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Northern Star (1837-1852), 22nd August 1846, Edition 1 of 3, Page unpag, Untitled Picture

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      Untitled Article

      Mr Dr&b Tjobsds , "The 17 th of August is past , and all England will testify ; tnat I have redeemed my pledge . The Jubflee has snrpassedmy utmost expectation , and far exceeded anytiungLihat the most sanguine could have anticipated . On that day I witnessed two novelties : the novelty of every county in England being represented in a rural district to witness Labour ' s triumph , and to judge for themselves of the stability of the plan , and the novelty of exhibiting a splendid estate belonging in fee , and FOR EVER , to the working classes , together \ rith thirty-five superb

      cottages , and a magnificent school hoase , seventyfive in length , consisting of a four-roomed house for the master snZ mistress , and two sehool . iooms . each twenty-four feet long . I had spent a laborious week preparing my novelty for inspection , and on Menday morning at one o ' clock I went to bed , prayingfor a fine day , and at four I wasionsed from my sleep by the booming of cannon , announcing that the day of trial of victory or defeat had arrived ; at half-past four I was at work completing the arangements , and by twelve all was ready . The day seemed made for us , and as early as seven the visitors began to arrive , and before nine the van guard gave earnest of what numbers the main body was likdy to consist , while every countenance beepaie the national verdict .

      About half-past twelve , coaches and four , coaches and pairs , gigs , carts and waggons , began to arrive from all pointSj and shortly after about two hundred tans , freig hted with the sons of toil , began to arrive , many of them bearing suitable banners . By the time the whole of the vast concourse had assembled , the spectacle was the most gorg eous ever presented to the eye of man . Every bole and corner was anxiously scanned , and , for the first time in newspaper literature , all dedared that the fascinating accounts given in the Star , so far from being exaggerations , fell for short of the reality . The whole estate was traversed , and for the first time in the

      world ' s history not one of the vast multitude found a single fault , but outstripped each other in encomiums , declaring that all was perfection . The thing that appeared most to astonish , was the size of the allotments . Few- ^ saM believe that four acres was such a spacious tract of land . Rebecca was tastefully dressed out for the occasion , and was the only living thing that appeared dissatisfied . I was loath to speak in too high terms of the purchase before 1 could be corroborated before so many good mtaesses . But I now tell you that I would not sell the farm if there were not a single house upon it

      for TOUR THOUSAND pounds , that is £ 10 an acre , and I have been asked £ 50 for much worse land . There is not one foot of waste upon the whole , and every inch of it is capable of being turned into the richest garden ground in a SINGLE SEASON . It vrfll not take years to improve it ; all it requires is kindness , and it will repay it tenfold . The situation is heavenly , picturesque , and most healthy , and to me it appears a perfect paradise . I wish some one would sell me even a two-acre allotment . I should dearly love to have a home in the centre of every branch of my numerous family .

      My friends , the failure of our " p lan has been predicted , but IT SHALL NOT FAIL . Nothing could cause it to foil , but too much haste and rashness upon the part of the directors , and against those enemies they have resolutely set their face . They have Tesolved upon not gratifying the evil propaiaities of the dissatisfied KOS-MBMBERS . You shall now learn why the occupants have not been located . Eisflv , it is not three months since we got possession , and yet but for the following simple facts all would have been located ' ere now . Secondly , we took to 22 acres of clover , 16 of wheat , 8 of oats , 5 of meadow , anil 5 of tares , nearly

      one-Tialf ' of the farm , which were the property of the society aud not of the occupants ; and , Thirdly , such a season for drought lias not been known within the memory of wan ; a season which precluded the furthcraucc of all agricultural pursuits : and , Fourthly , we had nine acres of the very best land undertiinber , which had to be grubbed up / as well as more than sh acres of old stubborn

