . * * * "We proclaim aloud our respect for the sovereignty of the Pontiff , [ as head of the universal church , without restriction or condition . " This is strange language for men to use in the selfsame document in which they have detailed a series of perfidious and bloody enormities perpetrated by their precious Popes , sufficient to
" Damn to everlasting fame " the " conl'd and hypocritical monks , " base imitators of the Caesa rs in their crimes , without one spark of the redee ming qualities of Rome ' s old tyrants in their composition . How can these men couple in the same breath respect for the sovereignty of the Pontiff with their desire to establish the rights of the country and humanity ? The two cannot co-exist . In the Pope ' s eyes , humanity has no rights , the country has no rights , he rules by a " right divine , " as the representative and vice-gerehfc of th& Deity ; his government must , therefore , be perfect . If his sovereignty as " head of the universal church without restriction or condition" is admitted , it is folly to dispute bis sway , or to call on him to ameliorate
his rule . We may be told that we are confounding thePope ' s temporal with his spiritual authority ; even so , but does not the Pope confound the two ? does he not hold his temporal in virtue of his spiritual authority . The sword of his authority is two-edged , and he will no mere consent to blunt the one than the other . See the falsehood , villanry , and treachery , which the authors of this manifesto charge the Popes with , only during the last few years . See Pope Pros VII . voluntarily promising to establish a regtmesimilar to that of the "kingdom of Italy , " anc then so soon as he was firmly seated in the Pontifical chair , violating his promise , and persecuting the friends of progress , labouring to " take vengeance on the thoughts , the sentiments , and the secret wishes of
the people . " See Leo XII" oppressing" the people by incarceration , exile , and death ; restoring the infernal inquisition , and otherwise endeavouring to utterly uproot civilisation . See Pics VIII . " following in the footsteps of his predecessor . " See the present Pope , Geegoet XVI ., after the people had declared their wishes , by an unanimous revolution , see him announcing his concurrence with the new era , and then as soon as the Austrian legions had put down the popular power , see this same Pope first treating with contempt the respectful and moderate petitions of thepeople , and then establishing a ten years of "terror , " not yet extinct , during which this same holy monster has waged a war of extermination against all suspected of liberalism . Confiscations ,
banishments , and murders by wholesale , have been the means used by him to destroy those who allowed themselves to be deceived by his holy perjuries . ^ Let it be remembered too , that when the kings of Naples and Sardinia desired to violate the oaths they had taken to maintain the constitutions achieved by the people of those countries , and to which constitutions they had given their own solemn assent , they found the Pope ready to absolve them from their oaths and willing to sanctify their perjuries . So for himself his Fopeship , in the day of bia tribu > lation , will take any oath , or swear to give or assent to anything , but once let him acquire his lost power again , and he will immediately declare his promise and his most sacred oaths null and void : —
"When the devil was sick , the devil a saint would be ; "When the devil got well , the devil a saint was he . And can his devilship—we ; beg pardon , his Popeship we mean—can he do wrong ? Certainly not . He is the head of the church " without restriction or condition , " and as " God's vicegerent" he may take or break what oaths he pleases ! The " temporal reforms" demanded by the authors of the manifesto are very " moderate" indeed , but we will not criticise them . It may be that those demands , together with the ultra-veneration for the Pope , are put forth to conciliate the ignorant , prejudiced , and priest-ridden amongst the Italian people , by men who are more liberal than they dare , or deem it prudent to avow . If so , the necessity for so acting is to be lamented . It may be taken for granted that while the Pope continues to rule as a priestly despot , he . will nerer be induced to relinquish his temporal tyranny .
A letter from Borne of the 18 th of October mentions that the Government was still uneasy respecting the disaffection of its subjects . The state prisons were filled with 7 , 000 prisoners , many of them of the first families . We wonder what these unhappy prisoners , many of them , no doubt , destined to be slaughtered , think of the " dignity of the Apostolic throne t" Woe to "humanity , " and " humanity's rights , " when Pontiffs rule " without restriction or condition !"
Andovek, Oct. 27.—Blyth, The Newly-Elected Master, Has Not Yet Arrived. Mr. Westlake Is To Resign On Saturday Next, November The 1st. Dr; Hammond
Andovek , Oct . 27 . —Blyth , the newly-elected master , has not yet arrived . Mr . Westlake is to resign on Saturday next , November the 1 st . Dr ; Hammond
is to succeed him , he paying a iormal visit to tne house this day ( Monday ) . The unfortunate woman , Mary Barrett , who gave her evidence first in this inquiry , died in the union house on Friday morning last , and was buried at twelve o'clock this day in the parish churchyard , having never recovered the cruelty exercised" towards her since her admission , thongh every attention and comfort Lad been administered for the hist six weeks . She had wasted to a perfect skeleton . The greatest insubordination prevails in the union at the present time . Price not seemine to care for the inmates , and they not caring
for him , knowing he is so soon' to give place to another master . To show to what extent such feeling is carried by the men and boys in the union , no less than 48 panes of glass have been wantonly broken within a week , and the only punishment inflicted on the paupers so offending was that only seven ounces of bread should be given them instead of their usual quantity of meaton Saturday last—the case isnoteven taken notice of by the guardians , or at least the complaints were not brought before them . Mr . John Lywood , of Upper Clatford , guardian , states that the bone-crushing would not have been continued after the first complaint , had not Mr . Westlake stated before the board , on the 16 th of August , that his opinion was , it ( the crushing ) was " neither
overlaborious nor injurious to the health of the able- ' bodied paupers , and that the stench so complained of by Mr . Mundy was not true . " Death of a Convict in the Compter . —On Monday night Mr . Payne held an inquest in the governor ' s room of the Compter prison , Giltspur-street , on the body of Henry Moffat , aged 37 , a convict in that prison , whose death occurred under the circumstances subjoined : —It appeared in evidence that the deceased was married , but had not resided with his wife for the last two years . Since then he had been in the employ of Messrs . Burls and Co ., Manchester warehousemen , Wood-street , Cheapside , where he committed an act of felony , and was brought to the
above prison on the 27 th of last August . Having been convicted of the charge , he was sentenced to four months on the tread-mill . By immoderate drinking , deceased had contracted a disease of the heart , which was severely acted upon by his imprisonment , and , on the 18 th instant , he became so ill that it was found necessary to place him under the care of the prison surgeon , who stated that his malady was drops y of the pericardium , of which , notwithstanding all the attention paid to him , under the express orders of the governor of that prison , he died on Saturday eYening , about nine o ' clock . Verdict—Deceased died from long standing dicease of the heart .
