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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th June 1846, Edition 1 of 3, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      " And I will war , at least in wards , ( And—should my chance so happen—aerf * , ) WithaU who war with Thought !" « I think I hear a little Krd , who sings ^ The people ty ana by will be the stronger . "—Biaejr . EASTERN EUROPE AND THE EMPEROR

      NICHOLAS . KO . V . A Terj interesting episode is contained in the third cliapter of this work detailin g the fortunes of Che celebrated Russian Comm ander , Admiral Tchttchasoffi Thisreteran , almostthe only Russian Commander , who exhibited anything ^^ talent when that talent was so much needed to eorie with Napoleon , is no longer a Russian , or at

      leastnolongerasubjectoftne Autocrats , behmng someyeara ago renounced his nationality , and transformed himself into an Englishman . The treatment this eminent man experienced at the hands of the RttSSiau despots , Fanl and Nicholas , graphically illustrates the character of the Russian tyranny . Admiral TchitchagoiFs story deserves to be made mdely known , bnt as it is not our place to re print these volumes , toifce work itself we must refer our waders for the particulars of the gallant Admiral ' s

      Wstorf . - . The fourth chapter is devoted to a brief review of ihe present state of the Slavonic races , and an inquiry into the probabilities of their emancipation . The aHthor shows how erroneous is the opinion generally , or , at least , very widely entertained , that the Slavonic race is either irrecoverably gathered be neath the sceptres of the Russian , Austrian , Prussian , and Turkish despotism , or , worse still , as doomed to become generally Russianised . Heenumeratos the canons nations belonging to this race ,

      numbering , in all , fcom eighty to one hundred millions , and shows that , of this immense multitude , only the Muscovite portion ( from thirty-three to thirty-six millions ) are the passive slaves of the existing tyrannies while their quiescence is based upon the idea they entertain of the omtipotence ef their tyrant . J It " once that idea was dispelled by the successful uprisings of any portion of the Slavonic family , the pas sive obedience of the Muscovite would cease , and the last prop ofthe Russian government would fail it . We have before shown the insecure state ofthe Austrian

      and Prussian despotisms , it is , therefore , unneces ary to reiterate the statements of the author concerning those governments . " Far from the battle being won , the strife is only impending , " and as regards numbers , energy , and an awakened and soulanimating desire for liberty , all the chances are on the side ofthe oppressed . Of all the branches ofthe Slavonic race , the Poles are entitled to take the first rank , not only because they have made the greatest progress in civilisation )

      bnt because on the one haRd they form the connect . inglink , which , hy mingling the spirit of both , unites the west of Europe with the east ; whilst on the other they stand the military antagonists of the Russian despotism , and of necessity are the champion s and leaders of their brethren . To the Poles , therefore , or at least the thirteen out ofthe twenty millions , belonging to what is called " Russian Poland , " the greater part of the next chapter ( V . ) is devoted under the head of

      THE POLES IN THEIR RELATION TO

      RUSSIA . " Whilst in disposition the Poles bear a stronger resemblance to almost every other branch of the Slavonic family than to the Muscovites , they differ from the whole of it in one important particular , which , assimilates them more nearly with ourselves , and peculiarly fits them to lead the civilization of their race . " " All the rest ofthe Slavonians'derivedtheir ideas and their religion from that corrupt source the Eastern capital of the Christian world ; Poland , on tiie contrary , owed its civilization and religion to

      Rome , and to the West . " " All the lore and wisdom ofantiqaity—all those ideas of freedom and of justice which survived wherever Latinity was transmitted , together with a large share of that chiralric element which the Norsemen spread so widely when they took possession ofthe thrones and lordships of SO many lands , —mixed up though both might be with Monkish rubbish and with feudal barbarism , have operated on the character of the Polish nation , and have given it a deep and indelible analogy with that of Western people . "

      The Poles hare ever been remarkable for their patriotism . The provinces torn from the ancient Republic by Austria and Prussia , are still regarded by their inhabitants as indissolubly part of Poland . In the provinces subjected to Russian violence resistance is continuous and indomitable . The Russian authorities avow their belief that nothing but extermination will permanently tranquillize the country . "And , in fact , what else remains to secure a conquest-over a race which no severity will reduce to resignation ? Where the women alone , as long as they propagate tke population , will irreconcilably instil a deadly hatred ofthe oppressors into the minds

      of their lisping children , —where the first lesson of the mother is to point out to the infant where its grandfather , or its father , or its uncle , fought and bled , or was punished or imprisoned ; where , in 1845 , Intermarriage between a Polish female and the most powerful and wealthy Servitor of the Emperor is considered in the same light as religions apostacy ? " But how exterminate a people whose number at the lowest computation amounts to thirteen millions ? " For though the territory of the' kingdom of Poland has been cut down till only five millions of inhabitants are left , the annexation , by Ukase , of

      Yilna , Grodno , Vitepsk , Mohilef , Minsk , Volyhnia , Todolia , and Bialjstok to the Russian empire , has not suffieed to Russianise them in anything but same . " In answer to those who attribute to the Poles turbulence of disposition , and a proneness . to violence , the author of this work shows what has been and is the condition of Poland since the first partition ; and deduces therefrom the right and duty of the Poles to do as they have done , and will do , until they succeed in relieving themselves from the monstrous tyranny under which they groan . From this part of chapter T . we give the following extracts : —

      ATROCITIES COMMITTED BT CATHFRIXE . The Empress Catherine , the least tyrannic sovereign -who erer ruled in Russia , wrote fifty-one years ago to Repnin , her ambassador at "Warsaw ;—" This is why I miist impress on jou to cause tli «? armies now at your disposal in Poland , to act , setting aside all illusions of humanity , ( abrtroelio > i / aite de toulu les Uhtstom del'humanili ) with the energy necessary to deprive its inhabitants of all means , and of all hope of revolting . ¥ aa mnstnotspareaay of &e inhabitants of tiiis district , even if they should allege the quiet and refired lives they have been leading , excepting always such as may be taken in arms , after giving proofs of their Talonr , The 6 e you had better incorporate in my armies , as th « y may prove nserul in the war which , as you know , we intend to carry into the south , after the pacification of Poland . "