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      land mirks . JTow , none of these operations could have been p erformed by the occupants themselves without considerably more expense than I could accomplish them . For instance , the roads that we have made would have cost the county , by presentment , . £ 368 . and vr& have completed them for . £ 18 . The whole of the rough work , requiring many hands , must be performed before

      the occupants can be located with justice to the society . Every acre of the ground must be trenched and well manured . A word about manure . Chalk is the very best description of manure for the soil , and it is within a few feet of the surface in every field , and can be raised at an insignificant expence ; but in the first instance we will manure all with the best London stable dung Those who have been fortunate in the first ballot

      must not expect to be made still more so at the expense of the other members } and I am happy to gay that in no one instance does there appear beyond a reasonable anxiety to occupy . Their freedom is secured , and that of others must not be postponed to gratify them . I have fulfilled one of my pledges , and now I shall venture upon another . It is , that on the 17 th of next August , the estate will be worth and would sell for £ 2 , 500 more than

      it will have cost up to that time . But is not our intention to sell at all , if we can otherwise secure as speedy a process . Onr intention is , then , to establish a Bank of Deposit , paying the lender four per cent , for his money , secured upon the society ' s property , and , at the same time , allowing the several occupants to pay off their purchase money at the rate of four per cent ., that is , suppose A . B . pays £ 10 a year rent , if he pays £ 10 of the purchase money his rent will be reduced to £ 9 12 s ., or Ss . a year will be taken off ; if he pays £ 50 ,

      £ 2 a year will be taken off ; and when he pays £ 250 , the farm will be his own for ever . There could not , for him , be a more secure bank ; and then , when the affairs of a section are wound up , the occupants will be in possession of the whole property in the shape of land for ever for nothing , or land for ever at a certain rent , with their money share of the profits . By this day two years , when the plan is fully developed , capitalists will cheerfully

      treat with us for mortgages if necessary , and no man living can form the most remote idea of the altered state of land with so much labour expended upon it \ vitnin that period . You must never lose sig ht of the double fact , —first , that a large premium will henceforth be given for paid up shares in the sections that are filled up , upon the eve of a ballot , so that none can lose up to that period , and then possession will alwavs command a large premium for the

      successful occupant . None are to presume from this , that gambling will be allowed to the disadvantage of the members to be located ; for in all cases transfers of occupation must be made , wider such provisions and conditions as will secure the expenditure of the advanced capital upon the land . I may now boastingly tell you of no small portion of the society ' s security—it consists iu , my unimpaired constitution , undying zeal , and unconquerable pride , as evinced in the following short 12 days journal :-On Saturday the 8 th , after I had paid the men , I started for Ipswich , a distance of 93 miles ; on Sunday the 9 th ,

      I traversed every field of two farms of 456 acres , with au umbrella in one hand , and a spade in the the other . On the same day I returned to Herringsgate . On Monday was up at half-past four , at work tiJIS , and not in bed till 12 any night ; preparing for the demonstration , and so till Monday last ; when , after the day ' s fag , nay the week ' s fag , I started at half-past two on " Tuesday morning , without going to bed , for Ipswich , to bid for those farms ; and returned on Tuesday night to London . It is now past 12 , We hiesday n ) ht 1 have been at work since 7 , and I am , thank God , as fresh as a four year old , and ready for a Chartist meeting . How , I ask , WIIAF

      EXE . MY CAN HOP E TO BEAT THAT . My Friends , on Monday last we commenced the last stage of agiiailon—the direction of the public mind—and I must now say that M'Grath and Doyle worked just as hard as I have , during the who ' e nrosress of our operations , while Wheeler and Clarke

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      discharged their duties just as zealously in the cabinet ; and to them , as well as to me , is due the honour of our success hitherto—not one has ever thwarted the other , and all has been one unbroken chain of harmony . I must now tell you that one farm for which I intended to bid , of 212 acres , was bought in a ¥ £ 9 , 300 . I believe its price was £ 12 j ( 100 . ' ; and the price of the other 244 acres was £ 4 , 900 ; but 1 would not have that for our purpose at a gift . It . is a badly reclaimed heath , worth about 8 s . an acre . I would not give 50 acres of Herringsgate for the 244 ; but , depend upon it , we shall have no difficulty in purchasing land , now that my hands are untied for a bit .