Mklascholt and Fatal Coal-pit Accident . — Bristol , Oct . 27 . —On Saturday last the greatest consternation prevailed at Kingswood , in consequence of a report that several men had been killed in a coal-pit . The report proved but too true . It appears that on Saturday , at one o ' clock , the men engaged in the Upper Soundwell Pit , Kingswood , the property of S . Whittuck , Esq ., were leaving their work , five of the number had entered the basket , or " cart , " as the colliers call it here , for the purpose of being drawn up to the top , when the rope iroke , and they were precipitated to the bottom of the pit—a distance of twenty-six yards . Besides tne five who had entered the bucket , a sixth was about netting into itand was also dragged down with it .
, Four were killed instantly ; a fifth lingered three quarters of an hour , and then died . The man who had not entered the basket was dreadfully mangled , - lis arm , which was fractured , has since been ^ amputated , and he lies now in a very dangerous state . As soon as a rope could be got from another pit the bodies were drawn up , and presented a frightful spectacle . The scene at this moment was beyond description—children calling for their fathers , ana wives deploring , in the most frantic manner , the loss of their husbands . The names of the killed are--William Harris , aged about 60 , leaving a wife ana
large family , most of whom , however , are married ; William Bassett , between 60 and 70 years ; Thomas Bird , about 40 , leaving a wife and five children ; Benjamin Wilshire , S 3 , leaving a wife and three children ; and John Porter , 30 / leaving a wife and six children . The wounded man ' s name is George Britten ; he has also a wife and several children . A melancholy coincidence , worth recording has happened , through this accident , to the wife of . the deceased man Wilshire . She had been previously married , and her former husband was Mlled in a pit by the breaking of a rope . She had also the same number of children ( three ) by each husband .
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FIELD . GAEDEN OPERATIONS . ; For tint Week commencing Monday , Nov . 3 rd , ' 1843 . [ Extracted from a Diart of Actual Operatioiison five small farms on the estates of the late Mra . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , oj
hve acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles' of Bastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth , Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these . reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diary is aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin ;
"Can you keep a pig ? You will find a pig the best save-all that you can have about a garden , ana he will pay you well for his keep . "— The Rev . i ? . W . Kyle ' s lecture . Noie . —2 fie school farm are cultivated by boys , whs in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , which renders the schools seu-SUPPORtisg . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixseventh ? of the produce of the school farm will be assigned ta the toys , and one-seventh to the master who ivill receive the usual school-fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , die ., to convert their produce into bacon , by attending topig . keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after , 2 > ayiny rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectl y to reach their parents in a , way Vie most grateful to their feelings . }
BUSSES . Moxdat—Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat . Eastdean School . Sixteen boys , weather being wet , were platting straw for making hats , and thrashing wheat over a barrel . Piper . Digging up pota ^ toes . . Dumbrell . Rainy day , noreport . Tuesdat—Willingdon School . Wetday , boysinschool . Eastdean School . Wet day , ' platting "for hats , thrashing wheat , or in school . Piper . Noreport . Dumbrell . Wet , digging a few potatoes . ' Wednesday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat . Eastdean School . Boys digging for and sowing wheat , or pulling carrots , one of them 6 lbs . in weight . Piper . No report . Dumbrell . Digging np carrots and potatoes . Thursday —Willingdiem School . Boys carrying out
manure for wheat , Eastdean School Boys emptying tank , pulling carrots and storing them . Piper Spreading dung on his grass land . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots and potatoes , heifer carrying dung an < l potatoes . . Fhiday , —WiUingdon School . Boys carrying out manure for wheat . Eastdean School . Boys draw-¦ ing manure for wheat , digging , sowing wheat , and picking stones . Piper . Pulling carrots , turnips , and mangel wurzel , and storing them . Dumbrell - Rainy day , no report . . .. Satdbday— Willingdon School .. Bovs digging for wheat . Eastdean School . . Taking in aTwheat rick , emptying portable pails , pigstyes , and cleaning school . Piper . Raking , and clearing away leaves , and all kinds of rubbish near the house . Dumbrell Burying potatoes , drilling wheat , heifer carrying ' dung and potatoes .
CO W-FEED 1 NO . WiUingdon School , Cows fed on white turnips and chaff . DumbreWs . One cow fed with carrot tops and straw for one day ; with turnips , mangel wurzel , and straw for two days ; with turnips , carrot tops , and straw for four days , Cow and heifer fed all the week on turnips , carrot tops , and straw . Wheat Duelling . —0 n light land , drill your wheat about three inches deep , the seed being well under the surface , is less the prey of birds , and less in danger from the frost , and by rooting more and deeper before it rises above the surface , the stalks obtain greater nourishment for the ears , the corn is more plump , and the stems resist the wind and weather better , and stand more erect ; on wet stiff soil , however , . it is not requisite to put it in more than one and a half or two inches deep .