      Afew dajsafter , Warsaw was stormed ; and auwarrow , one of tie great captains of Jiis age , and by no means the mostiuhumon of the llusuan generals , put to llie f > word twenty-five thousand ofthe inhabitants of the suburb of Praga , inclusive of its defenders , women , and children . This unscrupulous woman made energetic and cruel efforts to secure her conquests . She prosecuted Tigorously the task ( whieh experience had then not jet shown to be hopeless ) of extinguishing Polish nationality . She shut up the schools , caused the public libraries to be transported into Russia , and those whom she suspeeted of being political opponents into Siberia . Although she cared nothing for religion and dispised all creeds , yet as a matter of state policy she ordered the commission of the most abominable atrocities to compel the Roman Catholics . and the "United Greeks to embrace the Russian religion . On

      this subject our aushor quotes Colonel Sztbma , a Polish Protestant , from which quotation we give the following extract : — From tke returns prepared at the close of Catherine's reign it may be seen that not less than 3 , 160 , 000 Roman Catholics were then forced to go over to the dominant church- Missions for converting Roman Catholics used to be accompanied by a military escort . Placed under Such safnrcard , they traversed the country , forced the

      doors of Catholic cnurches and cliapels in towns and vill 2 £ i-s , and consecrated themaueir as if they had been profancJ . Priests who would not change their religion were expelled their parishes , and were replaced , liy Russianpones . Intimidation and rewards were in turn employed with the Catholic clergy , and when these failed to effect their object , many were thrown into prisons and fl' -ggc !; anl the infliction of corporal punishment was jocularly called ' ( lie anointing of the dis touted brethren . "

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      Such , in briel outline , jwere the infernal acts of the "philosophic Catherine , " to which , however should he added , that she employed emissaries to excite the peasantry offlumagn , in the Ukraine , to massacre the nobles , thus anticipating the infamy recently earned by the diabolical Austrian government . To complete the horrid work , as soon as the assassinations were over she hung the leaders of the assassins under a show of justice , while she in reality had instigated them to their criminality . Was ever there a more

      horrible command issued by a despot than that addressed by her to Rbpnib to show no mercy , to set aside the ittusions of humanity , and spare none , even the peaceable and helpless ? Did ever fiend exist in human form more worthy of eternal execration ? Yet this Catherine wa ? , we are told , the best sovereign that ever ruled in Russia ! If this she-devil was the best , what language can do justice to one of the worst—Victoria ' s pet , the darling Nicholas ?

      Paul , though considered a tyrant by the Russians , was regarded by the Poles as a mild and merciful ruler compared with his mother . lie put a stop to religions persecution , re-opened the colleges and schools , and set at liberty many victims of his mother ' s tyronny ; but in return for the sufferers he liberated , he sent other and numerous victims to Siberia , or otherwise punished them—the victims of his capricious temper . We now come to the doings of that very Christian , very pious , very "literal" hypocrite , Alexander , " whose ideas appear always to have been liberal tilj he was called upon to put them into practice , at the expense of the slightest shadow of his own authority . " Who was according to Btron—. The cos-comb Tsar .

      The autocrat of waltzes and of war ! A Calmuck beauty with a Cossack wit , And generous spirit , when ' t is not frost-bit ; Xow half dissolving to a liberal thaw , But hardened back when ' er the morning ' s raw ; With no objeelSon to true liberty . Except that it wouia make the nations-free ! The author of this work enters at some length into thestateofPoland , under the" Calmuck beauty . " The acts of cruelty and rapacity to which the Poles were

      continually subjected under his reign , sufficiently illustrate the value of his hypocritical professions . The " constitution" conferred on the "kingdom of Poland " he violated , and as good as annihilated within six years after conferring it . When the nobility of Lithuania in 1818 , solicited him for permission to emancipate their serfs , he refused , and commanded them to proceed no further in the matter . We roust refer our readers to the work itself for most of the author ' s illustrations of Alexander ' s rule , confining ourselves to the following extracts : —

      CRIMES OF ALEXANDER , It will be remembered that about this period Russia itself was still full of secret societies , many of which had formerly looked forward to Alexander as their warmest friend . In Germany , previous to the fall of Napoleon , these associations had been encouraged by the Austrian and Prussian despotisms , as having an anti-French tendency ; and in Poland , Alexander had been anxious to encourage tliem , when still hopeful of uniting the whole Polish nation Veneath his rule . The fermentation of secret

      societies in Poland had not , therefore , the same rebellious or dangerous signification as might be reasonably attributed to them at the present day ; as their existence had never been forbidden , it was not concealed ; tha secret only extending , like that of freemnsonry , to their institutions . The Polish youth then congregating in great numbers at the university of Wilna , had established many of these , amongst which the public society of the Hluminati /' ana the two secret orders of the Philaretes anaPh ' uomates .

      Though these three societies were dissolved as soon as strictly prohibited by ukase , the mania of forming secret associations spread amongst the juvenile members ofthe community , and school-boys of twelve and fourteen years of age entered into conspiracies to uphold the threatened nationality of Poland hy their literary efforts . Alexander , who had encouraged secret societies , who had used his best endeavours to keep alive the nationality of Poland , an-1 who had spontaneously declared , on the first establishment of theconstitntion , in the midst ofthe Polish diet , that he would unite the Palish provinces of Russia to the kingdom , and that he hoped to extend the benefits of a free government to every portion of the vast dominions he had been called to govern , now allowed Xovosiltzoff to enter on a career of persecution which , ' amidst aE the Polish ' people has since suffered , is still indelible in its recollection . ¦ ' .

      Not only did Norosiltzoff hunt out and punish sll those who had formerly belonged to these associations before they were forhidden , hut he adopted the Russian mode of political investigation , by torturing tho accused to elicit the truth ; whilst Alexander confirmed their sentences of banishment . Novosiltzoff filled ten monasteries in the city of Yilna alone with youthful students . In every other part of Poland , the prisons were crowded with mere schoolboys . They were tried by courtsmartial , and condemned * to Siberia or to the mines , to confinement in tho casemates of fortresses , or to do duty in regiments in distant parts ofthe empire ; and these mere children were sent off in irons by hundreds , amidst the heartrending lamentations of their relatives . Though siisce ihatpenoa such scenes have become common-place , the effect of this persecution has never beeti forgotten , and is frequently alluded to by the Pelish poets .