      Allow me now to return to our Jubilee . There was not one accident , not a shilling's worth of damage done to our scattered property and not one single disgraceful or disagreeable a ct occurred from first to last . We had over 20 , 000 people from all parts of the Kingdom , and such a day was never before seen in England ; and will you believe , that , with the exception of the Daily News , and a short paragraph in the Morning Post , not a single daily paper has bestowed a line upon ALL ENGLAND'S GALA DAY . But will not this of itself convince faction that there are many things going

      forward which are unnoticed by their press . Well , never mind , the DAY OF JUDGMENT is at hand , and I will meet some of the conductors upon the hustings , and will show them just as much courtesy as they have shown us . Henceforth , my friends , you will pay no attention to spouters , who merely talk of laying their heads upon the block , You will never more be led by faction , for faction ' s own purposes . You will henceforth look for , and demand , the practical result of all political agitation ; and you will laugh to scorn all which merely aims at the triumph of party . Our motto henceforth must be ,

      FACTION FOR FACTION , and LABOUR FOR ITSELF . We must sink all distinction between Whigs and Tories , and present the only distinction :

      THE RICH OPPRESSOR AND THE POOR OPPRESSED . As regards the Press , I must make one exception , in favour of the Daily News , which has given a fair representation , as far as it goes . That paper gives us 12 , 000 , so you may fairly calculate upon double that . I give the extract from the Neics , and all I can say is , that if tbat paper will come out manfully , and report our proceedings , we will soon increase its circulation by some thousands a day .

      Chartist Co-operative Land Society . — This Society , which has been formed for the purpose of purchasing tracts of land , according as circumstances will permit , and laying it out in allotments for the occupation of members of the Chartist body , threw open on Monday , as a specimen of what they design , a farm which they hare lately purchased called Herringspate , within about two miles of Rickmansworth , in Herts . There was a very large assemblage of well-dressed persons of both sexes brought together on the occasion , but there did uot appear to be any immediate object in the gathering beyond that of the Society giving to their friends from various parts a sort of holiday tntertauuntnt , for which

      purpose a number of refreshment tents were erected over the ground , and a large marquee boarded for dancing , where tlwt amusement went merrily on , to the music of a very good band in attendance . At this meeting were many who had come from Liverpool and Manchester and some even from Glasgow . Ho less than ninety vans came down from London , a distance of twenty miles , and on the whole we should say , at a moderate calculation , there could not be less than 12 , 000 persons on the grounds . The farm consists of 103 acres of good land , purchased at the cost of about £ 2 , 000 and laid out in thirty-five divisions of four acres with a five-room cottage , three acres with a iour-room cottage , and two acres with a

      three-room cottage ; the first paying £ 10 a-year rent , the second , £ 7 10 s ., and the third , £ 5 a-year ; each tenant luiritip given to him on entering on Iijs holding-, the first , £ W , the second , £ 22 10 s , and the third £ ' 15 , as capital to commence with as a gift from the funds of the society . To be eligible to become a tenant , it is necessary to be a member of the Chartist Land Society , ami to have paid up the sum of £ 2 10 s . either / it once or by instalments as a subscription towards the fund which has already reached £ 14 , 000 . The allotments are balloted for amongst the members , and those whu draw s .

      prize , be it a first , a second or third , is invested at ojicu with the right of tenantry , aud put into possession . Xonu of the cottages , which are very neat and well-built structures , stre as yet occupied , with tho exception of one , which Jlr . Fenrgus O'Connor is in tke temporary occupation of , while he is superintending the laying <> ui of tliu ground and the completion of the buildings . Jlcst of them are , however , rooftd in , and the walls oi' nil ave erected . The completion of the wholu of the cottages , it is estimated , will cost , with the laying out of the allotments , about £ 3 , 000 j so that the whole farm , when

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      settled upen , will have cost £ 5 , 000 . The society had purchased a mueh larger farm of 200 acres in the same neighbourhood ; but they were offered £ 1 , 000 for their bargain , and they accepted of the offer . They are , however , in treaty for other purchases , with the view of carrying out as far as they can the syBtem upon which thay have founded their society . The dwicing tent seemed towards the evening to be the great attraction j and , from a platform erected for the purpose . Mr . O'Connor and other Chartists addressed the assemblage . There were several of the metropolitan police on the ground , but every thing was conducted with the utmost quietude and order . The place , we understand , is to be named O'Connorville , in compliment to the Chartilt Leader .

      Now , my friends , I conclude , for the present ; congratulating you and your order upon our signal , our glorious , our triumphant victory ; And remain , Your faithful friend and bailiff , Feargus O'Connor .