ON THICK AND THIN SOWING , The question of thin sowing is a most important one , individually and nationally , involving the consideration whether we do not bury in . the soil every year wastefully and prejudicially three million quartets of corn . I have endeavoured to bring my mind quite unprejudiced to the examination of this question , and present , for the consideration of my brother agriculturists , some facts and reasonings with a view to stimulate unprejudiced experiments , which , I hope , will be fairly tried on a moderate scale , for . an average of seasons , in every district . Before proceeding to the general question , I would propound as theories ! supported by facts observable within my own knowledge on my own farm , —
1 . That the tendency of thin sowing is to increase the size , vigour and perfect development of the stem , ear , and kernel , prolonging its growth , and consequently delaying its maturity . . 2 , 'niat , on the contrary , t / dch sowing hastenB ripening , but renders the plant in every respect more diminutive and less productive ... " 3 . That a large quantity of seed will . not produce so large a crop in a short time , as a small quantity of seed in a longer time ; the supply of manure , soil , and climate being alike to both . 4 . That dibbling delays the maturity of a corn crop , but promotes its tillering . . 5 . That drilling and broadcasting hasten its maturity , but diminish its tillering . 6 . That the propriety of thick , moderate , or thin sowing must depend on the nature , quality , and condition of the soil ; the comparative temperature and moisture of the climate , and the period at which it
may be most convenient to the farmer to put m his seed . The quantity that would be judicious in the luxuriant soil and moist warm climate of the south and west of Ireland and England , would most probably be quite insufficient in the highlands of Scotland , or in our cold and dry northern and eastern districts , with long winters and short snmmers . 7 . That neither a large nov a small quantity of seed will produce a full crop if the soilfcontains only food enough for half a crop .. - ; v .--.. 8 . That a small quantity of seed sown at a proper early period , with deep and frequent cultivation between the widely-placed rows , will produce a much larger return than an abundantly-seeded close-sown crop in which the horse-hoe could not be worked . Tillage here supplies ah equivalent for manure . 9 . That by varying the quantity of seed we sow in our different fields , we can cause an interval of succession in their ripening , and so 'prevent their all coming ready for the sickle at the same time . This is convenient at harvest time .
10 . That on land that has been snbsoiled or trenched for the previous root-crop , the wheat crop is delayed in its maturity at least one week . This is worth noticing—the fact being obvious in several of my fields this season . The cause is a more vigorous and prolonged growth ; which instructs us that in well-drained deeply-cultivated soils we may expect greater bulk , and should therefore give longer time for growth by earlier and thinner sowing . I am convinced that thin sowing must rank with deep drainage and deep tillage as one of the bases of our agricultural structure . To Jethro Tull in ancient , and to Mr . Hewitt Davis in modern times , belongs the honour and credit of this discovery . The latter jientlemah ' s essay ( rejected by the Royal
Agricultural Society ) , supported by long and well-proved practice , is one of the most important agricultural documents ever promulgated—second only to deep drainage and deep and frequent tillage , on which it is dependant . The mere rejection ' of this doenment is a great honour to Mr . Davis ; for it proves his practice to be so far in advance of his own times , that cautious men are afraid to go with him , even in his facts . It was no doubt the fear of & great responsibility * t \ a . t caused Mr . Davis to lose the prize to which he aspired ; but his honour will and must , nevertheless , soon come , and be followed by an amendment of our , at present , wretchedly defective system of tillage . I will now proceed to give reasons for the opinions I have expressed . In various portions of my fields I have dibbled and drilled wheat at the rate of two pecks and three quarters , four pecks ,
and five pecks per acre . These have been sown in December and January . It will be readily admitted that if I can obtain a crop from such late and thin sowing in a winter like the last ( which has been almost a continuous frost since the time of sowing until May ) , the experiment has been tested under the most adverse circumstances . In fact , so severe Jias it been that , on the north side , or rounded edge ot the stetehes in one well drained field , some portion , ot both the dibbled and drilled thick and thin sown have each perished where the snow was blown on ,. and tne birds were most persevering in their attacks . ^ So thin ( but not yellow ) have looked my wheats , that we have been most abundantly p itied or blamed by our numerous visitors , until my late tenant ( who manages for me ) absolutely fancied they must be right , and quite desponded . 'Tis true , here and there a visitor has remembered that his wheats , which he had half determined on ploughing up in early spring owing to their wretched appearance , have
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always turned out his best crops . ' And we have been oc caswnally consoled by a stray remark , " Oh ! it «« . r r ther taere wUl be wheat enough ;" - ;_ tnere will be more than people expect : " and so on . Whilst another has remembered that his luxuriant crop ot A pril has , in a cold and wet July and August , been laid , matted , and rotted , or destroyed . However amid this storm of conflicting opinions , I have calmly and confidently looked on as an unprejudiced Observer depending on facis and common sense , and hot on opinions . The most interesting way of viewing thin sowing would be to consider—Its effects on the whole course of rotation . Its increase in the quantity of food . Its diminution of the waste of food . Its substitution of corn for weeds . Its progressive and continuous amelioration of the soil .
; And by all these its increase of profit to the tenant and landlord . I have , taken some pains to ascertain how results , adverse to the principle of thin sowing , have been obtained . The following are illustrations amongst others : — . ° ;; Well , you sowed three pecks per acre : how did it answer ? -We did not get quite so much as with eight peeks . Did you give it more than usual hoeings ?—No , we gave it two hand-hoeings . ., Were there not many weeds ?—Oh , yes , a great many more than usual . . It did not occur to you that the ground being so much / less covered in the plant ' s early growth , that it was necessary to prevent entirely the growth of weeds
by additional hoeing ?—No , it did not . And do you consider this a fair trial ?—We do . Why is wheat au exhausting crop ? and why are roots « o ? considered a scourging crop , although they really are much more so than wheat ? We may safely compare the undisturbed shaded cold and sour ground under a dense wheat crop to soil shaded by trees , lliere is a foul fusty smell in soil that has been long excluded from light , very different from the healthy nosegay of a summer tilth . In one case we see the result ; in the other we only see the wheat . We admit that the benefits of light , air , and evening dews are great ; nobody denies the excellence of a cleatuallow . That atmosphere which has disintegrated and reduced to dust the solid marbles and cities
of antiquity , will alike chemically decompose the particles of earth we expose to its influence . Frequent tillage and comminution is our best and cheapest manure ; and yet we obstinatelv decline following Jethro Tull ' s and Mr . Hewetfc Davis ' s plan bin fallow amongst the mowing corn crops . This is the great secret of Mr . Davis ' s subsequent good crops . The soil is ready to receive them . Were we to treat our turnip crop as we do our wheat crop , where would be the following crop ? Imagine a crop of turnips on the ground ten months out of the twelve , not thinned , and only a couple of scratchings , called hand-hoeings , bestowed on it . Oh ! but a turnip swells so . Well , does not a wheat plant swell into a giant if you will but give it space and time .