      AH the normal schools were abolished . The Emperor Alexander declared hy ukase , dated the Wth of August , 1824 , that the condemned students had been guilty of high treason , in associating to perpetuate , by means of literature , the nationality of Poland . Long imprisonment , hunger , cold , and the infliction ofthe lash , were used with so much severity to elicit confessions of guilt from the hapless students who were merely " suspected , " that hundreds suuk under this cruel usage . But we have to add something still more devilish , a refinement of villainy on the partof the pious Alexaxber ' s government , unparalalled in the history of imperial atrocities . To the maxim of "divide and rule , " was added that of " corrupt and rule . "

      The former professors and teachers were gradually removed from the universities and schools , and replaced by men who appeared to have been chosen to give the Polish youth the example of every kind of dissipation and debauchery . Not only Ubvosiltzoff himself , but all the authorities to whom the superintendence of instruction was confided , seemed boastful of their crapulous orgies , anxious to propagate their degrading vices . There were no excesses , however morally and physically ruinous , to which the Polishyouth were not encouraged to resort , by example , indulgence , and approbation ; whilst all who resisted the pernicious influence , or who sought , however unobtrusively , to pursue their studies , were marked out as objects of persecution .

      It would be impossible to believe in the premeditation and cold-blooded execution of such a scheme , if the evidence of its existence reposed only on the character of Novosiltzoff , and of a few of his agents ; hut from the time of hisbemg dispatched to Vilna , this policy became genera ] , and was too openly avowed , too long continued , and too widely attested to admit of a doubt . like an over-dose of poison , it failed in the effects it was intended to produce . The odium which attached to the character of these agents , on account of their cruelty , and the sudden deaths and loathsome diseases to which several of them fell victims , made their example serve as a warning instead of inducing imitation .

      We will not attempt to comment on this infernal scheme to poison the source of the moral life of an entire people , we leave our readers to form theirown conclusions , and express , if they can , the thoughts which , almost too big for utterance , must rise from the protesting heart of every being worthy of the form and name of man . 0 ! Englishmen , brother Britons , is it not time

      to teach the vary stones , To rise against earth ' s tyrants ? In 1 S 25 Akxasder died , —hut Nicholas , the ' beloved , ' demands a column or two to himself , and for bis week we pause .

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      CONFERENCE OF , THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OP UNITED ' TRADES ; Manchester , —The first annual conference of this body commenced its sittings on Monday , in tbe Hall of Science , Oampfield , under the presidency of T . S . Duneombe , Esq ., M . P . The extensive and protracted strike among the building trades which has now lasted upwards of thirteen weeks in this district : the facts that the principal noint of difference

      between the masters and the men of late has been the requirement of the former that the operatives sign a document pledging themselves not to belong to any general union , and that the employers have considered the association to be of so foraidablea character as to call for the formation of an equally extensive counter-combination , —have given rise to much interest in its proceedings . The large number of delegates and the varietyof trades represented by them , also testify that the association bud some influence over the working classes .

      'ien o ' clock in the morning was the hour announced for commencing proceedings , but the forenoon was occupied by the Central Committee ia . receiving the credentials of delegates and other routine business , and it was not until nearly three o ' clock that Mr . Duneombe entered the Hall ; . at which time there were about 120 delegates present , and a considerable number of spectators in the galleries . Mr . Duncombe experienced a most enthusiastic reception , and order being restored , he addressed the meeting as representatives of the working classes , and said that in pursuance of the resolution of last year appointing the Conference * to be held in Manchester this year , he and his colleagues had the honour and pleasure to appear before them , and to give an account of their stewardship for the last year .

      He was proud on that occasion to meet so large an assembly , especially when he knew the immense amount of Intelligence that meeting represented , lie was also desirous of " stating that their , doors were open to the press of all shades of party . One of the representatives of . the press was present , whom he was informed had been sent down expressly to attend that meeting by the conductors of a newspaper which had always honestly antTably advocated the interests of the working classes . ( Cheers . ) But he repeated , their meeting was open to the . press of all parties , and they invited criticism , because they sought fur nothing but what was perfectly legal as well as just . ( Cheers . ) Before proceeding to other points , he would notice some of the publications

      issued by their opponents . The honourable gentle man then referred to a pamphlet issued by themas ters , in which reference ivas made to the Association as open to great objections and liable to gross abuse , on account of its giving ) ower to the directors to promote all meetings having for their object the educational , political , and social improvement of the people . He did not see anything objectionable in such object ? , and lie left them to judge of the animus of those who did ; but the writer proceeds to say that the Jaws were of suck a nature * , that though they had the name of a Member of Parliament appended to them , it was to be hoped it wa ? merely . nominal . Now , he felt it his duty to state , in this centre of in . dustry , this mighty hive of the laborious , that not a

      single document had issued from the directors which had not his cordial approval , and bona-jide signature , ( Great cheering . ) Hot had they taken a step which was not characterised by justice and reason . ( Hear , hear . ) The writer then accused the Association of imitating the general union of 1833 , in dictating tyrannical terms to ^ masters , and issuing mandates , which they were required to obey , without siuy responsible signature . Now , in the first place , he had signed all the documents issused by the Association , and was fully prepared to take all the responsibility of these documents upon himself ; and , in the next place , the complaint came with a bad grace front the masters , who were now using the most illegal and tyrannical measures to each other . Tnehon . gentleman then proceeded to adduce several instances in

      which the Masters' Association had used threats and intimidation to small masters , for the purpose of inducing' them to discharge their men who would not sign the document pledging themselves to withdraw from the union , tie would next briefly-, advert to to the circumstances out of which tbe Association originated . A correspondence heretofore took place between himself and Mr . D . urj of Sheffield ,-which led to the convening of a national conference in Easter week last year . That Conference appointed a Provisional Committee , with instructions to frame a code of law * to present the same to another Conference in the following July . The Committee- did so , and issued an address , in which they thus stated the reasons which induced them to call upon the working classes to join this Association : —