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      Not speculation ' s band this scene shall crush , Nor trade ' s harsh veice its murmuring music hush ; If or bristling forts distort the verdant sod , .,, With Impious challenge in the face of God , Soundtag their clamours hoarse or clangors shrill ,. O ' er scenes the Lord of thunders bade be etill ; NorloomB the palace-p innacle and dome , As though man felt in nature not at home , Nor courtly insolence , with laws untrue , Claims for the creature the creator ' s due ; Nor pandering prai « e , nor palsied envy wait , Round all the paltry mockeries of state ; Nor worn-out dynasties superbly house , And stagnant blood with paining pleasures rouse ; Nor stands the keep , where olden Barons rude , Called murder chivalry , —and rapine feud .

      Nor factory-chimnies clothe the skiey span With hues of mourning for the sins of man . Nor children 6 pin and pine in dungeons detp , When e ' en exhausted manhood sinks for sletp j Nor pauper-funerals stop at work-house door , Delayed some sorry day in hopes of more , TFith no Kind hand to close the lingerer ' s eyes , Since here the wife , and there the husband dies . ' Nor high park palingB from the mass seclude , Shade for the wanderer , for the hungry food ; Where lords of forests selfish sports pursue , Ana make all earth a snug farm for the few ; Nor salaried priests , by Mammon overpaid , Grow fat on lies , and live upon this trade , Cringe to the rich , that they the poor may grind , Whose mouth they stint , while they corrupt his mind And , type of how they change with changing power , Slaves of the wind of each presiding hour ,

      Whose cross or cresent varying creeds define , They" —they at least were honest in their sign—And placed , resolved with falsehood not to shock , High on their spires their emblera-teeafter-cocfc . -Well may the merry dance be light of heart , And flrea af joy their rapid signals dart , — Well may ye change your song into a cheer . While hope ' s young fairies bury stolid fear . Since now ye ' ve learned , though weak and worn ye be , How like a god ia man , when he is free . Sineeye have learned that victory ' s for the brave , And slaves the tyrant make , not ho the slave ! Blame the oppressor !—but yourselves no less , Whose servile fear invited to oppress . ' To his dark thought no prompting finger lend ; No yokes are made , where none are found to bend . Success depends but on your own strong will ; Go on ! and prosper—at O'Connorville .

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      CHARTIST JUBILEE . GRAND DEMONSTRATION TO TEE PEOPLES' FIRST ESTATE . " O ' CONNORVILLE . " On Monday morning , August the lTth , at Sunrise , the "Great Metropolis , " East , West , North and South , was in a state of joyous excitement ; vehicles of all descriptions , from the " four-in-hand down to the " one-horse chaise , " were in requisition , with their banners and streamers "fluttering in the breeze , " each bearing ft suitable inscription , "The Charter and the Land" being most conspicuous , all hastening to the place of rendezvous , Hyde Park Corner , Oxford Street ; which , shortly after seven o ' clock , presented a most animated appearance . The various vehicles extending from Oxford Street to Bayswater , were freighted with joyous-hearted men and womenall animated with one spirit , all inspired

      , with the humanising determination of rescuing their father-land from political and social bondage , and all journeying to view , with their own eyes , theirour— "First Estate ; " to ' place their feet on that "foofcofiparth , " which they hope will enable them to redeem the soil for the whole people . As the cavalcade proceeded , persons of all grades thronged the doors , windows , and thoroughfares to witness this truly novel spectacle , " Labour ' s Procession , to Labour ' s own Land , purchased with Labour s own Money ! " On arriving at tiie fnr-tainfid town of UxbriuVc , ( rendered famous in history by an attempt diariesand

      to wrest a " Charter" from the tyrant . , in which town , near the bridge , still stands , the Treaty house , now used as a , Public House , the Crown Tavern , in which that conference assembled , the long room or parlour being pointed out as the identical room in which it held its deliberations ) the street was literally wedged up with people , and every place from which a view could bo obtameu was crammed with persozis anxious to obtain a glance at the passing scene . Here , and all lone ; the line , prospectuses and every other document giving ininvmntiou relative to the Chartist Co-operative Land Societywas sought for with avWitjr .