with deep , and frequent cultivation and ample food ? Would you have grown into your well-developed form had you been cramped in the clothing of your boyish days , and had not more room been given to you as you advanced in size ? The struggle for air , light , and food is quite as great amongst a crowded whea t crop on poor land , as it was amongst our unfortunate countrymen when confined in the blaek-hole at Calcutta . Like them , many perish in the struggle . . The puny ears , shrivelled kernels , and spindling stems , are caused by . the plants striving to get their heads above their companions , whose pressure on their sides forces them up to a longitudinal decrepitude . Here let me quote the truthfnl , eloquent ,: and impressive words of Professor Johnstone : — " The light
of the sun , m the existing economy of nature , is indeed equally necessary to the health of plants and of animals . The former become pale and sickly , and refuse to perform their most important chemical functions when excluded from Ike light . The bloom disappears also from the human cheek , the body wastes away , and the spirit sinks , when the unhappy prisoner is debarred from the sight of the blessed sun . In Ms system , too , the presence of light is necessary to the performance of those ehtmieal functions , on which the healthy condition of the vital fluid depends . " Who after this will advocate the exclusion of light by thick sowing ? A blanched sea-kale is a powerful illustration of the effect of the absence of light . I do not consider the system of thin sowing can be profitably carried out with the ordinary , hand-hoe . My plan is to use Garrett and Son ' s horse-hoe ,
which covers a whole stetch , seven feet two inches wide , and will , with two horses , disturb deeply ten acres per day , and remove all weeds from between the rows . I shall use it weeds or no weeds , whenever the ground is dry , for the purpose of fallowing the land , and facilitating the escape of moisture and change of air by percolation and evaporation ; whilst the warm night dews are in summer admitted into the open comminuted surface . UnleBS this is done thin sowing must prove a failure . The horse-hoe should precede and succeed such little hand-hoeing as may * be necessary between the plants . It is a singu . lar corroborative fact that our dibbled wheat ( on the heavy land , not the light land ) , which looked best all the winter , during the spring rains turned yellow ,
which I attribute entirely to our being unable to horse-hoe between the rows . The thin sown drilled , which had been horse-hoed , looked beautifully green oh the same description of soil . I am having New-Berry ' sdibbling machine altered to cover the whole stetch , seven feet two , with foot distance between the rows , so as to enable me to use Garrett ' s horse hoe . I am not aware there was any other cause for the yellow appearance of the dibbled portion . Horse-hoeing , or opening of the soil , I consider indispensable with all crops , but especially dibbled wheats oh heavy land : being deeply reoted , they are deprived by a tenacious surface of a proper supply of oxygen , &c , without which the roots cannot perform their functions . In light or mellow soils there is no such risk . In
such soils all corn should be dibbled ; but until I have an opportunity another season of trying dibbled wheat on heavy land , well horse s hoed , I am not prepared to say , whether dibbling with a machine in a late cold and wet season is advisable on heavy lands . I am convinced drilling is to be preferred to dibbling , if we get a cold wet spring and cannot use the horse-hoe . Such soils ( even though recently drained ) in wet cold weather become so much | solidified , as to prevent evaporation and consequently percolation , and the circuation of air ,, unless the surface is frequently opened by cultivation . Even in drained heavy land the surface , should be kept well open , for when the surface is sodden ' or solidified , the internal water cannot descend to the drains . As an illustration , liquid will
not flow out of a cask unless we let in air above by removing the vent peg . The deeper the roots the more they suffer . „ It may be admitted that , in such rare seasons as the last , dense crops were productive , because from the extraordinary drought , innumerable cracks or fissures were the means of permitting extensive percolation and evaporation , but against such a season must . be balanced those more commonly wet ones , which cause loss by mildewed and laid crops . But even last year , I know of thin crops being the most productive on well cultivated soils . The deficiency in the number of stems is compensated by the length , size , and uniformity of the ears , and the greatly increased number of kernels , 110 of which I have freauently counted from one wheat ear . The blade or
flag leaf is also of course much larger . It is well known that on poor lighthndswheats never - ' tiller or branch so well as in heavier soils ; there is , a tendency to a more rapid or surface growth ; In order to prevent this , they should , in such soih , be well , rolled when sown , and as soon as they are ahoye ' ground ' ; and again shortly after , as well as in the spring . This checks their upward growth , and obliges the tap root to descend into the subsoil , out of " the . way of frost and excessive drought , for there are tv ^ 6 1 feofa to wheat , a fibrous surface root and a downward' tap root , which are connected by a neck between them ( varying from one to six inches , aeconling'to the depth at / tfhich tho seed is placed . ) -For want of this autumnalrolling , many thousand acres oHight land wheats have this severe winter been killed by thefrpst which perished the roots ; especially on the north-side of the stitches . A fanner who lost
fiftyacres told me to day , that where he rolled in autumn he saved his wheats , having previously observed that where cart-wheels had passed over the land , the plant ivas vigorous . No implement answers so well for this purpose as Crosskill ' s clod roller . Of course , in heavy land such rolling cannot be required in a wet autumn ; in a very dry one it might be useful , although such land would seldom require pressure . Supposing we are satisfied to receive as a crop live quarters , or 160 pecks of wheat per acre , —what ratio of increase do we require from each kernel , assuming hat we-sow two pecksper acre ? Why eighty kernels or one full sized ear . ( I saw some ears last season containing 100 kernels . ) Now where is the man t » deny that the average produce from each kernel may be , instead of eighty kernels , from 500 to 2000 or more with ample space , absence oftveeds , ' wire-worm , and game .
It is quite clear , that on the tillering or branching of wheat , depends the whole question—that branching or tillering is indicative of vigour in the roots , both tap andfibroiis . That vigour can alone be produced by deep drainage , early sowing , frequent , deep , and elean cultivation , a total absence of weeds , occasional top-dressings of . manure , it the land is not of rich quality , or the plant be weak ; and on lightland , ample rollings . With the present defective , system of farming , thinmowing must be a failure . ¦ „ T . J . MiciiE . July 1815 .