      11 In the Itistory of man never did there exist a nation richer than Great Britain at the present moment—either as to the real property it possesses in comparison with i ' . s population , or the sciuntiiic mechanical , and industrial powers at its command . "Yet with this unexampled amount of accumulated wealth , and of powers for producing more , poverty is the lot of the working man -hrough life . "Numerous have been the attempts to amend this lamentable state of tiiiugs , bat * Jil" vain . ' " Political agitations , Trades'Unions , and Strikes have hitherto failed to remove this anomaly , or to anvst tlic downward career of the producing classes . Is the evil , therefore , irremediable , or have tbe means heretofore adopted been inadequate for the object in view ? " We Uelieve the latter to be the true solution of the

      difficulty , hew and more comprehensive measures are imperatively required , based on sound principles on afuli understanding of the evils to be renoveil and the causes which generate them . " After briefly describing the leading objects of the Association to be the adoption of mcaiis " by which the surplus labour shall be absorbed , or kept out of the market , and an equality be maintained between the work to be done , and the number of those required to do it , " he said , these objects were proposed to be carried oat by the labouring classes expending their funds in ihe erection of machines that will work for and not against them , and in the purchase or rental of land , whereon they can set to profitable employment tbe redundant hand .- - , who , if suffered

      to remain in the labour market , would reduce tho wages of the whole trade to which they belong . These measures are proposed not to supersede , bin to aid those already adopted by organised Trades . " It is proposed to render them more effective by extending their sphere and operation . A Genera ! Union of Trades , for the purpose of regulating trades ' matters and trades' strike .-, i ' or collecting information and funds to one common centre , and thence distributing them effectively , was also resolved upon by the Conference . By means "f this union the united strength , of the whole Association would be enjoyed by every individual trade in any case of strike or dispute with employers . An organisation so general and powerful would , not only in the

      majority of cases , prevent the commission of injustice , and tbe occurrence of strikes , but when they did unavoidably take place , would bring them to a speedy and successful termination . ' We desire to create no invidious or antagonistic spirit in society ; but simply to pursue , by lair , open , and peaceable means , a course which shall give to the operative classes a fair participation in the wealth they assist to create . With politics , as party politics , we do not meddle . The social and industrial position of the labourer , and the means by which it may be improved , arc the great objects at which we aim ; and we invite the cooperation of goad men and true , not only ainoiij ' the working , but all other classes of society . " Now , to show that the views expressed in this adclre-s

      were correct , and fully borne out by subsequent facts , he would refer to a document issued by Mr . Jones , secretary to the Central Committee of t \ . e Building Trades , reporting the resuk of an interview hi-twuuu the musters and men of Liverpool , before Mr , Riulicon , the magistrate of time town , . 'or the purpose of adjusting differences , in which it was stated on the part of the masters , as a reason for declining to with , draw the document tliey required the men to "sign , that "This strike was not for either wages or time ; but that the only point at issue was the Genera / Trades' Union ; . and that they ( the employers ) were unanimously determined that all men must sign the declaration on their resuming work—a&Ujiniiig * lur their reason that the protection afforded by Gctieral

      Iradfei' Unions to the working men of any locality , is irresistible , inasmuch as the power of the whole union could be brought to bear on any one locality , if required . " Why , this was his very case—the very position he had taken last year at this time , and the admission of Die ma ^ tm sh owed Unit this association was already striking terror into those who had hitherto looked upon the working classes as mere machines , out of which they could create wealth for themselves . ( Cheers . ) It required some time in the formation of such aa association before they could judge of what were likely to be its results , and it involved great care on the part of the Directors to guide the Association in its infancy . So far as they had gone their progress had been of the most

      satisfactory character , and if there was anything defective , anything that could be amended , that meeting had the power of applying a remedy , cither by frcsli instructions to the present directing body , or by appointing an entirely new directory . ( Applause . ) For himself , so long as lie continued to have any share in the mnnagcmeul of its yflaiiv , he would , to Ihu utmost of his powers , direct all its energies to the great and paramount object of securing for the honest , industrious , wealth-producing classes of the country , that participation in the fruits of t ' : eir labours to which they were bo justly entitled , and ef which they were at present deprived . ( Cheers . ) He trusted

      that the reports which would be submitted to them by the Secretary would give them satisfaction , and was certain that the points which the Executive had before them for consideration would meet with that calm , orderly , and intelligent revision , which his experience of assemblies of working men hitherto had taught him to expect . ( Cheers . ) lie would not detain them farther , but simply repeat his gratiiicatien at so large a gathering of the representatives of labour , under such auspicious circumstance ?} ami his confident hope that by judicious , prudent , constitutional , t'Ut , at the same time , bold and determined measures , they would ultimately succeed in achiev-

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      ing the most extensive and permanent benefits for the industrious classes of the commuriiW , They had no desire unduly or improperly to interfere with other classes , but simply to maintain those rights , and achieve that position in society which reason and justice alike point out as the proper position of those who are the very lifeblood of society . ( Cheers . ) With these observations , he would call upon the Secretary to bring forward the business in the order in which it had been laid down bythe Committee . ( The hori . gentleman sat down amid loud cheering . ) The standing orders were then put and agreed to , and the sittings of the Conference were fixed to be from nine in the morning till one o ' clock , and from half-past two till six in the evening . Mr . T . BAitSATr , the secretary , then read the following report : —

      In presenting their report , the Committee beg leave to state-, that in the whole of their proceedings throughout the year , in which they have had the honour to direct the affairs of the Association , they have been guided by a desire to ensure , through gradual and cautious progress , its future stability . Experience has shown , in previous attempts to form a National Union of the Working Classes , that ruin has always ensued , by attempting more than the organisation could bear;—they , therefore , have been more intent upon perfecting the organisation of the Association , than of bringing it to bear upon its legitimate objects . ¦ With this view they postponed , as premature , making any levy for the support of strikes , conveying such intention to the trades who applied for assistance to the following effect : — .. ' ... ' ¦ .

      That in the opinion of this Committee , the Association is not sufficiently matured to justify giring support to strikes . They are of tins' opinien because previous attempts to form an aggregate union of trades have failed , entirely through entering upOH strikes prematurely . They , therefore , have not , felt it necessary to determine upon the allowance which the Association should give to those who they may support during strikes . The following questions suggest themselves to your Committee , in relation to this subject , upon each of which tlu-y beg the decision of the Conference . . _ 1 . How louga trade ought to belong to . the Association before eligible to receive its support ? Your Committee propose sis months ; they think a shorter period would be inadequate to insure the immunity : of the Association , from an accession of numbers , solely for tlieir immediate support . 2 , The allowance in c .-. scs where it may be necessary to cease from labour .

      Your Committee suggest that the allowance should not exceed eight shillings per week for each individual receiving support . This amount , of course , to be raised by a levy on tbe different trades belonging to the Association , and transmitted to the Society whose trade requires support , for distribution . In case ofthe dispute being of magnitude , an agent from the Central Committee to attend and observe its progress . That the conduct of the dispute be carried on by tha disputing trade , subject to the mediation of the Central Committee . ' The Committee here beg the . attention of the Con . ference as to the duration of time such support shall lie given . . . . 3 . Whether it be advisable for a time to limit Striltes supported by this Association , to the defensive ? 4 . What number shall receive support at the saoie time ?