      , On arriving at O'Comiorvillc , at twelve o ' clock , we found a vast number of persons had prccedp . il us by other routes ; the" Oi'dnilnOP , " uGVGl'tlielOSS , greeted this new accession of strength , by a roar oi thunder from its " Iron throat . " We had ocular demonstration that this demonstration was no mere metropolitan pleasure excursion , but '' A National Jubilee , " in favour of the " Universal Kindts" of man , each county appearing to have at least a fair share of representatives present ; even from Yorkshire and Lancashire in the north ; and from Exeter and Plymouth in the West .

      Amon » other vehicles , we noticed one van that came loaded from that scat of learning , the City of Oxford , a distance of forty miles ; and a splendid " turn out , " a four-horse stage coach , from tlio town of Reading , Berks ., bearing an elegant green silk

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      banner , inscribed in leltore of gold , "Reading di trict of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . The vehicles , altogether , numbered nearly two-hum On entering the gates , the brad played " Thd Chartist Land March . " [ Tha words and musio of this March may be had of Mr . Whitanore , through Mr . Whseler-l The first object that met our view , was a huge tri-coloured banner floating , high above an immense chesimt tree , beating tha inscription , " O'Connorville ; " and secondly , Rebecca , the Chartist Cow , like the Sacred Cowa o £ oldclothed in her vesture of tricolour , rendered

      , holy by the popular voice , which is the voice oi God ; next , the immense Dancing Booth , erected for the accommodation of our Chartist friends , attracted the attention of every one . The remaining booths , for refreshment and amusement , were also of a very elegant character . Several " Wandering Minstrels" attended , and earned the patronage of the visitors by singing " The Peoples' First Estate . " The following was also sung by several friends , and much admired ; the lines are the composition of a district secretary of the Chartist Cooperative Land Society , Mr . William DalJibar .

      BEAUTIFUL VILLAS , Al * -, " Land Of iht frit . ' Those beautifal Villas how stately they stand , A national honour to this our land , Triumph of labour itself to employ , And industry ' s fruits fully to enjoy ; Let fame on thy founders her laurel bestow , And history ' s page their true value show ; We have seen many schemes , none can riral thee , Thou beautiful Villas , the pride of the free . Beautiful Villas , homes , for the brave , What solace you give the system-hound slave ; ' Knowlpdge is power , ' no longer despair , IS tke great moral lesson that you declare ; I have seen many homes , none can excel thee , Thou beautiful Villas , homes for the free .

      > 'O LONGER BE A SLAVE . Air , " . Mariner's

      On noble feelings cak « thy stand , Thy order strive to save ; Quick join the band , Gain the Land , A » a possess a . freeman ' s grave . A * the hour of three ( was now approaching , the people began to make their way towards a temporary hustings erected in the centre ot the Estate , and shortly after that hour , the

      PUBLIC MEETING was commenced , by Mr . Stallwood moving ( amid loud cheers ) that Mr . James Knight , a working man , and a member of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , do take the chair ; which was seconded , and carried unanimously . , Mr . Knight came forward much applauded , and said , in electing him to so responsible an office as that of chairman over such an immense assemblage , they had exhibited great confidence in him , which , he trusted , he should ever deserve . He looked upon that glorious assemblage of human beings which he now saw before him , as a warning to tyrants , ( loud cheers ) nnd as a guarantee for the success ot our aintation , for both the Charter and the Land . ( Great cheering . ) He would introduce Mr . Thomas Clark , to addrosa them . ...

      Mr . Clark said he congratulated them on the ma « niiiccnt spectacle—that glorious mass of human brings he now saw assembled ; it was truly an inspiring sight . ( Great cheering . ) By a curious coincidence , yesterday , the 10 th of August ) was the anniversary of the " bloody massacre of Peterloo , a day held in remembrance from the slaughter committed on an unarmed , defenceless and quiet people , assembled to petition for their rights in St . Peter ' sliel . l , Manchester , on thclGth day of August , in the memorable year of 1819 , by a drunken , brutal and infuriated corps of Yeomanry Cavalry- ( Shame , shame . ) You have also frequently met to celebrate GUe so-called victory of "Waterloo , purchased afesuoli an enormous amount of blood and treasure —( Hear ,

      Iioar)—but to-day our meeting is to rejoice over a triumph of another kind , a peaceful victory . "i cliiojod by truth and reason over prejudice and « alseuood . ( Loud cheers . ) Yetwhoii myriads meet toexpu-s their joy nil is peace and order , not the leas , thing ot an uit ^ nt nature has ocr fon «» ^ cities of this sli / rioiis day . ( 1-oiul c ccii .. ; _ nowaportiunof ^ o tan ^ ^ ^^ JS possess property , and oj tow * ^ ^ ^ t ^ Si& ^ i ^ < * " **«™ ( Continued < w the IVj / Art UujeJ