Courage . —It is a popular error to suppose that courage meaus courage in everything . Tut a hero on board ship at a five-barred gate , and if he is not used to hunting he will turn pale . Put a fox-hunter on one of the Swiss chasms , over which the mountaineer springs like a roe , and his knees will knock under him . People are brave in the danger to which they accustom themselves , either in imagination or practice . —Bulwcr .
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AVERAGE PRICES Of the last six weeks , which regulate the Duties from the 23 rd to the 29 th of October . Wheat Barley Oats .. Eye . Beans Peas . ^^ a " v ? . in th ; in . irz tt Sopt . 13 , 1810 .. 54 1 31 0 22 3 83 2 12 10 36 5 Week ending Sept . 20 , 1815 .. 51 1 31 0 22 3 33 2 12 10 36 5 Week ending Sept . 27 , 1815 .. 52 6 89 9 21 7 82 8 12 5 37 O Week ending Oct . 4 , 1813 . .. 53 2 30 2 22 2 33 1 12 5 38 0 Week ending Oct . 11 , 1815 .. 56 0 31 1 23 1 33 8 43 1 42 6 Week ending Oct . 18 . 1815 .. 57 9 31 3 23 1 34 2 13 1 11 1
Aggregate aver , age of the last six weeks .. Sill 31 0 22 7 83 1 42 . 8 39 3 London averages ( ending Oct . 31 , 1815 ) 63 1 31 4 25 0 37 S 10 8 1 G 7 Dutie 18 0 70 60 96 10 36
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Manchester Cork Market , Satcbdat , O r ^ - The pause reported in the Wheat trade at MarkJana this week , combined with weather of af » able character , has caused the transactions in flour to be of a less lively nature , than previously . Mill a fair consumptive demand for the article has been experienced , and the stocks in first hands being ot moderate extent only , the currency of the preceediag market day was fully supported . Oafs and oatmeal , influenced by continued gloomy reports relative to the Potatoe crops , were much inquired for and realized a further improvement in prices . At our market this morning all descriptions of wheat Bifv . * slow sale at the currency of this dayse ' nnight . Flour was in steady , but not extensive request at former rates . On oats an advance of fully 4 d . per 45 lbs . must be noted ; and oatmeal , both old and new , being
taken off freely , was 6 d . to Is . per load dearer . Beans were without change . - Livebpool Corn Market , Fswai , Oct . 23 . —AS our market this day there was only a slow retail demand for old wheat , at Tuesday's rates . New Irish was offering Id to 2 a per bushel lower , and not muck disposed of . There was a good demand for grinding barley , at very full prices . Beans were field for rather more money , and peas for an advance of 2 s to 3 s per < yv There was a steady sale for both old and new oats , at an advance of Id . per bushel . Oatmeal was Is per load clearer , and very little of either old or new offering . There was only a slow sale for , Irish and Canada flour , at barely Tuesday ' s rates . We heard of no sales of wheat under lock . Flour in bond was much sought after , and 31 s per barret would have been freelv paid .
Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , Oct . 23 . — lae arrival of all grain is small for this clay ' s market , but as the demand is slow and limited to immediate wants , the supply of wheat proves quite equal to the demand ; ana for all but the finest samples , we note a decline in value , and new wheat is la to 2 s per or . cheaper than on this day week . There is a good demand for barley , and the best descriptions bring full prices . . -. Oats continue scarce . No alteration in the value of beans , or other articles . Birmingham Corn Exchange , Thursday , Oct . 23 , —At this day ' s market there was only a moderate supply of wheat , which sold at Is . per quarter more than this day' se ' nnight . Barley , of all descriptions .
2 s . per quarter dearer ; and oats realized a similar advance ! Egyptian beans sold at an improvement of 2 s . to 3 s . ~ per quarter ; old English , Is . to 2 s . higher . The retail price of flour was advanced 3 s . 4 d . per sack . Peas Is . to 2 s . dearer . The complaints of the potatoes continue to increase . Wakebield Corn . Market , Friday , Oct . 24 .- » The arrivals of wheat to this day's market are good , a great portion of which is new in poor condition . The demend for fine old runts is brisk , at fully l& ' sfc currency ; all new samples of good quality remain unaltered in value . Barley is steady . Beans as fully as dear as last week . Oats are * d . per stone , and shelling Is . to Is . 6 d . per load higher .
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. BANKRUPTS . ' fFrom . Tuesday's Gazette , October 28 , 1845 J , James Summers , of Cambridge , cabinet maker—George Michael Von Dadelszen , of . 28 , Mincing-lane , City , merchant-George Hoskins , late of Old Broad-street , City , but now of Pcekham , Surrey , watchmaker—William Bellamy , of 1 , Clarence-place , Middleton-road , Kingslandroad , builder—Isaac Blackburn , of : 128 , Minories , and Northumberland-alley , Fenchurch-street , City , engineer-Edward Leman and Thomas Kinsman Bryan , of Upper Thames-street , City , wharfingers—Henry Tune , of 102 » Blackfriars-road , boot and shoe manufacturer—Sophia . Smith , of Garboldislmm , Norfolk , grocer—William Burns , of Rhyl , Flintshire , draper—James Docker , Birkennead , joiner—Micha ' rd Warr , of Beaminsteiy Dorsetshire , auctioneer—Thomas Howarth , of llochdale , woollen , manufacturer . , DIVIDENDS DECLARED . William Hill and WiUiam Kenible Wackerbarth , of Leadenhall-strect , City , ship agents , fourth dividend of 7 Jd in the pound , payable at 25 , Coleman-street , any Wednesday . ¦
. . _ . . _ ... . Thomas Seddon and George Seddon , of Calthoupe-jplace , Gray ' s-inn-road , upholsterers , first dividend of 80 s m the pound on the separate estate ot Thomas Seddon , payable at 25 , Coleman-street , any Wednesday . John Morgan Leader , of 361 , Oxford-street , coach maker , first dividend of Is lOd in the pound , payable at 25 , Coleman-street , any Wednesday . ,, ,. „« Robert Currie , of Newcastle . upon . Tyne , bookseller , final dividend of 8 Jd in the pound ( in addition to 4 s 8 d in the pound previously declared ) , payable at 57 , Grey-street , Uewcastle-upon-Tyne , any Saturday . ...., - Thomas Brewer , of Liverpool , flax dealer , first dividend : of 2 s 8 d in the pound , payable at 11 , Eldon-chambers , any Thursday . . ¦ , . George Byford , of Liverpool , wholesale grocer , farst dividend of 5 s in tho pound , payable at 11 , Eldon-chambers , on Thursday .