      Circumstances , of course , must mainly determine this . Your Committee howevt-r submit , that unless the number to recdve support bear some practical relation to the number contributing , efficient support cannot be given . It appears toyourCommittee , that as atpi ' esentconstituted , the numbers of the Association do not indicate that a very large number from any one trade would be upon its . Funds . The Sodety highest in number is 2 . 528 , and it- ? b . reasonable to suppose , that the whole of auy given trade would very seldom be engaged in a dispute at" the same time . Supposing the number of the Association to be 30 , 000 Id pw week from each will give 8 s . to 312 members—2 d . to 024—3 d . to 93 C—4 d . to 1 , 248- ^ od . to 1560—Gd . to 1872 . This is supposing all , whether receiving or not , to contribute their quota to the levy .

      The Committee submit that , as it would not , in their opinion , be advisable . to impose a higher levy than 6 ( 1 . for each member of the Association , that the relative numbers , receiving and paying , should be as 1 , 800 is to 30 , 000 ; that is to say , while the whole number ofthe Association is 30 , 000 , 1 , 800 might be supported , and so on . Cases have arisen during the past year which suggest the consideration whether felnalug fllld children slltlll be admitted upon a less contribution to the funds of the Association , or otherwise . This seems to be of importance , iu certain trades , viz ., frame-work knitttrs , lace makers , hand-loom weavers , < fce . Indeed it appears difficult to givo effectual support to Chose trades , unless some support is also given to the women and children employed therein . This question , however , is so environed with difficulty that the Committee do not feel competent to offer any suggestion , thu'eon .

      It appears to your Committee highly desirable that the Association should have a fund to meet any sudden emergency . They suggest-that this fund should not be less in amonnt than 6 d . for each number of the

      Association . Your Committee now call attention to the following alteration of the Rules of the Association , alterations suggested by their practical working during the past year . 1 . To that section of the rule entitled duties of Confirence , which state that no fundamental or important Jaw shall be repealed or altered , nor any addition made to the rules without at least six months' notice being given thereof , and that such addition . or alteration must have the concurrence of at ltast two-thirds , of the Conference . In reference to this rule , your Committee beg to state that it was impossible , in the first year of the Association ' s existence , for them ,, to know by practical experience what rule required alteration , the time for the six months' notice hairing more than elapsed before they could gain practical knowledge of the adaptation of the i uU-s to the wants of the society .

      They havij , therefore , proceeded with the utmost caution , and are only desirous of such alterations as may appear to them necessary to its well-being . . In the rule entitled Elections , they propose to change the words , within one month , to , not less than one month , which the Committee believe to have been the original intention of the Conference . Your Committee now propose an alteration in the constitution ofthe Committee . They suggest that the number of the Committee shall be seven instead of eleven , and that they . shall be elected from tlie London Trades ; it luiving been found impracticable to consult the country members of the Committee , on any subject without greatly embarrassing the movements of the Assorintion .

      Your Committee do not bo much wge the delay and enormous cxpenec attending such proceeding-, though these would in themselves be a powerful reason , as tlic utter impossibility of giving to members at a distance , an accurate knowledge ofthe position ofthe society ; knowledge of which can only be gained from its voluminous corresponrftmcu from all parts of the country , froir time to time , in the diversified circumstances both of fact and opinion , as they continually arise , and which is only valuable as fused into coherence , by continued and unremitting personal observation and assiduity . Suc ' i knowledge they need not say cannot be transmitted by post . And they submit that legislation upon imperfect knowledge is an evil , fraught with danger 60 eminent to the very existence ofthe Association , as to justify the alteration they have proposed .

      Your Committee suggest , that the moneys of Hie association be vested at a banker ' s in the name of the Prusident and Vice-Presidout of the association ; the cheque , drawing out the whole or a : » y part of sticli moneys to be signed by both of these oilicers . In the rule entitled Powers and Duties it is proposed to alter the two last lines , from ' shall elect another of the Conference Delegates to fill the vacancy , ' to shall elect , another from itmong tho members of those trade societies that form the Association to fill the vacancy . ' lu ' tiic iulo nutitlud Levins , ymir Committi'R Di ' unose . that it shall be imperative on the various soci . tics to send thi ; levies , week br week , as required ; it being- impossible to convey ihe mctPsary support , unless such levies be sent in proper time . This is a question of considerable difficulty ; your Committee , therefore , will hsiye much pleasure in consulting t ' nu Conl ' m-ncc , as to the best means of preventing embarrassment and delay iu this most impoi tant point .

      Your Committee now give somo account of their proceedings during tha past year . They commenced by issuing an address , explanatory of tlniv views , setting foitli the capabilities of your Association , and of the sister Institution for the employment of labour in agriculture and manufactures . Your Committee then organised a plan for visiting the various metropolitan trades ; this proceeding , though only partiall y successful in adding to the nuiabbi ' s of the Association , was ofthe gren ; est consequenee as a means » f disarming prejudice . Your Committee next engaged a lecturer , who , in various parts of the metropolis and in Manchester , delivered lectures with the Mime end in view . The

      expenses of the lectures was defrayed , jointly by your Association and the Association for the employment of labour in agiicullure and manufactures . These lectures , upon the whole , were not attended with success . This wnnt of success , wliidi cannot iu any way he attributable to the want of zeal or of tuJent in the lecturer , not * the want of indefati gable exertion on part ofjouv committee , caused lecturing to he superseded by organised visits to the various trades at their own places of meeting , a plan which , as far as it has proceeded , has been attended with success . Your Committee , in exercise of the discretion given to them in the rule entitled "K \ penscs of Management , " have reduced the monthly payments from one penny to ltalf . peuny j « r muudi . Tliuy hopa this measure , which has contributed to increase the members of the Association , wiil met the anpvobation of the Conference . i

      Your Committee , have already alluded to : i resoluton delaying as premature and hieunsistiniwith the stability o . the Association , the imposing of levits for the support or strikes until after the Conference oflSJii .. This resolutioii , which was the » . tsuu of muuh anxious delibera . tion , your committee are grulinid . to find has met with . "Pl'wal of various trade societies in the Assoc / ation .