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      O'CONNORVILLE . ET EBNIST JONES . From feverish couch by o ' ertaxed labour pressed , That yield * man slumber , hut denies him rest , More weary still , when smoky morning breaks , In crowded towns the pale mechanic wakes . But why to-day , at twilight ' s earliest prime , When morn's gray finger points the march of time , Why starts he upwards with a joyous strength To face the long day slavery ' s cheerless length ? Has freedom whispered in his wistful ear , ' Courage , poor slave ! deliverance is near ?" Oh ! She has breathed a summons sweeter still : "Come ! take your guerdon at O'Connorville )"

      Then rueh they forth , their wasted nerves restrung , Forth to the roads and " rails , " the old and young , And , as they leave the smoky towns behind , Breathe the full blessing of the freshening wind . On beauty ' s cbeek a brighter bloom is s * en , And manhood lights young slavery ' s sallow mien , And , type of how the heart is growing strong , Bursts forth thejunpremeditatedsong , — While age , as passing thought its soul beguiles , Sighs at the past , or r . t the future smiles , Meanwhile , as whirl the rapid travellers by , What beauties meet the unaccustomed eye ! The wheaten lea and clovery fields unfold Nature ' s rich blazonry of green and gold ,

      And wooded lines , with undulating rise , Lift their long-murmuring phalanx to the skies , And winds the river like a silvery band , To bind the scattered glories of the land ; And arches high the &ky ' s ethereal dome , Where cloudy genii spare the harvest home . While flitting on , as in magician ' s glass , The peopled panoramas living pass . These towers the church , with finely tapering spire , Type of the lessening of a pure desire ; Thus dies the flame , the glory thus departs , On marble cradled , but not nursed on hearts . ' There looms the massy mansion of the great , That steals from gladness what it gives to stnte ; There lie our English desertB proudly placed ,

      Called parks , by grandeur , —but , by truth , a watte . The ** distant towns uplift their clouded sin , Ag though to hide from heaven the hell within—But through the shady lanes the wanderers glide , With joyous songs along the green-land ' s Fide , Till distant cheers strike deep the woodland through , And tents and pennons meet tUe wondering view . L'md peels the music's blast—and , hoarsely round , The cannon mouths its mastery of sound . What army camps there ?—and , with bannered state , Rolls the loud lttruni of a martial hate ? Oh ! never yet the cannon's iron lips Breathed blessings upon slavery's eclipso ! Oh ! never yet did blast of music yield So s'veet a summons to so fair a field !

      Oh [ never yet u host such victory won , Where all are gainers when the day is done ! There peaceful phalanxes their ranks dispose To cheer their friends and uot to chide their foes . — Glad to the general welcome ' s joyous din , The long processions pour like rivers in , And greet with triumph true , and hearty will , Thy flag of glory , proud O'Connoryjlie ! Here British freedom p lants her foot secure , Patient to wait , hut mighty to endure . This field was coiujuered without sword or blow : But say , what sword wmld lay its glories low ? For truth . mil love st . jiul sentries nt its gate , Strongraunmrts gird it , —nut with stony shite , But Spartan ramparts!—men who would not shun Hi-lively to guard , what they have nobly won !

      Sue there the cottage ! labours own abode , The pleasant doorway on the cheerful road , The airy lljor , the root' from storms secure , The merry fireside and thu shelter sure , — And dearest charm uf all , —the v- . rateta \ s . iil , That bears its protfiwo for tho hands Unit toil . Sea there the School , whore no false doctrines cloy , But wisdom teaches duty to i-njoy , Nor clothes vclision in ; i harlot ' s dress , JIow rich to dazzle ! but hu ' . v poor to bless ! There bauds of hvothevluio 1 ' arc thought no vtUhq , And life wins treasures lro : n the hands of time , Since not for selfish ends is wrong ! , t its sp : sn , But man , in living , feels he lives " for num . '

      To The Working Classes.

      TO THE WORKING CLASSES .

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 22, 1846, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1380/page/1/