DIVIDENDS TO BE DECLARED ' . At ( he Court of Bankruptcy ,, LQndon » Isaac Hughes , of Chelmsford , shoemaker , November 19 , at twelve—James Welsh , of the Coach and Horses , Ring * cross , Holloway , and of Chalgrave , Bedfordshire , victualler , November 19 , at twelve—Charles . Seholefield , o £ Kingston-upon-Thames , timber merchant , November 19 , at eleven—James Clarke Crespin , of 31 , Bastcheap ^ Citjr , shipping agent , November li > , at half-past twelve—Archibald Morton , Archibald Rodick ,. and Charles Morton , o £ WeUingborough , Northamtonshire , bankers , November 18 , at half-past one—George How Green and ' George Courthope Green , of Barge-yard , Bucklersbuvy , wholesale sta . tiouers , Novomber 18 , at eleven .
In the Country . William Michael Onions , of Westbvomwieh , ironfounder , November IX , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Birmingham—William Scott , of Manchester , grocer , November 28 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester —William Summers and Nicholas Rae , of Strangeways , Lancashire , ropemakers , November 19 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester—Edward Thomas Jones and Henry Morritt Croskill , of Kochdale , booksellers , November 19 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester—Gregory Seccombe and Samuel Seccombe , of Tavistock , Devonshire , and Bude , Cornwall , tailors , November 20 , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Exeter—WiUiam John Jackman Coall , of Exeter ,
groeer , Novomber 20 , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Exeter—W . Keay , of Walker , Northumberland , ship-builder , Nov . 19 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Newcastlcupon-Tync—George Walker , of Newcastle-upon-Tyne , ship insurance broker , November 19 , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Newcastle-mpon-Tyne—John Palmer , sen ., of Stapleford , Nottinghamshire , and Thomas Topley Barker , of Sandiacre , Derbyshire , cotton doublets , November 21 , at twelve at the Court of Bankruptcy , Birmingham—John Clarke , Joseph Philips , and Thomas Smith , of Leicester , bankers , December 5 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Birmingham—James Ileaton , of Ludlow , stationer , November 21 , at half-past eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Birmingham .
Certificates to be granted , uuless cause be saown to taw contrary on the day of meeting . John Guy , of 30 , Bury-street , Westminster , publisher , November 19—Isaac de Joseph Ventura , of 3 , White Hart , court , Bishopsgate-street , merchant , November 19 — William Soffe , of 380 , Strand , print seller , November 19—Hezekiah Denby Coggan , of 39 , Friday-street , City , ware houseman , November 18— . Richard Garrett , of Heofield , Sussex , linen draper , November 18—Edward Mallan , o € Brookstreet , Bond-street , and of Oxford-street , dentist , November 19—George Tupenny Peers , of Ironmonger-lane , Cheapside , plumber , November 19—John Holman Suckling-, of Birmingham , ironmonger , November 21 . Cebtificates to be granted by the Court of Review , unless cause be shown to the contrary , on or before November 18 . John Riky , of Liverpool , merchant—John Braithwaite , of Morpeth , Northumberland , iunkeeper .
PABTNERSHIP 8 DI 93 OLVEB . Jane Robinson . Martha Midgley , and William Midgley of Liverpool , milliners-George Stcbbins , sen ,, and Horatio Nelson Stebbing , of Portsmouth , opticians—Ann Fenton , Robert Marsden , and George Mai-aden , of Sheffield , merchants ( so far as regards Ann Fenton)—Herman Julius Marcus and John Naylor , of Leeds , stockbrokers—Thomaa Bartle and John Jarvis , of 2 GG , Strand , tailors—George Mountain and John Mountain , of Manchester , general warehousemen—Frederick Piggott and Thomas Francisr Giles , of Richmond , Surrey , coal merchants—Caroline Lowe , Emma Lowe , and Frances Oakley , of Ryde , Isle of Wight , milliners ( so far as regards Frances Oakley )—Benjamin Squire , Nathan Clough , ami Henry Loppingwell , o £
Leeds , painters—Charles Bartlett and Uharies u . riirora , of Gloucester , commission merchants—John M' Whan and William Haughton , of Liverpool , tallow chandlers—Charles'Binning and William Hurman , - of Bridgewater , Somersetshire , linen drapers—Joseph Cox , John F . Cox , and William Cox , of Bampton , Cumberland , malsters ( so > far as regards William Cox ) — George Beaumont and Alexander Moorhouse Beaumont , of Uonley and Huddevsfield , Yorkshire , manufacturers—John Scandrett Harford , Abraham Gray Hai'foi'd Battei'sby , Thomas Kington . Bajly , John William Miles , and WiUiam ililes , of Bristol , bankers ( so far as regards Jolin Scandrett Harford)—Frederick Arnold and Edward Cooper , of 9 , Budge-ro \ v City , wholesale perfumers .
Untitled Article
The Venezuelan Minister . —We regret toj hava to announce the sudden death , of M . Forti ^ ue , the Venezuelan Minister , at his residence in Wimpolestreet , yesterday morning . M . Fortique had lately returned from a diplomatic mission to Sweden , and had complained for some time past of cough an * difficulty of breathing , but not to such an extent as to excite the alarm of his friends . It is , however , the opinion of Mr . Erichden , the deceased's medical attendant , that the immediate cause of the fatal result was a neglected cold and inflammation of the lungs . M . Fortiq . ue was about 45 years of age , unmarried , and much and most deservedly respected by the diplomatic corpa in this country .