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      Your Committee , however , anxious to render all the aafiistance in their > ower , at the request of the Mansfield framework-knittersj sent yourTice-I ' resident as ' ngeiit to that body . Their case was one of great oppression , presenting the anomaly of legislation in their favour which none of the magistrates would carry out . The reason assigned was , tflat , from its obscurity , they could not understand the Framework-knitters Act . Your Committee , of course do not impute any but tho purest motives to these magisterial manutacturers . but they cannot help regarding it as a remarkable circumstance , that , while the working classes are often defeated in . their appeals for redress to legal tribunals on account of . the obscurity of the law ;—they never find the same obscurity when the law is appealed to against them;—the law is always precise , mid the mental vision of its administrators unclouded !

      . Your Committee now advert to the proceedings of the master builders in Liverpool , Birkcnhead , Manchester , and other places . In reply to the extraordinary and unjust pretensions set forth by them to the public , your Committee have issued an address , which it is'hoped will have tbe effect of silencing the calumnies of these employers and of proving to the public , tliat the often repeated . charges against working men are not only without foundation , but belong in reality to their opponents .

      . This contest proves the absolute necessity of working men joining this association . Your Committee cannot but contemplate the different aspect that would be presented if this association had been formed some ycavs ago and supported—as they confidently trust it will beby the majority of working men in the United Kingdom . They do not urge that under such a state of things , the anxiety and extreme difficulty of finding support for the men resisting this oppression , would not exist , but they are confident if the working classes had been thus organized , this contest would never have taken place .

      ' In furtherance of the exertions of the Building Trades , your committe have united with the agents from those trades in visiting the various other trades iu Manchester , its vicinity , and in London , to obtain assistance in icsisting this tyranny . Your Committe' ! cannot conclude their report without paying a just tribute to the indefatigable exertions , the exalted talent , and tlio high moral courage of your lion . Chairman . These qualities , known and acknowledged by his political opponents , your committee have had tbe

      opportunity of personally witnessing , in full exercise , in behalf of the working classes ; away from the public gaze , apart from any circumstance or motive but that of contributing to their well being . Wnen your committee state , that on more than one occasion , your hon . Chairman has sat presiding over their liberations , and those of the Board of Directors of the Sister Association , for upwards of seven hours , without intermission , they are sure that such attention to their interests will be met by corresponding devotedness on the part of the working cliisseB .

      In conclusion , your committee have no doubt in delivering up the trust reposed in them , that the wisest anti most beneficial measures will he proposed by you in Conference , to be carried out by their successors . The allusion to Mr . Duncombe ' s conduct as chairman ofthe committee was loudly cheered . ' The motion that the report be received was then put , and carried unanimously . The cash balance-sheet for the year was then read , which exhibited a balance of £ 90 in hand . This

      documeno waa also received . ,. ; The Chairman said that before entering upon the discussion of the measure recommended by the Central Committee for their consideration , it was necessary to mention that the lasts of the Association precluded them from altering any fundament ;!] law or principle without at least six months' notice . As no such notice had been given , it was competent for any member of Conference , if Jie thought that these alterations were of that character , to object to their being made .

      A Delegate suggested that" as that course would probably be productive of inconvenience , he should propose that the conference should be at liberty to discuss not only the propositions of the committee , but any others tluv . might be brought lorward . The Chairman said the experience of the House of Commons and of other public assemblies , showed the absolute necessity of adhering to some general rules , and he doubted that ' much inconvenience , if not danger , would result from the adoption of the course proposed . The motion not being seconded / fell to the ground . The Jonfercnce then took up the question of the time a trade should belong to the Association before it was eligible to receive support from the funds .

      Mr . FelkIiV , of Mansfield , delegate nom the framework knitters , moved that the recommendation of tiie Committee , namely , six months , be adopted . This motion gave rise to a loug discussion , in which several delegates took part . Various terms were proposed—four mouths , nine months , and twelve months , were respectively advocated as most likely to conduce to the prosperity of the Association ...- In favour of the shortest term it was ur . ed that the last returns showed tliat soine of the trades had withdrawn in the absence of any immediate support from the Association .

      The Secretary explained that the omission oi the names of those trades from the quarterly balancesheet was owing not to their withdrawal , but to the the fact that their remittances had not reached the office in time to be included in the quarterly account . The original motion , that a trade shall be six months in union before receiving any relief , was ultimately carried , with only eight dissentients . The Conference then twok up the question of the amount to be allowed p er week from the iunds ofthe assuciation . The Committee recummended 8 s . A long di $ cussion on this resolution ensued , and an amendment was moved , that the sum be Us . The question was not settled when the Conference adjourned at six o ' clock till nine next morning .

      Tuesday . The Chairman took his place at nine o ' clock . The list of delegates was read , from which it appeared that credentials had been received from 126 delegates , representing in the aggregate 40 , 000 paving members . Mr . Blvth , of Leeds , moved as an amendment , that all members on strike receive 12 * . per week , and be set to work for the same fin support of this resolution , the speaker said , some time since they had a strike in Leeds , and beinx allowed iOs .. a weelc for single men , and loi . a week for married men , he proposed that instead of expending the money in supporting men in idleness , it should be applied to setting them to work with it , as he believed that , by

      adding their labour to 10 s . worth of material , they could at least increase its value 10 s . or Ms . He did tliis because he felt that all previous strikes which , had been carried on upon the principle of supporting the men in idleness had not only been failures in reality but deservedly so , because based upon a false principle . ( Loud cheers . ) The tra ^ a oi Leeds had expended 199 , 0002 . in support of strikes , and he did not see that they had reaped any benefit from the expenditure of that immense sum . At the time he made this proposition it was not received with that cordiality he anticipated . He was appointed the manager of the business agreed to le established , and though they commenced with or . ly a small sum—a very few shillings , in fact—they had prospered very

      much , having Iwd several houses to build . —( Luuri cheers . ) If he had had but a portion of the money which had been expended on the strike in Manchester this season , he would long since hnve had the means of employing large numbers of his fellow workmen on independent terms . When the body he represented joined the National Association , it was with the belief that it was going to abandon the old viciont principle of strikes . What he , and those he represented , wished , was to see that the men who received support should earn the money awarded by the Association . This > vas not . only necessary in a pecuniary , but amoral point of view , andcouid alone enable them eftifciently to attain tho objoets they had in view ( Cheers . )

      Mr . Dunning objected to the resolution , as pledging the association to set men to work at less prices than paid when in regular work . Mi . Robson , shoemaker of London , suggested that the motion should be withdrawn at present , as he intended to brin » forward the whole question at a future period . He fully concurred in every sentiment uttered by the delegate from Leeds , from a deep conviction ' tlmfc it was the only means by which their class could be elevated in the scale oi " socictv .

      Mr . Jacobs , cabinet-maker , Bristol , while concurring in the principle ofthe amendment , could not support it , inasmuch as it would tie up the Committee to a certain course of action which might not be practicable in all circumstances . Again , it would be seen , that to give 12 s . a week to men who were only able when at work to earn Cs ., would lead to oveat abuses . He thought that these low-paid trades should be improved , but this was not the way to do so . It could only be done on a large scale by the association itself , and it was not at present prepared to enter upon arrangements for that purpose .

      Mr . Roberts , of Manchester , said that the only way to improve the condition of the low-paid trades , was to set tho examp le themselves- Twelve shillings was little enough , but to give that money to keep men idle was a fruitful source of demoralisation and debasement . Let them make a liberal allowance , but not to be spent in idleness . ( Cheers . ) A question of order having : been raised , in consequence of Mr . Evans , from the Potteries , desiring to address the Conference . The Ciiaiuman said he understood Mr . kvANs , though a director of the association for the employment of labour in Manufactures and Agriculture ,

      was not a delegate to that Conference , which was composed of delegates of the association for the protection of industry . With respect to the proposition ofthe delegate from Leeds , lie suggested its withdrawal at present , on the ground that Uvngpra * mature . They misjht afterwards go into its consideration , lie believed that they were all of one mint ! as to the improper and erroneous manner in which past strikes had been conducted ; and it wa « one of tho peculiar feature oi tin » association that it contemplated the abrogation oi the aystem or en-¦ dbiwe wen to walk about the streets , living upon the raonev contributed by those who were in work .

      Untitled Article

      So lon » as the trades resorted to that system , ' they would inevitably bu beaten . Capital ii *< i w'" * tremendous power , that it was impossible . fiiboar could effectively meet it by such weans . —( Ci . ' cpis . ) The only course was for them to employ their own labour and Capital repraductivi / ly , as was proposed at the outset of this Movement . He was cor : Vih <* d , that by this plan alone , they could be en ? bled to command and maintain a fair day ' s wages for a'fair day ' s labour .- ( Cheers . ) Mr . Blytu withdrew his amendment on '" this suggestion , with the understanding that , tlie question would again be brought forward .

      Mr . Robsok then moved that the levies of this Association be contributed in the . following ' ratio : For a levy of 2 d ., the trade to receive 5 s . weekly ; for 4 d ., Is . ; and for 6 d ., 10 s . weekly ; leaving to the different trades to join these sections at their own option . In proposing this resolution , he nnut state that he had nulaith in strikes as the means of improving the condition oftlie working clnssws . There was a time when strikes could do nnuih , hut it had now gone by ; science and machinery had altered the position of the labourer , had introduced a totally different order of social relations . They had marched past tlie old system , and if the labourer was . to par . ticipate in the benefits of the new order of things , they must march with it . How could this be done

      but by becoming their own capitalists ? ( Cheers . ) There was no law against that . ( Cheers . ) He understood that it was now desired tliat this Association _ , instead of being of a positive euitmitei ; , an active instrument for improving the condition of the artisan , should be simply of a negative ; uul defensive character . Why , if so , of what value would it be to the low-paid trades—to the men with five shillings a week ? Such a sum was not worth defending . If they limited tlieir efforts to such objects , they would give no encouragement or hope to the low-paid trades of any benefit from this association . ( Ileav , hear . ) With respect , however , to the proposition he submitted to the conference , he thought tliat to fix an . equal sum to be paid to all classes of tradcntvicn , and

      to impose equal levies on the bandluom wca ? er with five shillings , and the bricklayer with t'drty shillings a week , waa a self-evident alx-iinSify , and would be utterly impracticable as a . working measure . Even were it practicable , it would be injudicious : to give a larger sum to men on strike than they received while at work , would be in fact & premium on idleness . ( Cheers . ) Bythe plan he proposed , the trades would bureau opportunity oi' joining any class whatever , and would receive benefits in proportion to their payments . ( Hear , l ; e ; u \) The motion having been seconded , a Jong discussion followed . Several delegates from the ; low-paid trades urged that a large levy would bs utterly beyond the power of their trades .

      Mr . Dean , delegate from the frame-work knitters ot Loughborough , said that he considered him-» eU well paid if he took home 8 s . on a Saturday night , and a large levy upon him ami life fellowsuiferers would practically exclude them . The only way he could see to the improvement of their condition was by independent employment boir . ^ provided by the Association , as he understood it originally contemplated . Mr . Lenagan , from the Wigan hand-loom weavers , thought the scale proposed by Mr . llobsoii was not an equitable one , as from calculations he ban made he thought a larger sum e . mid bo given in rut-urn for a twopenny levy . Though his trade were ground to the dust in their struggle with machinery , ami their permanent lot was and had been one of misery , they were still desirous of becoming members of that areafc

      confederation upon honourable term ? . ( Rear , near . ) Ilis trade disclaimed alHilea of becoming dependent on the generosity of their higher paid hidhvn , and in order that they might co-operate with what he might call the aristocratic trades on independent terms , and such as were suited io thciv . limited means , he would recommend they should commence at one penny . Having been chairman of a , committee to inquire into the condition of the hand loom weavers of Wigan some time ago , he was enabled to state that many families did not earn more than 6 » , weekly , out of which they had to pay 10 tl . a week for bobbin mending , leaving 4 s . 2 d . to support the family , out of which many had to pay U . Oil . and 2 s . for rent alone , ( llear , hear . ) He would ; isU . therefore , if people in so miserably depressed a wutiition could do more than give the merest fraction to support a body like the present ?

      Several other propositions , modifying the orignal motion , having been sent up to the chairman , he suggested that it would be Ijetti-r to confine the atteritinn of the Conference to the propriety of adopting the principle of a sliding scale of contributions and relief , and having guttled that in thu ailirtaative , to remit the whole of these propositions u > a committee , to be digested and reported upon at a subsequent stage of these proceedings . The motion was then withdrawn , and Mr . Young , carpenter , of Loivlon , moved that a committee of nine be appointed to draw out a plan of levy and support on the principle of a graduated scale . This proposition was resisted by several of the delegates friendly to a fixed amount being yaid to all trades alike .