Pio . ua Plant . —The proof of the efficacy and healthful eftect of the plant in preference to tea or coffee —Let a nervous or dyspeptic patient use two or three cups of strong tea upon retiring to rest , and the effect will be night-mare , disturbed sleep , and other violent symptoms of indigestion , &c . The proof : — Let the most debilitated , dyspeptic , asthmatic , consumptive , and nervous patients use two , three , or more cups of a very strong infusion oftthe liqua Plant , and in the morning they will awake refreshed with their renose . It is highly recommended by
physicians to invalids and children , as a most mviioratiiig and pleasant beverage . —See advertisement * Holloway ' s Oistmesiasd Pills . — "Takei up thy bed and walk . " Mary Rouse , aged 48 ,. residing at Tooting had been bed-ridden for the last two years . Three years ago ( at the turn of of life ) , her legs and other parts of her bpdy ; swelled most frightfully . This \ yas followed by sores and " wounds , covering nearly every part of her person , which rendered her helpless . By purifying the blood by n \ paaa . a £ these wonderful pills , and use of the oingm&r&J Stt ^ vmss radically cured in four weeks , » ¥ efiiateygs ^ ra ^ tw > ' & take any otlier medicine tUaa 13 jB 4 &pm'ify W *^ Jfil r ' M W ' -Ji ^ fU jB * <^^ g | * " * V' '• C * -V 3 i-Hl ^ Sl ¦ > Xnifl ^ M . wi r ? S timsmmm
8griatlture Aito Sorttmlture
8 griatlture aito Sorttmlture
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Londojt Corn Exchange , Mondat , Oct . 2 * 1 . — The past week ' s arrivals of English wheat for our market , coastwise , were large--viz . ; nearly 16 , 000 quarters ; but by land carriage very little came to hand from any part . The receipts of barley , oats , beans , and flour , were limited , out those of peas good . From Ireland and Scotland comparatively few parcels of any kind of grain reached us , while the imports of foreign produce were not to say extensive . Fresh up to-day comparatively little wheat came "to hand from the neighbouring counties , yet the stands were somewhat largely filled ; many parcels appearing on the market left over from last week . Notwithstanding the attendance of buyers was numerous , the demand for all descriptions of home produce was
somewhat inactive . However , the finest parcels of both red and white were mostly taken at prices quite equal to those obtained on Monday last ; but those of the middling and out of condition sorts had , in some instances , a downward tendency . The favourable weather experienced during the last ten days caused the wheat to come to hand in much better condition than for some time past . The show of free foreign wheat was small , but fully equal to the wants of the trade . Selected qualities moved off freely ; other kinds slowly , at last week ' s currencies . In bond very ( ew transactions took place in wheat , but several speculative purchases were made in oatSj beans , and peas , at extreme rates . The barley trade , though the arrivals have been rather limited , was not to say brisk , nevertheless malting parcels commanded a rise of Is . per quarter , and the value of grinding and distilling sorts had an upward tendency . At the close of the market nearly the whole of the supply was
cleared off , for superfine season-made malt the sale was rather active , at fully previous rates . Other kinds quite as dear . The show of oats was very small , owing to which , the extensive demand , and the high rate 3 ruling in Ireland , together with ad-Yices having been received to the effect that very few shipments are making from the principal Irish ports either , to London or Liverpool , the quotations ( which rose quite Is . on Friday ) ruled 2 s . to 3 s . per quarter higher than on this day se ' nnight , and at which a total clearance was effected . The supply of beans was far from extensive . All kinds moved off freely at rather more money . As has been the case for some time past , peas commanded a brisk inquiry , at a rise in the quotations of from Is . to 2 s . per quarter . For export very little was doing . The supply from our own coasts was again large , and of good quality . Flour was in fair request , and the best town-made was selling at 60 s . per 280 lbs . Canary seed was I s \ to 2 s . per quarter dearer . Linseed was in request at more money . Other kinds of seeds supported late rates . CURRENT TRICES OF GRAIN , FLOUR , AND SEED IN MARK-LANE . BBIT 1 SH GEAIN . Shillings per Quarter . Wheat .. Ess < ra&Kent , white new .. 62 to 72 .. 67 to 76 Ditto , red .. .. 58 68 .. 60 72 Suffolk and Norfolk , red .. GO G 5 white 69- 71 Lincoln and York , red ... 61 67 white 66 71 Northumb . and Scotch -. 61 69 Rye .. .. 29 32 Barley .. Malting 33 36 extra 88 - Distilling .. .. .. 30 35
Grinding .. .. .. 25 27 Malt .. Ship .. .. .. » 51 58 Ware 60 62 Oats .. Lincolnshire and Yorkshire , feed , 26 s Od to 28 s Od ; potato , or short , 27 s Od to 31 s Od ; Poland , 26 s 6 d to 31 s 6 d ; Northumberland and Scotch , Angus , 29 a 6 d to 3 U 64 ; potato , 32 s fid to 33 s 6 d ; Irish feed , 25 & Od to 27 s Od ; black , 25 s Od to 27 s Od ; potato , 26 s Od to 29 s Od ; Galway , 24 s 0 d to 25 s Od . Beans .. Ticks .. 38 42 Harrow , small .. .. 38 44 Peas .. White 41 48 boilers 50 54 Gray and hog .. .. 39 42 Flour .. Norfolk and Suffolk .. 45 51 Town-made ( per sack of 2 S 01 bs 48 56 Buckwheat , or Brank .. .. .. 30 S 2
¦ EHSLISH SEEDS , OSC . Red clover ( per cwt . ) 40 to 70 White clover ( per cwt . ) .. .. .. .. 4 74 Rapeseed ( per last ) .. .. ' £ 26 28
FOBEIQN QEAIN . . Shillings per Quarter . Free . In Bond . Wheat .. Dantsic and Konigsberg 68 extra 70 .. 53 — 58 Ditto ditto .. 65 — 68 ., 50 — 53 Pomerattian , &c ., Anhalt 59 — C 7 .. 43 — 55 Danish , Holstein , &c . .. 57 — 63 .. 43 — 53 Russian , hard .. .. 53 — 57 Ditto , soft .. .. 53 — 59 .. 40 — 52 Spanish , hard .. .. 59 — 60 Ditto , soft .. .. Gl — 65 .. 44 — 48 Italian , Tuscanj 45 C ., red 62 — 48 Ditto , white .. .. 64 — 70 .. 46 — 54 Odessa&Taganrog , hard 54 — 57 Ditto , soft .. .. 51 — 59 .. 39 — 45 Canadian , hard .. . 57 — 60 Ditto , fine .. .. 61 — 63 Rve . Russian , Prussian , &c . 23 — 30
Barlo .. Grinding . 26 — 31 Ditto , distilling .. .. 31 — 34 .. 19 — 26 Oats .. Dutch , feed .. .. 22 — 25 . Ditto , brew and thick .. 24 — S 7 .. 17 — 21 Russian 21 — 2 t .. 15 — 18 Danish & Mecklenburg 20 — 23 .. 14 — 17 Beans .. Ticks , 33 to 39 , small .. 37 — 44 .. 32 — 43 Egyptian .. .. .. 30 — 35 .. 28 — 31 Peas .. White , 40 to 56 , gray .. 42 — 46 Flour .. Dantsic and Hamburgh ( per barrel ) , fine 28 32 , superfine .. .. 31 — 36 ,. 21 — 24 Canada , 31 to 34 , United States 32 — 38 .. 21 — 26 Buckwheat .. .. ' .. .. so — 35 Mustard seed , brown ( per bushel ) 9 s to 14 s ; white , 10 s to Ids . Linseed cakes ( per 1000 of 31 b each ) £ 11 to £ 1110 s .
FOREIGN SEEDS , iiC . Per Quarter . Linseed .. Petersburgh and Riga ( free of duty ) .. 42 to 44 Archangel , 40 to 43 , Memel and Konigsberg ., 42 44 Mediterranean , 40 to 46 , Odessa .. 44 48 Rapeseed ( free of duty ) per last .. .. £ 24 26 tted Clover ( 10 s per cwt . and 5 per cent , on the duty ) .. .. .. 40 62 JPhite ditto .. .. .. 45 68 fares , small spring ( free of duty ) 31 to 33 , large .. 40 ~ Linseed cake ( free of duty ) , Dutch , £ 710 s , £ 810 s , French , per ton .. .. .. .. .. £ 715 , £ 815 Rape cakes ( fres of duty ) .. £ 5 £ 5 5
Ifflaiitet Intelligence* __ ; _ / .
ifflaiitet intelligence * __ ; _ / .
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* In 19-20 ths of the . heavy undrained , weedy , halt-tilled lands of this country , thin sowing would be in wet winters a ruinous affair , because we well know in such seasons , on surti lands , much of the seed rots or perishes . In . fact , I have often heard farmei's say the water lies in , or follows the line of drill , 'and yet such men never drtarii of drainage . But on chalks , limestones , sands , gravels , and other . self-drained soils , thin sowing ( or . -iu preference , thin dibbling ) cannot fail to be profitable , provided the horse-hoe and hand-hoe ( with heavy autumnal and spring rollings ) keep the intermediate surface open and free . It was , no doubt , a consideration of these circumstances that caused the society to decide as they did .
-Foreign #To&Ement&
-foreign # to&ement&
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Losdon Smkhfibld Maeket , Mokdat , Oci . 27 . — The past week's imports of foreign stock into London have been only moderate , viz ., 51 oxen , 67 cows , and 300 sheep from Rotterdam , together with 23 oxen from Hamburgh , and about . 40 small pigs from France . To-day only about 30 foreign beasts and 120 sheep were on offer , the whole of which found buyers at full prices . At the outports about 200 beasts and sheep have been received , chiefly from Holland . From our own grazing districts the arrivals of beasts fresh up this morning were very extensive , the time of year considered , and , on the whole , of improved quality . The attendance of buyers being very numerous , the primest Scots , Devons , Herefords , runts , &c , commanded a very steadg sale , at prices fully equal to those obtained on Monday last . The middling and inferior kinds were not quite so
active as on that day ; nevertheless , previous rates were well supported , and a good clearance was effected . From the northern counties we received about 2000 shorthorns ; from the eastern districts , 300 Scots , horaebreds , shorthorns , &c . ; from the western and midland parts of England , 700 Herefords , Devons , runts , < fcc . ; from other parts , 400 of various breeds ; from Ireland , 90 beasts ; and from Scotland , 120 horned and polled Scots . The number of sheep were again small , owing to which the mutton trade was decidedly brisk , and the quotations had , in some instances , an upward tendency . The demand for veal was active , and rates were quite 4 d . per 8 lbs . higher than on this day se'nnight . Although we had a full average supply of pigs on offer , the sale for them was firm , and the last advance in the quovations was well supported .
By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . 8 . d . a . ' d , Inferior coarse beasts . . 2628 Secondquality . . . 2 10 3 4 Prime large oxen - . , 36 s 10 Prime Scots , < Ssc . . . . 4 . 0 4 i . Coarse inferior sheep . ,. 3 -8 4 . 0 Second quality . . . 4 2 4 4 Prime coarse woolled • *•> , * 8 Prune Southdown . f ? f i « Large coarse calves . . . * * * x * Primesmall ... . . . ° * Suckling ealves , each . . 18 0 30 o Largehogs . . . ,: f X 2 I 1 Neat small porkers . . * ¦» " 1 Quarter-old store pigs , each . _ " u ' - " ^ HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE .
. , _ ( From the Books of the « erk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 954-Sheep , 24 , 25 Q-Calve 8 ,. 85-Pig 8 , 31 < . RICHMOND ' Corn Markei , per . 25 .- ^ 1 ^ a large supply of grain m our market to-day . We have iad another week of fine weather , and most of the corn in this neighbourhood has been got into stack in eood condition . Old wheat sold from 8 s . 6 d . to s 6 d . ; new ditto , 5 s . to 8 s . ; oats , 3 s . to 4 s . ; barley , 4 s . 3 d . to 4 a . 6 d . ; beans , 6 s . 3 d , to Cs , Cd . per bushel .
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itfnvKMBE * 1 , I ** - " "" ___ THE NORTHERN STAR . ^ ' """ y : ., / " -:- ^ .: / 7 ¦ 1 .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 1, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1339/page/7/
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