      Mr . Gow , lithographer , contended , in answer to those objections , that the natural and iutsvilable result of the present system was to generate y . ioeling of isolation and cxclusiveuess among the trades ; and he did not believe that the high paid trades would be satisfied with a ( ixed levy . At thu suimt-iisne he was convinced that the only way to improve the wages of such low-paid trades as tha h . 'iudloom wea » vers was not . by means of levies and weekly payments , but by the Association purclissiji ^; ii . oins , which he understood cost 51 . euoii , atui ssiti ' ig the weavers to work upmi them , lie was informed that larger profits were realised from the productions of these looms ; ai . d , if so , it was bettor that tlit-se large profits should be applied to improve the condition , and raise the wages of the labourer , rather than suffer them to add to the already too iar ^ e hea ps of the capitalist .

      Mr . Wktbijs , framework-knitter , ol Lcieastev , in supporting tho proposition to refer to a committee the principle of a graduated scale , said that , bis trade was subject to peculiar evils . There had been great fluctuations in their wages . In 1811 , the price of 24-gauge women ' s stockings was 10 s . per do / .-. 'n : iu 1810 , 6 s . ; 1817 , 10 s . ; 1819 , 7 s . Oil . ; lMo , & . 6 d .: and in the present year they were paid only ;> . ¦» . 9 d » to 5 s . for ihe same description of work . While such was the depressed condition of the operative , the capitalist was realising large profits from these very

      goods . The cost of prod notion who 9 s . 6 a . per auzen ; the market price whs from ISi . to 14 $ . Tile net average wages were not more than 5 s . weekly ; the gross average wages 8 s . ; but from this 3 s . weekly rent of loom , was deducted on all occasions , whatever the amount ci e&vnimjs might bu ; and they had numerous instances in which the wholu of the earnings in certain brauches were absorbed by frame rent , when the work was short , and the weaver not able to get a full week's work . Sometimes they were even in dubt , and such debt was deducted from their first earnings .

      Mr . Williamson , tin-plate-worker , Lonoon , said that many of ihe most powerful trades had hitherto stood aloof from this Association , from the fear that they would be continually called upon to wrvto the support of the trades with small wages , who were not only most immediately in need of improvement , but wde also the most numerous ; The » i'i > riiiwn or a sliding-scale was the only way uf meeting t , ij ^ e prejudices , and show that the benefits to be ' -i .:: u ; seu by joining the Association were in proiinrvio » ' a the sums contributed . It was useless to talk of benevolence and generosity ; they must act upon general principles , applicable to the actual slain o- ' li ; O trades , and their feelings with respect to it . if n-1 , himself and others who were present , more ibr s . iii > purpose of watching the prwiecdings . with a view to uuide their future conduct , th un anything else—would be compelled to make such a ep . p ' ovt , ns would still prevent these trades from giving their adhesion to the Association .

      Mi . Main , representative of tlie Gbiiwnl Carpen ters' Association of London , saiil that his constituents were of opinion that local associations were useless , and that by means of a graduated scale ot payments , the separate energies of each trade could be united under proper arrangements ] and marie powerfully effective for lifting up the working , class from the dependent position thev at present occu ^ iud . Several other Delegates having spoken iu favour of the graduated scale , Mr . JAMK 8 ( of London ) , on the part of lh ? Central Committee , explained that the Comtmtier . were not

      pledged to the proposal ol a fixed levy , !>« t hr . a merely thrown it out for discussion . 11 is exporieiice had shown him , that the adoption of a slidim ; st-ale would cause a large am ] influential section oi ' "iho trade to join the Association , lie ecnsiduri ' d this question as one of the most important that they eoukl iliscussone which , in fact , involved the verv cxbiar . w of tlie Association itself , lie hoped and believed , that if the Assuciation was conducted with priuleuee and lonenty . it would ultimately absorb all local unions , but , as a preliminary to that desirable nonMinimation , it was essential to give the present unions confidence iu the moderation and practical wisdom of the

      measures . The motion for the appointment of a Committee was then put , and carried unanimously , ami the following delegates were elected , representing the hn > h and low paid trades—Messrs . Rotoon . of London ; Winters , Leicester : Gow , Manchester ; Jacobs , Bristol ; Lecagnn , Wig .-in ; King , Manchester ; Williamson , London ; Biikott , Liverpool ; end Forrest , of Cradleyv Worcestershire . IS was then resolved that the conference , a fc its rising at one o ' clock , adjourn till to-morrow morning at nine o ' clock , in order to afford the ' Committee time to o .: nsi < . ier the subject , with the understanding that ti . o dak-gates should attend to give any intorm . uion the OojuehIUw might require . Report to be presented to-morrow morning .

      The next resolution put by the Chairman was , that children and femaks lie 8 di »» " « l at » Jew cou tribntion to the funds than that paid tyadmt » a ;« , and that the amount of that contribution be nxed by the Committee . —Unanimousl y adopted .

      #}Mg» Ihdwttts^

      # } mg » iHdWttts ^

      Untitled Article

      The Oregon Question . — We haw reason to believe that the object of General Armstrong , the United States Consul at this port , in proceeding to America by the Great Western , was to take out a proposal for the settlement Of the Oregon question on the part of the British Government . General Armstrong is a -veteran soldier , * companion in arms ot General Jackson , and an intimate friend oi President Polk , and yet a firm friend to the preservation of peace between the two countries , lue terms which lie is authorised to propose are said to

      be such as the Governments of both countries can agree to with honour . We think it necessary to mention what we have stated above , as we have seen it stated in some of the papers that General Armstrong has been recalled by his own Government to act in a military capacity . He has not been recalled , and we have reason to believe that he will return to Liverpool in five or six weeks from tlie present time , we trust with a treaty for the partition the Oregon territory . Liverpool Times . ( Fudge . )

      As Irishism . — " I was f , oing , " said an Irishman , " over Westminster-brid ge , the other day , and 1 , met Pat ilewins . " Ilewins " says I , * ' how are ; you ? " " Pretty well , I thank you , Donell ) , " » M ; he . "Docelly " says I , "that ' s not Mr name ! i " Faith ! no more is mine ilewins , " said he . So we : looked at each other again , and sure it turned out ] to be neither of us .

      Untitled Article

      Jem'& : W » -., - . ¦ . -- ' ' JHE > yQ ^ THEjg ^ SyA . R " ' . i-. *

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 6, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1369/page/7/